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Dep
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Fac
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Sri
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Un
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I
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w
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@
u
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r
i.a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
cid
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s
w
a
m
p
la
n
d
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
l
y
i
m
p
ac
t
s
th
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
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in
f
r
as
tr
u
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u
r
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
i
n
th
e
g
r
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u
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d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
Hi
g
h
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d
in
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esis
ta
n
ce
m
a
y
e
x
ac
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ate
s
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k
s
an
d
ca
u
s
e
th
e
elec
tr
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s
y
s
te
m
to
f
ail
[
1
]
.
I
t
ca
n
in
c
lu
d
e
t
h
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
e
lectr
ical
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
d
a
m
ag
e
to
p
o
w
er
in
s
ta
llatio
n
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
[
2
]
–
[
4
]
,
as
w
ell
as
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
s
to
li
v
i
n
g
o
r
g
a
n
is
m
s
t
h
at
a
r
e
i
m
p
ac
te
d
b
y
th
e
f
a
ilu
r
e
[
5
]
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
t
h
r
ea
ts
ar
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
d
ir
ec
t
a
n
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
li
g
h
t
n
in
g
s
tr
i
k
es
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
,
ex
ce
s
s
i
v
e
elec
tr
ical
in
d
u
ctio
n
[
8
]
,
in
s
u
la
tio
n
f
a
ilu
r
e
[
9
]
,
u
n
s
af
e
in
s
tallat
io
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
o
th
er
ca
u
s
es
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
i
m
p
ac
ted
b
y
h
i
g
h
s
o
il r
esis
ti
v
it
y
[
1
1
]
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
i
n
ac
id
ic
s
w
a
m
p
lan
d
[
1
2
]
,
as e
v
id
en
ce
d
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
it is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
s
o
il
in
s
w
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m
p
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,
w
h
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h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
l
y
ex
h
ib
its
a
lo
w
p
o
te
n
tial
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
(
pH
)
an
d
a
h
ig
h
-
w
a
ter
co
n
t
en
t.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
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s
ca
n
h
a
v
e
a
n
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
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co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
il.
A
cid
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s
w
a
m
p
s
,
w
h
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h
ar
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
tl
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o
b
s
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v
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n
tr
o
p
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s
,
ar
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
h
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a
n
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m
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t
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h
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h
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m
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s
,
all
o
f
w
h
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h
ca
n
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
[
13]
.
T
h
e
m
in
er
al
co
m
p
o
s
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tio
n
,
w
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co
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ten
t,
an
d
o
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en
v
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o
n
m
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n
tal
co
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d
itio
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s
o
f
s
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ca
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s
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n
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f
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f
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t
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ts
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iv
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t
y
,
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
b
y
r
esear
ch
[
1
4
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
it
i
s
i
m
p
er
ati
v
e
to
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f
f
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s
f
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g
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
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s
tan
ce
in
ac
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s
w
a
m
p
s
.
On
e
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
b
en
to
n
i
te,
a
m
at
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th
at
p
o
s
s
ess
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s
s
o
il
-
s
tab
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zin
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a
n
d
ab
s
o
r
b
en
t
p
r
o
p
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ties
[
1
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
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6930
T
E
L
KOM
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K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
1
6
5
7
-
1
665
1658
P
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
n
b
en
to
n
it
e
as
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
m
ater
ial
h
a
s
p
r
im
ar
il
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
d
r
y
o
r
m
o
is
t
s
o
ils
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
w
h
er
e
b
en
to
n
ite
h
as
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
r
ed
u
ce
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
[
1
8
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
r
esear
ch
in
ac
id
ic
s
w
a
m
p
y
ar
ea
s
w
it
h
u
n
i
q
u
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
h
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g
h
ac
id
it
y
a
n
d
h
u
m
id
it
y
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
s
,
is
s
till
s
ca
r
ce
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
g
u
id
eli
n
e
t
h
at
s
p
ec
i
f
i
es
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
b
en
to
n
ite
(
2
5
%,
5
0
%,
7
5
%,
1
0
0
%)
t
o
ac
h
ie
v
e
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
th
is
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
e
m
p
ir
ical
d
ata
i
m
p
ed
es
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
s
u
s
tain
a
b
le
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
s
w
a
m
p
y
ar
ea
s
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
b
en
to
n
ite
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
to
en
h
an
ce
s
o
il
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
[
1
9
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
r
esear
ch
r
e
s
u
lts
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
b
en
to
n
ite
ca
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
r
esis
tiv
it
y
o
r
r
esis
ta
n
ce
v
al
u
es
b
y
u
p
to
3
0
%
w
h
e
n
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
it
h
ca
lciu
m
ca
r
b
o
n
ate
s
o
il
[
2
0
]
.
B
en
to
n
ite,
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
o
n
t
m
o
r
i
llo
n
ite
cla
y
,
h
as
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
ab
s
o
r
b
w
ater
a
n
d
io
n
s
,
t
h
er
eb
y
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
il
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
o
s
e
r
ev
i
w
ed
ab
o
v
e
g
ap
s
b
y
co
n
d
u
ct
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
in
v
es
tig
a
tio
n
in
t
o
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
es
s
o
f
b
en
to
n
i
te
m
ix
t
u
r
es
i
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
ta
n
ce
in
ac
id
ic
s
w
a
m
p
lan
d
.
Sp
ec
if
ic
all
y
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
e
v
al
u
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
o
f
b
e
n
to
n
ite
m
i
x
tu
r
e
s
i
n
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
(
2
5
%,
5
0
%,
7
5
%,
an
d
1
0
0
%)
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
ta
n
ce
in
ac
id
ic
w
ate
r
s
w
a
m
p
lan
d
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elt
y
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
i
s
th
at
it
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
to
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
e
v
alu
a
te
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
n
es
s
o
f
b
en
to
n
ite
i
n
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
w
a
m
p
lan
d
w
it
h
ac
id
ic
w
a
ter
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
b
e
n
to
n
ite
m
ix
tu
r
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
f
ield
d
ata,
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
tl
y
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
s
w
a
m
p
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
th
e
m
i
x
i
n
g
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
b
en
to
n
ite
an
d
s
w
a
m
p
s
o
il
m
ix
t
u
r
es,
w
h
ic
h
w
er
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
i
n
s
er
ted
i
n
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
d
e
p
lan
ti
n
g
h
o
les
o
f
v
ar
y
i
n
g
t
y
p
es.
T
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
t
h
ese
m
i
x
tu
r
es
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
w
a
s
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
ev
al
u
ated
.
T
h
e
r
esis
ta
n
ce
te
s
ti
n
g
w
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
s
u
i
tab
le
s
o
il
r
esis
ti
v
it
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
ng
r
esis
ta
n
ce
w
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
o
d
elec
tr
o
d
es
th
at
w
er
e
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
in
th
e
s
o
il.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tat
is
tical
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
w
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
ascer
tain
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
b
tain
ed
,
th
er
eb
y
en
ab
li
n
g
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
elec
tr
o
d
e
t
y
p
es
an
d
m
ater
ia
l
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
i
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
I
t
is
an
t
icip
ated
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
o
f
f
er
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
o
f
b
e
n
to
n
i
te
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
s
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
a
cid
ic
w
ater
s
w
a
m
p
lan
d
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
an
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
e
f
ac
to
r
s
.
I
t
is
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
i
s
in
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
w
il
l
o
f
f
er
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
v
alu
ab
le
e
m
p
ir
ical
d
ata
to
aid
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
r
eg
io
n
s
w
i
th
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
s
o
il c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
an
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
in
w
h
ich
a
b
en
to
n
ite
m
ix
tu
r
e
w
a
s
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
it
h
s
o
il
f
r
o
m
an
ac
id
ic
s
w
a
m
p
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
in
i
tial
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
ed
t
h
e
co
llec
tio
n
o
f
w
ater
s
a
m
p
le
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
,
w
h
ich
w
a
s
an
al
y
ze
d
to
ascer
tain
its
in
itial c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
s
o
il r
esis
tiv
it
y
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
th
e
b
en
to
n
ite
m
ix
t
u
r
es
w
ith
v
ar
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
w
er
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
to
in
v
esti
g
at
e
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
esis
ta
n
ce
test
in
g
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
o
in
t
s
o
il
r
esis
ti
v
it
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
w
it
h
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
c
e
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
to
o
l,
n
a
m
el
y
th
e
K
y
o
r
its
u
R
1
4
0
5
A
d
ig
ital
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
test
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
6
m
o
n
t
h
s
in
a
n
ac
i
d
ic
s
w
a
m
p
ar
ea
in
Kar
an
g
An
y
ar
Villa
g
e,
Mu
ar
a
P
ad
an
g
Dis
tr
ic
t,
B
an
y
u
a
s
in
R
eg
en
c
y
,
So
u
t
h
S
u
m
atr
a
P
r
o
v
in
ce
.
T
h
e
test
in
v
o
lv
ed
h
o
les
’
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
lan
tin
g
o
f
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
t
y
p
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
o
d
elec
tr
o
d
e,
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
f
illed
w
it
h
s
o
il
th
at
h
ad
b
ee
n
m
i
x
ed
w
it
h
th
e
b
en
to
n
ite.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
in
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
ta
n
c
e
w
as
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
test
i
n
g
e
ac
h
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
i
x
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tati
s
tics
w
er
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
an
al
y
ze
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
to
ascer
tain
t
h
e
b
en
to
n
ite
m
i
x
tu
r
e
’
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
esis
t
an
ce
.
I
n
th
i
s
in
v
es
tig
at
io
n
,
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
v
ar
iab
les
th
a
t
co
u
ld
p
o
ten
tia
ll
y
in
f
l
u
en
ce
t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
s
o
il
w
a
ter
co
n
ten
t.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
an
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
w
a
m
p
w
ater
lev
el
w
as
co
m
p
leted
to
v
er
if
y
th
a
t
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
b
en
to
n
ite
co
u
ld
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
an
y
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
in
s
o
il
r
esis
ti
v
it
y
.
I
t
is
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
t
h
is
i
n
v
est
ig
atio
n
w
i
ll
o
f
f
er
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esi
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6
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ate
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ce
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ce
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
th
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s
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t
h
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s
s
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r
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p
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co
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ir
o
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an
d
g
alv
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ized
ir
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
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n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
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i
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ab
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3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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1661
T
ab
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3
.
I
n
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r
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d
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r
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s
tan
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v
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p
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El
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r
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8
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g
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ated
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n
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ate
at
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s
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ate
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r
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ty
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Cu
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a
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ip
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ater
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n
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ea
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e
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ig
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er
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ce
n
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g
e
o
f
b
en
to
n
ite,
th
e
lo
w
er
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e
r
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lti
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g
g
r
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u
n
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g
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esis
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n
ce
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er
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e
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icien
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o
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eter
m
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at
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²
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icate
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e
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en
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h
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ain
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id
ic
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m
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ater
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
L
in
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io
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o
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o
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o
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es in
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ased
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Fi
g
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r
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5
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r
eg
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es
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io
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atio
n
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+
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5
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Y
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ce
(
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o
f
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h
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r
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n
.
T
h
i
s
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
,
y =
-
0.0583x
+
30.298
R
² =
0.2646
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Ω (
o
h
m
)
Be
n
to
n
ite
Pro
p
o
rtio
n
Perc
e
n
ta
ge
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
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KOM
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K
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elec
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m
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o
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p
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t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
1
6
5
7
-
1
665
1662
f
o
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ip
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ig
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en
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n
ite,
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e
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w
er
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r
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lti
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icie
n
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o
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²
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icatin
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m
atel
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ar
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e
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p
lain
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y
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ar
iatio
n
s
in
t
h
e
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ce
n
tag
e
o
f
b
en
to
n
ite.
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h
e
r
e
m
ai
n
in
g
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at
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ite
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as a
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ig
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n
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is
ta
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
L
in
ea
r
r
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r
e
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io
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lin
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o
f
th
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r
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h
ip
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et
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n
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h
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f
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ite
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tag
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p
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-
co
ated
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o
n
r
o
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tr
o
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e
s
in
ac
id
ic
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ater
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w
a
m
p
s
B
ased
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n
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
th
e
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
Y
=
−0
.
0
8
0
7
X
+
3
3
.
3
6
2
is
o
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tain
ed
,
w
h
e
r
e
Y
is
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
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i
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esis
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ce
(
Ω
)
a
n
d
X
is
t
h
e
p
er
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n
ta
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o
f
th
e
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e
n
to
n
ite
p
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.
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h
is
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icate
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f
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en
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ite.
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ain
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o
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clu
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in
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T
h
u
s
,
it
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e
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at
t
h
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er
ce
n
ta
g
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o
f
b
en
to
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ite
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as a
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n
d
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n
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s
is
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n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
L
in
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r
r
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r
e
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e
o
f
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s
h
ip
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o
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ized
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,
S
elan
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in
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ater
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m
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h
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s
e
o
f
b
en
to
n
ite
m
i
x
t
u
r
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ca
n
ef
f
e
ctiv
el
y
lo
w
er
g
r
o
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d
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an
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,
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e
i
m
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ed
iate
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it
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f
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u
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it
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w
h
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h
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ce
en
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g
y
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d
u
e
to
h
i
g
h
y =
-
0.
08
6x
+ 35
.4
5
R
² =
0.
73
39
0
10
20
30
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Ω
(oh
m
)
Be
n
to
n
ite
Pro
p
o
rtio
n
Perc
e
n
ta
ge
y =
-
0.0807x
+
33.362
R
² =
0.4487
0
10
20
30
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Ω(
o
h
m
)
Be
n
to
n
ite
Pro
p
o
rtio
n
Perc
e
n
ta
ge
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
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t E
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tr
o
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Th
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tiven
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f b
en
to
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ite
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in
a
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ter s
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(
Dia
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1663
r
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ta
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en
s
u
r
i
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tr
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r
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ca
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f
lo
w
m
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s
m
o
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t
h
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y
an
d
s
af
el
y
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
r
ese
ar
ch
h
a
s
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o
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tan
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licatio
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esp
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iall
y
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f
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n
c
y
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et
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te
m
s
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ater
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o
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tr
u
ct
u
r
e
d
am
ag
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
also
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
te
m
d
esi
g
n
i
n
w
etla
n
d
s
,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
b
etter
g
u
id
a
n
ce
f
o
r
ch
alle
n
g
i
n
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elt
y
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
lies
i
n
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
a
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
en
t
o
n
ite
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
ac
id
i
c
w
et
lan
d
s
,
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
b
ee
n
u
n
d
er
-
r
esear
ch
ed
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
t
h
at
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
b
en
to
n
ite
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
i
l
co
n
d
u
ctiv
it
y
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e,
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t
m
i
x
tu
r
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
b
ein
g
ab
le
to
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
s
u
p
p
r
ess
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
to
elec
tr
ical
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
at
u
r
al
m
ater
ials
,
s
u
c
h
as
b
en
to
n
ite,
r
ed
u
cin
g
r
elian
c
e
o
n
s
y
n
t
h
eti
c
ch
e
m
ical
s
th
at
ca
n
p
o
ten
tiall
y
d
a
m
a
g
e
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
r
esear
c
h
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
s
er
v
e
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
en
g
in
ee
r
s
,
ac
ad
em
ics,
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
in
d
esig
n
i
n
g
s
af
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
as
w
ell
a
s
s
t
i
m
u
late
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
elec
tr
ica
l
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
i
n
r
e
m
o
te
an
d
d
i
s
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
ar
ea
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
at
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
en
to
n
ite
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
es
is
tan
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
es,
n
a
m
el
y
ir
o
n
r
o
d
s
,
co
p
p
e
r
-
co
ated
ir
o
n
,
an
d
g
alv
a
n
ized
ir
o
n
.
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r
o
n
r
o
d
elec
tr
o
d
es
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
d
r
asti
c
r
es
is
t
an
ce
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
f
r
o
m
3
5
.
9
3
Ω
to
2
2
.
4
6
Ω
at
a
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
2
5
%
b
en
to
n
ite.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
co
p
p
er
-
co
ated
an
d
g
alv
a
n
ized
elec
tr
o
d
es
ac
h
ie
v
ed
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
2
7
.
0
6
Ω
an
d
2
6
.
3
0
Ω
,
r
esp
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tiv
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y
,
at
a
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
7
5
%
b
en
to
n
ite.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
g
a
lv
a
n
ized
r
o
d
elec
tr
o
d
es
w
it
h
b
e
n
to
n
ite
p
r
o
v
id
ed
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
e
s
u
l
ts
i
n
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
in
ac
id
ic
s
w
a
m
p
y
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
at
o
p
ti
m
al
m
i
x
tu
r
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
p
la
y
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
i
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
lea
k
a
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
,
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
f
et
y
o
f
el
ec
tr
ical
in
s
ta
llatio
n
s
.
Statis
t
ical
an
al
y
s
i
s
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
n
e
g
at
i
v
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
en
to
n
it
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
l
ies
i
n
its
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
e
x
a
m
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
b
en
to
n
i
te
an
d
ac
id
ic
p
ea
t
s
o
il.
T
h
e
lim
it
atio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
in
c
lu
d
e
li
m
ited
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
v
ar
iatio
n
s
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
Fo
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
,
it is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
test
m
o
r
e
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
d
if
f
er
en
t so
il
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
an
d
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
s
o
f
b
en
to
n
i
te
w
it
h
o
th
er
m
ater
ia
ls
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
al
u
ab
le
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
s
a
f
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
M
E
NT
S
W
e
ar
e
g
r
atef
u
l
to
Mr
.
M.
No
h
f
o
r
g
r
a
n
ti
n
g
u
s
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
to
co
n
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u
ct
o
u
r
r
esear
c
h
o
n
th
e
ac
id
ic
w
ate
r
s
w
a
m
p
,
a
s
w
ell
as
to
Mr
.
R
a
h
m
a
w
a
n
Si
n
a
g
a
a
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d
Mr
.
Mu
h
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C
s
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w
h
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tr
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ted
th
e
ir
l
ab
o
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u
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f
u
l c
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p
letio
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o
f
th
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s
s
tu
d
y
,
ev
e
n
t
h
o
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g
h
t
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i
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w
as c
o
n
d
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cted
w
ith
o
u
r
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r
eso
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s
.
F
UNDIN
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RM
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n
th
i
s
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esear
ch
,
t
h
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t
h
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
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u
n
d
in
g
is
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
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UT
I
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M
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is
j
o
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al
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e
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th
e
C
o
n
tr
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u
to
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o
les
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ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
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ed
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)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
i
v
id
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al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
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s
,
r
ed
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ce
au
t
h
o
r
s
h
ip
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tes,
an
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ac
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Mu
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C
:
C
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M
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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T
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23
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6
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20
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CO
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DATA AV
AI
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d
ata
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eq
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est.
RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
L
.
C
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a
n
d
i
mal
,
M
.
R
a
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[
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[
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c
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c
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sri.
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c
.
id
.
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