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On
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so
c
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two
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OSNs
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re
a
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m
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re
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ti
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ty
wh
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o
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ti
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g
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so
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ial
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a
m
p
a
ig
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s,
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lertin
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n
OSNs.
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e
i
n
c
re
a
se
in
p
o
p
u
larit
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o
f
OSNs
c
re
a
tes
n
e
w
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
p
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e
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ti
v
e
s
to
th
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se
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rc
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e
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ial
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e
two
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k
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w
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ich
is
o
f
in
tere
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v
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ri
o
u
s
field
s.
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e
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f
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o
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o
p
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lar
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e
two
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g
p
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rm
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Twit
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il
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o
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iv
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1.
I
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RO
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N
On
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etwo
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SN)
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ee
lin
g
s
a
b
o
u
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
u
b
jects
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
OSNs
h
a
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
u
e
to
d
ev
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t
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ce
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an
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o
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m
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h
e
way
p
e
o
p
le
in
ter
ac
t
with
e
ac
h
o
th
er
[
2
]
.
T
h
ese
OSNs
lin
k
with
o
th
er
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
b
ased
o
n
s
im
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ac
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ea
l
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ac
k
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tio
n
s
,
in
d
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id
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al
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an
d
ca
r
ee
r
in
ter
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[
3
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.
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s
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OSN
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n
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tag
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f
o
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r
ly
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Face
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o
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als in
ter
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n
e
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n
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th
er
o
n
th
ese
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
4
]
.
As
p
er
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
5
b
illi
o
n
p
e
o
p
le
u
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
cial
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ed
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p
l
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o
r
m
s
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
f
a
m
ily
,
f
r
ie
n
d
s
,
an
d
c
o
lleag
u
es
[
5
]
.
W
h
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u
s
er
s
p
o
s
t
co
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ten
t
lik
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tex
t,
i
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es
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an
d
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d
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s
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m
ain
tain
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g
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
ec
o
m
es
cr
u
cial
[
6
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,
[
7
]
.
Sp
am
p
r
o
f
ile
u
s
er
s
ar
e
m
ea
n
t
to
co
n
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th
e
id
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d
p
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s
o
n
al
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f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
f
o
r
u
n
eth
ic
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
[
8
]
.
Ou
r
s
o
ciety
is
at
r
is
k
f
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o
m
s
u
ch
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
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c
o
u
n
ts
.
I
t is im
p
o
r
tan
t to
f
in
d
s
u
c
h
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
o
n
OSNs
[
9
]
.
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y
o
f
m
o
t
i
v
e
s
[
1
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
r
ec
en
t
a
n
al
y
s
is
,
b
etwe
en
8
.
8
%
a
n
d
1
4
.
6
%
o
f
all
X
p
r
o
f
iles
ar
e
s
p
am
.
T
h
is
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
b
etwe
en
2
9
an
d
4
8
m
illi
o
n
p
r
o
f
iles
.
Fo
r
I
n
s
tag
r
am
,
th
e
m
a
r
k
et
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
at
g
h
o
s
t
d
ata
h
av
e
n
o
w
also
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
On
av
er
a
g
e,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
9
5
m
illi
o
n
I
n
s
tag
r
am
s
p
am
ac
co
u
n
ts
,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
b
e
ar
o
u
n
d
1
0
%
o
f
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
'
s
ac
tiv
e
u
s
er
s
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
f
o
cu
s
o
n
d
etec
tin
g
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
o
n
two
m
ajo
r
OSN
:
X
an
d
I
n
s
tag
r
am
.
X
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
a
tex
t
-
b
ased
p
latf
o
r
m
with
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
twee
t
s
,
r
etwe
ets,
h
ash
tag
s
,
u
s
er
m
en
tio
n
s
,
f
o
llo
wer
,
an
d
f
o
llo
win
g
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
X
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
co
n
ten
t
-
b
ased
an
d
p
r
o
f
ile
-
b
ased
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
s
p
a
m
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
.
I
n
s
tag
r
a
m
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
is
m
o
r
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
v
is
u
al
co
n
ten
t
an
d
u
s
er
p
r
o
f
ile
attr
ib
u
tes
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
f
ile
p
ictu
r
es,
u
s
er
n
am
es,
an
d
f
o
llo
wer
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
d
ata
ty
p
es
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
ets
b
etwe
en
th
ese
t
wo
p
latf
o
r
m
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
a
n
d
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
o
u
r
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
u
n
lab
eled
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
d
iv
er
s
ity
in
b
o
th
allo
ws u
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
o
u
r
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
u
n
lab
eled
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
ied
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
I
t
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
t
o
id
e
n
tify
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
p
am
m
e
r
s
an
d
h
en
ce
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
p
am
ac
co
u
n
t
u
s
in
g
h
e
u
r
is
tic
an
d
class
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
Ma
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
h
elp
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
g
o
o
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
to
id
en
tif
y
th
e
s
am
e
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
Sp
am
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
h
as
b
e
en
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
way
s
[
7
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
E
f
f
o
r
ts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
to
d
etec
t
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
o
n
OSNs
u
s
in
g
h
eu
r
is
tic
an
d
v
a
r
io
u
s
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
u
s
in
g
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
lab
ele
d
d
ataset
,
an
d
in
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
tr
ain
ed
with
an
u
n
lab
eled
d
ataset.
Hy
b
r
id
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
r
eso
lv
es
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
lea
d
s
to
ac
cu
r
at
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
with
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
a
p
er
is
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
f
o
ll
o
ws:
th
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
o
n
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
in
OSNs
is
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
S
ec
tio
n
3
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
i
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Sectio
n
4
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
r
es
u
lts
,
an
d
f
in
ally
s
ec
tio
n
5
co
n
c
lu
d
es th
is
wo
r
k
with
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
2.
SPAM P
RO
F
I
L
E
D
E
T
E
C
T
I
O
N
I
N
O
NL
I
NE
SO
C
I
AL
N
E
T
WO
RK
T
h
e
r
is
e
i
n
s
o
cial
ac
tiv
ities
a
m
o
n
g
r
eg
is
ter
ed
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
t
h
e
X
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
h
as
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
its
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
.
X
s
er
v
e
s
as
b
o
th
a
m
ic
r
o
b
lo
g
g
in
g
OSNs
an
d
a
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
n
ews
u
p
d
ates
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
C
y
b
er
cr
im
in
als
h
av
e
r
ec
en
tly
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ested
in
X
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
s
o
cial
co
n
tacts.
X
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
b
y
s
p
am
u
s
er
s
to
d
is
s
em
in
ate
s
p
am
co
n
ten
t,
p
u
b
lis
h
p
h
is
h
in
g
lin
k
s
,
in
u
n
d
at
e
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
with
b
o
g
u
s
ac
co
u
n
ts
,
an
d
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t o
th
er
illeg
al
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
Fin
d
in
g
th
e
s
p
am
ac
co
u
n
ts
th
at
ar
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
s
p
am
m
e
r
s
th
at
c
ar
r
y
o
u
t
th
ese
ac
tio
n
s
is
an
ess
en
tial
b
eg
in
n
in
g
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
m
et
h
o
d
s
t
o
id
en
tify
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
p
am
m
er
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
b
y
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ea
c
h
o
f
th
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
p
am
m
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
alter
n
ativ
e
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
s
p
am
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
o
n
X
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
s
p
am
ac
co
u
n
ts
.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
we
u
s
ed
a
h
y
b
r
id
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ea
tu
r
es.
So
m
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
s
p
am
b
ased
o
n
u
s
er
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
m
ess
ag
e
co
n
ten
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
;
s
o
m
e
wo
r
k
r
elied
o
n
g
r
ap
h
-
b
ased
f
ea
tu
r
es,
s
p
ec
if
ic
ally
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
a
s
o
cial
g
r
ap
h
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
0
]
;
an
d
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
b
ased
o
n
em
b
ed
d
ed
UR
L
s
as
a
m
eth
o
d
o
f
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
s
p
am
d
etec
tio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
ca
n
b
e
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
v
ar
i
o
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
,
n
am
el
y
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
p
r
o
f
ile/acc
o
u
n
t,
co
n
ten
t/tweet,
g
r
ap
h
/n
etwo
r
k
/f
r
ie
n
d
s
h
ip
,
UR
L
s
,
b
lack
lis
t
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
b
ased
.
Pro
f
ile/
ac
co
u
n
t
-
b
ased
f
ea
t
u
r
e
s
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
u
s
er
ac
co
u
n
ts
.
As
th
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
r
elate
d
t
o
u
s
er
p
r
o
f
ile,
it
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
all
th
e
attr
ib
u
tes
th
at
wer
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
ac
co
u
n
ts
o
f
u
s
er
s
.
R
esear
ch
in
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
8
]
ha
s
i
d
en
tifie
d
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
f
ile/acc
o
u
n
t
b
ased
f
ea
tu
r
es
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
d
atasets
u
s
in
g
class
if
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
h
as
u
s
ed
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
clu
s
ter
s
ep
ar
ately
f
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
.
Sp
am
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
c
o
n
ten
t/tweet
b
ased
in
v
esti
g
ates
co
n
ten
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
wh
ich
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
twee
ts
u
s
er
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
.
Gu
p
ta
et
al
.
[
4
1
]
h
av
e
id
en
tifie
d
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
b
ase
d
o
n
c
o
n
ten
t/tweet
b
ased
f
ea
t
u
r
es
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
d
atasets
u
s
in
g
class
if
icatio
n
.
C
h
u
et
al
.
[
4
2
]
h
av
e
u
s
ed
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
s
ep
ar
ately
f
o
r
id
e
n
tify
in
g
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
.
Sp
am
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
b
a
s
ed
o
n
g
r
ap
h
/n
etwo
r
k
/
f
r
ien
d
s
h
ip
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
o
f
s
o
c
ial
r
elatio
n
.
R
esear
ch
in
[
4
3
]
–
[
4
7
]
h
av
e
id
en
tifie
d
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
b
ased
o
n
g
r
ap
h
/n
etwo
r
k
/f
r
ie
n
d
s
h
ip
f
ea
t
u
r
es
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
d
atasets
u
s
in
g
class
if
icati
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
in
[
4
8
]
,
[
4
9
]
h
av
e
u
s
ed
clu
s
ter
in
g
f
o
r
id
e
n
tify
in
g
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
.
Ah
m
ed
an
d
Ab
u
lais
h
[
5
0
]
h
av
e
u
s
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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tif
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4
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6
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Dec
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er
2
0
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4
8
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7
4840
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
clu
s
ter
s
ep
ar
ately
f
o
r
id
e
n
tify
in
g
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
.
T
h
e
len
g
th
r
estrictio
n
o
n
twee
t
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
m
ak
es
it
m
o
r
e
lu
cr
ativ
e
f
o
r
s
p
am
m
er
s
to
s
u
b
m
it
UR
L
s
f
o
r
s
h
ar
in
g
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
co
n
ten
t
th
an
p
lain
tex
t.
R
esear
ch
in
[
5
1
]
–
[
5
4
]
h
as
id
en
tifie
d
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
b
ased
o
n
UR
L
b
ased
f
ea
tu
r
es
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
d
atasets
u
s
in
g
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
UR
L
s
.
T
h
e
b
lack
lis
t
m
eth
o
d
is
to
ch
e
ck
a
twee
t
with
h
ar
m
f
u
l
lin
k
s
.
An
y
twee
t
with
at
least
o
n
e
h
ar
m
f
u
l
lin
k
is
m
ar
k
ed
as
s
p
am
.
T
h
e
to
p
ic
m
o
d
eli
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
b
lac
k
lis
t
[
5
5
]
.
Swe
an
d
My
o
[
5
5
]
h
av
e
id
en
tifie
d
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
b
ased
o
n
b
lack
lis
t
b
ased
f
ea
tu
r
es u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
d
atasets
u
s
in
g
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
b
lack
lis
t m
eth
o
d
s
.
Sp
am
ac
co
u
n
t
d
ec
e
p
tio
n
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
o
n
e
f
ea
tu
r
e,
b
u
t
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
a
n
y
tw
o
o
r
m
o
r
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ile
b
ased
,
co
n
ten
t
b
ased
,
n
etwo
r
k
b
ased
,
UR
L
b
ased
o
r
b
lack
lis
t
b
ase
d
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
5
6
]
–
[
6
6
]
h
av
e
id
en
tifie
d
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
b
ased
o
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
d
atasets
u
s
in
g
class
if
icatio
n
.
R
esear
ch
in
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
6
7
]
h
as
u
s
ed
clu
s
ter
in
g
f
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
.
G
u
p
ta
an
d
Kau
s
h
al
[
6
8
]
h
av
e
u
s
ed
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
clu
s
ter
s
ep
ar
ately
f
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
.
F
e
w
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
th
at
u
s
ed
a
h
y
b
r
id
o
f
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
[
1
7
]
,
[
6
9
]
f
o
r
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
.
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h g
a
p
As
p
e
r
t
h
e
l
ite
r
a
tu
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
s
is
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
k
h
as
b
e
e
n
d
o
n
e
e
it
h
e
r
o
n
l
y
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
il
e/
u
s
e
r
b
ase
d
o
r
c
o
n
te
n
t
/t
wee
t
b
as
ed
o
r
g
r
a
p
h
/
n
etw
o
r
k
/
f
r
ie
n
d
s
h
i
p
b
as
e
d
o
r
UR
L
o
r
b
la
ck
l
is
t
b
ase
d
.
Usi
n
g
o
n
l
y
s
i
n
g
le
f
ea
t
u
r
e
is
n
o
t
c
a
p
a
b
le
t
o
d
et
ec
t
s
p
a
m
p
r
o
f
il
es
d
u
e
t
o
c
h
all
en
g
es
wi
th
n
ew
ac
co
u
n
ts
o
f
p
r
o
f
il
e
[
3
1
]
,
ev
o
l
v
i
n
g
s
p
am
m
e
r
t
ac
t
ics
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
li
m
it
ed
c
o
n
te
x
t
[
3
9
]
,
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
y
o
n
u
s
er
c
o
o
p
er
at
io
n
[
4
0
]
i
n
p
r
o
f
ile
b
as
ed
f
ea
t
u
r
es
,
li
m
i
te
d
h
is
t
o
r
ic
al
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
[
4
1
]
,
a
m
b
ig
u
o
u
s
c
o
n
te
n
t
,
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
it
y
t
o
c
o
n
te
n
t c
h
a
n
g
es
[
3
6
]
,
li
m
i
te
d
u
s
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
ac
ti
o
n
a
n
a
ly
s
is
[
3
6
]
i
n
co
n
t
e
n
t/t
we
et
b
as
ed
f
e
atu
r
es,
li
m
ite
d
p
r
o
f
ile
c
o
n
n
e
cti
v
it
y
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
8
]
,
in
c
o
m
p
let
e
g
r
a
p
h
d
at
a
[
4
4
]
,
[
5
0
]
,
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
ce
o
n
g
r
a
p
h
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
i
ty
to
f
r
i
e
n
d
-
f
i
n
d
in
g
[
5
6
]
,
[
6
7
]
s
t
r
a
te
g
i
es
i
n
g
r
a
p
h
/
n
et
wo
r
k
/
f
r
ie
n
d
s
h
ip
b
ase
d
f
ea
t
u
r
es,
UR
L
o
b
f
u
s
c
ati
o
n
[
5
0
]
,
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
UR
L
d
at
a
b
ases
[
5
2
]
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
co
n
c
e
r
n
s
[
5
3
]
,
lim
ite
d
UR
L
a
cc
ess
[
5
4
]
,
r
es
o
u
r
ce
in
te
n
s
i
v
e
[
5
4
]
i
n
UR
L
b
ase
d
f
e
at
u
r
es
.
I
n
b
la
ck
lis
t
b
ase
d
f
ea
t
u
r
es
,
i
n
co
m
p
let
e
a
n
d
o
u
t
d
ate
d
b
lac
k
l
is
ts
[
5
5
]
,
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
y
o
n
h
is
t
o
r
ic
al
d
a
ta
,
l
im
ite
d
co
n
t
ex
tu
al
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
in
g
,
p
r
i
v
a
cy
c
o
n
c
er
n
s
i
n
b
lac
k
l
is
t
b
ase
d
s
o
t
h
e
r
e
is
a
n
e
ed
t
o
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
m
o
r
e
o
n
h
y
b
r
i
d
i
ze
d
f
e
at
u
r
es
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
i
ze
d
f
ea
t
u
r
es
t
h
at
ca
n
le
a
d
t
o
b
ett
e
r
d
e
cisi
o
n
-
m
ak
in
g
[
6
9
]
,
d
ee
p
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
co
m
p
le
x
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
t
h
e
p
att
e
r
n
s
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
,
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
v
i
ew
o
f
a
u
s
er
'
s
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
[
1
5
]
,
m
u
lti
p
l
e
d
at
a
p
o
in
ts
,
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
r
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
o
f
s
p
am
d
ete
cti
o
n
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
a
cc
u
r
at
e
p
r
ed
i
cti
o
n
s
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
f
il
e/a
cc
o
u
n
t
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
k
e
y
ele
m
e
n
ts
t
h
at
c
an
b
e
a
p
p
li
ed
o
n
a
n
y
s
o
ci
al
m
e
d
ia
p
l
at
f
o
r
m
.
F
o
r
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
y
s
o
ci
al
m
e
d
ia
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
a
d
d
it
io
n
al
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
,
a
p
r
o
f
ile
is
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
f
ile
,
we
c
a
n
als
o
d
et
er
m
i
n
e
a
d
et
ail
th
at
h
as
b
e
en
p
o
s
te
d
o
n
s
o
ci
al
m
ed
ia
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
i
z
ati
o
n
o
f
“
p
r
o
f
il
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
te
n
t
”
[
5
9
]
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
b
e
ca
u
s
e
it
’
s
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
r
'
s
p
r
o
f
il
e
(
s
u
c
h
as
th
ei
r
ac
c
o
u
n
t
d
eta
ils
,
h
is
t
o
r
y
,
a
n
d
ac
ti
v
i
ty
)
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
6
]
an
d
t
h
e
co
n
te
n
t
t
h
ey
g
en
er
at
e
(
s
u
c
h
as
p
o
s
ts
,
c
o
m
m
en
ts
,
o
r
m
es
s
ag
es
)
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
t
o
b
et
te
r
id
e
n
ti
f
y
a
n
d
f
l
a
g
p
o
te
n
tiall
y
s
p
a
m
o
r
m
al
ici
o
u
s
ac
co
u
n
ts
o
n
s
o
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
is
u
s
e
d
b
y
o
n
li
n
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ties
,
s
o
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
,
a
n
d
we
b
s
i
tes
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
eir
s
p
am
d
ete
cti
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
in
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
5
6
]
–
[
6
6
]
h
a
v
e
eit
h
e
r
u
s
e
d
c
lass
i
f
i
ca
t
io
n
o
r
cl
u
s
te
r
i
n
g
te
ch
n
i
q
u
es
s
e
p
ar
ate
ly
wh
i
le
f
ew
o
f
th
e
r
esea
r
c
h
er
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
6
9
]
h
a
v
e
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
b
o
t
h
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
es
t
o
g
e
t t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
b
o
t
h
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
r
esear
ch
in
[
1
7
]
,
[
6
9
]
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
n
o
t
tr
ain
ed
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
iter
atio
n
s
.
T
o
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
e
ab
o
v
e
g
ap
s
,
we
h
er
e
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
s
em
i
-
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
u
n
lab
eled
(
PU)
lear
n
in
g
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
[
7
0
]
,
[
7
1
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
PU
-
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
7
0
]
is
class
if
icatio
n
-
b
ased
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
u
n
la
b
eled
in
s
t
an
ce
s
as
n
eg
ativ
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
b
ec
au
s
e
at
th
e
in
itial
lev
el
lab
elin
g
,
u
n
lab
eled
class
es
ar
e
d
o
n
e
o
n
ly
with
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
is
s
u
e,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
an
ac
c
u
r
ate
d
etec
tio
n
m
o
d
el
with
a
g
o
o
d
lear
n
in
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
.
I
n
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
we
u
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
tech
n
iq
u
e
with
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
in
s
tead
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
.
W
e
a
p
p
lied
clu
s
ter
in
g
o
n
n
eg
ativ
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
g
o
t
ac
t
u
al
r
esu
lts
,
an
d
s
o
at
th
e
in
itia
l
lev
el,
we
g
o
t
th
e
lab
eled
in
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
s
p
am
an
d
non
-
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PU
-
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
a
h
y
b
r
id
izatio
n
-
b
ase
d
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
in
OSN
,
an
d
th
e
s
am
e
h
as
b
ee
n
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
d
etail
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tar
ts
w
ith
th
e
d
ata
s
elec
tio
n
s
tag
e.
Nex
t,
in
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
elec
tio
n
s
tag
e,
we
u
s
ed
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
-
b
ased
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
s
o
cial
p
r
o
f
iles
.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
e
f
ea
t
u
r
ed
d
ata
will
b
e
p
ass
ed
in
th
e
m
a
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
will
b
e
s
to
p
p
ed
with
g
en
u
in
e
an
d
d
ec
ep
tiv
e
p
r
o
f
iles
with
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
p
r
ec
is
i
o
n
,
r
ec
all
,
a
n
d
F1
-
s
co
r
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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et
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u
r
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.
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h
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ap
p
r
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etec
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tify
d
ec
ep
tio
n
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
s
et
I
n
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
cr
ea
ted
th
eir
o
wn
d
ataset.
So
m
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
u
s
ed
d
ataset
,
wh
ich
is
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le.
W
e
u
s
ed
th
e
X
d
atase
t
t
h
at
h
as
b
ee
n
b
u
ilt
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
[
2
7
]
,
[
5
9
]
.
Fo
r
I
n
s
tag
r
am
,
w
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
h
e
d
ataset
u
s
ed
i
n
[
7
2
]
.
3
.
2
.
F
e
a
t
ure
s
elec
t
io
n
Featu
r
e
s
elec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
h
ase
f
o
r
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
7
3
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
b
etwe
en
s
p
am
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
s
p
am
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
twee
t
co
n
ten
t
[
4
2
]
an
d
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etai
ls
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
t
o
g
eth
er
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
id
er
s
u
s
er
p
r
o
f
ile/acc
o
u
n
t
an
d
co
n
ten
t
-
b
ased
f
ea
tu
r
es.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ix
u
s
er
p
r
o
f
ile
r
elate
d
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
X
d
ataset
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
u
s
er
ac
co
u
n
t.
T
h
e
s
ev
e
n
ad
d
itio
n
a
l
f
ea
tu
r
es
wh
ich
ar
e
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
twee
t'
s
co
n
ten
t
ar
e
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
o
u
r
wo
r
k
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ac
cu
r
ate
d
ete
ctio
n
m
o
d
els,
a
to
tal
o
f
1
3
f
ea
tu
r
es
wh
ich
ar
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
a
b
le
1
g
iv
es
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
ea
ch
f
ea
tu
r
e.
T
a
b
le
2
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
etails o
f
1
1
f
ea
t
u
r
es o
f
t
h
e
I
n
s
tag
r
am
d
ataset.
T
ab
le
1
.
L
is
t o
f
f
ea
tu
r
es n
am
e
an
d
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
X
d
ataset
[
5
9
]
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
n
a
me
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
d
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
P
r
o
f
i
l
e
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a
se
d
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e
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t
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r
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s
a
c
c
o
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n
t
_
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g
e
A
c
c
o
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n
t
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o
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l
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r
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e
f
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l
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o
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c
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n
t
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o
f
t
h
e
X
u
sers
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R
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r
s i
n
t
w
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t
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Th
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f
d
i
g
i
t
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n
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h
e
t
w
e
e
t
T
ab
le
2
.
L
is
t o
f
f
ea
tu
r
es n
am
e
an
d
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
I
n
s
tag
r
am
d
ataset
[
7
2
]
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
n
a
me
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
d
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
p
i
c
P
r
e
sen
c
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r
a
b
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f
a
p
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o
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m
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e
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g
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s
e
r
n
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me
Th
e
r
a
t
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m
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s
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me
C
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a
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H
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P
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N
u
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f
p
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o
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N
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3.
3
.
Clus
t
er
ing
p
ha
s
e
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
is
u
s
ef
u
l
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
lar
g
e
d
ata
a
v
ailab
le
in
th
e
d
ataset.
T
h
o
s
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
wh
ich
p
lay
a
g
r
ea
t
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
cla
s
s
if
icatio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
o
r
ted
an
d
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
tr
ain
in
g
s
am
p
les.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
a
lar
g
e
d
ata
wh
ich
h
as n
o
g
r
e
ater
im
p
ac
t in
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
r
esu
lt
s
,
h
en
ce
th
er
e
is
an
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0
2
5
:
4
8
3
8
-
4
8
4
7
4842
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
I
n
o
u
r
wo
r
k
,
we
u
s
ed
th
e
K
-
M
ean
s
clu
s
ter
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
lab
eled
i
n
s
tan
ce
s
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
,
an
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
a
lab
eled
tr
ain
in
g
s
am
p
le
is
g
en
er
ated
.
Af
ter
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
alu
es
o
f
K,
K
eq
u
als
2
g
iv
es
th
e
b
est
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
ass
ed
to
th
e
n
ex
t
p
h
ase
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
s
p
am
an
d
n
o
n
-
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
.
3
.
4
.
Cla
s
s
if
ica
t
io
n pha
s
e
C
las
s
if
icatio
n
is
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
r
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
tak
es
a
s
et
o
f
lab
eled
s
am
p
les
with
f
ea
tu
r
es
as
in
p
u
t.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
o
r
m
o
d
el
is
tr
a
in
ed
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
class
if
y
in
g
th
e
s
et
o
f
in
s
tan
ce
s
with
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
class
es
,
an
d
test
in
g
g
ets
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
u
n
lab
eled
d
ataset.
W
e
ap
p
lie
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
ix
class
if
icatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
n
a
m
ely
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
class
if
ier
,
n
aïv
e
B
ay
es
class
if
ier
,
k
-
n
ea
r
est
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
class
if
ier
,
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
class
if
ier
,
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t v
ec
to
r
m
ac
h
in
e
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
il
es.
3
.
5
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
a
lg
o
rit
hm
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
ex
p
lain
ed
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
will
p
ass
to
a
class
if
icatio
n
m
o
d
el
th
at
class
if
ies
s
p
am
an
d
n
o
n
-
s
p
am
class
es.
Her
e,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
s
em
i
-
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
h
y
b
r
id
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
PU
-
le
ar
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
7
0
]
f
o
r
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
in
OSNs
.
I
n
itially
,
we
co
n
s
id
er
ed
PU
in
s
tan
ce
s
as
an
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Fo
r
lab
elin
g
th
e
u
n
la
b
eled
in
s
tan
ce
s
,
we
ap
p
lied
clu
s
ter
in
g
o
n
th
em
wh
ic
h
r
esu
lts
in
two
c
lu
s
ter
s
.
On
e
clu
s
ter
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
e
v
iew
as
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
clu
s
ter
r
ep
r
esen
ts
n
o
n
-
s
p
a
m
p
r
o
f
ile
as
g
en
u
in
e
r
ev
iews.
T
h
e
class
if
ier
is
th
e
n
g
en
er
ated
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
in
itial
s
et
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
h
ase.
T
h
is
g
en
er
a
ted
class
if
ier
i
s
ap
p
lied
o
n
th
e
clu
s
ter
o
f
n
eg
ativ
e
r
ev
iews
(
n
o
n
-
s
p
a
m
p
r
o
f
ile)
wh
ich
f
u
r
th
er
g
en
er
ates
two
class
es
v
iz.
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile.
Her
e,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
n
-
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
class
if
ied
co
r
r
ec
tly
an
d
m
a
y
b
elo
n
g
to
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile
class
.
T
o
i
d
en
tify
th
o
s
e
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
,
a
g
ain
th
e
class
if
ier
i
s
g
en
er
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
itial
s
et
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
i
n
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
n
ewly
g
en
er
ated
n
eg
ativ
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
a
n
d
ap
p
lied
o
n
a
n
ew
s
et
o
f
n
e
g
ativ
e
p
r
o
f
ile
class
es.
Un
til
th
e
s
to
p
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
t
is
s
atis
f
ied
,
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
ep
ea
ted
.
I
n
th
e
en
d
,
g
e
n
er
ated
two
s
ets
o
f
class
if
y
s
p
am
a
n
d
non
-
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
s
h
o
w
th
e
p
s
eu
d
o
co
d
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
ich
is
a
c
o
m
b
in
ati
o
n
o
f
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
f
o
r
i
d
en
tify
in
g
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
.
Alg
o
r
i
th
m
1
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
id
eo
lo
g
y
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
: Pr
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
i
d
ized
PU
-
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
ile
d
etec
tio
n
1.
Input: collection of
PU
instances.
2.
i ← 1;
3.
|W0 | ← |U1|;
4.
|W1| ← |U1|;
5.
U L ← Cluster (U);
6.
N ← Extract_ Negative
(U L );
7.
G ← Generate _Classifier
(P, U L);
8.
N L ← G(U)
9.
Li ← Extract_ Negative
(N L );
10.
while |Wi| ≤ |Wi
-
1| do
11.
Ci ← Generate_Classifier
(P, LiL); // Generate classifier
12.
LiL ← Ci
(Li); // Train classifier
applied in the unlabeled dataset
13.
Wi ← Extract_ Positives
(LiL); // Extract positive (spam) instances
from labeled dataset
14.
Li+1 ← Li
-
Wi; // Remove positive (spam)
profiles instances
15.
i ← i + 1;
16.
End while
17.
Return Ci
18.
Output: testing instances classified as positive and negative opinion reviews.
Her
e,
P
is
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
,
U1
is
o
r
ig
in
al
u
n
la
b
eled
d
ata
s
et,
C
i
is
class
if
ier
at
iter
atio
n
i,
N
is
n
eg
ativ
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
,
G
is
g
en
e
r
ated
class
if
ier
,
L
i
is
u
n
lab
ele
d
s
et
at
iter
atio
n
i,
an
d
Wi
is
u
n
lab
eled
i
n
s
tan
ce
class
if
ied
as p
o
s
itiv
e
b
y
class
i
f
ier
C
i.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fo
r
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
ati
o
n
o
f
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
ex
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
o
n
th
e
d
ataset
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
1
,
we
u
s
ed
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
Py
th
o
n
lib
r
ar
ies.
Fo
r
tr
ai
n
in
g
an
d
test
in
g
d
ata,
we
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
r
atio
o
f
s
p
am
an
d
n
o
n
-
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
to
b
e
t
h
e
s
am
e
v
iz.
1
:
1
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
els
wer
e
tr
ain
ed
b
ased
o
n
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
1
.
5
m
illi
o
n
twee
ts
o
u
t
o
f
2
m
illi
o
n
twee
ts
.
Fo
r
te
s
tin
g
,
we
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
s
elec
ted
2
5
,
0
0
0
twee
ts
f
o
r
s
p
am
an
d
r
em
ai
n
in
g
2
5
,
0
0
0
t
wee
ts
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
s
p
am
p
r
o
f
iles
.
Fo
r
th
e
I
n
s
tag
r
am
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
S
p
a
m
s
o
cia
l m
ed
ia
p
r
o
file d
et
ec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
s
itive
u
n
la
b
elled
lea
r
n
in
g
(
N
id
h
i
A.
P
a
tel)
4843
d
ataset,
we
co
n
s
id
er
ed
7
0
%
d
ata
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
t
h
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
3
0
%
f
o
r
test
in
g
af
ter
a
n
a
ly
s
is
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
test
in
g
r
atio
s
.
W
e
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
i
x
class
if
ier
s
in
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
n
d
tr
ain
ed
th
e
m
o
d
el.
W
e
u
s
ed
:
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
e
e
class
if
ier
,
n
aïv
e
B
ay
es
class
if
ier
,
k
-
n
ea
r
est
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
class
if
ier
,
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
class
if
ier
,
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t v
ec
to
r
m
ac
h
in
e.
W
e
tr
ain
ed
th
e
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
th
e
n
test
ed
it u
s
in
g
a
test
d
ataset.
Fo
r
ev
alu
atio
n
,
we
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
r
esu
lts
b
y
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
r
ec
all,
an
d
F
-
s
co
r
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
W
e
h
av
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
7
0
]
an
d
co
lle
cted
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
d
atasets
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
an
d
3
d
e
p
ict
th
e
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
X
a
n
d
I
n
s
tag
r
am
d
atasets
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
x
ax
is
d
en
o
tes
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t ty
p
es o
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
an
d
th
e
y
ax
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
s
co
r
es.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Acc
u
r
ac
y
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
X
d
ataset
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Acc
u
r
ac
y
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
I
n
s
tag
r
am
d
ataset
O
u
r
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
h
a
s
b
e
en
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
w
i
t
h
ex
i
s
t
i
n
g
P
U
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
r
i
th
m
[
7
0
]
o
n
X
p
r
o
f
i
le
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
en
t
-
b
a
s
e
d
d
a
t
a
s
e
t
w
i
t
h
i
d
e
n
t
if
i
e
d
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
[
5
9
]
.
O
u
r
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
w
h
i
ch
i
s
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
c
lu
s
t
e
r
in
g
a
n
d
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
ch
n
iq
u
e
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
e
x
i
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