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o
tectio
n
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
w
h
ich
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
o
v
e
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
b
atter
y
life
s
p
an
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
e
r
s
u
g
g
ests
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
co
u
p
led
with
an
in
tellig
en
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
e
s
.
C
r
ea
tin
g
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
t
h
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
c
o
n
tr
o
ls
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
to
r
is
th
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
allo
ws
f
o
r
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
an
d
r
eg
en
er
ativ
e
b
r
a
k
in
g
b
y
en
a
b
l
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
to
f
lo
w
b
o
t
h
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
(
B
2
M)
an
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
o
to
r
to
th
e
b
atte
r
y
(
M2
B
)
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
At
th
e
h
ea
r
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
a
PIC
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
C
.
I
t c
o
n
s
tan
tly
ch
ec
k
s
an
d
m
an
a
g
es im
p
o
r
tan
t b
atter
y
f
ea
tu
r
es
lik
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
v
o
ltag
e,
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
,
an
d
s
tate
o
f
h
ea
lth
(
SOH)
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
es
a
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
L
C
D
s
cr
ee
n
,
an
au
to
m
atic
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
b
elo
w
2
3
v
o
lts
,
th
e
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
tar
ts
a
g
en
er
ato
r
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
[
1
2
]
.
A
co
o
lin
g
f
an
tu
r
n
s
o
n
a
u
to
m
ati
ca
lly
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
a
n
d
m
ai
n
tain
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
af
ety
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
au
to
m
atic
f
ea
tu
r
es h
el
p
ex
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
ch
ar
g
er
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
is
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
,
aid
s
in
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
v
eh
icle,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
atter
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
f
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
to
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
eg
e
n
er
ati
v
e
b
r
ak
i
n
g
an
d
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
a
s
m
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
k
ee
p
s
tr
ac
k
o
f
v
o
ltag
e,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
,
an
d
s
tate
o
f
h
ea
lth
(
SOH)
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
au
to
m
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
en
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
g
r
ea
tly
,
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
atter
y
li
f
e,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
e
r
o
p
er
atin
g
s
af
ety
th
a
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
escr
ib
ed
d
esig
n
is
co
m
p
atib
le
with
u
p
co
m
in
g
tr
en
d
s
in
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
g
r
id
(
V2
G)
in
te
g
r
atio
n
an
d
e
co
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
h
el
p
in
g
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
g
o
als o
f
clea
n
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
itio
n
an
d
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
b
u
ilt
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
h
elp
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
m
an
ag
e
E
V
b
atter
ies
ef
f
icien
tly
.
T
h
e
m
ain
c
o
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
is
a
PIC
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
th
at
u
s
es
E
m
b
ed
d
e
d
C
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
s
s
af
ely
an
d
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
,
it
c
o
n
s
tan
tly
c
h
ec
k
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
atter
y
d
etails
lik
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
v
o
ltag
e,
SOC
,
an
d
SOH.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
x
ac
t
an
d
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
r
ea
d
in
g
s
.
I
t a
llo
ws p
o
wer
to
m
o
v
e
b
o
th
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
2
M
an
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
M2
B
,
m
ak
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
f
lo
w
f
lex
ib
le.
An
L
C
D
s
cr
ee
n
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
u
s
er
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
s
tatu
s
.
2
.
1
.
M
icro
co
ntr
o
ller
s
elec
t
io
n a
nd
co
ntr
o
l st
ra
t
eg
y
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
o
l
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
a
PIC1
6
F7
2
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ic
h
h
as
b
ee
n
s
et
u
p
u
s
in
g
E
m
b
ed
d
e
d
C
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
s
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
to
k
ee
p
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
af
e
an
d
clea
r
at
all
t
im
es.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
af
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
it
r
eg
u
l
ar
ly
ch
ec
k
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
atter
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
v
o
ltag
e,
SOC
,
an
d
SOH.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
m
m
u
n
icate
s
with
s
ev
er
al
p
er
ip
h
er
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
L
C
D
m
o
d
u
le,
co
o
lin
g
f
an
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
r
ela
y
d
r
iv
e
r
s
.
I
t
m
a
k
es
au
to
m
ated
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
s
et
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
s
u
ch
as
t
u
r
n
in
g
o
n
th
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
wh
en
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
lo
w
an
d
ac
tiv
atin
g
th
e
co
o
lin
g
f
a
n
wh
e
n
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
is
h
ig
h
.
T
h
e
PIC1
6
F7
2
was
s
elec
ted
d
u
e
to
its
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
em
b
ed
d
ed
en
er
g
y
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
ess
en
tial
f
ea
tu
r
es
lik
e
d
i
g
ital
in
p
u
t/o
u
tp
u
t
p
i
n
s
,
m
u
ltip
le
an
alo
g
-
to
-
d
ig
ital
co
n
v
er
ter
(
ADC)
ch
an
n
els,
an
d
in
ter
r
u
p
t
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
d
r
e
al
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l.
W
h
ile
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
lik
e
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
Me
g
a,
E
SP
3
2
,
o
r
STM
3
2
o
f
f
er
m
o
r
e
m
em
o
r
y
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
o
wer
,
th
is
s
y
s
tem
h
as
m
o
d
est
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
n
ee
d
s
th
at
d
o
n
’
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
u
ch
a
d
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
PIC
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ee
ts
all
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
l
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ical,
p
o
wer
-
e
f
f
icien
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
is
well
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
in
b
o
th
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ettin
g
s
.
I
ts
s
im
p
licity
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
with
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
ac
tu
ato
r
s
also
m
ak
es
s
y
s
tem
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
ea
s
ier
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
v
in
g
to
a
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
f
u
l
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
latf
o
r
m
co
u
l
d
b
e
b
en
e
f
icial
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
o
r
e
n
h
an
ce
d
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
is
p
la
n
n
ed
in
th
is
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
2
.
2
.
SO
C
a
nd
SO
H
estima
t
i
o
n t
ec
hn
iqu
e
s
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lain
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
y
s
tem
esti
m
ates th
e
b
atter
y
's
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Her
e'
s
h
o
w
it wo
r
k
s
:
a)
T
h
e
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
g
o
in
g
in
a
n
d
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
o
v
er
tim
e.
I
t
u
s
es
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
alo
n
g
with
h
o
w
o
f
ten
it
tak
es
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
to
esti
m
ate
h
o
w
m
u
ch
c
h
ar
g
e
is
lef
t
in
th
e
b
atter
y
,
ca
lled
th
e
SOC
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
ca
lled
C
o
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
an
d
wo
r
k
s
well
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ca
n
h
an
d
le
s
o
m
e
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
task
s
.
b)
T
o
f
in
d
o
u
t
h
o
w
h
ea
lth
y
t
h
e
b
atter
y
is
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
a
m
eth
o
d
th
at
lo
o
k
s
at
h
o
w
m
u
ch
it
ca
n
h
o
l
d
a
ch
ar
g
e
n
o
w
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
wh
en
it wa
s
n
ew.
T
h
is
is
ca
lled
th
e
SOH.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2592
-
2
6
0
4
2594
c)
T
h
e
PIC
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
k
ee
p
s
u
p
d
atin
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ea
d
in
g
s
in
its
m
em
o
r
y
.
I
t
d
o
es
th
is
ev
er
y
s
ec
o
n
d
,
wh
ich
is
1
Hz.
d)
T
h
e
SOC
a
n
d
SOH
v
alu
es
a
r
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
,
lik
e
d
ec
id
in
g
wh
en
to
ch
ar
g
e
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
,
tu
r
n
o
n
th
e
f
an
,
o
r
s
tar
t
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
,
b
u
t
th
e
y
ar
e
also
s
h
o
wn
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
o
n
t
h
e
L
C
D
s
cr
ee
n
s
o
u
s
er
s
ca
n
s
ee
th
em
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
a
PI
C
1
6
F7
2
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
ca
lcu
late
SOC
an
d
SOH
in
r
ea
l
tim
e.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
with
s
m
ar
t
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t.
I
t
u
s
es
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
s
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
lt
ag
e
to
m
ak
e
th
ese
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
C
o
u
lo
m
b
c
o
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lc
u
late
th
e
SOC
b
y
ad
d
in
g
u
p
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
g
o
in
g
i
n
an
d
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
e
(
1
)
p
r
o
v
id
es th
e
SOC
at
an
y
g
i
v
en
tim
e
t.
(
)
=
(
0
)
+
1
∫
(
)
0
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
r
ate
d
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
(
in
am
p
er
e
-
h
o
u
r
s
)
,
(
)
is
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
en
t (
i
n
Am
p
er
es)
a
n
d
0
is
th
e
in
itial tim
e
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
(
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
am
p
les
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
d
ata
at
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
1
Hz
.
T
h
ese
m
e
asu
r
em
en
ts
ar
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
to
u
p
d
ate
SOC
v
alu
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
en
u
s
ed
to
m
an
ag
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cles
an
d
t
o
tr
ig
g
er
s
af
ety
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
T
h
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
S
O
C
is
also
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
n
th
e
L
C
D
in
ter
f
ac
e
f
o
r
u
s
er
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
SOH
is
e
s
ti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
a
ca
p
ac
ity
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ich
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
cu
r
r
en
tly
a
v
ailab
le
ca
p
ac
ity
to
its
n
o
m
in
al
r
ated
ca
p
ac
ity
.
I
t i
s
co
m
p
u
ted
as sh
o
wn
in
(
2
)
.
=
(
)
×
100%
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
ch
ar
g
e,
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
s
to
r
e
b
ased
o
n
r
ec
e
n
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
h
i
s
to
r
y
an
d
is
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
-
r
ated
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
.
S
t
a
r
t
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
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L
C
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a
n
d
v
a
r
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a
b
l
e
s
R
e
a
d
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
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r
e
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V
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
C
u
r
r
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n
t
C
a
l
c
u
l
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t
e
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C
(
C
o
u
l
o
m
b
C
o
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n
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)
C
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l
c
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l
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t
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H
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C
a
p
a
c
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t
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r
a
d
a
t
i
o
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D
i
s
p
l
a
y
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O
C
,
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O
H
,
V
o
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t
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g
e
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T
e
m
p
e
r
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t
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r
e
o
n
L
C
D
I
s
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
>
4
5
D
e
g
r
e
e
C
e
l
s
i
u
s
?
T
u
r
n
O
N
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
F
a
n
I
s
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
<
2
3
V
?
A
c
t
i
v
a
t
e
G
e
n
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r
a
t
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r
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a
i
t
1
s
e
c
o
n
d
,
r
e
p
e
a
t
N
o
N
o
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l f
lo
w
d
ia
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
PIC m
icr
o
co
n
t
r
o
ller
f
ir
m
war
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
ti
o
n
al
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
s
af
ety
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
en
a
b
les
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
d
etec
t
l
o
n
g
-
te
r
m
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
tr
e
n
d
s
.
W
h
ile
n
o
t
as
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
as
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
it
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
em
b
ed
d
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
alig
n
s
with
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
E
V
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l p
o
w
er c
o
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
elec
tr
ica
l v
eh
icle
w
ith
b
a
tter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
… (
B
o
d
a
p
a
ti V
e
n
ka
ta
R
a
j
a
n
n
a)
2595
B
MS
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
p
d
ated
SOH
v
alu
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
ter
n
ally
f
o
r
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
an
d
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cy
cles th
at
c
o
u
ld
a
cc
eler
ate
ag
in
g
.
B
o
th
SOC
an
d
SOH
esti
m
ati
o
n
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
au
t
o
m
atio
n
f
ea
tu
r
es,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
c
o
o
lin
g
f
a
n
ac
tiv
atio
n
,
g
en
er
ato
r
s
tar
tu
p
,
an
d
c
h
ar
g
e
ter
m
in
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
s
af
e,
ef
f
icien
t,
a
n
d
in
tellig
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
e
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
s
af
ety
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
es
au
to
m
atio
n
f
ea
tu
r
es.
W
h
en
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
b
elo
w
2
3
V,
th
e
m
ic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
ac
tiv
ates
a
b
ac
k
u
p
g
en
er
ato
r
v
ia
a
r
elay
to
in
itiate
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
I
f
th
e
b
atter
y
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
ex
ce
e
d
s
a
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
au
to
m
atica
lly
s
tar
ts
a
co
o
lin
g
f
a
n
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
izes
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cle
s
b
ased
o
n
SOC
,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
th
er
m
al
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
th
e
r
eb
y
m
ax
im
izin
g
b
at
ter
y
life
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
esig
n
e
d
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
V2
G
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
,
alig
n
in
g
with
f
u
tu
r
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
g
o
als.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
was
test
ed
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
io
u
s
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
’
s
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
l
o
g
ic,
an
d
th
e
s
af
ety
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
T
h
e
test
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
i
r
m
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
o
p
er
ate
r
eliab
ly
u
n
d
er
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
wh
ich
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
s
m
ar
t
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
d
i
ag
r
am
o
u
tlin
es
k
e
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
th
e
PI
C
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
co
o
lin
g
f
an
,
g
en
er
at
o
r
u
n
it,
an
d
L
C
D
d
is
p
lay
.
I
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
p
ath
way
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
m
o
to
r
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
b
o
th
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
m
o
to
r
to
b
atter
y
)
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
b
atter
y
to
m
o
to
r
)
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
co
o
r
d
i
n
ates
all
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
af
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
p
er
f
o
r
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r
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r
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
E
V
with
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
s
m
ar
t BMS
T
h
e
d
etailed
h
ar
d
war
e
-
lev
el
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
w
h
ich
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
with
s
m
ar
t
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
is
s
ch
em
atic
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
m
ajo
r
elec
tr
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
,
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
r
elay
s
,
th
e
PIC
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
an
d
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
i
n
ter
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
f
l
o
w
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
als
an
d
p
o
wer
p
ath
s
is
clea
r
ly
d
ep
icted
,
v
a
lid
atin
g
h
o
w
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
f
lo
w
is
ac
h
iev
ed
a
n
d
r
eg
u
lated
th
r
o
u
g
h
au
to
m
ated
s
witch
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
c
h
em
atic
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
d
esig
n
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ates
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
s
af
ety
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2592
-
2
6
0
4
2596
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sch
e
m
atic
o
f
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
ed
in
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
with
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
s
m
ar
t
b
atter
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t sy
s
tem
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
y
s
tem
was
test
ed
u
n
d
er
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
g
o
als
wer
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
s
af
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
tecti
o
n
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
en
e
r
g
y
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
d
etail
b
elo
w.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
was te
s
ted
in
two
m
o
d
es: B
2
M
an
d
M2
B
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ch
ec
k
if
th
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
co
u
ld
m
o
v
e
p
o
wer
in
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
s
witch
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
m
o
d
es
with
o
u
t
a
n
y
is
s
u
es
o
r
d
ela
y
s
.
I
n
B
2
M
m
o
d
e,
p
o
wer
f
lo
wed
s
m
o
o
th
ly
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
I
n
M
2
B
m
o
d
e,
th
e
b
atter
y
was
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
lly
r
ec
h
ar
g
ed
u
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
o
t
o
r
'
s
r
eg
en
er
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
PIC
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
lay
ed
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
k
ey
p
a
r
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e,
SOC
,
SOH,
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
wer
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
u
p
d
ated
an
d
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
n
th
e
L
C
D
s
cr
ee
n
.
T
h
e
SOC
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
h
elp
ed
in
d
ec
i
d
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
/d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
lim
its
.
T
h
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
d
is
p
lay
en
s
u
r
ed
t
r
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
i
n
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
s
tan
t f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
u
s
er
s
.
Du
r
in
g
test
in
g
,
th
e
b
atte
r
y
was
in
ten
tio
n
ally
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
to
b
elo
w
2
3
V.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
im
m
ed
iately
d
etec
ted
th
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
b
r
ea
ch
an
d
ac
tiv
ated
a
b
ac
k
u
p
g
en
e
r
ato
r
u
s
in
g
a
r
elay
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ato
r
b
eg
an
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
au
to
m
atica
lly
.
On
ce
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
r
ea
ch
ed
th
e
o
p
tim
al
le
v
el
(
ar
o
u
n
d
2
8
V)
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
alted
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
o
v
er
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
th
u
s
en
h
an
cin
g
b
atter
y
life
.
T
h
is
au
to
m
atio
n
f
ea
t
u
r
e
p
r
o
v
e
d
to
b
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
f
ast
-
ac
tin
g
.
T
h
er
m
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
was
an
o
th
er
cr
itical
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
.
Un
d
er
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
was
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
u
s
in
g
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
.
W
h
en
th
e
b
atter
y
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ex
ce
ed
e
d
th
e
s
af
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
4
5
°C
d
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
ac
tiv
ated
a
co
o
lin
g
f
an
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
b
atte
r
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
ac
k
to
th
e
s
af
e
o
p
er
atin
g
r
an
g
e
(
b
elo
w
4
0
°C
)
.
T
h
e
tim
ely
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
o
lin
g
f
a
n
p
r
ev
en
ted
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
,
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
af
ety
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l p
o
w
er c
o
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
elec
tr
ica
l v
eh
icle
w
ith
b
a
tter
y
ch
a
r
g
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g
… (
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p
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m
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.
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p
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i
t
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.
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h
i
s
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
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e
n
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y
w
as
a
tt
r
i
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t
e
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h
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e
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m
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p
r
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n
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n
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r
g
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f
l
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b
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t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
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g
e
n
e
r
a
to
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,
a
n
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
w
a
s
s
t
a
b
le
w
it
h
m
i
n
i
m
a
l
r
i
p
p
l
e
a
n
d
h
e
at
l
o
s
s
es
.
T
h
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
en
s
u
r
ed
co
o
r
d
in
ated
o
p
er
atio
n
am
o
n
g
all
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
t
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
j
u
s
ted
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate
b
ased
o
n
SOC
,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
in
th
e
PIC
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
t
r
ib
u
ted
to
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
s
af
e
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
ch
ar
g
er
p
r
o
m
o
ted
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
E
Vs
as
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
e
n
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
u
tu
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
V2
G
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
wh
ile
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
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ir
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tio
n
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C
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o
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n
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io
n
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o
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er
atio
n
was
n
o
t
ex
p
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im
e
n
tally
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em
o
n
s
tr
ated
d
u
e
to
th
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ab
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ce
o
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d
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ter
f
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c
u
itry
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d
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e
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n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
m
o
d
u
les.
3
.
1
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l
ef
f
iciency
a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
aly
tical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
ased
o
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
(
)
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
to
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
,
co
n
s
i
d
er
in
g
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es
in
s
witch
es,
s
witch
in
g
l
o
s
s
es,
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
lo
s
s
es.
Fo
r
th
e
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
eo
r
etica
l
ef
f
icien
cy
was c
alcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
.
=
(
×
)
(
×
)
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
k
n
o
wn
v
alu
es
u
n
d
er
co
n
tr
o
lled
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
At
a
ty
p
ical
o
p
er
a
tin
g
p
o
in
t
o
f
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
‘
’
=
2
4
v
o
lts
,
i
n
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
‘
’
=
1
2
.
5
am
p
er
es,
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
‘
’
=
4
8
v
o
lts
,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
‘
’
=
6
am
p
er
es,
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
ef
f
icien
cy
‘
’
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
9
4
.
2
%
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
clo
s
ely
with
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
ef
f
icien
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
9
0
%
to
9
3
%
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
test
i
n
g
.
Min
o
r
lo
s
s
es
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
ts
,
th
er
m
al
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
,
an
d
n
o
n
-
id
ea
l
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
d
esig
n
an
d
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
th
at
a
r
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
PIC
m
ic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
ar
e
v
alid
ated
b
y
th
e
tig
h
t
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
eo
r
etica
l
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
also
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
well
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
u
ld
wo
r
k
in
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
,
as it
k
ee
p
s
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
ev
en
wh
en
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws b
o
th
way
s
.
T
h
e
test
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ch
ar
g
e
r
m
ad
e
th
e
b
atter
y
s
af
er
an
d
h
elp
e
d
it
last
lo
n
g
e
r
.
I
t
r
em
o
v
e
d
d
a
n
g
er
s
f
r
o
m
o
l
d
er
way
s
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
,
lik
e
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
o
v
er
c
h
ar
g
in
g
,
an
d
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
.
Al
s
o
,
b
y
m
ak
i
n
g
th
e
co
o
lin
g
a
n
d
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
y
s
tem
s
wo
r
k
au
t
o
m
atica
lly
,
th
e
d
esig
n
n
ee
d
e
d
less
h
u
m
an
h
elp
.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t,
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
ed
as
p
lan
n
ed
in
ev
er
y
test
.
I
t
s
h
o
wed
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
g
o
o
d
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
s
af
ety
f
ea
tu
r
es,
an
d
s
m
ar
t
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
with
s
m
ar
t
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
u
s
ef
u
l.
T
h
is
d
ev
ice
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
m
o
d
er
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles a
n
d
h
elp
s
p
u
s
h
f
o
r
war
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
u
s
e.
3
.
2
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
s
et
up
A
h
ar
d
war
e
m
o
d
el
m
ad
e
f
o
r
lab
u
s
e
was
u
s
ed
to
test
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
.
A
24
-
v
o
lt
,
20
-
am
p
e
r
e
-
hour
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
ar
r
an
g
e
d
in
a
7
S2
P
s
etu
p
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
,
g
iv
in
g
a
r
eliab
le
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
b
o
th
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
t
er
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
h
an
d
le
u
p
to
3
0
0
watts
o
f
p
o
wer
an
d
wo
r
k
with
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
es
b
etwe
en
1
8
a
n
d
2
8
v
o
lts
,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
b
etwe
en
2
4
an
d
4
8
v
o
lts
.
T
h
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lo
ad
s
itu
atio
n
s
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
b
an
k
th
at
r
ep
licated
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
m
o
to
r
lo
ad
b
etwe
en
1
0
0
an
d
2
5
0
watts.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
PIC1
6
F7
2
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
p
e
r
atin
g
at
2
0
m
e
g
ah
er
tz
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
C
.
I
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
en
s
in
g
,
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
t
r
ig
g
er
e
d
co
o
lin
g
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
-
v
o
ltag
e
-
t
r
ig
g
er
ed
g
e
n
er
ato
r
ac
tiv
atio
n
.
B
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
wer
e
s
am
p
led
at
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
o
n
e
h
er
tz.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
v
alu
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
u
s
in
g
C
o
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
an
d
th
e
State
o
f
Hea
lth
b
ased
o
n
ca
p
ac
ity
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
An
L
C
D
m
o
d
u
le
d
is
p
lay
ed
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
SOC
,
SOH,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
s
tatu
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
's
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
test
e
d
o
v
er
a
6
0
-
m
i
n
u
te
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cy
cle
an
d
an
8
5
-
m
in
u
te
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cle.
Key
o
p
er
atio
n
al
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
an
u
n
d
er
-
v
o
ltag
e
lim
it
o
f
2
3
v
o
lts
an
d
an
o
v
er
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
lim
it
o
f
4
5
d
e
g
r
ee
s
C
el
s
iu
s
,
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
tr
i
g
g
er
au
to
m
ate
d
r
esp
o
n
s
es
,
in
clu
d
in
g
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
tar
tu
p
an
d
c
o
o
lin
g
f
an
ac
tiv
at
io
n
.
All
test
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
at
an
am
b
ien
t
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
5
d
eg
r
e
es
C
el
s
iu
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
ite
ctu
r
e
is
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
t
e
d
V2
G
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
was
n
o
t
v
alid
at
ed
in
th
is
p
h
ase
d
u
e
t
o
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e,
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t lo
g
ic
a
n
d
au
to
m
atio
n
f
ea
t
u
r
es im
p
lem
en
ted
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2592
-
2
6
0
4
2598
T
h
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
h
a
r
d
war
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
s
m
ar
t
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t sy
s
tem
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
P
M
D
C
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
B
a
n
k
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
e
n
s
o
r
M
o
t
o
r
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
e
n
s
o
r
B
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
R
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
R
e
l
a
y
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
S
e
n
s
o
r
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
B
u
c
k
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
F
a
n
P
I
C
M
i
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
1
6
F
7
2
L
C
D
D
i
s
p
l
a
y
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
F
a
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Har
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
with
s
m
ar
t b
atte
r
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t f
o
r
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T
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tem
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b
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P
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clu
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f
o
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win
g
k
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o
m
p
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n
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ts
:
a)
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
:
E
n
ab
les
b
o
th
B
2
M
an
d
M2
B
p
o
wer
f
lo
w,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
r
e
g
en
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ativ
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b
r
ak
in
g
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t p
r
o
p
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ls
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b)
B
atter
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p
ac
k
:
C
o
m
p
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s
ed
o
f
m
u
ltip
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lith
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m
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io
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ce
lls
co
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n
ec
ted
in
a
s
er
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p
ar
allel
co
n
f
ig
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r
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,
p
r
o
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s
tab
le
p
o
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s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
en
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r
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to
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a
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e.
c)
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o
o
lin
g
f
an
m
o
d
u
le
:
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to
m
at
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ac
tiv
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wh
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tem
p
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r
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ex
ce
e
d
s
th
e
s
af
ety
th
r
esh
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ld
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4
5
°C
)
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
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r
m
al
r
eg
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latio
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d
p
r
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b
a
tter
y
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e
g
r
ad
ati
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n
.
d)
PIC
m
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n
tr
o
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b
o
a
r
d
:
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r
am
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ed
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E
m
b
ed
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ed
C
to
co
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tr
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l
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y
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m
an
ag
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g
/
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is
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cles,
a
n
d
in
ter
f
ac
e
with
all
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
ac
tu
ato
r
s
.
e)
Vo
ltag
e
an
d
T
em
p
er
atu
r
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Sen
s
o
r
s
:
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
b
atter
y
s
tatu
s
to
d
etec
t
u
n
d
er
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
o
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er
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ea
tin
g
co
n
d
itio
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s
.
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C
D
d
is
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lay
m
o
d
u
le
: Pr
o
v
i
d
e
s
r
ea
l
-
tim
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f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
SOC
,
SOH,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
tatu
s
to
th
e
u
s
er
.
g)
R
elay
an
d
g
en
e
r
ato
r
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ter
f
ac
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to
m
atica
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ac
k
u
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ch
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r
g
in
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s
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3
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en
s
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r
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ati
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tr
o
l
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d
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t
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ig
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ical
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t
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th
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lects
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atter
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ch
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SOH,
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d
tem
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atu
r
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T
h
e
au
t
o
m
ated
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latio
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g
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t
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o
g
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a
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o
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h
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ad
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r
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r
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e.
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ch
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th
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OH
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th
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atter
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r
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e
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h
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o
f
th
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r
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p
o
s
ed
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id
ir
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n
a
l
co
n
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s
y
s
tem
.
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h
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lts
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em
o
n
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ate
a
c
o
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is
ten
t
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d
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n
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r
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th
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tem
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er
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o
r
m
r
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icien
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h
ar
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tio
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tem
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S
.
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a
g
e
<
2
3
V
7
U
ser i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
B
a
si
c
o
r
n
o
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
LC
D
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
s
y
st
e
m
a
n
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
st
a
t
u
s
8
S
y
st
e
m a
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
Lo
w
;
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s m
a
n
u
a
l
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
H
i
g
h
;
mi
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
9
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Lo
w
e
r
d
u
e
t
o
u
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
H
i
g
h
(
9
0
–
9
3
%) d
u
e
t
o
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
l
o
w
10
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
-
to
-
G
r
i
d
(
V
2
G
)
C
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
N
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
V
2
G
su
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
smar
t
g
r
i
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
T
ab
le
2
.
SOC
an
d
SOH
d
u
r
i
n
g
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
S
.
N
o
.
Ti
me
(
m
i
n
u
t
e
s)
S
O
C
(
%)
S
O
H
(
%)
R
e
mar
k
s
1
0
20
98
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
r
t
e
d
2
10
35
98
N
o
r
mal
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
3
20
50
97
S
t
a
b
l
e
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
4
30
65
97
S
l
i
g
h
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
5
40
80
96
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
f
a
n
a
c
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
6
50
90
96
N
e
a
r
f
u
l
l
c
h
a
r
g
e
7
55
95
95
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
l
o
w
e
d
(
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
)
8
60
1
0
0
95
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
saf
e
l
y
SOH
r
em
ain
s
m
o
s
tly
s
tab
le,
with
a
m
ar
g
in
al
d
ec
lin
e
f
r
o
m
9
8
%
to
9
5
%,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
n
o
n
in
v
asiv
e
an
d
p
r
eser
v
es
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
b
atter
y
in
te
g
r
ity
.
T
h
e
em
b
ed
d
e
d
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
o
n
ito
r
s
b
atter
y
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
an
d
ac
tiv
ates
p
r
o
tec
tiv
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
co
o
lin
g
f
a
n
,
wh
e
n
th
e
SOC
r
ea
ch
es
8
0
p
er
ce
n
t
a
n
d
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
d
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
er
m
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
co
n
tr
o
l i
n
m
ain
tain
in
g
b
att
er
y
s
af
ety
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
b
atter
y
b
e
h
av
io
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
c
h
ar
g
in
g
,
a
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
SOC
an
d
SOH
o
v
er
tim
e
is
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
As
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
SOC
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
tead
ily
f
r
o
m
2
0
%
to
1
0
0
%
o
v
er
a
6
0
-
m
in
u
te
p
er
i
o
d
.
T
h
e
SOH
r
em
ain
s
r
elativ
ely
s
tab
le
with
a
m
ar
g
in
al
d
ec
lin
e
f
r
o
m
9
8
%
to
9
5
%,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
well
-
r
eg
u
lated
an
d
n
o
n
-
in
v
asiv
e.
T
h
e
au
to
m
ate
d
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
o
lin
g
f
an
at
th
e
40
-
m
in
u
te
m
ar
k
(
SOC
~8
0
%)
h
elp
s
m
ain
tain
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
in
s
af
e
lim
it
s
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
to
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
b
atter
y
h
ea
lth
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
af
ety
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
au
t
o
m
atica
lly
s
lo
ws
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate
as
th
e
SOC
n
ea
r
s
f
u
ll
ca
p
ac
ity
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
r
is
k
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
in
d
eli
v
er
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
d
,
s
af
e,
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
b
atter
y
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
m
o
to
r
o
p
er
atio
n
,
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
in
a
g
r
ad
u
al
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
SOC
an
d
a
s
lig
h
t d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
SOH
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
lo
ad
s
tr
ess
.
T
ab
le
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
SOC
an
d
SOH
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
h
ase
w
h
ile
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
is
o
p
e
r
atin
g
in
m
o
to
r
m
o
d
e.
As
tim
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es
f
r
o
m
0
to
8
5
m
in
u
tes,
SOC
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
g
r
ad
u
ally
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
%
to
2
3
%
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
b
y
th
e
m
o
to
r
u
n
d
er
l
o
ad
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2592
-
2
6
0
4
2600
T
ab
le
3
.
SOC
an
d
SOH
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
o
to
r
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
(
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
d
e)
S
.
N
o
.
Ti
me
(
M
i
n
u
t
e
s)
S
O
C
(
%)
S
O
H
(
%)
R
e
mar
k
s
1
0
1
0
0
95
M
o
t
o
r
st
a
r
t
e
d
2
10
90
95
N
o
r
mal
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
3
20
80
94
S
t
a
b
l
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
4
30
70
94
S
l
i
g
h
t
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
5
40
60
93
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
f
a
n
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
6
50
50
93
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
i
sc
h
a
r
g
e
7
60
40
92
Lo
a
d
s
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
8
70
30
92
Lo
w
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
w
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
r
i
g
g
e
r
e
d
9
80
25
91
P
r
e
p
a
r
i
n
g
f
o
r
r
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
10
85
23
91
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
a
c
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
(
a
u
t
o
m
o
d
e
)
SOH
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
s
lig
h
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
9
5
%
to
9
1
%,
wh
ich
is
ty
p
ical
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
d
r
aw
an
d
m
in
o
r
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
tellig
en
tly
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
cr
itical
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
.
W
h
en
SOC
d
r
o
p
s
to
3
0
%
,
a
l
o
w
b
atter
y
war
n
in
g
is
tr
ig
g
e
r
e
d
.
As
it
f
u
r
th
er
d
r
o
p
s
to
2
3
%,
th
e
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
ac
tiv
ates th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
au
to
m
a
tically
to
in
itiate
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
co
o
lin
g
f
a
n
i
s
au
to
m
atica
ll
y
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
as
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
u
n
d
e
r
lo
ad
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
4
0
-
m
in
u
te
m
ar
k
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
o
v
er
h
e
atin
g
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
es
s
af
e
o
p
er
at
io
n
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
s
m
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
m
a
in
tain
s
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
r
esp
o
n
d
s
d
y
n
am
ically
to
b
att
er
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
es p
r
o
tectio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
ea
v
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cy
cles.
Fig
u
r
e
6
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
g
r
ap
h
i
ca
l
tr
en
d
s
o
f
SOC
an
d
SOH
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
h
ase.
SOC
g
r
ad
u
ally
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
%
to
2
3
%
o
v
e
r
8
5
m
in
u
tes
o
f
m
o
to
r
lo
a
d
o
p
er
atio
n
.
SOH
s
h
o
ws
a
s
m
all
d
r
o
p
f
r
o
m
9
5
%
to
9
1
%
d
u
e
to
s
u
s
tain
ed
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
tellig
en
tly
ac
tiv
ates
th
e
co
o
lin
g
f
an
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
4
0
-
m
in
u
te
m
ar
k
t
o
p
r
e
v
en
t
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
an
d
in
itiates
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
a
u
to
m
atica
lly
wh
en
SOC
f
all
s
to
2
3
%,
en
s
u
r
in
g
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
an
d
s
af
e
v
eh
icle
o
p
er
atio
n
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
b
atter
y
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
also
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
tu
r
n
e
d
o
n
co
o
lin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
an
d
b
ac
k
u
p
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
wh
e
n
n
ee
d
e
d.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
SOC
an
d
SOH
v
ar
iat
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
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C
:
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ter
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DATA AV
AI
L
AB
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L
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T
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h
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ar
e
a
v
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with
in
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ticle.
RE
F
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NC
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1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.