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in
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in
g
b
y
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p
lac
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g
trad
it
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o
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a
l
m
o
ld
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
wit
h
a
li
n
e
a
r
DC
m
o
to
r
(LDM
).
Trad
it
i
o
n
a
l
m
e
th
o
d
s,
w
h
ich
in
v
o
lv
e
m
a
n
u
a
l
p
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ss
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g
,
a
re
e
n
e
rg
y
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in
ten
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e
a
n
d
ti
m
e
-
c
o
n
su
m
i
n
g
,
r
e
d
u
c
in
g
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
.
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e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
LDM
o
ffe
rs
a
sim
p
le,
c
o
st
-
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
,
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
st
so
l
u
ti
o
n
c
a
p
a
b
le
o
f
p
ro
d
u
c
in
g
c
o
n
sta
n
t
t
h
ru
st
,
u
n
li
k
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
io
n
a
l
LDM
s
th
a
t
re
q
u
ire
c
o
m
p
lex
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
n
siv
e
c
o
n
tro
l
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
a
re
li
m
it
e
d
to
sh
o
rt
d
isp
lac
e
m
e
n
ts.
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e
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
z
i
n
g
a
n
LD
M
with
c
o
n
sta
n
t
th
r
u
st
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
fo
r
fo
o
d
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
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e
p
rima
ry
o
b
je
c
ti
v
e
is
to
m
o
d
e
l
th
e
t
h
ru
st
u
sin
g
t
h
e
p
e
r
m
e
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
m
e
th
o
d
(P
AM)
,
e
n
su
ri
n
g
c
o
n
sta
n
t
t
h
ru
st
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
.
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rifi
c
a
ti
o
n
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
u
si
n
g
th
e
fin
i
te
e
lem
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
(F
E
M
)
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
re
su
lt
s,
sh
o
win
g
a
p
e
rc
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n
tag
e
d
iffere
n
c
e
o
f
1
.
7
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a
n
d
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.
5
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e
sp
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ti
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ly
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e
twe
e
n
P
AM
a
n
d
th
e
o
th
e
r
m
e
th
o
d
s.
Th
e
stu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
v
a
l
u
a
b
le
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
d
e
sig
n
in
g
L
DMs
with
c
o
n
sta
n
t
t
h
ru
st
c
a
p
a
b
il
i
ti
e
s,
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
t
h
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
it
y
o
f
f
o
o
d
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
d
e
v
ice
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Fo
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
L
in
ea
r
ac
tu
ato
r
L
in
ea
r
DC
m
o
to
r
Pre
s
s
er
Slo
t
-
less
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
aja
No
r
Fird
au
s
Kash
f
i Raja
Oth
m
an
Fak
u
lti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i d
an
Keju
r
u
t
er
aa
n
E
lek
tr
ik
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
n
ik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
lak
a
Han
g
T
u
ah
J
ay
a
Stre
et
,
7
6
1
0
0
Du
r
ian
T
u
n
g
g
al,
Me
lak
a,
Ma
l
ay
s
ia
E
m
ail: n
o
r
f
ir
d
au
s
@
u
tem
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
L
in
ea
r
ac
tu
ato
r
(
L
A)
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
th
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e,
r
ailway
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tat
io
n
,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle,
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
air
c
o
m
p
r
ess
o
r
[
1
]
-
[
7
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
d
em
an
d
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
d
ev
ices
in
f
o
o
d
an
d
b
e
v
er
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
h
as
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
m
o
r
e
L
A
to
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
u
c
h
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
8
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
d
ev
ices
o
f
p
o
r
tab
l
e
f
o
o
d
p
r
ess
er
s
th
at
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
u
le
is
d
iv
i
d
ed
in
to
two
m
ain
p
ar
ts
,
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
ch
am
b
er
an
d
p
lu
n
g
er
.
W
h
en
th
e
d
o
u
g
h
is
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ein
g
a
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p
lied
in
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id
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th
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ch
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b
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r
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g
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m
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ess
th
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u
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ac
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d
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to
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p
p
lie
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ter
n
al
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o
r
ce
b
y
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
,
th
u
s
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
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esu
ltan
t d
o
u
g
h
.
N
o
wad
ay
s
,
a
ty
p
ical
lin
ea
r
ac
tu
ato
r
(
T
L
A)
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
lace
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
ev
ices
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
4
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
T
L
A
u
s
es
a
r
o
tatio
n
al
m
o
to
r
c
o
n
n
ec
t
ed
to
g
ea
r
s
an
d
b
all
s
cr
ews.
W
h
en
th
e
s
h
af
t
o
f
th
e
r
o
tatio
n
al
m
o
to
r
r
o
tates,
th
e
g
ea
r
s
an
d
b
all
s
cr
ews
r
o
tate
as
well,
th
u
s
th
e
r
o
d
o
r
p
lu
n
g
er
s
tar
ts
to
m
o
v
e
in
a
tr
an
s
latio
n
m
o
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ass
em
b
ly
o
f
T
L
A
with
th
e
e
x
ter
n
al
ch
am
b
e
r
s
h
o
ws
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at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
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ir
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o
r
e
s
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e
,
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en
th
o
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g
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it
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r
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tect
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th
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f
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m
ater
ial
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all
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an
d
g
r
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s
e
in
s
id
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th
e
ac
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ato
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its
elf
.
T
h
u
s
,
T
L
A
is
n
o
t p
r
ac
ti
ca
l f
o
r
a
s
im
p
le
an
d
p
o
r
tab
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p
p
licatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Mo
d
ellin
g
a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f lin
ea
r
DC
mo
to
r
w
ith
co
n
s
ta
n
t th
r
u
s
t
…
(
R
a
ja
N
o
r
F
ir
d
a
u
s
K
a
s
h
fi R
a
ja
Oth
ma
n
)
2213
Fo
r
s
u
ch
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ew
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
tact
lin
ea
r
DC
m
o
to
r
(
L
DM
)
to
r
e
p
lace
T
L
A
th
at
allo
ws
th
e
d
o
u
g
h
to
b
e
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
in
s
id
e
th
e
L
DM
its
elf
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
th
e
clea
n
lin
ess
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
g
ea
r
an
d
b
all
s
cr
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all
o
ws
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
tact
m
o
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
v
er
an
d
co
il
ca
s
in
g
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
alu
m
in
u
m
an
d
p
last
ic,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
will
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
clea
n
lin
ess
o
f
th
e
d
o
u
g
h
ev
e
n
if
it is
in
d
ir
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t c
o
n
tact
with
th
e
m
o
v
er
its
elf
.
Fo
r
th
is
ap
p
licatio
n
,
th
e
d
esire
d
L
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th
at
u
s
es
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DC
s
u
p
p
ly
as
its
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ain
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o
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r
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s
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o
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l
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p
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o
d
u
ce
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s
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t
th
r
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s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
alo
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g
th
e
m
o
v
er
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
r
u
s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
b
etwe
en
a
ty
p
i
ca
l
L
DM
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
DM
.
T
h
e
ty
p
ical
L
DM
h
as
a
s
in
g
le
p
ea
k
o
f
th
r
u
s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
v
er
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
DM
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
co
n
s
tan
t
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t.
I
n
ty
p
ical
L
DM
,
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
tim
e
is
n
o
t
p
er
io
d
ically
s
tab
le
wh
en
it
o
p
er
ates
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
s
itio
n
to
th
e
en
d
.
T
h
is
will
af
f
ec
t
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
d
o
u
g
h
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
a
n
ew
L
DM
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
m
o
d
elled
with
co
n
s
tan
t th
r
u
s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
v
er
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t.
M
o
v
e
r
L
i
n
e
a
r
b
u
s
h
E
n
d
c
a
p
C
o
i
l
Y
o
k
e
P
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
M
a
g
n
e
t
M
o
v
i
n
g
y
o
k
e
D
o
u
g
h
P
u
s
h
e
r
P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
L
D
M
T
h
r
u
s
t
,
F
[
N
]
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
,
x
[
m
m
]
T
y
p
i
c
a
l
L
D
M
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
f
o
o
d
p
r
e
s
s
er
d
ev
ices
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
n
ew
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
tact
lin
ea
r
ac
tu
ato
r
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
r
u
s
t c
h
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
ty
p
ical
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
DM
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
te
n
d
ed
th
e
r
esear
ch
on
th
r
u
s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
lin
ea
r
m
o
to
r
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
C
h
ee
m
a
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
ir
ec
t
th
r
u
s
t
co
n
tr
o
l
(
DT
C
)
o
f
a
lin
ea
r
p
e
r
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
ey
aim
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
ip
p
le
in
f
lu
x
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
s
m
o
o
th
er
th
r
u
s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Z
h
u
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
s
tu
d
ied
s
ev
er
al
tab
u
lar
lin
ea
r
p
er
m
an
e
n
t m
ag
n
et
m
ac
h
in
es th
at
u
s
ed
a
p
ar
titi
o
n
ed
s
tato
r
.
T
h
eir
r
esear
ch
was to
p
r
esen
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
a
p
ar
titi
o
n
ed
s
tato
r
on
th
e
th
r
u
s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
J
iao
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
a
p
ap
er
on
a
lin
ea
r
p
er
m
an
en
t m
a
g
n
et
v
e
r
n
ier
m
ac
h
in
e
.
T
h
eir
r
esear
ch
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
f
o
r
ce
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
lin
ea
r
m
o
to
r
with
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
Hall
-
B
ac
h
ar
r
ay
o
f
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
ets
.
Fo
r
L
DM
,
Z
h
ao
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
a
m
o
v
in
g
m
ag
n
et
ac
tu
ato
r
.
T
h
e
y
h
ad
p
r
esen
ted
a
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
p
r
ed
icti
n
g
th
e
f
o
r
ce
o
f
th
e
ac
tu
ato
r
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
a
s
p
r
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
Hass
an
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
d
esig
n
ed
a
tab
u
lar
lin
ea
r
o
s
cillato
r
y
m
o
to
r
with
th
e
Hall
-
B
ac
h
m
ag
n
et
ar
r
ay
.
T
h
ey
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
th
r
u
s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
with
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es o
f
p
e
r
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
a
r
r
ay
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
l
o
ts
s
tu
d
ies
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
th
o
s
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
lin
ea
r
m
o
to
r
an
d
lin
ea
r
DC
m
o
to
r
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
m
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
li
n
ea
r
ac
tu
ato
r
with
th
e
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
o
r
m
o
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
h
ase
f
o
r
lo
n
g
e
r
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
L
DM
with
u
s
in
g
DC
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
s
tr
o
k
e
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t.
No
n
e
o
f
th
em
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
s
tab
le
th
r
u
s
t c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
lo
n
g
er
s
tr
o
k
e
o
f
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
a
L
DM
with
co
n
s
tan
t
th
r
u
s
t
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
g
ap
i
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
L
DM
s
,
wh
ich
ty
p
ically
u
s
e
a
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
to
ac
h
iev
e
co
n
s
tan
t
th
r
u
s
t
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
ally
,
m
u
ltip
h
ase
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
ain
tain
co
n
s
tan
t
th
r
u
s
t
in
L
DM
s
u
s
in
g
a
DC
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
h
e
L
DM
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
h
er
e
is
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
o
wer
m
o
ld
in
g
d
e
v
ice
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
o
k
ies,
with
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
em
p
h
asis
o
n
p
o
r
tab
ilit
y
—
a
f
ea
tu
r
e
lack
in
g
in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
d
esig
n
s
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
L
DM
s
ex
h
ib
i
t
a
s
in
g
le
p
ea
k
th
r
u
s
t
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tic
r
elativ
e
to
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t,
wh
ich
is
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
p
o
r
tab
le
d
ev
ices
u
s
ed
in
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ject
is
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
th
r
u
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
L
DM
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
er
m
ea
n
ce
an
al
y
s
is
m
eth
o
d
(
PAM)
to
ac
h
iev
e
co
n
s
tan
t
th
r
u
s
t
a
n
d
e
x
ten
d
ed
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
.
A
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
L
DM
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
v
er
if
ie
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
f
in
ite
elem
en
t
m
eth
o
d
(
FEM
)
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
.
Ultim
ately
,
th
is
p
ap
er
o
f
f
er
s
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
an
L
DM
with
co
n
s
tan
t
th
r
u
s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
ap
p
licab
le
to
v
ar
io
u
s
u
s
es
:
i)
Sectio
n
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
.
I
t
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
b
asic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
L
DM
.
T
h
en
,
2
.
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
m
ag
n
etic
cir
cu
it
o
f
L
DM
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
L
DM
is
u
s
in
g
PAM
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
lu
x
p
ath
in
th
e
L
DM
an
d
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
lu
x
,
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
cir
cu
it
will
b
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
;
ii)
Sectio
n
3
is
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
an
d
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
; a
n
d
iii)
L
ast s
ec
tio
n
will c
o
n
clu
d
e
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2212
-
2
2
2
3
2214
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
B
a
s
ic
s
t
ruct
ure
a
nd
s
pe
cif
ica
t
io
n
T
h
e
b
asic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
ty
p
ic
al
L
DM
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
t
h
as
a
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
ea
c
h
p
o
le
with
a
s
tato
r
an
d
a
m
o
v
i
n
g
p
ar
t.
T
h
e
s
tato
r
p
ar
t
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
b
ac
k
y
o
k
e
an
d
co
ils
wh
ile
th
e
m
o
v
in
g
p
ar
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
m
ag
n
e
ts
,
m
o
v
in
g
y
o
k
es,
an
d
a
s
h
a
f
t.
T
h
e
c
r
iter
ia
to
d
esig
n
L
D
M
to
o
p
e
r
ate,
th
e
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
co
ef
f
icien
t,
α
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
b
e
h
alf
o
f
th
e
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
len
g
th
.
T
h
is
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
r
u
s
t sti
ll c
an
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
u
n
til th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
L
DM
s
h
af
t d
i
s
p
lace
m
en
t.
N
o
r
m
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
p
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
s
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
d
b
a
c
k
-
to
-
b
a
c
k
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
f
l
u
x
w
il
l
f
l
o
w
a
b
o
v
e
to
w
a
r
d
s
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
i
l
.
T
h
e
c
o
i
l
i
s
co
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
s
e
r
i
e
s
o
r
p
a
r
a
l
le
l
co
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
b
u
t
e
a
c
h
c
o
i
l
m
u
s
t
b
e
i
n
a
d
i
f
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r
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n
t
p
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o
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i
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r
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h
i
s
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e
a
n
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at
e
a
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h
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i
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m
u
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t
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s
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p
p
l
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e
d
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i
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a
d
i
f
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e
r
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t
c
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r
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t
d
i
r
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ti
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e
o
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r
.
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h
e
n
t
h
e
f
l
u
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i
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
c
o
i
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
t
h
e
f
l
u
x
a
t
t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
s
i
d
e
o
f
t
h
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m
o
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r
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s
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t
r
e
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g
t
h
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e
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
l
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x
a
t
t
h
e
l
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f
t
s
i
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
v
er
i
s
w
ea
k
e
n
e
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
a
t
h
r
u
s
t
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
is
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
.
B
asically
,
th
e
th
r
u
s
t
in
th
e
s
am
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
p
r
o
m
o
ted
b
y
Flem
in
g
’
s
lef
t
-
h
an
d
r
u
le
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
co
il
cu
r
r
en
t
f
l
o
ws
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
ly
to
th
e
f
lu
x
o
f
t
h
e
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
wh
en
alter
n
atin
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
ws
in
th
e
c
o
il,
th
e
m
o
v
er
m
o
v
es
to
th
e
r
ig
h
t
an
d
lef
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
b
asic
p
r
i
n
cip
le
o
f
L
DM
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
m
o
tio
n
o
f
L
DM
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
f
lu
x
f
l
o
ws
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
t
h
p
o
le
to
th
e
n
o
r
t
h
p
o
le.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
o
v
in
g
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
f
r
o
m
lef
t
m
o
tio
n
wh
ic
h
is
f
l
u
x
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
o
r
th
p
o
le
to
th
e
s
o
u
th
p
o
le.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
asic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
L
DM
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
b
asic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
L
DM
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
s
tato
r
,
m
o
v
in
g
y
o
k
es,
co
ils
,
a
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et,
an
d
a
s
h
af
t.
SS
4
0
0
s
teel
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
tato
r
a
n
d
m
o
v
in
g
y
o
k
es.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
Nd
FeB
3
5
an
d
SUS3
0
4
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
an
d
m
o
v
e
r
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
s
ev
e
r
al
s
elec
ted
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
f
ix
e
d
an
d
v
a
r
ied
in
o
r
d
er
to
a
ch
iev
e
th
e
tar
g
et
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
e
d
L
DM
.
T
h
e
L
DM
was
in
ten
d
e
d
f
o
r
p
o
r
tab
le
a
p
p
licatio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
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th
e
f
ix
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ar
am
eter
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o
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tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
elim
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ar
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p
e
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im
en
t
,
w
h
er
ea
s
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
p
ar
am
eter
s
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
esire
d
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
v
iew
o
f
ty
p
ical
L
DM
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
asic p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
L
DM
:
(
a)
r
ig
h
t
m
o
tio
n
a
n
d
(
b
)
lef
t
m
o
tio
n
S
h
a
f
t
r
1
r
2
g
r
3
M
o
v
i
n
g
y
o
k
e
S
t
a
t
o
r
C
o
i
l
M
a
g
n
e
t
l
s
w
c
h
c
N
S
l
m
y
l
p
m
h
s
l
c
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
B
asic stru
ctu
r
e
o
f
L
DM
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
f
ix
ed
p
ar
am
ete
r
o
f
L
DM
El
e
m
e
n
t
V
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[
MM
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l
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s
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l
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5
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ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
v
ar
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le
p
ar
am
et
er
o
f
L
DM
El
e
m
e
n
t
V
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s
[
MM
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l
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0
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6
5
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Mo
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n
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n
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w
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h
e
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p
er
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o
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m
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ed
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o
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ess
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p
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Fig
u
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.
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h
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d
is
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lace
m
en
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k
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r
esp
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ce
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o
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tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
eli
m
in
ar
y
ex
p
er
im
en
t
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
th
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
.
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h
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
ex
p
er
im
en
t
i
n
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o
lv
e
d
a
tr
ad
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n
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m
o
l
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g
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ice
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at
h
ad
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ee
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u
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y
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
o
k
ies s
u
ch
as tar
t a
n
d
s
am
p
er
it
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
a
r
g
et
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
d
esig
n
s
L
DM
2
.
2
.
M
o
delin
g
a
nd
m
a
g
net
ic
circ
uit
Per
m
ea
n
ce
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
(
PAM)
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
el
t
h
e
th
r
u
s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etics
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
s
ize
o
f
L
DM
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
ca
lcu
l
ate
th
e
th
r
u
s
t
o
f
th
e
o
th
er
lin
e
ar
m
ac
h
in
e
th
at
h
as
a
s
im
ilar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
L
DM
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
lu
x
lin
es
o
f
L
DM
at
0
m
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
v
er
wh
ic
h
s
im
u
lated
b
y
u
s
in
g
FEM
o
f
th
e
An
s
y
s
Ma
x
well
s
o
f
twar
e.
B
asically
,
th
e
th
r
u
s
t
is
n
o
t
m
ax
im
u
m
at
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
p
o
in
t
b
u
t
th
is
p
o
in
t
is
s
elec
ted
to
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
w
h
en
p
e
r
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
is
p
lace
d
b
etwe
en
co
ils
.
Fro
m
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
c
o
n
s
tan
t
th
r
u
s
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
w
h
en
t
h
e
f
lu
x
is
n
o
t
s
y
m
m
etr
y
at
b
o
th
r
ig
h
t
an
d
lef
t
s
id
e.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
e
th
r
u
s
t
s
tar
ts
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
wh
en
b
o
th
f
l
u
x
o
f
le
f
t
an
d
r
ig
h
t
s
tar
t
to
s
y
m
m
et
r
y
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
f
lu
x
lin
es
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
in
th
is
PAM
wh
ich
ar
e
a
t
th
e
lef
t
an
d
r
ig
h
t
s
id
es.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
p
er
m
ea
n
ce
s
m
o
d
els
wer
e
b
u
ilt
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
esti
m
ated
f
lu
x
p
ath
at
th
e
air
g
ap
(
in
clu
d
in
g
co
il)
b
y
ass
u
m
in
g
t
h
at
th
e
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
y
o
k
e
was r
eg
ar
d
e
d
as in
f
in
ity
[
2
3
]
.
A
l
l
f
l
u
x
li
n
e
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
u
t
u
al
l
y
p
e
r
p
e
n
d
i
c
u
l
a
r
a
t
ea
c
h
p
o
in
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
s
e
ct
i
o
n
[
2
4
]
.
E
a
c
h
f
i
g
u
r
e
w
a
s
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
t
w
o
a
d
j
a
c
e
n
t
f
l
u
x
l
i
n
e
s
w
h
i
le
t
w
o
a
d
j
a
c
e
n
t
e
q
u
i
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
i
n
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
i
n
c
u
r
v
i
l
i
n
e
a
r
s
q
u
a
r
e
.
T
h
e
w
i
d
t
h
r
a
t
i
o
o
f
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
w
i
d
th
t
o
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
h
e
i
g
h
t
o
f
e
a
c
h
s
q
u
a
r
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
e
q
u
a
l
t
o
u
n
it
y
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
d
f
l
u
x
l
i
n
es
o
f
L
DM
i
n
t
h
is
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
l
ti
n
g
f
l
u
x
l
i
n
e
s
w
e
r
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
a
t
0
m
m
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
v
e
r
.
I
t
w
a
s
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
z
e
d
t
h
a
t
it
h
a
s
tw
o
p
a
t
h
s
o
f
f
l
u
x
l
i
n
es
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
t
h
e
l
e
f
t
a
n
d
r
i
g
h
t
s
i
d
e
o
f
L
D
M
.
(
a)
(
b
)
N
S
L
e
f
t
s
i
d
e
o
f
L
D
M
R
i
g
h
t
s
i
d
e
o
f
L
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M
Fig
u
r
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8
.
T
h
e
p
ath
o
f
f
lu
x
o
f
L
DM
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
:
(
a)
t
h
e
f
l
u
x
lin
es o
f
L
DM
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im
u
lated
b
y
FEM
an
d
(
b
)
s
im
p
lifie
d
f
lu
x
lin
es o
f
L
DM
f
o
r
PAM
Fig
u
r
e
9
is
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
p
er
m
ea
n
ce
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
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DM
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th
is
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ch
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h
e
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er
m
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ce
eq
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atio
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if
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o
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is
p
lace
m
en
t
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f
th
e
m
o
v
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
er
m
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n
ce
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
L
DM
f
o
r
th
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
0
8
8
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9
4
I
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16
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Dec
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20
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Fig
u
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9
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eg
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Fig
u
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e
1
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e
m
ag
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it
a
t
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t
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el.
At
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(
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P
7
P
8
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S
P
1
P
1
P
2
P
4
P
7
P
9
P
5
P
6
P
1
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P
1
1
P
1
3
P
1
2
(
b
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a
b
a
d
e
a
c
c
a
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
p
er
m
ea
n
ce
m
o
d
el
o
f
L
DM
in
th
is
r
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ch
:
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a)
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m
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m
o
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b
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etails o
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s
8
B
asically
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lated
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ased
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h
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ased
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O
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o
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1
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Fig
u
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e
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a
g
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ir
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it o
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ig
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H]
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[
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3
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1
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[
H]
(
4
)
Þ
4
=
0
.
52
(
2
+
3
−
2
2
)
[
H]
(
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
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2088
-
8
6
9
4
Mo
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6
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2
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1
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2
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3
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[
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7
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Þ
7
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(
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52
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(
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(
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2
2
)
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2
[
H]
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8
)
=
0
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52
[
2
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2
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2
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[
H]
(
9
)
=
[
(
−
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2
2
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2
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(
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6
ℎ
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1
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52
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2
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[
H]
(
1
3
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8
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[
1
1
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1
+
1
]
+
[
1
1
+
1
+
1
]
+
[
H]
(
1
4
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Þ
9
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1
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H]
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1
5
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Þ
10
=
0
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)
(
1
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4
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[
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1
6
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Þ
11
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1
.
63
(
ℎ
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4
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H]
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1
7
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Þ
12
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(
2
3
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(
1
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2
(
9
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(
2
9
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1
8
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Þ
13
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(
2
3
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(
1
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2
(
9
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4
9
)
[
H]
(
1
9
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T
h
e
to
tal
p
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m
ea
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f
o
r
m
ag
n
etic
eq
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iv
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t c
ir
cu
it f
o
r
lef
t
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d
r
ig
h
t sid
e
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
as:
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
10
9
7
1
8
6
5
4
3
2
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
6
5
4
3
2
6
5
4
3
2
)
(
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
1
Þ
1
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
l
e
f
t
T
[
H]
(
2
0
)
13
12
11
)
(
Þ
Þ
Þ
Þ
+
+
=
r
i
g
h
t
T
[
H]
(
2
1
)
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
th
e
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
ag
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em
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etiza
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r
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as
s
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Fig
u
r
e
1
1
[
2
5
]
.
I
t
h
as
a
r
e
m
an
en
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m
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ity
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ter
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atin
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en
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ity
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f
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en
t m
ag
n
et,
B
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2212
-
2
2
2
3
2218
α
o
B
r
H
c
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(
T
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B
k
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etiza
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h
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2
2
).
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r
pm
C
T
A
B
l
H
2
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t
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n
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h
e
eq
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n
o
f
p
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m
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e
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n
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e
d
en
o
ted
as
(
2
3
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.
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)
k
k
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a
B
t
a
n
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(
2
3
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e
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em
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etiza
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o
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p
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e
r
ep
r
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lin
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r
as in
(
2
4
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.
r
c
r
B
H
H
B
B
+
=
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2
4
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h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
B
k
a
n
d
H
k
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
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d
b
y
s
o
lv
in
g
in
(
2
3
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an
d
(
2
4
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,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
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h
e
f
lu
x
o
f
th
e
p
er
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an
en
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et
at
t
h
e
air
g
a
p
ca
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e
r
ep
r
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ted
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2
5
)
.
=
[
W
b
]
(
2
5
)
Giv
en
th
at
n
is
th
e
m
a
g
n
etic
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cu
it
o
n
th
e
lef
t
o
r
r
ig
h
t
s
id
e.
Sin
ce
th
e
th
r
u
s
t
o
f
L
DM
w
as
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
at
th
e
ce
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ter
o
f
c
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il
,
an
d
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g
al
l f
lu
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lo
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d
s
th
e
co
il th
u
s
:
=
[
W
b
]
(2
6
)
(
)
=
[T]
(2
7
)
(
)
=
(
)
[
N]
(2
8
)
=
(
)
+
(
ℎ
)
[
N]
(2
9
)
wh
er
ea
s
a
,
b
,
c,
d
,
an
d
e
ar
e
t
h
e
p
er
m
ea
n
c
e
v
alu
es
o
f
r
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io
n
8
in
[
H]
,
B
r
is
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e
m
ag
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em
an
en
ce
in
[
T
]
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k
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e
o
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atin
g
m
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en
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i
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[
T
]
,
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e
m
ag
n
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f
lu
x
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en
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ity
o
f
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il
in
[
T
]
,
n
is
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e
co
il
at
th
e
lef
t
o
r
r
ig
h
t
s
id
e,
H
c
is
th
e
co
er
ci
v
e
f
o
r
ce
in
[
A/m
]
,
H
k
is
t
h
e
o
p
er
a
tin
g
co
e
r
civ
e
f
o
r
c
e
o
f
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et
in
[
A/m
]
,
is
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
d
em
a
g
n
etiza
tio
n
cu
r
v
e
in
[
°
]
,
A
m
is
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
m
ag
n
et
in
[m
2
]
,
A
c
is
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
c
o
il in
[
m
2
]
,
l
c
is
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
c
o
il in
[
m
2
]
,
m
is
th
e
f
lu
x
o
f
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et
in
[
W
b
]
,
c
is
th
e
f
lu
x
o
f
c
o
il
in
[
W
b
]
,
F
(
n)
is
th
e
f
o
r
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
N]
,
F
T
is
th
e
to
tal
f
o
r
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
N]
,
F
(left)
is
th
e
f
o
r
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
at
th
e
lef
t
s
id
e
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
cir
cu
it
in
[
N]
,
F
(right)
is
th
e
f
o
r
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
at
th
e
r
ig
h
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
cir
c
u
it in
[
N]
,
N
c
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
u
r
n
o
f
co
il a
n
d
I
c
is
th
e
s
u
p
p
lied
cu
r
r
en
t a
t
th
e
co
il in
[
A]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
Sev
er
al
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
c
h
an
g
in
g
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
ied
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
Fro
m
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
co
n
s
tan
t
th
r
u
s
t
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
alo
n
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
x
op
wh
en
l
c
is
v
ar
ied
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
is
as in
(
30
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Mo
d
ellin
g
a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f lin
ea
r
DC
mo
to
r
w
ith
co
n
s
ta
n
t th
r
u
s
t
…
(
R
a
ja
N
o
r
F
ir
d
a
u
s
K
a
s
h
fi R
a
ja
Oth
ma
n
)
2219
x
op
=
l
c
[
N]
(
30
)
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
as
th
e
l
c
is
g
ettin
g
wid
er
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
n
o
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
ch
an
g
es
o
f
f
lu
x
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
c
h
an
g
es
o
f
B
k(n)
wh
ich
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
r
u
s
t.
T
h
is
allo
ws
co
n
s
ta
n
t
th
r
u
s
t
alo
n
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
x
op
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
v
alu
es
o
f
w
c
,
h
c
,
r
2
,
r
3,
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
r
u
s
t
as
th
ese
af
f
ec
t
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
co
il
an
d
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et
s
izes.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
d
o
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
th
e
th
r
u
s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
L
DM
was
f
ab
r
icate
d
f
o
r
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
5
m
m
1
5
m
m
0
.
5
m
m
2
8
m
m
1
8
3
m
m
6
5
m
m
1
2
.
5
m
m
N
S
8
m
m
2
0
m
m
4
m
m
3
1
m
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Selecte
d
m
o
d
el
o
f
L
DM
f
o
r
f
a
b
r
icatio
n
3
.
2
.
P
r
o
t
o
t
y
pe
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
o
f
L
DM
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
L
DM
is
a
h
ig
h
er
av
er
ag
e
t
h
r
u
s
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
(
b
)
i
s
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
L
DM
.
T
h
e
m
o
v
er
is
attac
h
ed
with
a
lo
ad
ce
ll
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
esu
lt
in
g
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
f
o
r
ce
wh
en
th
e
m
o
v
er
m
o
v
es.
T
h
e
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
co
il
is
1
7
Ω
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
u
r
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
c
o
il is
1
2
0
6
.
D
C
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
M
o
v
e
r
L
o
a
d
c
e
l
l
L
D
M
L
i
n
e
a
r
j
i
g
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Pro
to
ty
p
e
o
f
L
DM
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
:
(
a)
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
an
d
(
b
)
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
3
.
3
.
Va
lid
a
t
i
o
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
ti
c
s
f
o
r
L
DM
c
o
il
s
a
t
a
m
o
v
e
r
p
o
s
it
i
o
n
o
f
5
0
m
m
.
B
as
i
c
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
t
w
o
c
o
il
s
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
s
e
r
ie
s
t
o
e
q
u
a
li
z
e
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
l
o
w
i
n
g
i
n
s
i
d
e
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
L
D
M
.
T
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
ti
c
s
w
e
r
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
L
C
R
m
e
t
e
r
.
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
L
C
R
m
e
te
r
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
,
L
a
n
d
r
e
s
i
s
ta
n
ce
,
R
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
1
2
H
z
u
n
t
i
l
1
0
0
k
H
z
.
W
h
il
e
,
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
s
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
h
a
s
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
Ѳ
a
n
d
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
,
Z
w
a
s
c
al
c
u
l
at
e
d
a
s
i
n
(
31
)
a
n
d
(
32
)
.
=
−
1
(
)
(
31
)
=
√
2
+
(
)
2
(
32
)
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
in
L
DM
is
s
u
g
g
ested
to
b
e
b
elo
w
th
an
1
0
0
H
z
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
is
s
tab
le
an
d
lo
w
at
th
is
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
.
I
t is also
will h
elp
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
p
o
wer
r
atin
g
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
i
city
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
s
h
o
ws co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
s
in
g
FEM
,
PAM,
an
d
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t r
esu
lt in
L
DM
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
Fu
n
d
a
m
en
tally
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
FEM
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
h
ig
h
er
co
m
p
ar
in
g
with
o
th
er
s
m
eth
o
d
s
.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
PAM
r
esu
lt
m
u
s
t
b
e
lo
wer
th
an
FEM
b
u
t
h
ig
h
er
th
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal.
I
t
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2212
-
2
2
2
3
2220
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
PAM
will
h
av
e
an
er
r
o
r
a
b
o
u
t
6
.
5
%
lo
wer
th
an
FEM
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esu
lt
is
th
e
lo
west
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
ictio
n
f
o
r
ce
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
n
o
r
m
al
th
r
u
s
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
L
DM
.
W
h
ile,
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
th
r
u
s
t
h
as
a
ce
r
tain
r
ip
p
le
in
F
E
M
is
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
ettin
g
at
th
e
an
aly
s
is
s
etu
p
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fo
r
s
m
o
o
th
wav
e
f
o
r
m
,
th
e
tim
e
s
tep
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ed
u
cin
g
as
s
m
all
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
e
PAM
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
ca
tch
th
e
r
ip
p
le
if
m
o
r
e
p
er
m
ea
n
ce
m
o
d
el
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
f
o
r
ev
er
y
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
v
e
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
PAM
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
im
ilar
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
as
FEM
wh
ich
is
b
asical
ly
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
t
o
r
ed
u
c
e
th
e
r
i
p
p
le
in
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal,
th
e
th
r
u
s
t v
al
u
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
in
s
m
a
ll d
is
p
lace
m
en
t a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
f
o
r
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
L
DM
: (
a)
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
L
&
R,
an
d
(
b
)
e
f
f
ec
t o
f
Ѳ
&
Z
(
a)
(
b
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
L
D
M
f
o
r
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
:
(
a
)
c
o
g
g
i
n
g
t
h
r
u
s
t
,
a
n
d
(
b
)
t
h
r
u
s
t
a
t
i
=
6
A
B
y
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
t
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
o
f
c
o
g
g
in
g
th
r
u
s
t,
th
e
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[
1
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A
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[
2
]
C.
-
T.
Li
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