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iq
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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O
N
Vis
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le
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t
co
m
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VL
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s
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m
m
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ata
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h
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to
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s
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r
o
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g
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a
n
d
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ata
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an
s
m
is
s
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n
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p
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L
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ad
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eq
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en
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m
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n
co
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n
ter
in
ter
f
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r
li
m
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tio
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s
[
1
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.
A
k
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s
u
e
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s
y
s
te
m
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ap
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ef
i
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tr
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ic
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ati
s
f
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n
g
th
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n
d
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w
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ep
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s
s
co
m
m
u
n
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ca
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n
v
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al
tec
h
n
iq
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es,
s
u
c
h
as
h
er
m
itia
n
s
y
m
m
etr
y
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h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
i
v
el
y
e
m
p
lo
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ed
w
it
h
i
n
VL
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s
y
s
te
m
s
,
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
r
ea
l
-
v
alu
ed
s
ig
n
al
d
eli
v
er
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.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
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HS
n
ec
es
s
itates
d
o
u
b
le
t
h
e
b
an
d
wid
th
,
an
d
also
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
co
n
s
i
d
er
ab
le
co
m
p
lex
it
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m
ak
e,
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
ip
elin
e,
h
en
ce
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
ata
f
lo
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,
a
n
d
also
elev
ati
n
g
th
e
b
it e
r
r
o
r
f
lo
w
[
2
]
.
T
o
tack
le
th
o
es
is
s
u
e
s
,
r
esear
ch
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s
h
a
v
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
alter
n
ati
v
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s
i
g
n
al
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
,
s
u
c
h
lik
e
co
m
p
le
x
s
i
g
n
al
m
ap
p
in
g
(
C
SM)
,
an
d
q
u
ad
-
L
E
D
co
m
p
lex
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
(
QC
M)
,
w
h
i
ch
s
ee
k
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
ir
cu
m
v
e
n
ti
n
g
t
h
e
b
an
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w
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v
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h
ea
d
ass
o
ciate
d
alo
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g
s
id
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HS
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
C
SM
co
n
v
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i
n
tr
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s
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s
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d
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m
i
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i
m
izi
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t
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n
ec
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b
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it
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d
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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1
6
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6930
T
E
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KOM
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m
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o
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p
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t E
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C
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tr
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,
Vo
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23
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
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20
25
:
1
4
4
9
-
1
456
1450
co
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[
5
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L
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QC
M
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L
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Ds
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a
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6
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OFD
M)
to
w
ar
d
s
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
li
m
i
tat
io
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
b
o
th
C
SM,
an
d
also
QC
M.
Q
A
M,
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
ith
t
h
e
OFDM
f
ac
ili
tates
ef
f
icie
n
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
u
s
a
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
allo
ca
tin
g
d
ata
am
o
n
g
s
ev
er
al
s
u
b
c
ar
r
ier
s
,
r
esu
lti
n
g
w
it
h
i
n
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
it
h
i
n
B
E
R
,
ev
en
am
id
s
t e
lev
a
ted
n
o
is
e
lev
els
[
7
]
.
Ou
r
m
atr
i
x
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
(
M
A
T
L
A
B
)
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
s
in
d
icate
,
th
at
th
e
Q
A
M
-
OF
DM
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
attai
n
s
a
B
E
R
o
f
0
.
0
0
1
at
th
e
s
i
m
ilar
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
no
i
s
e
r
atio
s
(
SNR
)
,
s
u
r
p
ass
i
n
g
f
o
r
b
o
th
C
SM,
an
d
also
QC
M,
w
h
ile
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
s
tr
ea
m
li
n
i
n
g
th
e
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
VL
C
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
d
es
ig
n
e
d
w
it
h
i
n
a
n
i
n
d
o
o
r
s
p
ac
e
o
f
3
×
4
×
5
m
e
ter
s
(
le
n
g
t
h
×
w
id
th
×
h
ei
g
h
t)
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
r
o
o
m
s
i
ze
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
m
all
a
n
d
m
ed
i
u
m
-
s
ized
i
n
d
o
o
r
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
o
f
f
ice
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
w
h
er
e
V
L
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
lik
el
y
to
b
e
u
s
e
d
.
T
ak
in
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
an
y
o
b
s
tacle
s
o
r
r
ef
lectiv
e
s
u
r
f
ac
es
t
h
at
m
ig
h
t
a
f
f
ec
t
s
ig
n
a
l
q
u
alit
y
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
esig
n
en
s
u
r
e
s
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
co
v
e
r
ag
e
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t t
h
e
s
p
ac
e
as sh
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Geo
m
e
tr
ic
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t o
f
t
h
e
in
d
o
o
r
VL
C
s
y
s
te
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Geo
m
e
tr
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
a
L
O
S V
L
C
ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
T
h
e
DC
ch
an
n
el
g
ain
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
:
ℎ
(
∅
)
=
{
A
(
K
+
1
)
2π
2
(
∅
)
(
)
(
)
c
os
(
)
,
0
≤
≤
ℎ
(
1
)
w
h
er
e:
K
=
in
d
ex
la
m
b
er
t
∅
=
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
g
le
=
in
cid
en
ce
a
n
g
le
=
f
ield
o
f
v
ie
w
(
)
=
o
p
tical
b
an
d
-
p
ass
f
i
lter
(
)
=
n
o
n
-
i
m
ag
i
n
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
Ad
=
a
r
ea
o
f
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
W
e
m
u
s
t
s
p
ec
i
f
y
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
(
L
E
Ds
a
n
d
P
Ds
)
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
o
o
m
,
an
d
ex
p
lai
n
h
o
w
t
h
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
t
u
r
n
o
u
t
to
w
ar
d
s
b
e
p
lace
d
,
an
d
i
n
te
r
ac
t
in
s
id
e
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
with
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
w
ar
d
s
estab
lis
h
a
g
eo
m
etr
ic
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
e
g
ar
d
ed
in
d
o
o
r
VL
C
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
in
f
av
o
r
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
o
u
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
in
te
n
d
ed
in
d
o
o
r
V
L
C
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
g
eo
m
e
tr
ic
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
h
ap
p
en
s
to
w
ar
d
s
b
ein
g
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
s
h
o
wn
as f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
A
d
va
n
ce
d
s
ig
n
a
l tra
n
s
fo
r
ma
tio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es to
imp
r
o
ve
s
p
ec
tr
a
l e
fficien
cy
…
(
S
h
a
h
er F
leye
h
N
a
w
a
f
)
1451
2.
1
.
Sy
s
t
em
co
nfig
ura
t
io
n a
nd
eng
ineeri
ng
pa
ra
m
et
er
s
T
h
e
VL
C
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
d
esig
n
e
d
w
i
th
i
n
a
m
o
s
aic
r
o
o
m
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
3
m
eter
s
lo
n
g
,
4
m
eter
s
w
id
e,
an
d
5
s
q
u
ar
e
m
e
ter
s
.
All
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
p
er
ate
w
it
h
in
th
i
s
3
×
4
×
5
cu
b
ic
m
e
ter
s
p
ac
e.
Fo
u
r
L
E
D
ce
ili
n
g
li
g
h
ts
w
er
e
i
n
s
ta
lled
at
a
h
e
ig
h
t
o
f
4
.
5
m
eter
s
(
i.e
.
,
0
.
5
m
eter
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
ce
ili
n
g
)
,
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
a
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
g
r
id
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
o
t
h
illu
m
i
n
atio
n
a
n
d
s
ig
n
ali
n
g
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
e
li
g
h
t
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
at
co
o
r
d
in
ates
(
0
.
5
,
0
.
5
,
4
.
5
)
,
(
2
.
5
,
0
.
5
,
4
.
5
)
,
(
0
.
5
,
3
.
5
,
4
.
5
)
,
an
d
(
3
.
5
,
3
.
5
,
4
.
5
)
m
eter
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
is
ce
n
tr
al
p
o
s
itio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
illu
m
i
n
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
e
n
tire
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
P
Ds
w
er
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
g
eo
m
etr
ic
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
to
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
L
E
D
s
.
Fo
u
r
r
ec
eiv
er
s
w
er
e
in
s
talled
at
co
o
r
d
in
ates
(
1
,
1
,
1
)
,
(
2
,
1
,
1
)
,
(
1
,
3
,
1
)
,
an
d
(
1
,
2
,
3
)
m
eter
s
.
T
h
ese
r
ec
eiv
er
s
w
er
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
o
n
e
m
eter
ab
o
v
e
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
h
ei
g
h
t
f
o
r
r
ec
eiv
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
i
g
n
a
l
d
ev
ices.
T
h
ey
w
er
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
a
co
o
r
d
in
ate
g
r
id
to
m
atc
h
th
e
la
m
p
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t,
en
ab
l
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
v
e
s
i
g
n
al
co
v
er
ag
e
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
d
ir
ec
t lin
e
-
of
-
s
i
g
h
t (
L
O
S)
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
er
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
b
ased
o
n
a
t
h
r
ee
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
co
o
r
d
in
ate
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
er
e
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
i
s
at
p
o
in
t
(
0
,
0
,
0
)
in
th
e
r
o
o
m
’
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
r
n
er
,
th
e
X
-
a
x
is
r
u
n
s
th
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
o
m
,
t
h
e
Y
-
a
x
i
s
is
it
s
w
id
t
h
,
an
d
th
e
Z
-
a
x
i
s
i
s
v
er
tical
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
to
w
a
r
d
s
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
i
s
tr
an
s
m
itted
lo
u
d
l
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
L
E
Ds
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
v
ia
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
L
O
S.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
s
ec
ti
n
g
g
eo
m
etr
ic
ar
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
la
m
p
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
illu
m
i
n
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
eir
zo
n
es,
t
h
u
s
d
ef
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
ar
ea
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
s
tab
le
r
ec
ep
tio
n
in
te
n
s
it
y
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
o
o
m
.
I
n
th
e
X
-
Y
p
lan
e,
th
e
li
g
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
s
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
at
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
a
v
ir
tu
al
g
r
id
,
w
it
h
l
ig
h
t
s
n
ea
r
t
h
e
ce
il
in
g
(
Z
=4
.
5
m
)
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
er
s
n
ea
r
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
Z
=1
m
)
.
I
n
t
h
e
b
alco
n
y
v
ie
w
(
X
-
Z
o
r
Y
-
Z
p
lan
e)
,
th
e
li
g
h
ts
ap
p
ea
r
n
ea
r
th
e
ce
ilin
g
an
d
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
n
ea
r
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
a
h
ig
h
-
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
L
E
D
lig
h
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
is
u
s
ed
as
b
o
th
th
e
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
th
e
d
ata
ca
r
r
ier
,
s
in
ce
it
r
ap
id
ly
m
o
d
u
lates
s
u
n
l
ig
h
t
to
tr
an
s
m
it
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
PDs
ca
p
tu
r
e
m
u
ltip
le
li
g
h
t
s
i
g
n
als
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
t
t
h
e
m
i
n
to
elec
tr
ical
s
ig
n
al
s
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
.
We
em
p
lo
y
ed
ad
v
an
ce
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
d
ec
o
d
in
g
an
d
s
ig
n
al
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
s
tab
ilizatio
n
o
f
in
d
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
e
v
en
i
n
co
m
p
le
x
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
.
3.
SI
G
NA
L
T
RA
NSFO
RM
T
I
O
NAL M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
a
m
i
n
es
t
w
o
s
o
p
h
is
t
icate
d
s
i
g
n
al
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
w
ar
d
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
also
m
i
n
i
m
ize
B
E
R
,
w
it
h
i
n
V
L
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
Q
A
M,
w
it
h
i
n
co
n
j
u
n
ctio
n
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
OFDM,
an
d
al
s
o
alter
n
at
iv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
C
SM,
a
n
d
also
QC
M.
Q
A
M
a
lo
n
g
s
id
e
O
FDM
e
m
p
lo
y
s
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
,
en
h
an
ci
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
u
til
izatio
n
,
a
n
d
also
m
ar
k
ed
l
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
B
E
R
,
es
p
ec
iall
y
w
it
h
i
n
h
i
g
h
n
o
is
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
Q
A
M,
an
d
als
o
OFDM
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
allev
iati
n
g
,
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
HS
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
C
SM
co
n
v
er
ts
co
m
p
le
x
s
ig
n
al
s
in
to
r
ea
l,
an
d
also
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
a
lu
es
w
it
h
o
u
t
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
u
p
o
n
HS
,
h
en
c
e
eli
m
i
n
ati
n
g
b
an
d
w
id
th
d
o
u
b
li
n
g
.
Ne
v
er
th
ele
s
s
,
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ad
d
s
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
,
lead
in
g
to
w
ar
d
s
elev
ated
n
o
is
e
le
v
els,
a
n
d
also
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
B
E
R
[
1
2
]
.
Desp
ite
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
SM
h
ap
p
en
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
ese
l
i
m
itatio
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
QC
M
allo
ca
tes
th
e
r
ea
l,
an
d
al
s
o
i
m
ag
in
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
co
m
p
le
x
s
ig
n
al
s
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
L
E
Ds.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
b
v
iates
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t,
f
o
r
th
e
HS
n
o
n
et
h
eless
,
its
i
n
tr
icate
s
i
g
n
a
l
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
r
esu
lts
,
i
n
a
h
ig
h
er
B
E
R
r
elativ
e
to
Q
AM
-
OF
DM
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
Q
C
M
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
p
o
ten
tial
w
it
h
i
n
en
h
an
c
in
g
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
to
p
o
s
e
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
r
o
b
lem
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
Q
A
M
alo
n
g
s
id
e
OFDM
h
ap
p
en
s
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ic
ien
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
an
o
p
ti
m
al
b
alan
ce
,
b
et
w
ee
n
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
also
lo
w
B
E
R
,
esp
ec
iall
y
with
i
n
h
i
g
h
SN
R
s
etti
n
g
s
[
1
5
]
.
4.
M
AT
H
E
M
AT
I
CAL M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
4
.
1
.
CS
M
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
ica
l
m
o
del
I
n
t
h
e
V
L
C
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
o
p
tical
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
t
h
e
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
lati
n
g
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
s
i
g
n
al
(
C
SM)
.
A
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
e
x
a
m
in
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
it
s
p
r
o
p
er
ties
is
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
th
is
m
o
d
el,
w
h
ich
d
es
cr
ib
es
th
e
s
ig
n
a
l
in
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
it
s
r
ea
l a
n
d
i
m
a
g
in
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
is
a
m
a
th
e
m
a
tical
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
al:
(
)
=
Re
{
(
)
}
⋅
c
os
(
2
)
−
Im
{
(
)
}
⋅
s
in
(
2
)
(
2
)
an
d
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
t
h
e
r
ea
l,
an
d
i
m
a
g
i
n
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al;
w
h
er
e
(
)
h
ap
p
en
s
to
w
ar
d
s
b
ei
n
g
t
h
e
s
en
t
s
ig
n
al,
(
)
is
th
e
co
m
p
lex
s
ig
n
a
l
to
w
ar
d
s
b
e
co
m
m
u
n
ica
ted
,
h
ap
p
en
s
to
w
ar
d
s
b
e
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
A
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
in
ten
s
it
y
m
o
d
u
latio
n
w
ith
in
V
L
C
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
g
u
ar
a
n
tees,
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
e
n
t si
g
n
a
l
h
ap
p
en
s
to
b
e
g
en
u
i
n
e,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
1
4
4
9
-
1
456
1452
4
.
2
.
Q
C
M
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
ica
l
m
o
del
E
v
er
y
L
E
D
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
QC
M
s
y
s
te
m
h
ap
p
en
s
to
w
ar
d
s
b
e
allo
ca
ted
w
it
h
i
n
th
is
m
o
d
el
to
w
ar
d
s
g
en
er
at
e
lig
h
t
m
atch
in
g
a
ce
r
tai
n
q
u
ad
r
an
t
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
m
p
l
icate
d
s
ig
n
al.
T
o
w
ar
d
s
m
a
x
i
m
ized
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
th
e
f
o
u
r
L
E
Ds
co
o
p
er
ate
to
w
ar
d
s
co
m
m
u
n
icati
n
g
th
e
w
h
o
l
e
co
m
p
lex
s
i
g
n
al
w
it
h
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
w
ith
in
f
a
v
o
r
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
H
S
[
1
7
]
.
Q
C
M
=
{
L
E
D
1
;
Re
(
)
≥
0
L
E
D
2
;
Re
(
)
<
0
L
E
D
3
;
Im
(
)
≥
0
L
E
D
4
;
Im
(
)
<
0
(
3
)
4
.
3
.
Q
A
M
-
O
F
D
M
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
ica
l
m
o
del
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
y
s
te
m
in
te
g
r
ates
Q
A
M
alo
n
g
s
id
e
OF
DM
to
w
ar
d
s
f
ac
il
itate
ef
f
ic
ien
t
s
i
g
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
w
i
th
i
n
a
VL
C
s
y
s
te
m
.
Q
A
M
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
ls
b
y
m
o
d
if
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
an
d
al
s
o
th
e
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al.
O
FDM
s
eg
m
e
n
t
s
,
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
i
n
to
s
e
v
er
al
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
h
en
ce
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
an
d
also
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
B
E
R
.
T
h
e
m
at
h
e
m
ati
ca
l
m
o
d
el
i
n
f
a
v
o
r
o
f
QA
M
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
OFDM,
h
ap
p
en
s
to
to
b
e
d
elin
ea
ted
as
(
4
)
.
(
)
=
∑
=
1
[
c
os
(
2
)
−
s
in
(
2
)
]
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
,
an
d
also
tu
r
n
o
u
t
to
b
e
th
e
in
-
p
h
a
s
e
an
d
also
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
an
d
also
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
is
m
o
d
el
w
o
r
k
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
b
y
u
tili
zi
n
g
th
e
av
a
ilab
le
b
an
d
w
id
th
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
l
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
w
it
h
i
n
[
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
5.
CO
NF
I
G
URA
T
I
O
N
F
O
R
T
H
E
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
5
.
1
.
M
AT
L
AB
s
i
m
ula
t
io
n e
nv
iro
n
m
ent
a
n e
x
p
la
na
t
io
n
A
d
etailed
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
u
s
ed
to
t
o
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
M
A
T
L
A
B
to
as
s
ess
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
R
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
s
ev
er
al
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
tr
ate
g
ies
w
it
h
i
n
a
V
L
C
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ai
m
s
to
w
ar
d
s
r
ep
licati
n
g
a
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
in
d
o
o
r
s
etti
n
g
,
f
ac
to
r
in
g
w
it
h
in
r
o
o
m
s
ize,
t
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
L
E
Ds,
P
Ds
,
an
d
also
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
w
it
h
i
n
V
L
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
5
.
2
.
Ro
o
m
a
nd
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
et
up
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
w
it
h
i
n
,
a
r
o
o
m
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
5
m
eter
s
i
n
len
g
th
,
4
m
eter
s
w
it
h
i
n
b
r
ea
d
th
,
an
d
also
3
m
eter
s
w
i
th
i
n
h
e
ig
h
t,
ex
e
m
p
li
f
y
i
n
g
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
in
ter
io
r
s
itu
a
tio
n
s
,
li
k
e
o
f
f
ices
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Fo
u
r
L
E
D
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
,
a
n
d
also
f
o
u
r
P
Ds
tu
r
n
o
u
t to
b
e
s
tr
ateg
icall
y
p
lace
d
,
w
i
th
i
n
th
e
r
o
o
m
at
th
e
d
esig
n
ated
h
ei
g
h
ts
to
s
i
m
u
late
a
u
t
h
en
t
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
etti
n
g
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
ar
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
g
u
ar
an
tees,
th
a
t
s
i
g
n
als
t
u
r
n
o
u
t
to
b
e
d
eliv
er
ed
,
an
d
also
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
en
ea
th
r
ea
li
s
tic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
L
E
D
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
s
t
u
r
n
o
u
t
to
b
e
s
itu
ated
at
a
h
ei
g
h
t o
f
2
.
5
m
e
ter
s
,
w
h
er
ea
s
th
e
P
Ds
t
u
r
n
o
u
t to
b
e
lo
ca
ted
at
a
h
eig
h
t
o
f
0
.
7
5
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
f
ield
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
v
ie
w
(
FOV)
,
f
o
r
ea
ch
PD
h
ap
p
en
s
t
o
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
at
4
8
.
5
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
w
i
th
i
n
f
a
v
o
r
,
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
VL
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
to
w
ar
d
s
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
co
v
er
ag
e
w
ith
in
t
h
e
r
o
o
m
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
h
ap
p
en
s
to
b
e
s
elec
ted
,
to
r
ep
licate
au
th
en
tic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
etti
n
g
s
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
ig
n
al
r
ef
lectio
n
s
,
an
d
also
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
o
b
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
.
5
.
3
.
M
o
du
la
t
io
n
t
ec
hn
iqu
es
a
nd
pa
ra
m
et
er
s
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
B
E
R
,
th
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
m
a
k
es
u
s
e
o
f
QA
M
i
n
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
w
it
h
OFDM.
I
n
th
is
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
th
e
d
ata
is
m
o
d
u
lated
u
s
i
n
g
1
6
-
Q
A
M,
b
u
t
th
e
OFDM
tech
n
iq
u
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tes
th
e
d
ata
ac
r
o
s
s
6
4
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
an
d
ad
d
s
a
c
y
clic
p
r
ef
i
x
le
n
g
th
o
f
a
b
o
u
t
1
6
to
r
ed
u
ce
in
ter
-
s
y
m
b
o
l
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
k
ey
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
s
ed
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
i
n
cl
u
d
e
:
−
SNR
r
an
g
e
:
0
d
B
to
w
ar
d
s
3
0
d
B
(
in
s
tep
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
2
d
B
)
−
Mo
d
u
latio
n
o
r
d
er
(
M)
:
1
6
(
f
o
r
1
6
-
QA
M)
−
Nu
m
b
er
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
b
its
:
1
m
illi
o
n
−
Nu
m
b
er
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
:
64
−
C
y
cl
ic
p
r
ef
ix
le
n
g
t
h
:
16
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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L
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o
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ig
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tech
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imp
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(
S
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f
)
1453
6.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
WO
RK
F
L
O
W
Si
m
u
latio
n
ass
e
s
s
e
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
VL
C
s
y
s
te
m
at
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
la
y
er
,
f
o
cu
s
i
n
g
o
n
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
s
ig
n
al
q
u
alit
y
i
n
a
r
ea
lis
tic
d
ig
ital e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
en
co
m
p
ass
e
s
d
ata
g
en
er
atio
n
,
m
u
lti
-
le
v
el
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
an
d
OFDM
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
allo
w
i
n
g
ex
a
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
co
d
e
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
,
SNR
an
d
B
E
R
f
o
r
an
ac
cu
r
ate
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
alu
a
tio
n
p
r
io
r
to
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Deta
iled
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es a
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
−
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
in
i
tiates
th
e
g
e
n
e
r
atio
n
o
f
1
m
illi
o
n
r
an
d
o
m
b
i
ts
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
m
o
d
u
lati
n
g
th
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
1
6
-
QA
M.
T
h
is
g
u
ar
a
n
tees e
f
f
icie
n
t d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
VL
C
s
y
s
te
m
.
−
OFDM
m
o
d
u
latio
n
:
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
y
m
b
o
ls
t
u
r
n
o
u
t
to
w
a
r
d
s
b
e
allo
ca
ted
a
m
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
u
tili
zi
n
g
OFDM.
T
h
e
in
v
er
s
e
f
ast
f
o
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
I
FF
T
)
to
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
tr
an
s
f
er
s
ig
n
als
co
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
c
y
cl
ic
p
r
ef
ix
to
w
ar
d
s
m
iti
g
ate
i
n
ter
-
s
y
m
b
o
l in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
[
2
3
]
.
−
Sig
n
al
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
an
d
n
o
is
e
ad
d
itio
n
:
t
h
e
O
FDM
-
m
o
d
u
l
ated
s
ig
n
al
h
ap
p
en
s
to
b
e
s
e
n
t,
an
d
ad
d
itiv
e
w
h
ite
g
a
u
s
s
ia
n
n
o
is
e
(
A
W
GN)
h
ap
p
en
s
to
b
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
w
ar
d
r
ep
licatin
g
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
ch
an
n
el
cir
cu
m
s
ta
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ev
a
lu
ate
s
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
a
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
SN
R
lev
els,
co
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
d
B
to
w
ar
d
s
3
0
d
B
.
−
R
ec
ep
tio
n
an
d
d
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
:
u
p
o
n
r
ec
eiv
in
g
th
e
n
o
is
y
s
ig
n
al,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
eli
m
i
n
a
te
s
th
e
cy
clic
p
r
ef
i
x
,
ex
ec
u
te
s
t
h
e
FFT
to
w
ar
d
s
r
e
v
er
tin
g
t
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
to
t
h
e
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
d
o
m
a
in
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f
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r
th
er
m
o
r
e
d
em
o
d
u
late
s
t
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
ls
alo
n
g
s
id
e
1
6
-
Q
A
M
[
2
4
]
.
−
B
E
R
ca
lcu
latio
n
:
t
h
e
B
E
R
h
ap
p
en
s
to
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
al
y
zi
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
,
an
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
its
f
o
r
ea
ch
SN
R
le
v
el.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
i
n
d
icate
,
th
at
th
e
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
Q
A
M
alo
n
g
s
id
e
OFDM
m
ar
k
ed
l
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
B
E
R
lik
e
S
NR
r
is
e
s
,
v
al
id
atin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
w
it
h
i
n
f
av
o
r
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
V
L
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
MA
T
L
A
B
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
r
e
s
u
lt
s
i
n
d
icate
,
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
QA
M
-
O
FDM
m
et
h
o
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
B
E
R
r
elativ
e
to
alt
er
n
ativ
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
esp
ec
iall
y
alo
n
g
s
id
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
SNR
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
t
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
,
o
f
Q
AM
-
OF
DM
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
o
f
th
e
V
L
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
it
h
i
n
in
d
o
o
r
s
etti
n
g
s
.
A
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
v
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
alo
n
g
s
id
e
alter
n
ati
v
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
C
S
M,
an
d
also
QC
M,
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
it
y
o
f
t
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
,
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
ec
t
r
al
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
,
an
d
also
er
r
o
r
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
7.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
e
x
a
m
i
n
es
t
h
e
o
u
t
co
m
e
s
d
er
iv
ed
,
co
m
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
MA
T
L
A
B
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
,
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
e
m
e
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
w
ith
in
a
VL
C
s
y
s
te
m
.
S
p
ec
if
icall
y
e
m
p
h
asiz
in
g
Q
A
M
alo
n
g
s
id
e
OFDM,
C
SM,
an
d
also
QC
M.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
d
icato
r
ass
es
s
ed
to
th
e
B
E
R
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
SNR
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
i
n
d
ec
ib
els (
d
B
)
.
7
.
1
.
Q
C
M
-
O
F
D
M
r
esu
lt
s
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t si
m
u
latio
n
w
a
s
ass
es
s
ed
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
QC
M
w
it
h
th
e
OF
DM
.
T
h
e
B
E
R
v
s
SNR
g
r
ap
h
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
a
f
l
u
ctu
a
tin
g
t
r
en
d
,
in
d
icati
n
g
,
t
h
at
Q
C
M
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
i
n
t
o
th
e
V
L
C
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
r
ate
h
ap
p
en
s
to
b
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tl
y
h
i
g
h
,
r
e
m
ain
in
g
ab
o
v
e
0
.
4
9
9
w
it
h
i
n
m
o
s
t
ca
s
e
s
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
,
th
at
w
h
ile
Q
C
M
av
o
id
s
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
e
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th
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
le
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it
y
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
in
g
s
i
g
n
als
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
L
E
Ds r
es
u
lt
s
w
it
h
i
n
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h
i
g
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er
er
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r
r
ate
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a
r
ticu
lar
ly
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in
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n
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en
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o
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e
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ts
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id
e
n
o
is
e
i
n
ter
f
er
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ce
.
7
.
2
.
CS
M
-
O
F
D
M
re
s
ults
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
as
s
es
s
ed
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SM
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th
i
n
co
n
j
u
n
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tio
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lo
n
g
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e
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d
th
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s
tu
r
n
o
u
t
to
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ar
d
s
b
e
illu
s
tr
ated
w
it
h
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
B
E
R
v
er
s
u
s
SNR
g
r
ap
h
i
n
d
icate
s
,
th
at
C
SM
h
as
m
ar
g
i
n
all
y
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
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r
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an
ce
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m
p
ar
ed
to
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ar
d
s
Q
C
M.
N
ev
e
r
th
el
e
s
s
,
C
SM
c
o
n
t
in
u
es
t
o
ex
p
e
r
i
en
ce
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
e
r
r
o
r
r
a
te
s
,
r
a
n
g
in
g
c
o
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
5
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
0
.
5
a
c
r
o
s
s
th
e
m
a
jo
r
i
ty
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
S
NR
le
v
e
l
s
.
T
h
i
s
in
d
ic
a
t
e
s
,
t
h
a
t
a
lt
h
o
u
g
h
C
SM
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
s
p
e
c
t
r
al
ef
f
i
c
ie
n
cy
th
r
o
u
g
h
ci
r
cu
m
v
en
t
in
g
HS
,
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
le
x
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ig
n
a
ls
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t
o
r
e
a
l,
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n
d
p
o
s
it
iv
e
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lu
es
e
le
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a
t
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e
e
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o
r
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o
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u
r
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al
t
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s
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
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[
1
]
.
7
.
3
.
O
F
D
M
-
Q
AM
r
esu
lt
s
T
h
e
th
ir
d
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i
m
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latio
n
ass
e
s
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ed
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e
ef
f
icac
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1
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Q
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h
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n
co
n
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u
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it
h
OF
DM
.
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illu
s
tr
ated
in
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g
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r
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4
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i
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m
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ig
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n
h
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te
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p
er
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h
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a
g
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h
e
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eg
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r
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o
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ic
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o
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r
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al
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s
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h
o
w
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i
n
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g
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r
e
5
.
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h
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d
etailed
r
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eg
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g
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s
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E
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h
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n
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o
r
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d
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g
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r
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o
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t to
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e
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r
o
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id
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w
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h
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e
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ab
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u
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SM,
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d
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M
w
it
h
i
n
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h
e
f
r
a
m
e
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o
r
k
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te
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.
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h
e
m
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o
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al
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ati
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h
e
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er
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o
r
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ce
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eg
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d
in
g
ea
c
h
m
e
th
o
d
in
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
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h
e
SN
R
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i
m
u
lat
in
g
i
n
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o
o
r
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etti
n
g
s
alo
n
g
s
id
e
M
A
T
L
A
B
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
al
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
r
eg
a
r
d
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g
t
h
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d
y
tu
r
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o
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t
to
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e
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e
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e
x
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ited
o
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ti
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al
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er
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a
n
ce
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g
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e
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R
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eg
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g
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el
s
r
eg
ar
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2
2
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d
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
OFDM
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n
g
s
id
e
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
m
o
d
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lati
o
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
ef
f
icac
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i
n
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
m
i
s
ta
k
es,
h
en
ce
e
n
h
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ci
n
g
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
r
esil
ien
ce
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ar
d
s
n
o
is
e.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
ali
g
n
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
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atu
r
e.
W
h
ich
v
alid
ated
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e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es o
f
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-
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A
M
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
er
r
o
r
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ed
u
ctio
n
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d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
e
f
f
icien
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y
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t
h
i
n
VL
C
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y
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te
m
s
.
A
n
d
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ex
h
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ited
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o
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er
ate
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er
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o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
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n
g
s
id
e
th
e
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E
R
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ar
y
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g
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et
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ee
n
0
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3
5
,
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d
0
.
5
,
co
n
tin
g
e
n
t
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
SNR
v
al
u
es.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
m
p
lex
s
i
g
n
als
in
t
o
r
ea
l,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
al
u
es
ele
v
ates
th
e
B
E
R
d
u
e
to
w
ar
d
s
n
o
is
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
a
l
tr
an
s
lat
io
n
.
Q
C
M,
alth
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
cir
cu
m
v
en
t
in
g
HS,
e
x
h
ib
ited
th
e
g
r
ea
test
B
E
R
w
ith
in
all
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
s
.
T
h
at
QC
M
ad
d
s
co
m
p
l
ex
it
y
t
h
r
o
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g
h
d
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er
s
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n
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ig
n
a
ls
a
m
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g
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
L
E
Ds,
r
es
u
lt
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g
i
n
an
ele
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ate
d
B
E
R
d
u
e
to
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ig
n
al
m
is
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g
n
m
en
t,
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i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
w
it
h
i
n
in
d
o
o
r
s
ettin
g
s
.
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h
e
r
esu
lt
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate,
t
h
at
Q
AM
alo
n
g
s
id
e
O
FDM
h
ap
p
en
s
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e
th
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
tr
ate
g
y
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o
r
attain
i
n
g
lo
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er
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o
r
r
ates,
an
d
g
o
o
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
w
it
h
in
VL
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
w
it
h
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n
o
is
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i
tu
at
io
n
s
.
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
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v
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ele
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ated
m
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latio
n
o
r
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e
r
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,
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,
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m
m
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n
ic
atio
n
w
it
h
in
in
d
o
o
r
s
etti
n
g
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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s
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v
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.
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n
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s
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ch
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
I
.
K
.
S
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l
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h
,
A
.
A
.
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.
[
3
]
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.
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[
4
]
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.
D
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k
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.
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r
mstro
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[
5
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.
[
6
]
C
.
Je
n
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l
a
a
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d
R
.
K
.
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y
a
c
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,
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ms:
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[
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P
.
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.
,
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.
[
1
0
]
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.
F
.
N
a
w
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,
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.
B
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1
1
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.
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d
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.
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h
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g
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s
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it
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ra
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in
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1
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6
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h
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d
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m
1
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t
o
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.
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m
1
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t
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h
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t
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m
m
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s
d
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n
is
(ES
P
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T
).
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a
lso
w
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s
th
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h
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a
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th
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rs
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e
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is.
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se
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rc
h
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tere
sts
in
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lu
d
e
p
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ss
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a
n
d
a
c
ti
v
e
m
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w
a
v
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stru
c
tu
re
s,
sig
n
a
l
c
o
d
in
g
t
h
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o
ry
,
a
n
d
d
ig
it
a
l
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o
m
m
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ica
ti
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n
s
.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
ta
c
ted
a
t
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m
a
il
:
a
m
m
a
rb
o
u
a
ll
e
g
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sy
sc
o
m
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c
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a
m
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h
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h
h
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d
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c
h
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g
re
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in
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a
t
h
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m
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ti
c
s
in
1
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9
9
,
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
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e
rsit
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
o
f
T
u
n
is,
Tu
n
isia,
a
n
d
M
a
ste
r
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d
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h
.
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De
g
re
e
s
in
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e
lec
o
m
m
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n
s
f
ro
m
th
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ti
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n
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l
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g
in
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rin
g
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
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u
n
is
(ENIT
),
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u
n
isia,
i
n
2
0
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2
a
n
d
2
0
0
8
,
re
sp
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c
ti
v
e
ly
.
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r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
li
e
in
sig
n
a
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p
ro
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ss
in
g
a
n
d
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ig
it
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m
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n
.
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u
r
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n
t
l
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s
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s
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t
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G
u
s
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g
g
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m
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t
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ry
.
S
h
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s
c
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r
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ly
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o
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f
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s
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c
a
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c
o
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t
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d
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t
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m
a
i
l
:
s
a
m
e
h
.
n
a
j
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h
@
s
u
p
c
o
m
.
t
n
.
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