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n
d
th
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
e
o
n
b
an
d
-
n
o
tch
e
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
i
n
n
o
v
ati
v
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
es,
an
d
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
[
13]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
r
ad
iato
r
g
r
o
o
v
es
[
1
6
]
,
f
ee
d
lin
e
[
1
7
]
,
an
d
ad
d
i
n
g
s
tr
ip
s
to
th
e
r
ad
iato
r
[
1
8
]
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
n
o
tch
b
an
d
s
i
n
t
h
e
U
W
B
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
e
n
o
tch
ed
b
an
d
s
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
ar
e
im
m
o
v
ab
le
a
f
ter
th
ese
d
e
s
ig
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
;
in
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es,
th
i
s
li
m
ita
tio
n
b
ec
o
m
e
s
p
r
o
b
lem
at
ic
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
o
tch
b
a
n
d
s
ar
e
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
w
h
e
n
th
er
e
is
n
o
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
A
s
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
an
te
n
n
a
i
s
li
k
el
y
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
ea
s
ib
le
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
s
w
itch
in
g
its
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
in
g
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
[
1
9
]
.
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
an
te
n
n
as
h
a
v
e
th
u
s
b
ee
n
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
p
o
lar
izatio
n
,
p
atter
n
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
[
2
0
]
.
T
o
ad
ap
t
to
ch
an
g
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
a
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
an
ten
n
a
’
s
m
a
in
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
co
n
ce
p
t
in
v
o
lv
es
m
o
d
if
y
i
n
g
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
f
its
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
elec
tr
icall
y
,
m
ec
h
a
n
icall
y
,
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
l
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
m
ar
t
m
a
ter
ial
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
est
R
F
s
w
i
tch
e
s
u
s
ed
th
ese
d
a
y
s
f
o
r
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
an
te
n
n
a
d
esig
n
in
cl
u
d
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
i
n
tr
i
n
s
ic
-
n
e
g
ati
v
e
(
P
I
N)
d
io
d
es,
f
ield
-
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
(
FET
s
)
,
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
m
icr
o
-
elec
tr
o
m
e
c
h
a
n
ical
s
y
s
te
m
(
R
FME
MS)
s
w
itc
h
es
,
an
d
m
icr
o
-
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
y
s
te
m
(
ME
MS)
s
w
i
tch
e
s
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
a
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
w
it
h
n
o
tc
h
e
d
b
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
i
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
a
n
d
m
o
d
eled
f
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
I
n
itiall
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
w
a
s
o
p
ti
m
ized
to
co
v
er
th
e
en
tire
UW
B
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e
an
d
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
(
R
L
)
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
,
t
w
o
U
-
s
h
ap
ed
s
lo
ts
ar
e
etch
ed
in
to
t
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
d
esire
d
b
an
d
-
n
o
tch
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
wo
P
I
N
d
io
d
es
w
er
e
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
th
e
U
-
s
lo
ts
,
en
ab
lin
g
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
ilit
y
in
t
h
e
d
esig
n
.
T
h
r
ee
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
m
o
d
es
ar
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
s
w
itc
h
in
g
t
h
e
P
I
N
d
io
d
es b
etw
ee
n
th
eir
ON
a
n
d
OFF
s
tates.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
1
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
ex
ce
ed
s
ex
is
ti
n
g
t
h
e
d
esig
n
s
in
s
ev
er
al
k
e
y
a
s
p
ec
ts
.
I
t
attain
s
a
w
id
e
UW
B
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
f
1
1
.
2
9
GHz
,
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
e
x
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
s
o
f
9
.
8
GHz
,
9
.
9
GHz
,
9
.
4
,
an
d
8
.
5
6
GHz
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
liter
a
tu
r
e
[
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
-
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
an
ten
n
a
i
s
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
ac
t
t
h
an
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
i
n
[
5
]
.
A
c
h
ie
v
i
n
g
a
r
ad
iatio
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
9
2
.
2
%
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
n
o
tab
l
y
s
u
r
p
ass
es
th
e
8
0
%
an
d
8
5
%
ef
f
icie
n
cies
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
s
tu
d
ies
[
5
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
W
ith
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
g
ai
n
o
f
7
d
B
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
an
te
n
n
a
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
g
ai
n
s
o
f
5
.
3
d
B
,
4
.
6
d
B
,
6
d
B
,
an
d
4
d
B
d
escr
ib
ed
in
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
[
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
-
[
2
8
]
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Ov
er
a
ll,
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
an
al
y
s
is
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
ea
t
u
r
es o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
an
te
n
n
a
d
es
ig
n
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ati
n
g
its
p
o
ten
tial to
estab
li
s
h
a
n
e
w
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
i
n
an
te
n
n
a
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
b
le
an
ten
n
as
R
e
f
.
S
i
z
e
(
mm
2
)
N
o
t
c
h
b
a
n
d
s (G
H
z
)
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
(
G
H
z
)
N
o
.
o
f
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
st
a
t
e
s
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
)
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
%
[
5
]
4
0
×
4
0
3
.
1
–
3
.
5
,
3
.
6
4
–
4
,
4
.
5
8
–
4
.
7
4
,
5
.
1
4
–
5
.
3
2
.
2
–
12
16
4
P
I
N
d
i
o
d
e
s
5
.
3
8
0
%
[
2
6
]
3
3
×
3
4
2
,
3
.
5
,
5
.
8
1
.
4
–
1
1
.
3
4
U
si
n
g
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
3
.
6
–
4
.
6
NG*
[
2
7
]
2
6
×
3
6
.
6
3
.
6
,
5
.
6
–
7
.
7
3
.
1
–
1
2
.
5
4
1
V
a
r
a
c
t
o
r
d
i
o
d
e
6
NG*
[
2
8
]
3
4
.
9
×
3
1
1
.
5
8
–
2
.
1
2
,
2
.
2
4
–
2
.
6
8
,
3
.
0
8
–
3
.
7
8
1
.
9
8
–
1
0
.
5
8
3
V
a
r
a
c
t
o
r
d
i
o
d
e
s
3
-
4
8
5
%
T
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
4
3
.
5
×
2
6
6
.
0
8
–
6
.
5
0
,
9
.
1
6
–
1
0
.
7
9
4
.
7
5
–
1
6
.
0
4
3
2
P
I
N
d
i
o
d
e
s
7
9
2
.
2
N
G
*
=
n
o
t
g
i
v
e
n
2.
RE
CO
NF
I
G
U
RAB
L
E
A
NT
E
NNA
D
E
S
I
G
N
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
l
e
d
u
al
n
o
tc
h
ed
-
b
an
d
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
b
u
ilt
i
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
i
s
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
es
1
(
a)
an
d
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
g
eo
m
etr
y
w
as
cr
ea
ted
f
r
o
m
a
R
o
g
er
s
R
T
/Du
r
o
id
5
8
8
0
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
1
.
5
8
m
m
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
,
2
.
2
r
elativ
e
p
er
m
itti
v
it
y
(
)
,
an
d
0
.
0
0
0
9
lo
s
s
tan
g
en
t
(
).
T
h
is
m
ater
ial
w
as
c
h
o
s
e
n
f
o
r
its
l
o
w
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t,
w
h
ic
h
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
s
ig
n
al
late
n
c
y
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
a
v
e
lo
s
s
e
s
,
r
esu
l
tin
g
in
a
h
i
g
h
er
r
ad
iatio
n
ef
f
ici
en
c
y
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
its
ex
tr
ao
r
d
in
ar
il
y
lo
w
lo
s
s
tan
g
e
n
t
m
i
n
i
m
izes
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
atten
u
atio
n
,
e
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
th
e
a
n
t
en
n
a
g
ai
n
an
d
o
v
er
al
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
an
d
cir
cu
lar
g
eo
m
etr
ies,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
h
e
x
ag
o
n
al
s
h
ap
e
o
f
f
er
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
co
m
p
ac
t
n
es
s
an
d
in
h
er
e
n
t
g
e
o
m
e
tr
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
I
ts
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ad
d
itio
n
all
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
ed
g
e
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
,
p
o
t
en
tial
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
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g
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w
o
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p
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n
d
s
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h
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er
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ar
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T
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u
r
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4
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s
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g
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tates o
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5
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h
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r
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r
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r
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e
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in
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ate
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ase
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ated
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
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3
-
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T
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23
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No
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6
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Dec
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b
er
20
25
:
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4
3
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1444
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Su
r
f
ac
e
c
u
r
r
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t d
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u
tio
n
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l c
ases
at:
(
a)
6
.
5
GHz
,
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b
)
8
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5
GHz
,
(
c)
1
1
.
5
G
Hz,
an
d
(
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1
4
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3
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5
.
Rea
lized
g
a
in a
nd
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dia
t
io
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f
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T
h
e
p
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p
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ed
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ten
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s
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m
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l
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g
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i
g
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atio
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co
n
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asted
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g
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r
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t
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m
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lated
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g
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d
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e
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y
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e,
as
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in
F
ig
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(
b
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.
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ce
,
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e
a
n
ten
n
a
e
f
f
icie
n
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y
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ar
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n
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s
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
UW
B
ter
m
i
n
als i
n
w
ir
eles
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
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al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
an
te
n
n
a
p
ar
a
m
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ter
s
:
(
a)
s
i
m
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lated
g
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n
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er
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m
a
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o
f
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te
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a
w
it
h
/
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ith
o
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t n
o
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h
f
ilter
s
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n
d
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icien
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eq
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en
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e
o
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e
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.
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m
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ri
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o
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ea
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ured
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nd
s
i
m
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la
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RL
o
f
t
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re
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nfig
ura
ble a
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a
T
h
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ac
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ed
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im
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R
L
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e
p
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ed
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n
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T
a
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le
4
.
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h
en
b
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th
D1
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d
D2
ar
e
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ated
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th
e
s
i
m
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lated
o
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atin
g
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is
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ec
o
g
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ized
as
4
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8
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G
Hz
to
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4
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t
h
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s
,
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e
m
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s
u
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b
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d
is
6
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2
0
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.
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G
Hz.
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h
e
o
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er
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lectio
n
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f
icie
n
t
s
s
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er
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g
e.
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d
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s
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n
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6
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icate
s
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t
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er
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n
ce
s
d
u
e
to
lo
s
s
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ex
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er
ien
ce
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ac
t
u
al
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
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h
en
b
o
t
h
D
1
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d
D
2
a
r
e
d
e
a
c
t
iv
a
t
e
d
,
t
h
e
s
im
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l
a
t
e
d
r
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l
t
s
s
h
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w
m
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ti
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l
e
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d
s
:
4
.
1
6
–
6
.
0
7
G
H
z
,
6
.
5
3
–
9
.
2
0
G
H
z
,
a
n
d
1
0
.
8
0
–
1
5
.
8
2
G
H
z
.
I
n
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
an
en
lar
g
ed
f
il
ter
ed
b
an
d
ap
p
ea
r
s
at
1
1
.
1
0
–
1
6
.
3
0
GHz
;
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
an
d
s
ar
e
also
s
ee
n
at
4
.
8
2
–
5
.
8
1
GHz
an
d
1
0
.
1
1
–
1
1
.
5
0
GHz
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lt
s
in
d
icate
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
o
p
e
r
atin
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
at
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
,
y
et
p
o
s
s
ib
l
y
a
d
r
o
p
-
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
lo
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er
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies.
Fu
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
w
it
h
D1
-
OFF
a
n
d
D2
-
ON
m
i
x
ed
d
io
d
e
s
tates:
th
e
4
.
1
6
–
6
.
0
7
GHz
an
d
6
.
6
0
–
1
5
.
8
2
GHz
r
an
g
e
s
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
b
e
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
b
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
p
ar
it
y
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
R
L
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
h
i
f
ts
,
is
m
o
s
t
li
k
e
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y
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u
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b
y
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h
e
f
ab
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n
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ler
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ce
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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1445
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
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KOM
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K
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,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
1
4
3
9
-
1448
1446
T
o
illu
s
tr
ate,
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
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h
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s
ce
n
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t
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t
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m
m
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CO
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UW
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h
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a
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d
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atter
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ig
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cc
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ll
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v
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e
f
u
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UW
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an
g
e
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Hz)
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t
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t
h
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A
N
an
d
r
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ar
f
r
eq
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en
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y
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e
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f
f
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te.
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h
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tain
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r
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lt
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co
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f
ir
m
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a
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a
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h
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f
in
d
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d
icate
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at
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ed
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ten
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eliv
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a
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ter
f
er
en
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s
u
p
p
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ak
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it
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p
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is
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tio
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n
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g
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le
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B
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y
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t
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m
s
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f
u
t
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r
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t
h
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d
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e
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ld
b
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p
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ec
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r
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to
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m
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a
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n
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u
tp
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t
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MO
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an
ten
n
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f
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s
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y
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te
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ca
p
ac
it
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an
d
tr
an
s
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is
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ate.
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NO
WL
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D
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M
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h
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au
th
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f
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ap
e
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ld
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e
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it
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s
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ter
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s
la
m
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Un
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v
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s
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o
f
Me
d
in
a
f
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r
th
e
ir
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tr
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u
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s
.
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th
an
k
s
to
Mr
.
B
asam
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h
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m
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waj
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h
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f
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e,
n
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g
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t
n
u
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is
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a
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lab
le.
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h
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p
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licatio
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.