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r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
ef
f
icien
t
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
1
5
]
,
wh
il
e
elec
tr
o
ly
ze
r
s
a
n
d
f
u
el
ce
lls
en
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
s
h
e
ets
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
C
O2
em
is
s
io
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
B
atter
y
-
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
y
s
tem
s
,
co
u
p
led
with
r
esear
ch
o
n
n
ew
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
1
7
]
,
e
n
h
an
ce
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ef
f
i
ca
cy
an
d
s
to
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
9
]
,
en
a
b
lin
g
a
g
lo
b
al
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
r
esil
ien
t e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
3
]
.
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
(
R
E
)
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
p
o
te
n
tially
r
ev
o
lu
t
io
n
ize
g
lo
b
al
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ar
e
p
r
esen
tly
f
o
s
s
il
-
f
u
el
-
b
ased
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
attain
e
d
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
r
eliab
il
ity
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
k
e
y
ch
allen
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
HE
SS
[
2
4
]
,
MPPT
[2
5
]
,
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
s
to
r
ag
e
[2
6
]
,
[2
7
]
.
As
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
co
n
tin
u
e
to
wid
en
ex
is
tin
g
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
[2
8
]
.
R
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
will
p
lay
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
b
u
ild
in
g
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
tu
r
e
[2
9
]
,
[
30
]
.
T
h
ey
will
also
r
ed
u
ce
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
.
Un
til
n
o
w,
u
s
in
g
s
m
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
m
ix
ed
in
tellig
en
t
s
o
lar
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
an
d
n
ew
m
u
l
tilev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
ed
im
p
o
r
tan
t
u
p
g
r
ad
es
in
h
o
w
ef
f
icien
tly
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
u
lls
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
n
,
in
te
g
r
ates w
ith
th
e
g
r
id
a
n
d
wo
r
k
s
o
v
er
al
l
[
3
1
]
-
[
3
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
g
ap
:
Desp
ite
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
h
ar
n
ess
in
g
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
g
ap
s
r
em
ain
.
C
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
m
is
m
atch
b
e
twee
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
f
o
r
m
a
s
tab
le
g
r
id
r
eq
u
ir
es
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
ch
em
es.
Alth
o
u
g
h
MPPT
an
d
HE
SS
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
h
elp
f
u
l,
th
ey
r
e
q
u
ir
e
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
f
u
t
u
r
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
s
to
r
ag
e,
r
e
q
u
ir
es
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esea
r
ch
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
ilit
y
.
Pil
o
t
s
tu
d
ies
to
co
m
p
lem
en
t
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
t
o
test
th
em
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
lack
in
g
.
A
n
ar
tific
ial
n
e
u
r
al
clu
s
ter
an
aly
s
is
h
as sh
o
wn
th
at
f
illi
n
g
th
ese
g
a
p
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
.
Sco
p
e
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
:
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
ex
p
l
o
r
e
an
in
teg
r
ated
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
to
r
ag
e,
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
n
ew
m
ater
ials
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
d
esig
n
s
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
Usi
n
g
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
with
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
f
ac
ilit
ies
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
will
en
h
an
ce
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
ed
u
c
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
lar
g
e
p
o
wer
g
r
i
d
s
.
L
ar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ass
es
s
th
e
co
s
t,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
v
iab
ilit
y
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esear
ch
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
s
ca
n
f
u
r
th
e
r
ad
v
an
ce
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
en
h
an
ce
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
f
o
r
clea
n
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
er
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws
:
i)
Sec
tio
n
2
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
in
tellig
en
ce
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
PS
O
+
GW
O)
,
in
clu
d
in
g
its
m
e
r
its
an
d
m
ath
em
atica
l
ev
alu
atio
n
s
;
ii)
Sectio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
cr
e
atio
n
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
in
tellig
en
t
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
PV
an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
in
a
MA
T
L
A
B
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
;
iii)
Sectio
n
4
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
in
tellig
e
n
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
b
atter
y
an
d
lo
ad
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
PV
an
d
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
with
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
f
o
r
m
icr
o
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
;
a
n
d
iv
)
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
p
r
esen
ts
o
u
r
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
2.
H
YB
RID
I
NT
E
L
L
I
G
E
N
T
A
L
G
O
RIT
H
M
P
SO
+
G
WO
Gr
ey
wo
lf
o
p
tim
izer
(
GW
O)
m
im
ics
g
r
ey
wo
lv
es'
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
h
u
n
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e
b
u
t
s
o
m
etim
es
s
tr
u
g
g
les
with
p
r
em
atu
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
.
Par
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
m
o
d
els
th
e
s
o
cial
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
p
ar
ticles
to
d
eter
m
in
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
I
t
ex
ce
ls
in
lo
ca
l
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
,
b
u
t m
ay
f
ail
to
es
ca
p
e
lo
ca
l o
p
tim
a.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
izin
g
th
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
is
to
:
-
C
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ea
r
ly
s
tag
es o
f
GW
O
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
with
a
later
-
s
tag
e
PS
O
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
r
ate.
-
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was o
p
tim
ized
b
y
a
d
ap
tiv
ely
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
v
elo
city
u
p
d
ate
s
.
-
I
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
t in
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
l
ex
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
(
+
1
)
=
1
+
2
+
3
3
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Hyb
r
id
in
tellig
en
t o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
a
lg
o
r
ith
ms
-
b
a
s
ed
p
o
w
er ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t fo
r
micro
g
r
id
s
ystem
(
R
.
I
n
d
u
ma
th
i
)
2667
1
=
−
1
⋅
|
1
−
|
(
2
)
2
=
−
2
.
|
2
–
X
|
(
3
)
3
=
−
3
.
|
3
–
X
|
(
4
)
Up
d
ate
A,
C
,
a:
A
=
2a
.r
1
-
a
,
C
=
2.r
2
(
5
)
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
lin
ea
r
ly
o
v
er
th
e
iter
atio
n
s
to
b
alan
ce
e
x
p
lo
r
ati
o
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
.
PS
O
v
elo
city
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
u
p
d
ates
(
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
p
h
ase
)
.
PS
O
d
y
n
am
ics
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
GW
O
p
o
p
u
latio
n
b
y
u
p
d
atin
g
th
e
v
el
o
cities an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticles.
(
+
1
)
=
.
(
t)
+
1
.
1
.(
-
)
+
2
.
2
.
(
g
-
)
(
6
)
(
+
1
)
=
(
t)
+
(
+
1
)
(
7
)
W
h
er
e:
: Per
s
o
n
al
b
est
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
p
ar
t
icle.
g
: G
lo
b
al
b
est p
o
s
itio
n
.
w
is
th
e
in
er
tia
weig
h
t th
at
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
.
1
,
2
:
C
o
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
s
o
cial
co
ef
f
ici
en
ts
.
1
,
2
: Ran
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
s
in
[
0
,
1
]
.
Hy
b
r
id
p
o
s
itio
n
u
p
d
ate
.
GW
O
an
d
PS
O
ar
e
b
len
d
ed
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
s
itio
n
eq
u
atio
n
as
(
8
)
:
(
+
1
)
=
(
t)
+
(
+
1
)
+
(
1
-
w)
.
+
+
3
(
8
)
w
h
er
e
ω
:
w
eig
h
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
co
m
b
in
in
g
GW
O
an
d
PS
O.
-
E
n
h
an
ce
d
h
y
b
r
id
d
y
n
am
ics
T
o
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
u
r
t
h
er
,
we
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es:
a
d
ap
tiv
e
weig
h
tin
g
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
i
za
tio
n
:
W
(
t)
=
+
−
.
. t
(
9
)
I
n
itiate
with
h
ig
h
er
GW
O
in
f
l
u
en
ce
(
)
an
d
t
h
en
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
it to
th
at
o
f
PS
O
(
).
E
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
t
r
o
l:
I
f
s
tag
n
atio
n
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
r
estar
t
a
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticles/
wo
lv
es
to
g
et
awa
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
lo
ca
l
e
x
tr
em
ities
,
weig
h
tin
g
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
izatio
n
.
Star
t
with
h
ig
h
er
GW
O
in
f
lu
en
ce
(
)
an
d
g
r
a
d
u
ally
s
h
if
t to
war
d
s
PS
O
(
).
a(
t)
=
(
1
-
.
)
p
(
1
0
)
W
h
er
e
p
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
el
GW
O
–
PS
O
h
y
b
r
id
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
th
is
p
a
p
er
c
o
m
b
in
es
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
o
le
as
s
ig
n
m
en
t,
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
p
ar
a
m
eter
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
a
r
estar
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
b
alan
ce
d
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
1
0
–
3
0
wo
lv
es/p
ar
ticles
is
in
itialized
,
an
d
k
e
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
PS
O
in
er
tia
weig
h
t
b
etwe
en
0
.
4
an
d
0
.
9
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
a
n
d
s
o
cial
co
ef
f
icien
ts
b
etwe
en
1
.
5
an
d
2
.
0
,
a
n
d
th
e
GW
O
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
α
,
β,
δ.
T
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
s
et
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
s
u
c
h
as
m
ax
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
i
n
MPPT
o
r
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
is
m
atch
f
o
r
b
atter
y
/l
o
ad
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
GW
O
p
ar
am
eter
α
n
o
r
m
ally
u
n
d
er
g
o
es a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
u
s
in
g
a
f
u
n
cti
o
n
lik
e
:
a
(
t)
=2
(
1
−(
t/T)
k
)
(
1
1
)
wh
ich
m
ain
tain
s
s
tr
o
n
g
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
in
itial
iter
ati
o
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
as
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es.
Af
ter
p
ar
am
eter
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ev
al
u
ates
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als
an
d
s
o
r
ts
th
em
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
f
itn
ess
.
T
h
e
b
est
in
d
iv
id
u
als
o
cc
u
p
y
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
α
,
β,
an
d
δ,
an
d
lead
th
e
e
x
p
lo
itati
o
n
b
y
GW
O
u
p
d
ate
r
u
les.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
y
n
am
ically
s
witch
es
b
etwe
en
GW
O
an
d
PS
O
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
:
i
f
th
e
f
itn
ess
o
f
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
im
p
r
o
v
es,
it
k
ee
p
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
GW
O
u
p
d
ate;
o
t
h
er
wis
e,
it
s
witch
es
to
PS
O
to
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
v
elo
city
-
b
ased
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
ad
a
p
tiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
e
n
ab
les
ef
f
icien
t
m
o
v
em
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
wh
ile
r
ef
in
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
a
r
ea
s
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
h
en
iter
ativ
ely
ch
ec
k
s
f
o
r
s
tag
n
atio
n
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2665
-
2
6
7
6
2668
ea
ch
u
p
d
ate
cy
cle.
W
h
en
n
o
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
-
b
est
f
itn
ess
h
as
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
o
v
e
r
s
ev
er
al
iter
atio
n
s
,
ab
o
u
t
1
0
-
2
0
%
o
f
th
e
p
o
o
r
est
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
r
ein
itialized
b
y
th
e
r
estar
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
wh
il
e
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
elite
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ter
m
i
n
ates w
h
en
m
ax
im
u
m
iter
atio
n
s
ar
e
r
ea
ch
ed
o
r
wh
en
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
is
ac
h
iev
ed
.
3.
H
YB
RID G
WO
/P
SO
-
B
AS
E
D
M
P
P
T
A
L
G
O
RI
T
H
M
F
O
R
P
V
SYST
E
M
T
h
is
p
ap
e
r
p
r
es
e
n
ts
a
n
o
v
el
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
t
h
at
i
n
t
eg
r
a
tes
GW
O
an
d
PS
O
to
d
ete
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
o
p
t
im
a
l
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
f
o
r
MPPT
i
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
ta
ic
(
PV
)
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
c
ess
is
i
n
it
iat
ed
wi
th
p
a
r
a
m
et
e
r
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
i
te
r
at
io
n
s
,
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
w
o
l
v
es
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
cles
,
an
d
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e
r
a
n
g
e
.
T
h
e
GW
O
e
m
p
l
o
y
s
th
e
h
u
n
t
in
g
s
t
r
at
e
g
y
o
f
w
o
l
v
e
s
t
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
c
o
ar
s
e
s
ea
r
c
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
a
n
d
e
v
al
u
ate
f
it
n
ess
u
s
in
g
a
p
o
we
r
-
b
ase
d
f
u
n
cti
o
n
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
to
p
w
o
l
v
es
we
r
e
d
esi
g
n
a
te
d
as
al
p
h
a
,
b
e
ta
,
an
d
d
elt
a,
wi
th
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
u
p
d
a
te
d
in
ea
ch
it
er
ati
o
n
.
PS
O
r
e
f
i
n
es
th
e
r
es
u
lts
b
y
id
e
n
ti
f
y
i
n
g
a
p
o
te
n
t
ial
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
u
s
in
g
GW
O.
Du
r
i
n
g
PS
O
,
ea
ch
p
a
r
ti
cle
u
p
d
ates
its
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
a
n
d
v
e
lo
cit
y
b
ase
d
o
n
i
ts
b
est
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
an
d
t
h
e
b
est
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
id
e
n
ti
f
i
ed
b
y
t
h
e
o
th
er
p
a
r
ti
cles
,
as
i
n
d
ic
ate
d
b
y
t
h
e
GW
O.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
b
al
a
n
c
es
ex
p
l
o
r
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
lo
ita
ti
o
n
w
it
h
i
n
a
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
s
p
a
ce
.
T
h
e
f
it
n
ess
f
u
n
ct
io
n
co
m
p
u
t
e
d
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
e
d
p
o
w
er
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fo
ll
o
w
in
g
n
este
d
o
p
t
im
iza
ti
o
n
l
o
o
p
s
,
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
e
lec
ts
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
.
Hel
p
e
r
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s
c
o
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
h
e
p
o
s
it
i
o
n
s
wit
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
a
ce
a
n
d
a
d
j
u
s
t
t
h
e
f
it
n
ess
a
n
d
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
wo
l
v
es
a
n
d
p
a
r
ti
cles
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
to
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
d
u
t
y
cy
cl
e.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
f
l
o
w
c
h
a
r
t
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
GW
O
a
n
d
PS
O
-
b
as
ed
PV
a
n
d
PV
MPP
T
p
o
w
er
w
av
ef
o
r
m
s
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
i
r
r
a
d
ia
tio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
GW
O
an
d
PS
O
-
b
ased
PV
an
d
PV
MPPT
p
o
wer
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
n
clu
d
es
GW
O
an
d
PS
O
.
i)
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
GW
O
is
to
:
-
GW
O
lo
o
k
s
at
th
e
en
tire
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
wo
r
ld
wid
e
to
f
in
d
wh
er
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
is
m
o
s
t
lik
ely
to
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
.
-
I
t r
u
n
s
au
to
m
atica
lly
f
o
r
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ied
iter
atio
n
s
(
G
W
O
-
iter
atio
n
s
)
.
-
GW
O
k
ee
p
s
th
r
ee
b
est
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
(
alp
h
a,
b
eta,
d
elta)
an
d
u
p
d
ates
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
all
th
e
wo
lv
es
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
.
-
Af
ter
GW
O
en
d
s
,
th
e
b
est s
o
lu
tio
n
(
s
)
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
w
h
ich
will st
ar
t th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
PS
O.
ii)
T
r
an
s
itio
n
p
o
in
t
:
-
GW
O
f
in
is
h
es a
n
iter
atio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
PS
O.
-
T
h
e
to
p
wo
lf
’
s
o
r
al
p
h
a
wo
lf
’
s
p
o
s
itio
n
s
(
o
n
e
if
s
in
g
le
to
p
wo
lf
,
m
an
y
if
t
o
p
wo
lv
es
ar
e
a
g
r
o
u
p
)
ch
o
s
en
am
o
n
g
th
e
w
o
lv
es a
r
e
u
s
ed
as th
e
in
itial lo
ca
tio
n
(
s
)
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticles.
iii)
Fu
n
ctio
n
an
d
p
u
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Var
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atin
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ase
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ase
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e
3
.
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b
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GW
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ased
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r
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
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20
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ased
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atch
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ased
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s
(
C
B
1
,
C
B
2
,
an
d
C
B
3
)
.
T
h
e
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
an
d
o
m
ly
p
lace
s
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
wo
lv
es
(
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
)
wh
er
e
ea
ch
p
o
s
itio
n
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
lo
ad
s
.
L
o
ad
1
,
a
h
ig
h
-
p
r
io
r
ity
l
o
ad
,
is
alwa
y
s
o
n
wit
h
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
r
atin
g
s
.
L
o
a
d
2
ac
tiv
ates
at
a
n
in
ter
m
ed
iat
e
p
o
wer
le
v
el
wh
en
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
ex
ce
ed
s
1
0
,
0
0
0
W
,
wh
er
ea
s
lo
w
-
p
r
io
r
ity
lo
ad
3
ac
tiv
ates
o
n
ly
w
h
en
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
p
o
wer
is
at
least 1
8
,
0
0
0
W
.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
in
d
icate
lo
ad
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
b
ased
o
n
th
e
av
aila
b
le
p
o
wer
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
GW
O
iter
atio
n
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
d
icate
d
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
u
n
u
s
ed
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
f
o
r
ea
ch
wo
lf
.
T
h
e
wo
lv
es
ar
e
s
o
r
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
o
v
er
l
o
o
k
e
d
ca
p
ac
ity
,
a
n
d
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
ec
la
r
es
th
e
f
ir
s
t
th
r
ee
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
:
alp
h
a,
b
eta,
an
d
d
elta.
T
h
ese
b
est
wo
lv
es
im
p
o
s
e
th
eir
p
lan
s
o
n
o
th
er
s
in
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
iter
atio
n
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
a
lin
ea
r
ly
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
ter
m
(
A)
b
alan
ce
s
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
.
T
h
e
b
est
o
p
tim
ized
v
a
lu
es
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
p
d
atin
g
t
h
e
wo
lf
p
o
s
itio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
GW
O
eq
u
atio
n
s
em
u
latin
g
th
e
e
n
cir
clin
g
a
n
d
h
u
n
tin
g
o
f
g
r
ey
wo
lv
es.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ass
es
s
es
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
ea
ch
lo
ad
g
i
v
en
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
s
o
lu
tio
n
(
α
)
.
C
ir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
C
B
1
is
alwa
y
s
o
n
,
as
a
h
ig
h
-
p
r
i
o
r
ity
lo
ad
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
,
C
B
2
an
d
C
B
3
ar
e
en
a
b
led
o
n
ly
if
t
h
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
lo
a
d
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
al
p
h
a
s
o
lu
t
io
n
r
ec
eiv
e
p
o
wer
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
g
u
ar
an
tees
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
io
r
ity
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
r
en
e
wab
le
p
o
wer
f
o
r
th
e
th
r
ee
lo
a
d
s
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
av
o
id
s
w
aste.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
with
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
GW
O
-
B
MS
f
u
n
ctio
n
u
s
in
g
g
r
e
y
wo
lf
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
GW
O)
,
wh
ich
ass
ess
es
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
av
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
a
d
d
e
m
an
d
.
I
t
d
e
f
in
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
tim
e
a
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates
with
in
s
p
ec
if
ied
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
I
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
ex
ce
e
d
s
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
,
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
aim
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e;
o
th
er
wis
e,
it
m
in
im
izes
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
ef
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
itially
s
ets
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
w
o
lv
es
(
n
)
,
m
a
x
im
u
m
iter
atio
n
s
(
m
ax
-
iter
atio
n
s
)
,
a
n
d
i
n
itial
wo
lf
p
o
s
itio
n
s
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
(
0
,
1
)
[
3
]
,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
o
ten
tially
co
r
r
elate
d
wit
h
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle.
I
t
in
itializes
th
e
alp
h
a
wo
lf
a
n
d
its
s
co
r
e,
s
ettin
g
it
h
ig
h
f
o
r
m
i
n
im
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tar
g
et
is
b
ased
o
n
a
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
an
d
lo
ad
p
o
wer
.
W
ith
a
h
ig
h
er
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
,
t
h
e
aim
is
a
h
ig
h
-
d
u
ty
cy
cle;
o
th
er
wi
s
e,
it
is
a
lo
w
-
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
GW
O's
m
ain
lo
o
p
r
u
n
s
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ied
iter
atio
n
s
.
E
ac
h
i
ter
atio
n
ev
alu
ates
th
e
'
f
itn
ess
'
o
f
ea
ch
wo
lf
(
d
u
t
y
cy
cle)
u
s
in
g
a
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
ass
ess
es
h
o
w
well
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
m
ee
ts
th
e
tar
g
et,
o
p
tim
izin
g
ex
tr
a
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
d
u
ty
cy
cle
tar
g
ets
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
en
e
r
g
y
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
f
o
r
lo
w
-
d
u
ty
cy
cle
tar
g
ets.
T
h
e
alp
h
a
wo
l
f
is
u
p
d
ate
d
if
a
b
etter
s
o
l
u
tio
n
is
o
b
tain
e
d
.
Af
ter
ev
alu
a
tin
g
th
e
f
itn
ess
o
f
ev
er
y
o
n
e,
th
ey
wer
e
r
an
k
e
d
b
y
s
im
ilar
ity
to
th
e
alp
h
a
w
o
lf
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
o
th
e
r
wo
lv
es
ar
e
u
p
d
ated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
lf
h
u
n
tin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
is
u
p
d
ate
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
GW
O
eq
u
atio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
a
r
ed
u
ce
s
lin
ea
r
ly
to
b
ala
n
ce
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
clam
p
ed
to
th
e
[
0
,
1
]
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
an
d
n
ew
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
e
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
.
At
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
iter
atio
n
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
u
t
p
u
ts
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
to
th
e
alp
h
a
wo
lf
as th
e
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
to
th
is
iter
ativ
ely
f
o
r
m
u
late
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
o
p
tim
al
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
lo
a
d
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
6
an
d
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
Flo
wch
ar
t
f
o
r
lo
ad
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
B
MS.
Fig
u
r
e
s
8
an
d
9
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t
GW
O
+
PS
O
-
b
ase
d
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Hyb
r
id
in
tellig
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t o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
a
lg
o
r
ith
ms
-
b
a
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w
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n
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id
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HD
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alu
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o
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e
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r
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e
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R
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Y
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ases
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e
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h
ase
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e
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i
g
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est d
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to
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tio
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o
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n
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g
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6
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
h
y
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r
i
d
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
with
p
o
wer
m
an
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em
e
n
t
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
f
o
r
l
o
ad
m
an
ag
em
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Flo
w
ch
a
r
t f
o
r
B
MS
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I
SS
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2
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I
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Vo
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16
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Dec
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Fig
u
r
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GW
O
+
PS
O
-
b
ased
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t sy
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
T
ab
le
3
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T
o
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
in
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
P
r
o
f
i
l
e
R
–
P
h
a
se
Y
–
P
h
a
s
e
B
–
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h
a
se
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
2
.
8
3
6
.
1
7
3
.
4
3
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
1
.
7
2
1
.
5
3
1
.
8
9
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
an
in
-
d
e
p
t
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
an
d
win
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
with
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
f
o
r
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
h
y
b
r
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Hyb
r
id
in
tellig
en
t o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
a
lg
o
r
ith
ms
-
b
a
s
ed
p
o
w
er ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t fo
r
micro
g
r
id
s
ystem
(
R
.
I
n
d
u
ma
th
i
)
2673
in
tellig
en
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
in
g
a
g
r
e
y
wo
lf
o
p
tim
izer
(
GW
O)
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
f
o
r
m
ax
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I
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Vo
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16
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4
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Dec
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20
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:
2665
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[
6
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T.
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d
-
PV
-
b
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t
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r
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p
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a
l
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t
y
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
3
S
e
c
o
n
d
I
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t
e
rn
a
t
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o
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a
l
C
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c
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c
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a
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d
Re
n
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w
a
b
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e
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y
s
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m
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3
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p
p
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2
2
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7
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1
1
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C
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S
5
6
3
9
2
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
0
8
4
9
8
1
.
[
8
]
M
.
A
b
i
s
h
e
k
,
R
.
G
o
k
u
l
,
P
.
K
a
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g
a
,
P
.
Lo
k
e
s
h
,
a
n
d
S
.
B
a
n
u
m
a
t
h
i
,
“
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o
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e
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man
a
g
e
me
n
t
f
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r
p
v
-
w
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n
d
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
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d
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n
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a
g
e
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t
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g
r
a
t
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d
mi
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r
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d
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”
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n
2
0
2
3
9
t
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t
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rn
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3
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7
9
7
9
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2
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2
3
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1
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1
1
0
0
9
6
.
[
9
]
S
.
P
a
t
e
l
,
A
.
G
h
o
sh
,
a
n
d
P
.
K
.
R
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y
,
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P
o
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m
a
n
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g
e
me
n
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o
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h
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b
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d
mi
c
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r
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d
w
i
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h
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n
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y
s
t
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s
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st
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m
,
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i
n
2
0
2
3
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
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l
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T
5
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3
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0
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3
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2
4
5
5
9
5
.
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1
0
]
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.
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h
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f
e
k
a
r
,
K
.
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.
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d
,
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,
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n
d
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.
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i
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s,
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P
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ma
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sy
s
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(
P
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S
)
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d
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b
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d
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O
B
I
LE
p
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w
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so
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r
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e
,
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i
n
2
0
2
1
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n
t
e
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n
a
t
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l
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n
.
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p
p
.
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–
5
.
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:
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1
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T5
1
4
8
0
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2
0
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1
.
9
4
9
8
4
5
7
.
[
1
1
]
S
.
R
,
M
.
K
o
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s
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l
y
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,
S
.
-
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.
P
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k
,
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n
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I
.
-
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.
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a
,
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d
v
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st
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se
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mi
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:
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n
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d
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n
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g
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,
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n
2
0
2
3
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
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n
s
i
n
Po
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A
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-
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C
T
)
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c
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2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
.
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:
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1
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0
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-
P
A
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T
5
8
6
4
9
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
4
3
4
9
1
4
.
[
1
2
]
M
.
M
.
G
u
l
z
a
r
,
A
.
I
q
b
a
l
,
D
.
S
i
b
t
a
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n
,
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n
d
M
.
K
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l
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d
,
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A
n
i
n
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r
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s
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r
P
V
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t
r
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l
st
r
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t
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d
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b
r
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d
p
v
/
w
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d
/
f
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e
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-
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m
c
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d
w
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t
h
b
a
t
t
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n
e
r
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y
s
t
o
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g
e
,
”
I
EEE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
3
2
4
5
–
2
3
2
5
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
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C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
3
.
3
2
5
2
8
9
1
.
[
1
3
]
M
.
Ji
y
a
n
e
,
N
.
P
i
l
l
a
y
,
a
n
d
R
.
S
e
w
s
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n
k
e
r
,
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D
C
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
3
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
E
l
e
c
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r
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c
a
l
,
C
o
m
p
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t
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r
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n
d
E
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e
r
g
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
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e
s
(
I
C
EC
ET)
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
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C
E
C
ET
5
8
9
1
1
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
3
8
9
5
4
0
.
[
1
4
]
M
.
I
.
R
i
f
a
t
,
M
.
J
.
R
a
i
h
a
n
,
S
.
H
.
T.
R
o
c
h
i
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
-
U.
-
R
.
C
h
o
w
d
h
u
r
y
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
mo
d
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
a
n
i
n
t
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g
r
a
t
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
sy
st
e
m
i
n
b
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
sh
u
s
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n
g
P
V
,
w
i
n
d
,
a
n
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
4
3
r
d
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
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n
f
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A
d
v
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n
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m
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t
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n
El
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l
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n
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El
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c
t
r
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c
E
n
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(
I
C
AEE
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,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
.
d
o
i
:
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0
.
1
1
0
9
/
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C
A
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2
2
1
9
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
5
6
1
8
8
4
.
[
1
5
]
W
.
El
y
,
M
.
L
.
D
o
u
m
b
i
a
,
T.
T
a
h
a
r
,
S
.
P
.
B
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t
o
k
a
,
a
n
d
H
.
H
a
mz
a
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
o
f
a
n
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s h
y
b
r
i
d
w
i
n
d
-
p
h
o
t
o
v
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l
t
a
i
c
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
w
i
t
h
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
3
1
2
t
h
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
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f
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r
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n
c
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o
n
Re
n
e
w
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b
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En
e
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Re
s
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
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o
n
s
(
I
C
RERA
)
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
4
9
2
–
4
9
8
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
R
ER
A
5
9
0
0
3
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
2
6
9
3
6
9
.
[
1
6
]
A
.
C
h
a
k
i
r
a
n
d
F
.
M
o
n
t
e
i
r
o
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
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b
u
i
l
d
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g
c
r
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t
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c
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l
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o
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d
s
u
si
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g
h
o
m
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t
o
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h
i
c
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n
d
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
t
o
h
o
m
e
st
r
a
t
e
g
y
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
2
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
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re
n
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n
M
i
c
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t
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c
s
(
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C
M)
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
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2
,
p
p
.
2
6
6
–
2
6
9
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
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C
M
5
6
0
6
5
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
0
5
4
3
2
.
[
1
7
]
M
.
A
l
i
,
M
.
I
.
H
o
ssai
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
h
a
f
i
u
l
l
a
h
,
“
F
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
f
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
ma
n
a
g
e
men
t
i
n
h
y
b
r
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d
e
n
e
r
g
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
st
e
ms
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
D
C
M
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
2
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
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n
c
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n
Po
w
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r
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
y
st
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m
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
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c
a
t
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o
n
s
(
I
C
o
PE
S
A)
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
4
2
4
–
4
2
9
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
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C
o
P
ESA
5
4
5
1
5
.
2
0
2
2
.
9
7
5
4
4
0
6
.
[
1
8
]
K
.
D
e
e
p
a
k
,
R
.
K
.
M
a
n
d
a
l
,
a
n
d
V
.
V
e
r
ma,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
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n
g
p
o
w
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q
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a
l
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t
y
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y
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r
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P
V
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w
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d
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st
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m
w
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d
u
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l
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v
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s
b
y
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si
n
g
TS
K
f
u
z
z
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
3
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
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n
c
e
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n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r,
E
l
e
c
t
r
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n
i
c
s
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[
2
6
]
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2
7
]
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2
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3
I
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2
8
]
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.
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2
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