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ateg
ies,
h
av
e
ac
h
iev
ed
n
o
tab
le
r
esu
l
ts
i
n
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
f
a
u
lt
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
5
]
.
Nev
er
th
e
less
,
t
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
te
n
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
s
u
c
h
as
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
cir
cu
i
t
c
o
m
p
le
x
it
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
a
n
d
li
m
i
ted
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
m
u
l
tip
le
f
a
u
lt
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
[
6
]
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
L
L
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
n
d
er
s
in
g
le
-
s
w
i
tch
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it f
a
u
lt
s
h
as
n
o
t b
ee
n
s
u
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e.
Desp
ite
th
ese
c
h
alle
n
g
es,
r
esear
ch
o
n
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
an
d
f
au
l
t
-
to
ler
an
t
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
L
L
C
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
r
e
m
ai
n
s
li
m
ited
.
Mo
s
t
ex
is
ti
n
g
s
tu
d
ie
s
p
r
im
ar
il
y
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
c
u
it
f
a
u
lt
s
,
w
h
ic
h
t
y
p
icall
y
tr
i
g
g
er
p
r
o
te
ctio
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
d
u
e
to
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
[
7
]
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
o
p
en
cir
cu
it s
w
itc
h
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
l
y
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
d
etec
t
an
d
m
iti
g
ate
i
n
r
ea
l ti
m
e
[
8
]
.
Desp
ite
r
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
s
in
f
a
u
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
L
L
C
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
g
ap
r
e
m
ain
s
:
o
p
en
-
c
ir
cu
it
f
au
lts
i
n
s
i
n
g
le
p
o
w
er
s
w
itc
h
es
h
a
v
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ad
eq
u
atel
y
ad
d
r
ess
ed
u
n
d
er
r
ea
lis
tic
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
s
,
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
i
n
ter
m
itte
n
t
in
p
u
t
s
t
y
p
ical
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
g
ap
s
leav
e
d
ela
y
s
in
d
etec
tio
n
,
in
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
u
n
d
er
f
au
l
t,
an
d
in
e
f
f
icie
n
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial
f
ail
u
r
e.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
h
a
s
g
r
ea
t
p
r
ac
tical
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
ce
f
o
r
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
p
o
w
er
tr
ain
s
,
w
h
er
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
m
u
s
t
r
eliab
ly
m
ain
tain
e
f
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
s
tab
ilit
y
ev
e
n
u
n
d
er
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
au
lts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
w
h
ic
h
co
m
b
in
e
s
a
b
y
p
as
s
-
ar
m
s
tr
ate
g
y
w
it
h
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
-
s
id
e
s
er
ies
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
f
ill
th
i
s
g
a
p
b
y
d
eli
v
er
i
n
g
u
n
i
n
ter
r
u
p
ted
p
o
w
er
,
s
tab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
er
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
it
w
ell
-
s
u
i
ted
f
o
r
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
in
h
i
g
h
-
r
el
iab
ilit
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
a
s
f
o
ll
o
w
s
:
s
ec
tio
n
2
p
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
to
g
et
h
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
au
l
t
-
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
.
Sectio
n
3
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lt
s
,
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
4
p
r
o
v
id
es c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
o
u
tli
n
es p
o
ten
tia
l d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Fau
lt
s
i
n
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
i
t
a
n
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
f
ai
lu
r
es,
ca
n
s
e
v
er
el
y
d
eg
r
ad
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
f
au
lt
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
f
a
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
an
d
f
a
u
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
s
tr
ate
g
ies
ar
e
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le.
Fa
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
in
v
o
l
v
es
t
h
r
ee
es
s
en
t
ial
s
te
p
s
:
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
,
is
o
latio
n
,
an
d
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
i
n
v
esti
g
ates
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
w
it
h
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
cu
s
o
n
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
f
a
u
lt
(
O
C
F
)
i
n
L
L
C
r
e
s
o
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
w
h
ic
h
r
e
m
ain
r
elati
v
el
y
u
n
d
e
r
ex
p
lo
r
ed
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
OC
F
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
.
2
.
1
.
F
a
ult
d
ia
g
no
s
is
m
et
ho
ds
f
o
r
L
L
C
c
o
nv
er
t
er
s
Op
en
-
cir
c
u
it
f
a
u
lt
s
in
a
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
ar
is
e
f
r
o
m
d
r
iv
er
m
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
r
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
w
itc
h
f
ail
u
r
es,
d
is
r
u
p
ti
n
g
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
[
9
]
.
Un
li
k
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
f
a
u
lts
,
w
h
ich
tr
ig
g
er
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
d
u
e
t
o
ex
ce
s
s
i
v
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
O
C
Fs
ar
e
m
o
r
e
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
to
d
etec
t
a
n
d
m
itig
ate
in
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
[
1
0
]
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
r
ap
id
,
ac
cu
r
ate
id
en
ti
f
icat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
au
l
t
lo
ca
tio
n
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
i
s
o
latio
n
o
r
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
co
n
tr
o
l
to
m
ai
n
t
ain
o
p
er
atio
n
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
m
eth
o
d
s
in
v
o
lv
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
r
eso
n
ato
r
tan
k
cu
r
r
en
ts
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
es,
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
p
o
lar
it
y
o
f
th
e
r
eso
n
ato
r
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
v
o
ltag
e.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
T
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
,
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
L
u
e
n
b
er
g
er
o
b
s
er
v
er
w
it
h
in
d
u
cti
v
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
OC
F
d
etec
tio
n
in
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
J
in
et
a
l
.
[1
2
]
,
a
s
im
p
li
f
ie
d
an
d
f
a
s
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
d
etec
ti
n
g
an
d
lo
ca
lizi
n
g
OC
Fs
i
n
m
o
d
u
lar
m
u
lt
ilev
el
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
MM
C
s
)
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
.
Gu
p
ta
an
d
Ku
m
ar
[1
3
]
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
a
n
d
lo
ca
lizin
g
b
o
th
s
w
itc
h
an
d
d
io
d
e
f
au
lts
b
y
e
x
p
lo
itin
g
th
e
n
o
n
id
ea
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
w
i
tch
e
s
.
Ot
h
er
m
eth
o
d
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
w
itc
h
es
o
r
v
o
lta
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
d
u
al
ac
tiv
e
b
r
id
g
e
(
DA
B
)
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[1
4
]
.
W
an
g
et
a
l
.
[1
5
]
,
a
p
r
ec
is
e
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
f
a
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
(
OC
FD)
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
L
L
C
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
s
es
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
al
o
f
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
-
ar
m
m
id
p
o
in
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
lo
ca
lize
f
au
lts
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
ai
n
te
n
an
c
e.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ex
h
ib
it
l
i
m
itatio
n
s
in
u
n
i
v
er
s
a
lit
y
,
co
s
t,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
to
L
L
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
as
m
u
lt
ip
le
s
w
itc
h
es
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
in
d
is
ti
n
g
u
i
s
h
ab
le
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
s
ig
n
al
s
d
u
r
in
g
OC
F
[1
6
]
.
2
.
2
.
F
a
ult
-
t
o
lera
nt
s
t
ra
t
eg
ies o
f
L
L
C
co
nv
er
t
er
C
o
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
OC
Fs
t
y
p
icall
y
h
alt
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atio
n
o
r
r
e
d
u
ce
v
o
ltag
e,
co
m
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
o
en
h
an
c
e
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
ce
,
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
d
ef
in
e
s
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
:
i)
th
e
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
in
c
lu
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f
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
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7
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1686
1678
m
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w
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p
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cr
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in
h
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r
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ap
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s
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as r
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w
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n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
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d
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles.
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
au
lt
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to
ler
a
n
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s
c
h
e
m
e
s
h
a
v
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b
ee
n
p
r
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p
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ed
in
th
e
liter
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r
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Mo
d
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an
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ased
ap
p
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lace
d
w
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h
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ed
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n
d
an
t
o
n
es
to
s
u
s
tai
n
li
m
ited
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
[1
7
]
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
Hu
a
n
g
et
a
l
.
[1
8
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
m
eth
o
d
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
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s
i
n
p
ar
allel
o
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th
e
p
r
i
m
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id
e,
en
ab
li
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tr
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to
a
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l
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a
f
t
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f
ail
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e;
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
is
s
i
g
n
if
ica
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tl
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
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s
co
n
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ter
s
ize
a
n
d
co
s
t.
B
h
a
k
ar
an
d
J
ay
ar
a
m
a
n
[1
9
]
p
r
o
p
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ed
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o
n
f
i
g
u
r
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g
a
f
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co
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p
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w
h
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p
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ated
o
u
tp
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Si
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ilar
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W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
20
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
th
r
ee
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ar
m
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
to
p
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to
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ex
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itch
e
s
an
d
s
y
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te
m
co
s
t.
Z
h
ao
et
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l.
[2
1
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
clo
s
ed
-
f
a
u
lt
-
b
r
id
g
e
s
tr
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y
to
i
m
p
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v
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in
D
A
B
co
n
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s
,
y
et
it
also
f
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ils
to
r
esto
r
e
f
u
ll
-
r
ated
p
o
w
er
.
Vel
m
aj
ala
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d
San
d
ep
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d
i
[2
2
]
in
tr
o
d
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a
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D
C
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s
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o
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t
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o
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n
m
o
d
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lar
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y
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s
,
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ed
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n
d
a
n
c
y
r
em
ai
n
s
t
h
e
m
ai
n
s
tr
ea
m
s
o
lu
t
io
n
.
B
u
t
B
en
zin
e
et
a
l.
[2
3
]
p
r
esen
ts
a
DC
f
a
u
lt
-
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
lc
u
latio
n
m
et
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d
.
I
t
d
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a
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to
s
tag
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co
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ates
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s
h
o
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t
-
ti
m
e
n
u
m
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ical
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
.
R
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t
l
y
,
co
n
v
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ter
-
to
p
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lo
g
y
an
d
co
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tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
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o
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ted
s
p
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if
icall
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to
th
e
L
L
C
co
n
v
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ter
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t o
p
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h
a
v
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e
m
er
g
ed
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
X
io
n
g
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
f
ast o
p
en
-
ci
r
c
u
it
f
au
lt d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
f
o
r
L
L
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
w
h
ich
la
y
s
a
f
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u
n
d
atio
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f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
f
au
l
t
-
to
ler
an
t
co
n
tr
o
l.
Ki
m
e
t
a
l
.
[2
5
]
p
r
esen
t
a
“
d
o
u
b
le
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
L
L
C
r
eso
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
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ter
”
ca
p
ab
le
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f
e
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
w
o
s
h
o
r
t
-
c
ir
cu
it
f
a
u
lt
s
v
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r
ec
o
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f
i
g
u
r
atio
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a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
al
a
d
d
ed
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
.
W
h
ile
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e,
t
h
e
s
e
s
tr
ate
g
i
es
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
ize,
co
m
p
lex
it
y
,
an
d
co
s
t,
an
d
m
a
y
f
ai
l
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
t
h
e
r
ated
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
er
OC
F
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
at
o
f
te
n
r
el
y
o
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s
p
ar
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o
d
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s
o
r
h
alf
-
b
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id
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n
f
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t
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f
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cl
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a
f
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f
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to
m
atic
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w
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tr
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n
d
(
o
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th
e
r
ec
tif
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s
id
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an
en
h
a
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d
r
ea
r
-
s
tag
e
s
er
ies
to
p
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.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e,
co
m
p
ac
t
alter
n
a
ti
v
e
t
h
at
e
n
s
u
r
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n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
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n
an
d
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
w
it
h
o
u
t e
x
te
n
s
i
v
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
.
2
.
3
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
o
pen
-
circ
uit
f
a
ult
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
T
h
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
L
L
C
co
n
v
er
t
er
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
an
in
v
er
ter
,
a
r
eso
n
ato
r
,
an
d
a
r
ec
tif
ier
.
Un
d
er
n
o
r
m
a
l
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
DC
in
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
is
co
n
v
er
ted
b
y
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
in
to
a
s
q
u
ar
e
-
w
a
v
e
v
o
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g
e
,
w
h
ich
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as
s
es
th
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u
g
h
t
h
e
r
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n
ato
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an
d
r
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ier
to
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ate
t
h
e
DC
o
u
t
p
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t
v
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ltag
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
cir
cu
i
t
to
p
o
lo
g
y
tr
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s
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
i
n
a
tr
ad
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al
L
L
C
co
n
v
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ter
.
I
n
t
h
is
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
,
,
,
,
an
d
d
en
o
te
th
e
r
eso
n
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t
in
d
u
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n
ce
,
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a
n
t
ca
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m
ag
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e
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esp
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t r
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in
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.
T
o
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ess
OC
F,
a
b
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m
(
BA
)
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ased
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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in
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u
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ates
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ates
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g
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Fi
g
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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6
9
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T
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lt
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tio
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it
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at
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d
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.
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3.
RE
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