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in
a
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m
an
'
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life
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T
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p
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Mid
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w
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m
en
in
a
d
d
itio
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to
m
ed
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ca
r
e
[
1
]
.
Per
in
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m
o
th
er
s
an
d
r
elativ
es
p
o
s
s
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s
m
is
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b
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tech
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[
2
]
.
Mid
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Stre
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3
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.
T
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8
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lab
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
id
en
tify
an
y
c
o
m
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
at
an
ea
r
ly
s
tag
e.
T
h
ey
m
o
tiv
ate
in
tr
a
-
n
at
al
m
o
th
er
s
to
ch
o
o
s
e
n
at
u
r
al
d
eliv
er
y
an
d
em
p
o
wer
w
o
m
e
n
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
eir
in
tr
in
s
ic
p
o
ten
tial
to
d
eliv
er
n
atu
r
ally
.
No
n
-
p
h
ar
m
ac
o
lo
g
ica
l
th
er
ap
ies
s
u
ch
as
L
am
az
e
b
r
ea
th
in
g
,
h
y
p
n
o
s
is
,
Sh
iats
u
m
ass
ag
es,
h
y
d
r
o
th
er
a
p
y
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
s
aid
in
co
n
tr
ac
t
io
n
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
h
ap
p
y
lab
o
r
r
esu
lt [
5
]
.
Mo
b
ile
ap
p
s
a
r
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
u
s
ed
to
o
ls
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
n
d
s
to
r
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
wh
en
th
e
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
th
em
.
Mid
wiv
es
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
an
d
lab
o
r
ad
v
ice
ap
p
licatio
n
to
lear
n
h
o
w
to
ca
r
e
f
o
r
p
r
eg
n
an
t
an
d
p
o
s
tp
ar
tu
m
wo
m
en
.
Mid
wif
er
y
ap
p
s
ar
e
p
o
we
r
f
u
l
to
o
ls
th
at
h
elp
p
r
o
v
id
e
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
m
ater
n
ity
an
d
ch
ild
ca
r
e.
Desp
ite
co
n
tin
u
ed
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
m
ater
n
al
an
d
c
h
ild
h
ea
lth
,
m
a
n
y
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
c
o
n
tin
u
e
to
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
m
ater
n
al
d
ea
th
r
ates
(
M
MR)
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
MM
R
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
1
:6
0
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
to
1
:3
7
0
0
in
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
o
n
es
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
2
0
1
8
s
u
r
v
ey
r
ep
o
r
t,
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
ls
th
at
b
en
ef
it
clin
ical
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
p
atien
t
d
eliv
er
y
ca
r
e
[
7
]
.
L
ab
o
r
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
u
ch
as
b
r
ea
th
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
v
a
r
io
u
s
way
s
to
h
an
d
le
lab
o
r
,
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
a
n
y
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
.
Mid
wiv
es
wo
r
k
in
g
in
th
e
lab
o
r
r
o
o
m
ca
n
ea
s
ily
ac
ce
s
s
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
b
iles
wh
en
ca
r
in
g
f
o
r
a
p
r
eg
n
an
t
m
o
th
er
.
As
p
e
r
th
e
r
ev
iew,
th
er
e
a
r
e
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
m
id
wif
er
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
in
th
e
I
n
d
ian
a
p
p
s
t
o
r
e,
an
d
th
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e
lim
ited
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
o
tiv
ate
d
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
au
th
o
r
s
to
ass
es
s
th
e
q
u
ality
,
ef
f
icac
y
,
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
m
o
b
ile
a
p
p
s
m
ea
n
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
lab
o
r
ca
r
e,
with
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
em
p
h
asis
o
n
th
o
s
e
th
at
h
av
e
m
id
wif
er
y
-
em
b
ed
d
e
d
f
ea
tu
r
es.
I
t
also
ai
m
s
to
id
en
tif
y
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
ex
is
tin
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
g
a
p
s
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
alig
n
m
en
t
with
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
p
r
eg
n
a
n
t
wo
m
en
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
to
ap
p
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
,
d
ir
ec
tin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
n
o
v
el
f
ea
tu
r
es,
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
es,
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
o
p
tim
u
m
m
ater
n
al
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t s
tu
d
y
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws
:
−
T
o
f
in
d
an
d
ev
alu
ate
cu
r
r
en
t
m
id
wif
er
y
g
u
i
d
ed
An
d
r
o
id
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
n
lab
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
eir
f
ea
tu
r
es,
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
ten
t r
elev
a
n
cy
,
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
b
ile
r
atin
g
s
ca
le.
−
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
p
d
ev
elo
p
e
r
s
with
ad
v
ice
a
n
d
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
q
u
ality
,
ef
f
icac
y
,
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
m
id
wif
er
y
-
g
u
id
ed
A
n
d
r
o
id
lab
o
r
ass
is
tan
ce
ap
p
s
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
e
d
m
id
wif
er
y
-
g
u
id
ed
m
o
b
ile
lab
o
r
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
ef
icien
cies
in
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e,
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
c
o
n
ten
t
cu
s
to
m
ized
to
m
id
wiv
es'
n
ee
d
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
en
h
an
cin
g
m
ater
n
al
h
ea
lth
,
b
u
t
d
i
d
n
o
t
ad
d
r
ess
lab
o
r
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
o
ls
f
o
r
m
id
wiv
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
ills
th
ese
g
ap
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
a
n
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ap
p
q
u
ality
an
d
m
ater
n
al
ca
r
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
m
o
b
ile
h
e
a
l
t
h
(
m
H
e
a
lt
h
)
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
e
o
n
a
t
a
l
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
.
K
n
o
p
e
t
a
l
.
[
9
]
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
s
y
s
te
m
a
t
i
c
as
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
H
e
a
l
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
l
o
w
-
a
n
d
m
i
d
d
l
e
-
i
n
c
o
m
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
,
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
e
t
o
o
l
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
,
i
n
f
a
n
t
,
a
n
d
c
h
i
l
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
1
,
0
0
0
d
a
y
s
o
f
l
i
f
e
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
s
t
r
e
s
s
e
d
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
o
f
c
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
ic
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
s
o
l
v
e
d
is
t
i
n
ct
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
r
e
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
.
S
i
m
il
a
r
l
y
,
K
i
an
i
a
n
d
P
i
r
z
a
d
e
h
[
1
0
]
ex
am
in
ed
a
m
o
b
ile
a
p
p
licatio
n
m
ea
n
t
to
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ity
am
o
n
g
p
r
e
g
n
an
t
wo
m
en
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ep
id
em
ic.
T
h
e
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
in
v
e
s
tig
ated
th
at
ap
p
licatio
n
-
b
ased
th
er
ap
ies
wit
h
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
m
u
ltime
d
ia
m
ate
r
ial
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ity
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
h
ea
lth
ier
p
r
e
g
n
an
cies.
Sad
eg
h
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
c
o
n
d
u
cted
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
p
r
em
atu
r
ity
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
u
n
d
er
lin
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
in
ter
f
ac
es
an
d
r
eliab
le
m
ate
r
ial
f
o
r
p
r
eg
n
an
t
w
o
m
en
a
n
d
m
id
wiv
e
s
at
r
is
k
o
f
p
r
eter
m
b
ir
th
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
v
o
ca
ted
f
o
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
e
v
alu
atio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
to
ass
ess
ap
p
q
u
ality
co
m
p
letely
.
As
p
er
th
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
will
b
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
to
ass
ess
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
lab
o
r
-
g
u
id
ed
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
m
id
wiv
es.
T
h
i
s
r
ev
iew
will
h
elp
to
id
en
t
if
y
g
a
p
s
in
e
x
is
tin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
ap
p
d
ev
elo
p
e
r
s
o
n
th
e
n
ec
es
s
ity
to
d
esig
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lab
o
r
-
g
u
id
e
d
a
p
p
s
f
o
r
m
id
wiv
es wo
r
k
in
g
i
n
lab
o
r
r
o
o
m
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Desig
n a
nd
s
et
t
ing
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
W
e
co
n
d
u
cted
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
b
o
th
iT
u
n
es
Sto
r
e
(
iOS)
an
d
An
d
r
o
id
m
o
b
ile
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
to
ch
ec
k
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es,
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
m
o
b
i
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
p
r
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Dec
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20
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2
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5270
ap
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licatio
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s
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m
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r
th
e
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m
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esear
ch
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atin
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p
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tin
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ca
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2
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2
.
Sea
rc
h str
a
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wo
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esear
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Feb
r
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2
0
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4
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th
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ch
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k
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s
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s
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r
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h
:
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8
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D
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s
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s
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e
s
B
i
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s
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H
y
p
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n
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d
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o
s
A
p
r
2
0
2
3
S
e
p
2
0
2
3
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0
0
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+
No
No
No
B
i
r
t
h
p
e
d
i
a
i
O
s
Ju
n
e
2
0
2
0
M
a
y
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1
0
0
+
Y
e
s
No
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e
s
A
P
G
O
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n
d
u
c
t
i
o
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o
f
l
a
b
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r
A
n
d
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O
s
F
e
b
2
0
1
9
A
p
r
i
l
2
0
2
3
5
0
0
+
No
No
No
O
b
st
e
t
r
i
c
s
6
th
e
d
i
t
i
o
n
i
O
S
-
-
-
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
M
S
D
ma
n
u
a
l
g
u
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e
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o
o
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st
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d
N
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v
2
0
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9
D
e
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3
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No
No
No
2
.
6
.
M
o
bil
e
a
pp
lica
t
io
n r
a
t
i
ng
s
co
re
MA
R
S
is
a
v
alu
ab
le
p
ar
ad
ig
m
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
in
-
d
e
p
th
ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
s
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
th
o
s
e
in
th
e
h
ea
lth
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
d
o
m
ai
n
s
.
R
o
b
er
ts
et
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
it
with
s
ix
m
ajo
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
en
g
a
g
em
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t
m
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a
n
aly
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u
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er
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ates
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p
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ality
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r
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ata
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s
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if
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c
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en
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u
s
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o
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th
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ap
p
'
s
s
p
ec
ialized
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
wh
er
ea
s
s
u
b
jectiv
e
q
u
ality
ass
ess
es
o
v
er
all
u
s
er
h
a
p
p
in
ess
.
E
ac
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
cl
u
d
es
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r
atin
g
s
ca
le,
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o
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id
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a
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u
a
n
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f
o
r
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m
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r
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-
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th
in
v
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.
MA
R
S
is
an
ex
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llen
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to
o
l
f
o
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esear
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s
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to
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ce
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n
tr
ib
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tin
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to
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g
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wth
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m
o
b
ile
ap
p
q
u
ality
a
n
d
u
s
er
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x
p
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ien
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.
2
.
7
.
T
he
I
Q
VIA f
un
ct
io
na
lity
s
co
re
T
h
e
I
QVI
A
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
s
co
r
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is
th
e
o
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ly
s
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esig
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ed
to
ass
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f
u
n
ctio
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ality
o
f
m
o
b
ile
I
QVI
A
is
n
o
t
an
ac
r
o
n
y
m
b
u
t
th
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m
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o
f
two
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ir
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s
,
I
M
S
h
ea
lth
an
d
q
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in
tiles
.
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h
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a
p
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s
wer
e
ev
al
u
ated
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ased
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s
ev
en
f
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n
ctio
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s
:
i
n
f
o
r
m
in
g
,
in
s
tr
u
ctin
g
,
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
,
p
r
esen
tin
g
,
g
u
id
in
g
,
r
ec
allin
g
,
an
d
e
n
ab
lin
g
d
ata
s
h
ar
in
g
.
T
h
e
I
QVI
A
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
lity
s
co
r
e
s
er
v
es
as
a
k
ey
m
et
r
ic
d
esig
n
ed
to
e
v
alu
ate
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
o
b
ile
h
ea
lth
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
I
QVI
A
—
f
o
r
m
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
er
g
er
o
f
I
MS
h
ea
lth
a
n
d
q
u
in
tiles
—
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
p
r
ac
tic
al
u
s
ab
ilit
y
r
ath
er
th
an
th
eo
r
etica
l
ass
es
s
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
en
co
m
p
ass
es
s
ev
en
ess
en
tial
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
:
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
,
in
s
tr
u
ctin
g
,
r
ec
o
r
d
i
n
g
,
p
r
esen
tin
g
,
g
u
id
in
g
,
r
ec
allin
g
,
an
d
en
a
b
lin
g
d
ata
s
h
ar
in
g
,
ea
ch
r
ef
lectin
g
a
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
h
o
w
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
a
p
p
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
u
s
er
s
in
m
an
ag
in
g
th
eir
h
ea
lth
.
2
.
8
.
Sp
ec
if
ic
s
t
a
t
e
m
ent
s
o
n
la
bo
r
info
rm
a
t
io
n
T
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
in
-
d
ep
t
h
r
ev
iew,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
cr
ea
ted
f
if
teen
ass
er
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
lab
o
r
m
an
ag
em
en
t
.
I
f
th
e
ap
p
co
n
ten
t
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
a
ce
r
tain
ass
er
tio
n
,
it
o
b
t
ain
s
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
o
n
e;
o
th
er
wis
e,
it
r
ec
eiv
es
a
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r
o
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
tatem
en
t r
atin
g
s
co
r
e
was 1
5
.
2
.
9
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l t
ec
hn
iqu
es
D
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5
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c
t
o
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r
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u
d
y
,
a
s
m
o
s
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
9
9
%
)
h
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u
p
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r
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p
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n
s
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5
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d
b
y
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a
b
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b
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
,
w
h
e
r
e
o
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l
y
o
n
e
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u
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o
f
t
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p
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l
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s
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w
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th
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a
c
c
u
r
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c
y
a
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c
i
s
i
o
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.
3
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2
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Ass
ess
m
ent
o
f
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pp
s
qu
a
lity
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o
bil
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ra
t
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2
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is
p
lay
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th
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alu
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o
f
th
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licatio
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g
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ized
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y
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u
ality
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h
e
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ag
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jectiv
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u
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as
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t
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f
5
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ig
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p
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,
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b
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c
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en
to
r
(
4
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,
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-
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o
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s
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6
th
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(
4
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8
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,
an
d
MSD
m
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u
al
g
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id
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s
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(
4
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5
6
)
.
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h
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3
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0
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o
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t
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f
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Similar
f
in
d
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g
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wer
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r
ep
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r
ted
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th
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s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
b
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T
u
ck
er
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
,
w
h
ich
f
o
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n
d
th
at
ap
p
s
co
n
tain
in
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ev
id
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ased
in
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o
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ip
ar
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m
ca
r
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co
r
ed
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ig
h
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th
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m
etr
ics.
Ho
wev
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,
n
o
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r
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elatio
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was
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o
u
n
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
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o
f
ev
id
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ased
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t
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d
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m
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o
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ap
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Ov
er
all,
th
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lts
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ip
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ap
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ater
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tiv
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Frid
et
a
l
.
[
1
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]
also
f
o
u
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d
th
at
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
ap
p
licatio
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s
p
r
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ar
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m
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ca
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A
s
tu
d
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cted
b
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et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
s
u
b
jectiv
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
MA
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ay
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
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is
k
o
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ased
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alu
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Ho
wev
er
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o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
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e
d
all
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o
m
ain
s
o
f
MA
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f
o
r
th
e
e
v
alu
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.
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h
e
s
u
b
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u
a
lity
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co
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cte
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ately
b
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latin
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MA
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8
9
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E
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S
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5273
3
.
3
.
App ra
t
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pecif
ic
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a
t
em
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T
ab
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3
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Deliv
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6
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1
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d
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s
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.
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Similar
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Asad
o
llah
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
,
wh
ich
f
o
u
n
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th
at
6
6
% o
f
th
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ap
p
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ater
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.
Apps
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al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
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o
les
T
ax
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n
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y
(
C
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ed
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to
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ec
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ize
in
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al
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th
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co
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tio
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,
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ed
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ce
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th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
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tes,
an
d
f
ac
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ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
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D
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Vi
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P
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✓
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Swap
n
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Vitt
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ah
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Po
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San
g
ee
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a
X.
✓
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Ku
m
ar
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im
p
le
✓
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✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
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o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
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d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
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s
t
i
g
a
t
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R
:
R
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so
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r
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e
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D
:
D
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t
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C
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:
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f
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ter
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wo
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k
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e
p
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te
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t
h
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p
ap
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.
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th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
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co
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
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AL
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
r
ec
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d
ap
p
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o
v
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f
r
o
m
th
e
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
R
esear
ch
C
o
m
m
ittee.
As
th
is
i
s
a
r
ev
iew
ar
ticle,
n
o
eth
ical
clea
r
an
ce
in
v
o
lv
in
g
h
u
m
an
o
r
an
im
al
s
u
b
jects
was
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
co
m
p
lies
with
all
r
elev
an
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
an
d
n
atio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
ten
e
ts
o
f
th
e
Helsin
k
i
Dec
lar
atio
n
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
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tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
i
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g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
av
ailab
l
e
f
r
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m
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
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n
d
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g
au
t
h
o
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,
[
L
P],
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
a
b
le
r
e
q
u
est.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
d
ata
ar
e
n
o
t
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
as
t
h
ey
co
n
tain
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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t
h
at
co
u
ld
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1]
C
.
N
i
l
ss
o
n
,
O
.
A
.
O
l
a
f
sd
o
t
t
i
r
,
I
.
Lu
n
d
g
r
e
n
,
M
.
B
e
r
g
,
a
n
d
L.
D
e
l
l
e
n
b
o
r
g
,
“
M
i
d
w
i
v
e
s’
c
a
r
e
o
n
a
l
a
b
o
r
w
a
r
d
p
r
i
o
r
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
m
i
d
w
i
f
e
r
y
mo
d
e
l
o
f
c
a
r
e
:
a
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
t
e
n
s
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Q
u
a
l
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t
a
t
i
v
e
S
t
u
d
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e
s
o
n
H
e
a
l
t
h
a
n
d
W
e
l
l
-
b
e
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n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
7
4
8
2
6
3
1
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
5
9
3
0
3
7
.
[
2]
I
.
K
.
M
o
i
s
e
,
N
.
I
v
a
n
o
v
a
,
C
.
W
i
l
so
n
,
S
.
W
i
l
s
o
n
,
H
.
H
a
l
w
i
n
d
i
,
a
n
d
V
.
M
.
S
p
i
k
a
,
“
L
e
sso
n
s
f
r
o
m
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
e
n
a
b
l
e
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
r
o
n
a
v
i
r
u
s
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
n
d
b
i
r
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
mes
:
a
g
l
o
b
a
l
sco
p
i
n
g
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
BM
C
Pre
g
n
a
n
c
y
C
h
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l
d
b
i
r
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
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a
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2
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3
,
d
o
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:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s1
2
8
8
4
-
0
2
3
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0
5
4
5
4
-
3.
[
3]
L.
Lu
n
d
b
o
r
g
,
I
.
-
M
.
A
n
d
e
r
ss
o
n
,
a
n
d
B
.
H
ö
g
l
u
n
d
,
“
M
i
d
w
i
v
e
s’
r
e
s
p
o
n
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
n
o
r
ma
l
b
i
r
t
h
i
n
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
t
e
a
ms
:
a
S
w
e
d
i
s
h
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
st
u
d
y
,
”
Mi
d
w
i
f
e
ry
,
v
o
l
.
7
7
,
p
p
.
9
5
–
1
0
0
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
m
i
d
w
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
7
.
0
0
3
.
[
4]
F
.
M
i
r
z
a
e
e
a
n
d
M
.
D
e
h
g
h
a
n
,
“
A
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
t
r
u
st
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
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r
-
m
i
d
w
i
f
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r
e
l
a
t
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o
n
s
h
i
p
:
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
t
h
e
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
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O
b
s
t
e
t
r
i
c
s
a
n
d
G
y
n
e
c
o
l
o
g
y
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n
t
e
rn
a
t
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l
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v
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.
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0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
,
O
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2
0
2
0
,
d
o
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:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/
2
0
2
0
/
9
1
8
5
3
1
3
.
[
5]
B
.
C
a
r
v
a
j
a
l
,
A
.
H
a
n
c
o
c
k
,
K
.
Le
w
n
e
y
,
K
.
H
a
g
a
n
,
S
.
J
a
mi
e
s
o
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
C
o
o
k
e
,
“
A
g
l
o
b
a
l
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
f
m
i
d
w
i
v
e
s’
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
:
A
r
a
p
i
d
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
n
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
,
”
Wo
m
e
n
a
n
d
Bi
r
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
–
5
0
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
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:
1
0
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1
0
1
6
/
j
.
w
o
m
b
i
.
2
0
2
3
.
0
8
.
0
0
7
.
[
6]
V
.
W
a
t
k
i
n
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
r
o
l
e
a
n
d
sc
o
p
e
o
f
c
o
n
t
e
mp
o
r
a
r
y
mi
d
w
i
f
e
r
y
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
i
n
A
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
:
a
sc
o
p
i
n
g
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
”
Wo
m
e
n
a
n
d
Bi
rt
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
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3
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mb
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[
7]
L.
H
.
I
w
a
y
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
a
r
l
y
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a
b
o
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a
p
p
:
d
e
v
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l
o
p
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g
a
p
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a
c
t
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c
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-
b
a
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d
mo
b
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l
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h
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a
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t
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a
p
p
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i
c
a
t
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o
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f
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r
d
i
g
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t
a
l
e
a
r
l
y
l
a
b
o
u
r
su
p
p
o
r
t
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
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J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
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rm
a
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s
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7
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[
8]
F
.
M
.
D
.
L.
C
.
S
o
u
z
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
f
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t
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v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
a
p
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c
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t
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n
s
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p
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n
a
n
t
w
o
me
n
’
s
a
d
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
t
o
p
r
e
n
a
t
a
l
c
o
n
su
l
t
a
t
i
o
n
s:
r
a
n
d
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m
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z
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d
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c
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v
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Br
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.
[
9]
M
.
R
.
K
n
o
p
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
mH
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a
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t
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n
t
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v
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n
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t
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a
l
,
n
e
w
b
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n
,
a
n
d
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h
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l
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h
e
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l
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[
14
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[
23
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