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r
a
t
i
n
g
d
e
s
i
r
e
d
o
u
t
p
u
ts
o
r
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
g
o
a
l
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
i
s
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
i
n
v
o
lv
e
s
c
r
a
f
t
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
ct
i
v
e
p
a
t
te
r
n
s
o
r
t
e
m
p
l
a
t
es
t
o
h
e
l
p
m
o
d
e
l
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
i
v
e
n
t
a
s
k
,
es
p
e
c
i
al
l
y
i
n
c
as
e
s
t
h
a
t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
r
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
o
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
t
h
a
t
h
a
s
y
e
t
t
o
b
e
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
l
y
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
i
n
A
P
R
is
c
h
ai
n
-
of
-
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
(
C
o
T
)
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
.
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
i
s
a
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
t
h
a
t
g
u
i
d
es
L
L
M
s
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
t
e
p
-
by
-
s
t
e
p
e
x
p
l
an
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
f
i
n
a
l
a
n
s
w
e
r
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
h
a
s
p
r
o
v
e
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
e
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
L
L
M
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
t
as
k
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
a
r
i
t
h
m
et
i
c
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
[
1
1
]
.
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
L
L
Ms
t
o
d
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
i
n
t
o
s
i
m
p
l
e
r
s
u
b
-
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
m
o
r
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
A
P
R
,
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
c
a
n
a
s
s
is
t
L
L
M
s
i
n
b
e
tt
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
th
e
b
u
g
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
,
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
i
ts
c
a
u
s
es
,
a
n
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
f
i
x
e
s
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
t
o
e
x
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
a
n
d
d
esig
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es,
b
ased
o
n
r
elev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
L
L
M
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
APR
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
will
b
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
wi
th
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ev
alu
ate
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
a
n
d
co
s
t
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Stan
d
ar
d
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
is
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
er
e
a
m
o
d
el
is
g
iv
en
a
q
u
esti
o
n
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
f
in
al
an
s
wer
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
g
u
id
es
th
e
m
o
d
el
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
b
e
f
o
r
e
g
en
er
atin
g
th
e
f
i
n
al
an
s
wer
.
T
h
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
will
u
s
e
th
e
Qu
ix
B
u
g
s
d
ataset
[
1
3
]
,
wh
ic
h
is
a
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
d
esig
n
ed
to
test
APR
ca
p
ab
ilit
i
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
Qu
ix
B
u
g
s
d
ataset
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
APR
s
t
u
d
ies
to
ass
ess
co
d
e
r
ep
air
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
r
esu
lts
in
clu
d
e
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
L
L
M'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
g
e
n
er
atin
g
co
r
r
ec
t
co
d
e
r
e
p
air
s
o
n
th
e
Qu
ix
B
u
g
s
d
ataset,
as
well
as
a
co
s
t
esti
m
ate
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
to
k
en
s
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
f
o
r
APR
an
d
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
L
L
M
m
o
d
els
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
an
d
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
t
in
g
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
s
et
T
h
e
d
a
t
a
s
e
t
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
Q
u
i
x
B
u
g
s
,
a
b
e
n
c
h
m
a
r
k
c
o
m
p
r
i
s
i
n
g
4
0
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
w
i
t
h
b
u
g
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
b
o
t
h
P
y
t
h
o
n
an
d
J
a
v
a
[
1
5
]
.
Q
u
i
x
B
u
g
s
w
as
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
i
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
w
el
l
-
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
t
es
t
c
as
e
s
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
u
ti
l
i
ze
d
t
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
es
o
f
c
o
d
e
r
e
p
a
i
r
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
b
u
g
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
i
n
Q
u
ix
B
u
g
s
e
n
c
o
m
p
as
s
a
w
i
d
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
e
r
r
o
r
s
in
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
l
o
g
i
c
al
,
a
r
i
t
h
m
et
i
c
,
a
n
d
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
c
a
l
l
e
r
r
o
r
s
.
2
.
2
.
Ut
ilizin
g
t
he
L
L
M
s
m
o
dels
wit
h AP
I
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
s
v
ar
io
u
s
L
L
Ms
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
f
o
r
AP
R
task
s
,
a
s
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
W
e
u
s
ed
1
0
p
u
b
lic
L
L
Ms
th
at
wer
e
r
elea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
m
id
u
n
til
th
e
en
d
o
f
2
0
2
4
an
d
it
co
u
l
d
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
v
ia
API
,
s
u
ch
as
G
PT
-
4
o
,
o
1
-
Pre
v
iew
,
o
1
-
m
i
n
i,
C
lau
d
e
-
3
.
5
-
So
n
n
et
,
L
lam
a
-
3
.
3
-
70
B
,
Gem
in
i
-
1
.
5
-
Pro
,
Gem
in
i
-
1
.
5
-
Flas
h
,
Gr
o
k
-
B
eta
,
an
d
Gr
o
k
-
2
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
in
d
ex
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
ar
tific
ial
an
aly
s
i
s
[
1
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
Dee
p
Seek
-
V3
m
o
d
el,
a
n
ew
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
p
o
ten
tial
in
co
d
e
r
e
p
air
task
s
[
1
7
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
d
els with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
L
L
M
m
o
d
els u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
M
o
d
e
l
A
P
I
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
To
t
a
l
p
a
r
a
ms
O
p
e
n
so
u
r
c
e
R
e
l
e
a
s
e
d
a
t
e
(
2
0
2
4
)
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
c
u
t
o
f
f
P
r
i
c
e
/
1
M
T
o
k
e
n
(
U
S
D
)
A
P
I
e
n
d
p
o
i
n
t
I
n
p
u
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
G
P
T
-
4o
A
z
u
r
e
-
No
0
6
A
u
g
.
O
c
t
.
2
3
2
.
5
10
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
r
i
a
k
g
u
.
o
p
e
n
a
i
.
a
z
u
r
e
.
c
o
m
G
r
o
k
-
B
e
t
a
x
A
I
-
No
1
3
A
u
g
.
-
5
15
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
a
p
i
.
x
.
a
i
G
r
o
k
-
2
x
A
I
-
No
1
3
A
u
g
.
-
2
10
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
a
p
i
.
x
.
a
i
o1
-
m
i
n
i
O
p
e
n
A
I
-
No
1
2
S
e
p
.
O
c
t
.
2
3
3
12
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
a
p
i
.
o
p
e
n
a
i
.
c
o
m
o1
-
P
r
e
v
i
e
w
O
p
e
n
A
I
-
No
1
2
S
e
p
.
O
c
t
.
2
3
15
60
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
a
p
i
.
o
p
e
n
a
i
.
c
o
m
G
e
mi
n
i
-
1
.
5
-
F
l
a
s
h
G
o
o
g
l
e
-
No
2
4
S
e
p
.
A
u
g
.
2
4
.
0
7
5
.3
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
.
g
o
o
g
l
e
a
p
i
s
.
c
o
m
G
e
mi
n
i
-
1
.
5
-
Pro
G
o
o
g
l
e
-
No
2
4
S
e
p
.
A
u
g
.
2
4
1
.
2
5
5
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
.
g
o
o
g
l
e
a
p
i
s
.
c
o
m
C
l
a
u
d
e
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iles
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te
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ea
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ir
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t a
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ail
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ile
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g
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il
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te
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tr
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a
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p
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te
m
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l
ate
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T
h
e
C
o
T
o
r
s
t
a
n
d
ar
d
p
r
o
m
p
t
t
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l
ate
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b
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itt
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d
t
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h
e
L
L
M
th
r
o
u
g
h
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n
AP
I
t
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e
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te
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r
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o
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e
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n
s
is
t
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
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ai
r
e
d
c
o
d
e
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h
e
r
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o
n
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e
is
e
x
t
r
a
cte
d
t
o
o
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tai
n
th
e
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el
ev
a
n
t c
o
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e
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eg
m
e
n
t t
h
at
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e
r
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as t
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l
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o
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ti
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g
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h
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ai
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co
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s
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v
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li
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h
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d
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o
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ll
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te
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h
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n
u
m
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t
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s
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d
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y
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e
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e
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h
e
r
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o
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e
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o
esti
m
at
e
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M
s
e
r
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ic
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t
h
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l
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o
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h
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Ms
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
APR
w
o
r
k
f
lo
w
2
.
5
.
T
he
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n a
nd
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a
l
ua
t
io
n m
et
ho
ds
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h
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v
alid
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s
tag
e
aim
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ate
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p
r
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th
at
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g
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av
e
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r
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ec
tl
y
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ix
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h
e
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
f
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r
th
e
v
alid
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n
p
r
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ce
s
s
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tem
atica
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ly
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ep
icted
in
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h
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wch
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t
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as
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
c
o
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e
r
ea
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
test
r
esu
lts
.
B
ef
o
r
e
v
alid
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n
b
eg
i
n
s
,
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e
co
d
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
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r
o
m
th
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L
L
M
r
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e
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m
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ally
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o
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ly
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e
lev
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cr
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e
L
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M
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Py
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[
2
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u
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.
T
h
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v
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wo
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k
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I
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ter
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,
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d
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s
in
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th
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m
etr
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f
p
lau
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p
atch
es
[
2
6
]
.
A
p
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d
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m
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p
lau
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if
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3
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4583
th
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ite
[
2
7
]
.
B
y
em
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lo
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in
g
p
lau
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p
atch
es
as
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et
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3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
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lts
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e
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u
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b
y
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d
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wh
ich
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4
0
b
u
g
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y
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g
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am
s
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h
e
ev
al
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atio
n
in
v
o
lv
e
d
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
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to
k
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s
ag
e
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ea
ch
test
in
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ce
n
ar
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o
.
3
.
1
.
T
he
co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
mo
del per
f
o
rm
a
nce
ba
s
ed
o
n t
he
nu
m
ber
o
f
pla
us
ibl
e
pa
t
ches
Mo
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
lau
s
ib
le
p
atch
es
p
r
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d
u
ce
d
,
d
ef
in
ed
as
p
atch
es
th
at
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
f
ix
t
h
e
b
u
g
s
an
d
p
ass
all
test
ca
s
es.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
lau
s
ib
le
p
atch
es
g
en
er
ated
,
th
e
b
etter
th
e
m
o
d
el's
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
b
o
th
clo
s
ed
-
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
m
o
d
els
with
in
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
an
d
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
ti
n
g
s
ce
n
a
r
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s
.
Dee
p
Seek
-
V3
an
d
GPT
-
4
o
e
x
h
ib
it
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
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ce
,
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
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v
e
m
en
ts
n
o
ted
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
C
o
T
p
r
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m
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eth
o
d
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ile
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e
m
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els,
s
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as
o
1
-
m
in
i
an
d
Gem
in
i
-
1
.
5
-
Pro
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
d
ec
lin
e
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
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m
an
ce
,
Dee
p
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a
n
d
L
lam
a
-
3
.
3
-
7
0
B
m
o
d
els
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
en
h
a
n
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
,
with
Dee
p
Seek
-
V3
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
esu
lts
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
in
th
e
clo
s
ed
-
s
o
u
r
ce
m
o
d
el
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f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
m
o
s
t
m
o
d
els
s
h
o
w
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
er
f
o
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m
an
ce
with
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
,
s
u
ch
as
GPT
-
4
o
an
d
G
r
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k
-
2.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
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o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
lau
s
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le
p
atc
h
e
s
u
s
in
g
L
L
M
m
o
d
els
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
test
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
g
en
e
r
ally
en
h
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ce
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
L
L
M
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
APR
ta
s
k
s
.
I
t
al
s
o
r
ev
ea
ls
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
L
L
M
m
o
d
els,
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
lau
s
ib
le
p
atch
es
g
en
er
ated
an
d
t
h
e
co
s
t
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
to
k
en
u
s
ag
e.
C
lo
s
ed
-
s
o
u
r
ce
m
o
d
els
ex
h
ib
it
v
ar
ie
d
o
u
tco
m
es
in
A
PR
task
s
with
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
.
Mo
s
t
m
o
d
els,
s
u
c
h
as
GPT
-
4
o
an
d
Gr
o
k
-
2
,
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
GPT
-
4
o
r
ec
o
r
d
s
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
3
1
.
4
to
3
5
.
8
p
l
au
s
ib
le
p
atch
es,
wh
ile
Gr
o
k
-
2
r
is
es
f
r
o
m
2
6
.
2
to
2
9
.
8
p
la
u
s
ib
le
p
atch
es.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
g
u
id
es
m
o
d
els
in
tack
lin
g
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
task
s
m
o
r
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
,
as e
x
p
lain
e
d
b
y
W
h
ite
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
n
o
t
all
m
o
d
els
d
is
p
lay
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lts
with
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
.
So
m
e
m
o
d
els,
s
u
ch
as
o1
-
m
in
i
an
d
o
1
-
p
r
ev
iew,
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