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t
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l J
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if
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I
J
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M
in
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d
p
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d
u
c
ts
a
n
d
sy
s
tem
s
h
a
v
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m
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s
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wit
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n
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l
in
t
h
e
m
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wit
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c
re
a
sin
g
e
m
p
h
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sis
o
n
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n
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d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
g
re
e
n
e
n
e
rg
y
.
A
u
to
m
o
t
iv
e
,
a
stro
n
o
m
ica
l,
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
a
n
d
m
e
d
ica
l
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
ju
st
a
fe
w
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
stries
wh
e
re
m
icro
e
lec
tro
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
sy
ste
m
s
(M
EM
S
)
h
a
v
e
fo
u
n
d
u
se
.
In
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
t
o
th
a
t,
m
icro
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
h
e
a
t
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
rs
(M
CHX
)
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
c
re
a
ted
in
re
sp
o
n
se
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
c
o
o
li
n
g
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s fo
r
th
e
se
sm
a
ll
sy
ste
m
s.
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
se
M
CHX
is
imp
o
rtan
t
f
o
r
imp
ro
v
i
n
g
th
e
o
v
e
ra
ll
sy
ste
m
e
f
ficie
n
c
y
.
In
th
is
w
o
rk
,
two
p
o
p
u
lar
s
o
c
io
-
in
sp
ired
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
a
r
y
a
lg
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rit
h
m
s
v
iz.
t
e
a
c
h
in
g
lea
rn
in
g
-
b
a
se
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
(TL
BO)
a
n
d
c
o
h
o
rt
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(CI)
a
re
a
p
p
li
e
d
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
iz
in
g
th
re
e
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
o
we
r
d
e
n
si
ty
,
c
o
m
p
a
c
tn
e
ss
fa
c
to
r,
a
n
d
h
e
a
t
tran
sfe
r
wit
h
p
re
ss
u
re
d
r
o
p
(H
TP
D)
f
o
r
a
ir
-
wa
ter
M
CHX
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
o
b
t
a
in
e
d
a
re
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
imp
r
o
v
e
d
wh
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
with
g
e
n
e
ti
c
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
(GA
).
M
o
re
o
v
e
r,
b
o
t
h
th
e
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
a
re
o
b
se
rv
e
d
t
o
b
e
r
o
b
u
st.
T
h
is
st
u
d
y
in
v
e
stig
a
tes
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
so
c
io
-
in
sp
i
re
d
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(AI) alg
o
rit
h
m
s to
su
p
p
o
rt
t
h
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
h
e
a
t
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
rs,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
t
h
e
ir
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
to
a
d
d
re
ss
c
o
m
p
lex
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s m
o
re
e
fficie
n
tl
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
h
o
r
t in
tellig
en
ce
alg
o
r
ith
m
Mic
r
o
ch
an
n
el
h
ea
t e
x
ch
a
n
g
er
Op
tim
izatio
n
So
cio
-
in
s
p
ir
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alg
o
r
ith
m
s
T
L
B
O
alg
o
r
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m
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
An
ik
et
Nar
g
u
n
d
k
ar
Sy
m
b
io
s
is
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Sy
m
b
io
s
is
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
(
Dee
m
ed
Un
iv
er
s
ity
)
L
av
ale,
Pu
n
e,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
an
ik
et.
n
ar
g
u
n
d
k
ar
@
s
itp
u
n
e.
e
d
u
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
h
as
tak
en
o
n
ex
tr
e
m
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
in
a
wo
r
ld
wh
er
e
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
k
ee
p
s
r
is
in
g
an
d
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
co
m
e
o
u
t
g
r
ea
ter
an
d
lar
g
er
.
E
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
h
av
e
b
ee
n
a
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
to
wo
r
k
u
p
o
n
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
e
s
am
e,
h
ea
t
ex
ch
an
g
er
s
p
lay
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
eir
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
ey
m
ay
u
s
e
less
en
er
g
y
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
a
m
o
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
o
p
ti
o
n
f
o
r
h
ea
tin
g
,
co
o
lin
g
,
an
d
r
e
f
r
ig
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
R
ed
u
ce
d
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
e
r
esu
lts
in
less
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
less
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
waste
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
o
p
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atio
n
s
,
an
d
ex
h
a
u
s
t
g
ases
ca
n
all
b
e
co
llected
an
d
u
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
ea
t
e
x
ch
a
n
g
er
s
.
T
h
e
e
n
tire
en
er
g
y
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t
an
d
waste
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
is
r
ec
o
v
er
e
d
h
ea
t
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
h
o
m
e
h
o
t
wate
r
an
d
s
p
ac
e
h
ea
tin
g
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
all
th
e
p
o
in
ts
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
h
ea
t e
x
c
h
an
g
e
r
s
,
s
ize,
weig
h
t
,
an
d
in
ef
f
icien
t
h
ea
t tr
an
s
f
er
ar
e
th
e
m
a
jo
r
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
.
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wev
er
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ast
f
ew
d
ec
ad
es,
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
m
in
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r
ized
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
is
q
u
ite
en
h
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d
o
win
g
to
t
h
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d
is
r
u
p
tiv
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tech
n
o
lo
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ac
r
o
s
s
v
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s
d
o
m
ain
s
s
u
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as
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r
o
s
p
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b
io
-
m
ed
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s
em
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d
u
cto
r
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
an
d
a
u
to
m
o
tiv
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.
T
h
is
h
as
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
icr
o
ch
a
n
n
el
h
ea
t
ex
ch
an
g
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r
s
(
MCHX
)
.
T
o
m
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et
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g
r
o
win
g
c
o
o
lin
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r
eq
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m
all
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MCHX
h
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b
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.
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ically
,
s
u
ch
s
y
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h
av
e
a
d
iam
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th
at
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s
m
aller
th
an
1
m
m
in
s
ize.
Fu
r
th
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m
o
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e
,
th
e
ar
ea
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2
2
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9
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I
n
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tif
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tell
,
Vo
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4
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No
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6
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an
1
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MCHX
h
as
s
ev
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v
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tag
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in
clu
d
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g
a
h
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h
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f
lu
x
,
a
s
m
aller
s
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a
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h
ter
weig
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t,
an
d
a
h
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h
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er
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y
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f
icien
c
y
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T
h
i
s
h
as
en
ab
led
MCHX
to
tack
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an
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e
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f
ch
allen
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g
t
h
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m
o
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h
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d
r
au
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is
s
u
es th
at
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av
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p
lag
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ed
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
ac
ad
em
ics an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
[
1
]
.
Sev
er
al
d
esig
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
eo
m
etr
ical
n
o
v
elties
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
th
er
m
o
-
h
y
d
r
au
lic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MCHX
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
2
]
–
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
ex
is
t
v
ar
io
u
s
k
e
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
d
icato
r
s
(
KPI
s
)
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
t
f
lu
x
,
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
r
o
p
,
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
(
PD)
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
f
o
r
th
e
m
icr
o
a
n
d
m
in
i
s
ized
h
ea
t
ex
ch
an
g
e
r
s
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
cr
ite
r
ia
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
as
co
m
p
ac
tn
ess
f
ac
to
r
(
C
F)
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
c
r
iter
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a
r
e
to
b
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m
a
x
im
ized
(
C
F,
PD,
h
ea
t
f
lu
x
)
w
h
ile
o
th
er
s
(
th
er
m
al
r
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tan
ce
,
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
r
o
p
)
ar
e
to
b
e
m
in
i
m
ized
wh
ich
ar
e
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n
s
id
er
ed
as
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
h
ea
t
f
lu
x
,
o
r
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
ea
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
e
r
u
n
it
ar
e
a,
in
cr
ea
s
es
as
th
e
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Du
e
t
o
its
s
m
aller
s
ize
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
r
s
y
s
tem
h
as
less
s
p
ac
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
h
ea
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
an
d
ca
n
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
o
f
s
u
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
[
7
]
.
Fo
r
m
icr
o
d
ev
ices,
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
air
-
c
o
o
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
was
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
ate
o
f
h
ea
t
tr
a
n
s
f
er
,
liq
u
i
d
co
o
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
c
r
ea
ted
[
8
]
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
r
ev
iewe
d
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
MC
HX.
Su
r
an
d
Gu
lia
[
9
]
r
ev
iew
ed
MCHX,
m
icr
o
ch
an
n
el
h
ea
t
s
in
k
an
d
p
o
ly
m
er
h
ea
t
ex
c
h
an
g
e
r
s
an
d
p
u
t
f
o
r
war
d
th
eir
o
p
in
i
o
n
o
n
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
e
n
d
s
o
f
MCHX.
Xio
n
g
et
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
g
i
v
en
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
o
n
f
u
tu
r
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
o
n
two
-
p
h
ase
f
lo
w
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
MCHX.
R
ec
en
tly
,
m
an
y
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
MCHX.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
er
ed
u
s
u
ally
ar
e
f
in
p
itch
,
ch
an
n
el
h
ei
g
h
t,
c
h
an
n
el
wid
th
,
n
o
.
o
f
ch
a
n
n
els
p
e
r
tu
b
e
an
d
len
g
th
o
f
MCHX
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
id
ea
l
g
e
o
m
etr
y
o
f
a
h
ea
t
ex
ch
an
g
e
r
h
as
b
ee
n
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
g
eo
m
etr
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
o
w
p
itch
,
f
in
p
itch
,
wall
th
ic
k
n
ess
,
an
d
ch
an
n
el
co
u
n
t,
o
n
h
ea
t
g
en
er
at
io
n
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
r
o
p
,
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
i
cien
cy
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
ac
tn
ess
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
d
u
c
t
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
f
lu
en
t
m
o
d
u
le
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
o
p
tim
izatio
n
v
i
a
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
GA
)
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
[
1
3
]
.
Desig
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
ch
an
n
el
h
ea
t
s
in
k
was
ac
h
iev
ed
with
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
er
m
o
-
h
y
d
r
au
lic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
a
d
is
k
-
s
h
ap
e
d
an
d
ellip
tical
p
in
f
i
n
m
icr
o
c
h
an
n
el
h
ea
t sin
k
was c
ar
r
ie
d
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es
ar
e
class
if
ie
d
i
n
tw
o
b
r
o
ad
v
er
tic
als
v
iz
.
d
et
e
r
m
i
n
is
tic
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ati
o
n
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
s
.
D
ete
r
m
i
n
is
t
ic
te
ch
n
i
q
u
es
a
r
e
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
e
r
ic
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
ca
lc
u
la
tes
th
e
e
x
a
ct
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
o
f
a
p
r
o
b
le
m
w
h
e
r
e
as
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
a
r
e
ar
ti
f
ic
ial
in
tel
lig
en
ce
(
A
I
)
b
ase
d
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es
w
h
ic
h
e
x
p
l
o
r
es
t
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e
a
n
d
q
u
ic
k
l
y
c
o
n
v
er
g
es
t
o
t
h
e
g
l
o
b
a
l o
p
ti
m
u
m
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
g
l
o
b
al
o
p
ti
m
u
m
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
t
h
e
ex
ac
t
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
r
at
h
er
ess
e
n
ti
all
y
b
e
in
g
t
h
e
n
e
ar
est
p
o
i
n
t
.
As
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
c
o
m
p
l
ex
it
y
in
c
r
ea
s
e
an
d
p
r
o
b
l
em
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
NP
-
h
a
r
d
,
t
h
e
d
ete
r
m
i
n
is
ti
c
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
ail
t
o
f
i
n
d
th
e
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
n
it
e
t
im
e.
H
en
ce
,
th
er
e
e
x
is
ts
v
ar
io
u
s
A
I
b
as
e
d
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
l
ex
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
A
l
l
t
h
es
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
n
tia
l
l
y
n
a
t
u
r
e
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
G
A
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
a
n
n
ea
l
i
n
g
(
S
A
)
[
1
9
]
,
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
w
a
r
m
o
p
t
i
m
i
za
ti
o
n
(
P
S
O
)
[
2
0
]
a
r
e
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
m
i
n
e
n
t
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
.
T
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
c
i
et
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
r
e
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
a
s
s
o
c
i
o
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
za
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
l
e
a
g
u
e
c
h
am
p
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
[
2
1
]
,
s
o
c
c
e
r
l
e
a
g
u
e
c
o
m
p
et
i
ti
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
[
2
2
]
,
i
d
e
o
l
o
g
y
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
[
2
3
]
,
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
-
b
a
s
e
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
(
T
L
B
O
)
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
a
r
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
o
f
s
o
c
i
o
b
a
s
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
O
n
e
s
u
c
h
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
i
s
c
o
h
o
r
t
i
n
t
e
l
li
g
e
n
c
e
(
C
I
)
a
n
d
i
t
s
v
a
r
ia
t
i
o
n
s
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
a
s
t
,
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
C
I
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
a
r
e
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
f
o
r
o
p
t
im
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
p
a
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
f
o
r
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
wo
r
k
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
f
r
o
m
[
1
2
]
wh
e
r
ein
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tatio
n
,
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
ellin
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
u
s
in
g
GA
o
f
ai
r
-
wate
r
MCHX
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
T
L
B
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
C
I
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
m
ax
im
izin
g
th
e
PD
,
CF
,
an
d
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ate
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
r
o
p
.
Mu
ltiv
ar
iate
o
p
tim
izatio
n
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
“Fin
p
itch
(
F_
p
)
,
tr
a
n
s
v
er
s
al
MCHX
tu
b
e
r
o
w
p
it
ch
(
P_
t)
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
m
all
ch
an
n
els p
er
m
u
ltip
o
r
t t
u
b
e
(
n
_
s
c)
an
d
m
u
ltip
o
r
t tu
b
es
wall
th
ick
n
ess
(
t_
wall)
”
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
ap
e
r
is
a
s
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
at
h
em
atica
l
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
an
d
e
x
p
lain
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Sectio
n
3
s
h
ar
es
th
e
r
es
u
lts
a
,
lo
n
g
with
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
eir
im
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
p
ap
er
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
.
2.
P
RO
B
L
E
M
F
O
R
M
U
L
AT
I
O
N
AND
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
[
1
3
]
.
Fo
u
r
v
ar
ia
b
les
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
v
iz.
f
i
n
p
i
tch
in
m
m
(
1
)
,
tu
b
e
r
o
w
p
itch
i
n
m
m
(
2
)
,
n
o
.
o
f
s
m
all
ch
an
n
els p
er
t
u
b
e
(
3
)
,
a
n
d
tu
b
e
wall
th
ick
n
ess
in
m
m
(
4
)
.
‒
Po
wer
d
en
s
ity
:
PD
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as
th
e
r
atio
r
ate
o
f
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
p
er
u
n
it
m
ass
to
th
e
r
ate
o
f
h
ea
t
t
r
an
s
f
e
r
p
er
u
n
it
m
ass
o
f
r
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P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
S
t
o
p
p
i
n
g
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
TLB
O
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
z
e
=
1
0
0
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
v
a
l
u
e
i
s
l
e
ss
t
h
a
n
10
−
16
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
=
5
0
0
CI
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
s
=5
V
a
l
u
e
o
f
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
=
0
.
9
9
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
b
tain
e
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
T
L
B
O
an
d
C
I
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
a
r
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
E
ac
h
p
r
o
b
lem
was
s
o
lv
ed
3
0
tim
es,
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
an
d
b
est
r
esu
lts
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
T
h
e
SD
is
also
in
clu
d
ed
to
in
d
icate
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Fo
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
ag
ain
s
t
th
o
s
e
o
b
ta
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
GA,
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
3
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
a
lly
,
th
e
tab
le
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
v
ar
ia
b
les
alo
n
g
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
v
alu
es.
T
ab
le
2
.
So
lu
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
T
L
B
O
an
d
C
I
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
GA
[
1
3
]
TLB
O
CI
P
o
w
e
r
d
e
n
si
t
y
1
2
1
1
.
8
4
9
1
2
20
10
1
0
.
4
4
1
2
3
20
20
1
9
.
8
6
2
0
4
0
.
2
0
.
6
0
.
3
9
4
6
M
e
a
n
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
NA
2
6
.
5
3
7
1
2
4
.
9
6
3
3
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
-
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
NA
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
B
e
st
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
2
7
.
0
1
3
6
2
6
.
5
3
7
1
2
4
.
9
6
3
3
M
e
a
n
r
u
n
t
i
me
i
n
se
c
o
n
d
s
30
0
.
6
8
3
2
0
.
0
8
1
0
C
o
m
p
a
c
t
n
e
ss
f
a
c
t
o
r
1
1
1
1
.
8
0
4
9
2
10
1
7
.
2
8
5
5
1
7
.
5
7
3
6
3
20
20
20
4
0
.
2
0
.
6
0
.
2
7
0
8
M
e
a
n
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
NA
3
6
.
5
1
1
1
3
6
.
3
1
4
8
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
-
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
NA
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
B
e
st
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
3
6
.
1
3
8
6
3
6
.
5
1
1
1
3
6
.
3
1
4
8
M
e
a
n
r
u
n
t
i
me
i
n
se
c
o
n
d
s
30
0
.
6
6
1
1
0
.
1
0
3
5
H
TPD
1
2
1
1
2
10
10
10
3
20
20
20
4
0
.
6
0
.
2
0
.
3
3
8
1
M
e
a
n
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
NA
2
.
5
8
2
4
2
.
5
7
9
6
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
-
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
NA
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
B
e
st
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
1
.
4
5
4
1
2
.
5
8
2
4
2
.
5
7
9
6
M
e
a
n
r
u
n
t
i
me
i
n
se
c
o
n
d
s
30
0
.
6
5
0
4
0
.
1
1
2
3
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
p
lo
t
f
o
r
T
L
B
O
an
d
C
I
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
HT
PD,
r
esu
lts
o
f
T
L
B
O
an
d
C
I
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
7
7
.
5
9
%
an
d
7
7
.
4
0
%
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
GA
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
t
h
er
m
o
-
h
y
d
r
au
lic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MCHX
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
w
ar
d
s
g
r
ee
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
f
u
t
u
r
e.
Fo
r
C
F
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
er
e
is
m
ar
g
in
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
1
.
0
3
%
an
d
0
.
4
8
%
with
T
L
B
O
an
d
C
I
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
SD
f
o
r
T
L
B
O
an
d
C
I
is
v
er
y
m
in
im
al
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
atin
g
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
(
a)
to
3
(
f
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
p
lo
ts
f
o
r
T
L
B
O
an
d
C
I
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
5
:
5
3
0
3
-
5
3
1
0
5308
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(f)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
p
lo
ts
with
T
L
B
O
an
d
C
I
alg
o
r
it
hm
:
(
a)
PD w
ith
T
L
B
O
,
(
b
)
C
F with
T
L
B
O
,
(
c)
HT
PD w
ith
T
L
B
O
,
(
d
)
PD w
ith
C
I
,
(
e)
C
F with
C
I
,
an
d
(
f
)
HT
PD w
ith
C
I
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
two
s
o
cio
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
T
L
B
O
an
d
C
I
ar
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
ai
r
/water
MCHX.
T
h
r
ee
o
b
ject
iv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
v
iz.
PD,
C
F
,
an
d
HT
PD.
All th
e
s
e
o
b
jectiv
es a
r
e
to
b
e
m
ax
im
ized
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
MCHX.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
GA.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
HT
PD
p
r
o
b
lem
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
(
b
y
7
7
.
5
9
%
an
d
7
7
.
4
0
%
)
with
T
L
B
O
an
d
C
I
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
r
ep
o
r
ted
GA
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
A
m
ar
g
in
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
1
.
0
3
%
an
d
0
.
4
8
%
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
with
T
L
B
O
an
d
C
I
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
SD
v
alid
ates
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
a
p
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
cio
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
h
ea
t
ex
ch
an
g
er
s
.
I
n
th
e
n
ea
r
f
u
tu
r
e,
th
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
,
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
an
d
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
r
o
m
MCHX
d
o
m
ain
co
u
ld
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
with
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
P
a
r
a
metric o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f m
icro
ch
a
n
n
el
h
ea
t e
xc
h
a
n
g
er u
s
in
g
s
o
cio
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
a
lg
o
r
ith
ms
(
V
ika
s
Gu
lia
)
5309
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Vik
as Gu
lia
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
An
ik
et
Nar
g
u
n
d
k
ar
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
a
v
ailab
le
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Y
.
F
a
n
a
n
d
L
.
L
u
o
,
“
R
e
c
e
n
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
m
i
c
r
o
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
h
e
a
t
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
r
s
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
-
sc
a
l
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
H
e
a
t
T
ra
n
s
f
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
6
1
–
4
7
4
,
2
0
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