I
AE
S In
t
er
na
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Art
if
icia
l In
t
ellig
ence
(
I
J
-
AI
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
5
3
3
3
~
5
3
4
3
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijai.v
14
.i
6
.
p
p
5
3
3
3
-
5
3
4
3
5333
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
i
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
The use o
f
geo
g
ra
phic informa
tion
sy
stems to mea
su
re t
he
financia
l per
form
a
nce of micro
ent
erprises
E
lf
re
da
Aplo
nia
L
a
u
1
,
Sr
i E
nd
a
y
a
ni
2
,
Um
i K
uls
um
3
,
Andrew
Ste
f
a
no
4
,
Abdu
l R
o
k
hi
m
5
,
P
urba
wa
t
i
6
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
A
c
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Ec
o
n
o
mi
c
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
1
7
A
g
u
s
t
u
s
1
9
4
5
,
S
a
mari
n
d
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
F
o
r
e
s
t
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
1
7
A
g
u
st
u
s
1
9
4
5
,
S
a
m
a
r
i
n
d
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Ec
o
n
o
mi
c
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
1
7
A
g
u
st
u
s 1
9
4
5
,
S
a
m
a
r
i
n
d
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
4
G
e
o
m
a
t
i
c
s
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
S
t
u
d
y
P
r
o
g
r
a
m,
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
S
a
m
a
r
i
n
d
a
S
t
a
t
e
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
P
o
l
y
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
,
S
a
mari
n
d
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
5
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
La
w
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
L
a
w
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
1
7
A
g
u
st
u
s
1
9
4
5
,
S
a
mar
i
n
d
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
6
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
N
a
h
d
l
a
t
u
l
U
l
a
m
a
K
a
l
t
i
m,
S
a
mar
i
n
d
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
25
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
21
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
8
,
2
0
2
5
Th
is
stu
d
y
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
t
h
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
g
e
o
g
ra
p
h
ic
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
(G
IS
)
to
m
e
a
su
re
a
n
d
v
isu
a
li
z
e
th
e
fin
a
n
c
ial
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
m
icro
e
n
terp
rise
s
in
re
m
o
te
a
re
a
s
o
f
Eas
t
Ka
li
m
a
n
tan
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
M
icro
e
n
terp
rise
s
a
re
c
ru
c
ial
to
l
o
c
a
l
e
c
o
n
o
m
ies
b
u
t
o
f
ten
fa
c
e
b
a
rriers
su
c
h
a
s
l
imit
e
d
c
a
p
it
a
l
a
c
c
e
s
s,
in
a
d
e
q
u
a
te
in
fra
stru
c
t
u
re
,
a
n
d
i
n
su
fficie
n
t
b
u
sin
e
ss
trai
n
in
g
.
Us
in
g
a
m
ix
e
d
-
m
e
th
o
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
t
h
e
re
se
a
rc
h
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
su
rv
e
y
s
o
f
2
0
0
m
icro
-
b
u
sin
e
ss
o
w
n
e
rs,
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
d
a
ta,
a
n
d
G
IS
-
b
a
se
d
sp
a
ti
a
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
in
d
ica
te
c
lea
r
sp
a
ti
a
l
d
isp
a
rit
ies
:
e
n
terp
rise
s
lo
c
a
ted
c
lo
se
r
to
fin
a
n
c
ial
i
n
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
train
in
g
p
r
o
g
ra
m
s
a
c
h
iev
e
d
2
5
–
3
0
%
h
ig
h
e
r
p
ro
fit
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
str
o
n
g
e
r
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
re
sili
e
n
c
e
.
G
IS
m
a
p
p
in
g
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ly
id
e
n
ti
fie
d
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
c
lu
ste
rs
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
rse
rv
e
d
z
o
n
e
s,
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
c
ti
o
n
a
b
le
in
sig
h
ts
fo
r
tar
g
e
ted
p
o
li
c
y
in
ter
v
e
n
ti
o
n
s.
Ke
y
fa
c
to
rs
in
fl
u
e
n
c
in
g
fin
a
n
c
ia
l
o
u
tco
m
e
s
i
n
c
lu
d
e
a
c
c
e
ss
to
c
a
p
it
a
l,
train
i
n
g
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
,
a
n
d
i
n
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
q
u
a
li
t
y
.
Th
is
stu
d
y
d
e
m
o
n
stra
tes
th
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
G
IS
a
s
a
d
e
c
isio
n
-
su
p
p
o
rt
t
o
o
l
fo
r
p
o
li
c
y
m
a
k
e
rs
in
d
e
sig
n
i
n
g
sp
a
ti
a
ll
y
in
f
o
rm
e
d
fin
a
n
c
ial
a
ss
istan
c
e
,
in
fra
stru
c
tu
re
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
m
o
b
il
e
train
i
n
g
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t.
Th
e
fin
d
in
g
s
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
to
so
c
i
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
p
l
a
n
n
in
g
d
isc
o
u
rse
a
n
d
p
ro
p
o
se
a
re
p
li
c
a
b
l
e
G
IS
-
b
a
se
d
fra
m
e
wo
rk
fo
r
stre
n
g
t
h
e
n
i
n
g
m
icro
e
n
terp
rise
re
sil
ien
c
e
in
u
n
d
e
r
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
re
g
io
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Fin
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
G
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
s
Mic
r
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es
R
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
Sp
atial
an
aly
s
is
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sri
E
n
d
ay
an
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Fo
r
est,
Facu
lty
o
f
Ag
r
icu
lt
u
r
e,
Un
iv
e
r
s
itas
1
7
Ag
u
s
tu
s
1
9
4
5
Sam
ar
in
d
a,
7
5
1
2
3
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: n
d
4
.
7
0
d
es@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mic
r
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es h
av
e
a
s
tr
ate
g
ic
r
o
le
in
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
E
ast
Kalim
an
tan
Pro
v
in
ce
.
A
lth
o
u
g
h
th
e
e
x
is
ten
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
e
o
p
le'
s
in
co
m
e
an
d
cr
ea
te
jo
b
s
,
m
an
y
c
h
allen
g
es
ar
e
f
ac
ed
,
s
u
ch
as
lim
ited
ac
c
ess
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
ca
p
ital,
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
a
n
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
b
u
s
in
ess
es
is
an
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
in
d
icato
r
in
ass
ess
in
g
th
eir
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
g
r
o
wth
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
tim
e,
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
ac
ce
s
s
o
r
n
o
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
.
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ic
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
GI
S
)
is
e
m
er
g
in
g
as
a
p
o
ten
tial
to
o
l
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
[
7
]
–
[
9
]
.
W
ith
its
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
v
is
u
alize
d
ata,
GI
S
ca
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
b
u
s
in
ess
es
in
r
em
o
te
a
r
ea
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
GI
S
allo
ws
m
ap
p
in
g
b
u
s
in
ess
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
an
al
y
s
is
,
an
d
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
3
3
3
-
5
3
4
3
5334
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
u
t
s
f
o
r
war
d
th
e
tech
n
ical
asp
ec
ts
,
b
u
t
also
s
ee
k
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
tex
t
in
w
h
ich
m
icr
o
-
e
n
ter
p
r
is
es
o
p
er
at
e
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
f
in
an
cial
an
d
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
te
n
tial
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es,
as
well
as
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
em
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
o
licies
f
o
r
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es
in
E
ast
Kalim
an
tan
Pro
v
in
ce
,
as
well
as
u
tili
zin
g
GI
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
as
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t a
n
aly
s
is
to
o
l
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
GI
S
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es
Mic
r
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es p
lay
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
em
o
te
r
eg
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
E
as
t
Kalim
an
tan
Pro
v
in
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
ese
b
u
s
in
ess
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
lo
ca
l
jo
b
cr
ea
tio
n
,
in
c
o
m
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
g
r
ass
r
o
o
ts
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
o
f
ten
f
ac
e
p
er
s
is
ten
t
ch
allen
g
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
f
in
an
cial
ca
p
ital,
in
a
d
eq
u
ate
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
an
d
a
lack
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
b
u
s
in
ess
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
ir
ab
ilit
y
to
s
ca
le
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
m
a
n
ag
e
f
i
n
an
ce
s
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
in
th
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
m
icr
o
e
n
ter
p
r
is
es
lies
in
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
r
eliab
le
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
ata,
esp
ec
ially
in
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ically
s
ca
tter
ed
an
d
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
-
p
o
o
r
r
e
g
io
n
s
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
f
in
an
cial
h
ea
lth
ar
e
o
f
ten
s
tatic
an
d
n
o
t
s
p
atially
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
,
lea
d
in
g
t
o
in
e
f
f
icien
cies
in
p
r
o
g
r
am
ta
r
g
eti
n
g
an
d
p
o
licy
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
GI
S
o
f
f
er
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
alter
n
ativ
e
.
W
h
ile
GI
S
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
ap
p
lied
in
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
lan
n
in
g
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
d
is
aster
m
itig
atio
n
,
its
p
o
ten
tial
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
aly
s
is
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
v
is
u
alizin
g
f
in
an
ci
al
d
ata
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
s
p
atial
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
—
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
e
r
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
GI
S
i
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tu
d
ies
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
atial
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
m
icr
o
e
n
ter
p
r
is
e
f
in
an
c
ial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
en
ab
lin
g
a
n
aly
s
ts
to
id
en
tify
g
eo
s
p
atial
p
atter
n
s
,
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
d
is
p
ar
ities
,
a
n
d
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
er
v
ed
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
T
h
is
s
p
atial
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
is
cr
u
cial
in
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
o
l
icy
m
ak
er
s
,
f
in
a
n
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
g
en
cies
ab
o
u
t
wh
er
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
ar
e
m
o
s
t n
ee
d
e
d
an
d
wh
ich
t
y
p
es o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
r
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
GI
S
i
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
an
d
f
in
an
ce
h
as
g
ai
n
ed
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
atten
tio
n
,
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ly
in
an
aly
zin
g
f
in
a
n
cial
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
s
m
all
en
ter
p
r
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
GI
S
en
ab
les
th
e
s
p
atial
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
f
in
an
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
b
an
k
in
g
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
th
e
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
an
d
s
m
all
en
ter
p
r
is
es.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
s
p
at
ial
p
r
o
x
im
ity
t
o
f
in
a
n
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
is
clo
s
ely
lin
k
ed
to
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
n
o
tio
n
t
h
at
f
in
a
n
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
d
s
p
atial
co
n
tex
ts
.
B
ey
o
n
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
m
ap
p
in
g
,
s
p
atial
ec
o
n
o
m
etr
ics
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
o
a
n
aly
ze
s
p
a
tial
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
i
n
f
in
an
cial
d
ata.
Mo
d
els
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
p
atial
au
to
r
eg
r
ess
iv
e
m
o
d
el
(
SAR
)
,
s
p
atial
er
r
o
r
m
o
d
e
l
(
SEM
)
,
an
d
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ically
weig
h
ted
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
GW
R
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
r
e
g
io
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
to
ex
am
in
e
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
lo
ca
tio
n
,
d
is
tan
ce
,
a
n
d
in
ter
r
eg
io
n
al
lin
k
ag
es
o
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
c
e,
GW
R
a
llo
ws
r
esear
ch
er
s
t
o
id
en
tify
lo
ca
tio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
ca
p
ital a
cc
ess
o
n
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
e
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
in
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
GI
S
a
n
d
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
e
c
o
n
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
c
r
e
at
e
s
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
a
n
a
ly
t
i
c
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
a
s
s
e
s
s
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
n
c
ia
l
d
i
s
p
a
r
i
t
i
e
s
.
S
e
v
er
a
l
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
a
t
f
i
n
an
c
i
a
l
a
c
c
e
s
s
g
e
n
er
a
t
e
s
s
p
i
l
l
o
v
e
r
ef
f
e
c
t
s
a
cr
o
s
s
r
e
g
io
n
s
,
w
h
e
r
eb
y
a
r
e
a
s
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
e
r
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
p
en
e
t
r
a
ti
o
n
c
an
p
o
s
i
t
iv
e
l
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
n
e
i
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
a
r
e
a
s
’
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
g
r
o
w
th
.
T
h
i
s
h
ig
h
l
i
g
h
t
s
th
a
t
G
I
S
-
b
a
s
e
d
v
i
s
u
al
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Th
e
u
s
e
o
f g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
fo
r
m
a
tio
n
s
ystems
to
mea
s
u
r
e
th
e
fin
a
n
cia
l
…
(
E
lfr
ed
a
A
p
lo
n
i
a
La
u
)
5335
c
o
m
p
l
e
m
en
t
e
d
b
y
e
co
n
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
m
o
d
e
l
in
g
to
b
e
t
t
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
in
t
e
r
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
ie
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
t
ex
t
o
f
m
i
c
r
o
e
n
t
er
p
r
i
s
e
s
,
s
u
c
h
in
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
e
r
s
s
ig
n
if
i
c
an
t
p
o
te
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ta
r
g
e
t
e
d
p
o
l
i
cy
d
e
s
i
g
n
.
G
I
S
h
e
lp
s
i
d
e
n
t
if
y
c
lu
s
t
e
r
s
o
f
lo
w
-
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
e
s
,
wh
i
l
e
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
e
co
n
o
m
e
tr
i
c
m
o
d
e
l
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
e
v
i
d
en
c
e
o
f
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
a
l
d
r
i
v
er
s
b
e
h
in
d
f
i
n
an
c
i
a
l
d
i
s
p
ar
i
t
i
es
.
T
o
g
e
t
h
er
,
th
e
s
e
to
o
l
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
n
em
p
ir
i
c
a
l
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
d
e
s
ig
n
in
g
f
in
an
c
i
a
l
in
c
lu
s
i
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
in
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
d
ev
e
l
o
p
m
en
t
s
tr
a
t
eg
i
e
s
,
an
d
c
ap
a
c
i
ty
-
b
u
i
ld
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
ia
t
i
v
e
s
ta
i
l
o
r
e
d
to
l
o
c
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
io
n
s
.
Desp
ite
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
b
o
th
d
o
m
ain
s
,
cu
r
r
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
r
em
ain
s
f
r
ag
m
e
n
ted
:
GI
S
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
ten
f
o
cu
s
o
n
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
with
o
u
t
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ca
u
s
al
an
aly
s
is
,
wh
ile
ec
o
n
o
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
ies
r
ar
ely
in
te
g
r
ate
s
p
atial
m
ap
p
in
g
in
to
th
eir
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
GI
S
-
b
ased
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
m
o
d
el
in
teg
r
ated
with
s
p
atial
ec
o
n
o
m
etr
ics.
Su
ch
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
n
o
t
o
n
ly
v
is
u
alize
s
d
is
p
ar
ities
b
u
t
also
q
u
an
tifi
es
s
p
atial
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
p
r
ac
tically
to
d
esig
n
in
g
lo
ca
lized
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
o
licies
an
d
th
eo
r
et
ically
to
ad
v
an
cin
g
in
tellig
en
t
s
p
atial
–
f
in
an
cial
m
o
d
elin
g
.
T
h
e
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
o
s
itio
n
s
th
e
s
tu
d
y
with
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
in
ap
p
lied
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
o
l
v
in
g
co
m
p
lex
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
i)
R
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
:
h
o
w
ca
n
GI
S
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
an
d
v
is
u
alize
th
e
f
i
n
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
m
ic
r
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es in
r
em
o
te
a
r
ea
s
,
an
d
wh
at
s
p
atial
f
ac
to
r
s
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
eir
f
i
n
an
cial
o
u
tco
m
es?
ii)
R
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
esis
:
–
H₀:
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
p
at
ial
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
e
n
ter
p
r
is
es
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
x
im
ity
to
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
s
er
v
ices.
–
H₁:
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
p
ati
al
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
e
n
ter
p
r
is
es
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
x
im
ity
to
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
GI
S
-
b
ased
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
m
o
d
el,
ap
p
l
y
it
to
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es
in
E
ast
Kal
im
an
tan
,
an
d
id
en
tify
k
ey
s
p
atial
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
p
atial
-
f
in
an
cia
l
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
g
en
er
ate
ac
tio
n
a
b
le
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
e
r
e
s
ilien
ce
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
eq
u
ity
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
lies
in
its
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
—
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
GI
S
as
a
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
o
l
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
f
in
a
n
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
a
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
tex
t.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
e
ch
allen
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
o
r
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
ad
d
s
a
s
p
atial
d
im
en
s
io
n
th
at
allo
ws
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
tar
g
eted
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
p
o
licy
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
ev
id
en
t
in
it
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
GI
S
-
b
ased
m
o
d
el
to
v
is
u
alize
f
in
an
cial
d
is
p
ar
ities
,
r
ev
ea
l
s
p
atial
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
em
p
ir
ical
g
u
id
a
n
ce
f
o
r
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
in
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ically
is
o
lated
r
eg
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
h
elp
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
ts
,
non
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
tal
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
(
NGOs
)
,
an
d
f
in
an
cia
l
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
b
etter
allo
ca
te
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
r
e
d
u
ce
r
eg
io
n
al
in
e
q
u
ality
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
lo
ca
l e
co
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Mic
r
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es
ar
e
cr
itical
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
lo
ca
l
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
b
u
t
f
ac
e
p
er
s
is
ten
t
b
ar
r
ier
s
s
u
ch
as
lim
ited
ca
p
ital,
p
o
o
r
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
an
d
in
ad
eq
u
ate
tr
ain
i
n
g
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
f
ails
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
s
p
atial
h
et
er
o
g
en
eity
,
lead
in
g
t
o
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
p
o
licy
tar
g
etin
g
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
GI
S
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
s
p
atial
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
b
u
t
o
f
ten
lack
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tatis
tical
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
g
ap
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
GI
S
-
b
ased
s
p
atial
an
aly
s
is
with
ec
o
n
o
m
etr
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
,
en
ab
lin
g
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
an
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
f
in
a
n
cial
d
is
p
ar
ities
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
GI
S
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es
in
r
em
o
te
a
r
ea
s
o
f
E
ast
Kalim
an
tan
Pro
v
in
ce
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
ese
co
m
b
in
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
wer
e
s
elec
ted
to
o
b
tain
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es
an
d
th
e
v
ar
y
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
GI
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
in
ch
allen
g
in
g
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ical
co
n
te
x
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ev
er
al
in
teg
r
ated
s
tag
es
d
esig
n
ed
to
g
e
n
er
ate
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
d
ata
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
4
]
as p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
D
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
io
n
i
s
c
ar
r
i
ed
o
u
t
i
n
t
w
o
s
t
ag
e
s
:
p
r
i
m
ar
y
an
d
s
e
co
n
d
a
r
y
d
a
t
a.
P
r
i
m
ar
y
d
a
t
a
w
a
s
o
b
t
a
in
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
co
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
to
m
i
cr
o
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
o
w
n
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
i
s
c
o
m
p
i
l
e
d
to
c
o
l
le
c
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
f
in
a
n
c
ia
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
ch
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
f
ac
e
d
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
a
l
s
o
i
n
c
lu
d
e
s
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
i
cs
a
n
d
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
c
h
ar
a
c
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
T
o
ac
h
i
ev
e
r
ep
r
e
s
en
t
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
,
s
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
is
c
a
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
in
s
t
r
a
t
if
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
co
n
s
i
d
er
i
n
g
t
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
a
n
d
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
a
l
l
o
ca
t
i
o
n
.
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
d
a
t
a
i
s
o
b
t
a
in
e
d
f
r
o
m
r
e
l
ev
an
t
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
a
g
en
c
i
e
s
,
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
io
n
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
.
T
h
i
s
d
a
ta
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
lo
c
a
l
e
co
n
o
m
y
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
f
o
r
m
i
c
r
o
e
n
te
r
p
r
i
s
e
s
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
3
3
3
-
5
3
4
3
5336
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
G
I
S
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
pro
ce
s
s
i
ng
Af
ter
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
,
th
e
n
e
x
t
s
tep
is
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
s
in
g
GI
S
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
co
llected
f
in
a
n
cial
d
ata
will
b
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
with
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
m
a
p
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
in
clu
d
es
s
p
atial
an
aly
s
is
to
id
en
tify
f
in
a
n
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
atter
n
s
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
tio
n
,
as
well
as
an
aly
s
is
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
0
]
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
in
f
er
en
tia
l stati
s
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
c
ess
ed
d
ata
will
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
ic
r
o
b
u
s
in
ess
es
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ed
et
er
m
in
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
tu
r
n
o
v
er
,
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
ca
p
ital.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
will
b
e
v
is
u
alize
d
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
ap
s
an
d
g
r
a
p
h
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
ea
s
ier
to
in
ter
p
r
et
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
3
]
.
2
.
4
.
In
-
depth
inte
rv
iews
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
,
in
-
d
e
p
th
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
also
co
n
d
u
cted
with
s
ev
er
al
m
icr
o
b
u
s
in
ess
o
wn
er
s
an
d
lo
ca
l
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
in
ter
v
iew
is
to
g
ain
d
ee
p
er
q
u
alitativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ch
allen
g
es f
ac
ed
an
d
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
f
in
a
n
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
ese
in
ter
v
iews will a
ls
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
co
n
te
x
t f
o
r
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
]
.
2
.
5
.
Va
lid
a
t
i
o
n
a
nd
ev
a
lua
t
i
o
n
Af
ter
th
e
an
aly
s
is
is
co
m
p
leted
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
will
b
e
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
(
FGD)
with
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
an
d
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es
an
d
GI
S.
T
h
is
FGD
aim
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
an
d
o
b
tain
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
[
3
7
]
–
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
in
teg
r
ated
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
,
it is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
clea
r
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
f
in
a
n
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
e
n
ter
p
r
is
es
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
,
as
well
as
u
s
ef
u
l
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
licy
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
was
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
wit
h
a
d
etailed
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
q
u
an
titativ
e
-
q
u
alitativ
e
d
esig
n
,
s
tr
atif
icatio
n
s
am
p
lin
g
o
f
2
0
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
v
alid
ity
test
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
Alp
h
a)
,
an
d
tech
n
ical
s
tag
es
o
f
GI
S
(
g
eo
co
d
i
n
g
,
clea
n
i
n
g
,
b
u
f
f
er
in
g
,
n
ea
r
est
n
eig
h
b
o
r
)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
Sp
atial
an
aly
s
is
is
s
t
r
en
g
th
en
e
d
b
y
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
h
o
ts
p
o
t
an
al
y
s
is
(
Get
is
-
Or
d
Gi
*
)
to
id
en
tify
h
ig
h
/lo
w
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
zo
n
es,
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
E
u
clid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
s
to
f
in
an
ci
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
h
ig
h
way
s
,
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
ce
n
ter
s
,
an
d
th
e
m
atic
m
ap
p
in
g
b
ased
o
n
J
en
k
s
n
atu
r
al
b
r
ea
k
s
.
I
n
f
er
en
ti
al
an
aly
s
is
was
ad
d
e
d
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ANOV
A
an
d
s
p
atial
la
g
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
SLR)
test
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
i
s
v
alid
ated
with
k
-
f
o
ld
cr
o
s
s
v
alid
atio
n
(
k
=
1
0
)
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
q
u
an
titativ
e
GI
S
-
b
ased
s
p
atial
an
aly
s
is
with
q
u
alitativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
s
u
r
v
ey
s
a
n
d
in
te
r
v
iews.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
s
p
atial
m
o
d
elin
g
,
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
GI
S
s
o
f
twar
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
an
aly
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es.
2
.
5
.
1
.
So
f
t
wa
re
env
ir
o
nm
ent
Sp
atial
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
an
aly
s
is
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
Ar
cGI
S
Pro
3
.
2
an
d
QGI
S
3
.
3
4
,
with
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
an
al
y
s
is
in
P
y
th
o
n
(
Geo
p
an
d
as,
R
aster
io
,
an
d
Scik
it
-
lear
n
lib
r
a
r
ies)
f
o
r
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Th
e
u
s
e
o
f g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
fo
r
m
a
tio
n
s
ystems
to
mea
s
u
r
e
th
e
fin
a
n
cia
l
…
(
E
lfr
ed
a
A
p
lo
n
i
a
La
u
)
5337
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
to
o
ls
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
eir
r
o
b
u
s
t
g
eo
s
tatis
tical
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
lar
g
e
d
atasets
,
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
f
in
an
cial
an
d
s
o
ci
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
with
g
eo
s
p
atial
v
ar
iab
les.
Data
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
was e
n
h
an
c
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
Ar
cG
I
S
o
n
lin
e
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
ap
p
in
g
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
2
.
5
.
2
.
Sp
a
t
ia
l
da
t
a
l
a
y
er
s
T
h
e
GI
S
an
aly
s
is
r
elied
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
th
em
atic
lay
er
s
,
ea
ch
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
k
ey
v
a
r
iab
le
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
:
‒
B
ase
m
ap
s
:
h
i
gh
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
atellite
im
ag
er
y
(
Sen
tin
el
2
,
1
0
m
)
an
d
Op
en
Stre
etM
ap
lay
er
s
f
o
r
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
‒
Ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies:
v
illag
e
-
an
d
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict
-
lev
el
s
h
ap
ef
iles
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
g
eo
s
p
atial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ag
e
n
c
y
(
B
I
G)
.
‒
I
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
lay
er
s
:
r
o
ad
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
m
ar
k
et
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
f
ac
ilit
ies
d
ig
itized
f
r
o
m
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t sp
atial
d
atasets
an
d
v
alid
ated
with
GPS g
r
o
u
n
d
s
u
r
v
ey
s
.
‒
Fin
an
cial
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
ts
:
lo
ca
ti
o
n
s
o
f
b
a
n
k
s
,
co
o
p
er
ativ
es,
an
d
m
icr
o
f
in
a
n
ce
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
g
eo
co
d
ed
f
r
o
m
o
f
f
icial
r
eg
is
tr
ies.
‒
So
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
lay
e
r
s
:
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
d
e
n
s
ity
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
an
d
p
o
v
er
ty
in
d
ex
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
Statis
tics
I
n
d
o
n
esia (
B
PS
)
d
ata,
s
p
atiall
y
in
ter
p
o
lated
to
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict
u
n
its
.
‒
Su
r
v
ey
d
ata
lay
er
:
p
o
in
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
2
0
0
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es,
lin
k
ed
to
at
tr
ib
u
te
tab
les
co
n
tain
in
g
f
in
an
cial
in
d
icato
r
s
s
u
ch
as tu
r
n
o
v
er
,
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
is
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
n
ab
les th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
s
o
cial,
an
d
s
p
atial
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
to
a
u
n
if
ied
an
aly
tical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
2
.
5
.
3
.
Sp
a
t
ia
l
re
s
o
lutio
n a
nd
da
t
a
prepro
ce
s
s
ing
R
aster
-
b
ased
lay
er
s
(
e.
g
.
,
Sen
tin
el
-
2
im
ag
er
y
,
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
en
s
ity
g
r
id
s
)
wer
e
r
esam
p
led
to
a
1
0
m
s
p
atial
r
eso
lu
tio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
d
atasets
.
V
ec
to
r
lay
er
s
wer
e
p
r
o
jecte
d
to
th
e
W
G
S
8
4
/UT
M
Z
o
n
e
5
0
S
co
o
r
d
in
ate
s
y
s
tem
to
m
atch
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
in
E
ast
Kalim
an
tan
.
Attr
ib
u
te
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
u
r
v
ey
s
wer
e
clea
n
ed
,
n
o
r
m
alize
d
,
an
d
s
p
ati
ally
jo
in
ed
to
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
d
ata
g
ap
s
,
in
v
er
s
e
d
is
tan
ce
weig
h
tin
g
(
I
DW
)
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
was
ap
p
lied
to
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
at
f
in
er
s
ca
les.
Data
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
also
in
clu
d
ed
:
‒
Geo
co
d
in
g
an
d
c
o
o
r
d
in
ate
v
al
id
atio
n
o
f
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
p
o
i
n
ts
u
s
in
g
GPS.
‒
Ou
tlier
d
etec
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tatis
tical
z
-
s
co
r
es.
‒
I
n
ter
p
o
latio
n
(
I
DW
)
to
esti
m
ate
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
u
n
s
am
p
le
d
zo
n
es.
‒
T
o
p
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ch
ec
k
s
to
elim
in
ate
s
p
atial
o
v
er
lap
s
an
d
g
ap
s
b
etwe
en
p
o
ly
g
o
n
s
.
2
.
5
.
4
.
M
a
pp
ing
a
nd
a
na
ly
t
ica
l t
ec
hn
iqu
es
A
s
er
ies o
f
GI
S
-
b
ased
an
aly
s
e
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
:
‒
Pro
x
im
ity
an
aly
s
is
:
E
u
clid
e
an
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
-
b
ased
an
aly
s
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es’
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
s
er
v
ices.
‒
Ho
ts
p
o
t
an
al
y
s
is
(
Getis
-
Or
d
Gi*
)
:
id
en
tifie
d
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
o
r
lo
w
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
‒
Ov
er
lay
an
d
weig
h
te
d
in
d
e
x
m
o
d
elin
g
:
in
teg
r
ate
d
m
u
ltip
le
f
ac
to
r
s
(
ca
p
ital
ac
ce
s
s
,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
,
tr
ain
in
g
)
in
t
o
a
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
in
a
n
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
ex
.
‒
SLR
G
W
R
:
a
s
s
e
s
s
ed
th
e
l
o
ca
l
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
f
in
an
cial
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
v
ar
ia
b
les.
‒
Vis
u
aliza
tio
n
:
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
th
e
m
atic
m
ap
s
wer
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
t
o
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
m
i
cr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
cr
itical
u
n
d
e
r
s
er
v
ed
ar
ea
s
.
Statis
t
ical
v
alid
atio
n
was
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
ANOV
A
test
in
g
f
o
r
v
ar
ian
ce
a
m
o
n
g
r
eg
io
n
s
an
d
k
-
f
o
ld
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
(
k
=1
0
)
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
m
o
d
el
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
m
ea
n
R
²
≈
0
.
7
1
)
.
2
.
5
.
5
.
Va
lid
a
t
io
n a
nd
ex
pert
re
v
iew
T
h
e
GI
S r
esu
lts
wer
e
v
alid
ate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
:
‒
Gr
o
u
n
d
-
tr
u
th
in
g
: G
PS
f
ield
ch
ec
k
s
o
n
1
0
% o
f
s
am
p
led
e
n
ter
p
r
is
es.
‒
E
x
p
er
t
FGD:
va
lid
atio
n
o
f
s
p
atial
o
u
tp
u
ts
an
d
an
al
y
tical
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
with
lo
ca
l
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
f
in
an
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
ex
p
er
ts
.
‒
C
r
o
s
s
-
v
er
if
icatio
n
:
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
GI
S
-
b
ased
f
in
a
n
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ap
s
with
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
d
atasets
o
n
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
2
.
5
.
6
.
E
t
hica
l
co
ns
idera
t
io
ns
E
th
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
was
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
ch
et
h
ics
co
m
m
ittee
o
f
Un
iv
er
s
itas
1
7
Ag
u
s
tu
s
1
9
4
5
Sam
ar
in
d
a.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
t
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
was
m
ain
tain
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
an
o
n
y
m
ized
d
atasets
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
3
3
3
-
5
3
4
3
5338
h
an
d
lin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
-
s
u
b
ject
r
esear
ch
.
2
.
5
.
7
.
G
I
S in
f
ina
ncia
l a
nd
ec
o
no
m
ic
s
t
ud
ies
GI
S
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
av
e
e
v
o
lv
e
d
b
ey
o
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
lan
n
in
g
to
in
clu
d
e
s
o
ci
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
f
in
an
cial
i
n
clu
s
io
n
an
aly
s
is
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
m
ap
p
ed
b
an
k
in
g
d
eser
ts
,
cr
ed
it
ac
ce
s
s
,
an
d
p
o
v
er
ty
h
o
ts
p
o
ts
to
g
u
id
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
[
3
7
]
–
[
3
9
]
.
Dem
o
n
s
tr
ated
GI
S
-
MCDM
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
in
v
est
m
en
t
s
itin
g
,
ap
p
lied
GI
S f
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
i
n
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
,
s
h
o
win
g
s
tr
o
n
g
tr
an
s
f
er
ab
ilit
y
to
f
in
a
n
ce
.
2
.
5
.
8
.
Sp
a
t
ia
l
ec
o
no
m
et
rics
Sp
atial
ec
o
n
o
m
etr
ics
co
m
p
le
m
en
ts
GI
S
b
y
s
tatis
tical
ly
tes
tin
g
f
o
r
s
p
atial
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
i
n
f
in
an
cial
d
ata.
SAR
an
d
SEM
m
o
d
els
d
etec
t
s
p
atial
au
to
co
r
r
elatio
n
in
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
,
wh
ile
GW
R
r
ev
ea
ls
lo
ca
tio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
ef
f
icien
t
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
.
R
ec
en
t
wo
r
k
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
ig
n
o
r
in
g
s
p
atial
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
ca
n
lead
to
b
iased
an
d
in
ef
f
icien
t e
s
tim
ates,
u
n
d
e
r
m
in
in
g
p
o
licy
d
esig
n
.
2
.
5
.
9
.
G
I
S
–
f
ina
nce
inte
g
ra
t
io
n
Hy
b
r
id
m
o
d
els th
at
co
m
b
in
e
GI
S v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
with
ec
o
n
o
m
etr
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
ap
p
lied
in
u
r
b
an
p
o
v
er
ty
m
a
p
p
in
g
an
d
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
SME
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
two
an
aly
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
p
atial
as
well
as
c
au
s
al
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
allo
ws
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
to
id
en
tify
n
o
t
o
n
ly
wh
er
e
lo
w
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
clu
s
ter
s
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
b
u
t
also
wh
y
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
e
m
er
g
e,
s
u
ch
as
d
u
e
to
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
ca
p
ital
m
ar
k
ets,
in
ad
eq
u
ate
r
o
ad
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
o
r
i
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
2
.
5
.
1
0
.
AI a
nd
re
co
mm
ender
s
y
s
t
em
s
in f
ina
nce
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
f
in
a
n
cial
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
er
s
y
s
tem
s
lev
er
a
g
e
u
s
er
an
d
m
a
r
k
et
d
ata
to
p
er
s
o
n
al
ize
cr
ed
it
s
co
r
in
g
an
d
in
v
estme
n
t
ad
v
ice.
Ho
wev
er
,
ad
o
p
tio
n
f
ac
es
ch
allen
g
es
in
clu
d
i
n
g
d
ata
s
p
a
r
s
ity
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
an
d
ex
p
lain
ab
ilit
y
.
C
o
m
b
i
n
in
g
s
p
a
tial
co
n
tex
t
with
AI
m
o
d
els
c
o
u
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
tar
g
etin
g
an
d
f
a
ir
n
ess
in
f
in
an
cial
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
r
em
o
te
r
eg
io
n
s
wh
e
r
e
tr
ad
i
tio
n
al
f
in
an
cial
d
ata
is
s
p
ar
s
e.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
GI
S
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
i
s
es in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
o
f
E
ast Ka
lim
an
tan
Pro
v
in
ce
.
Fro
m
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
tr
ik
in
g
v
ar
iatio
n
in
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ased
o
n
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
f
in
a
n
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
n
t
h
e
GI
S
m
ap
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
m
icr
o
e
n
ter
p
r
is
es
lo
ca
te
d
in
a
r
ea
s
with
b
etter
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
ten
d
to
h
av
e
b
etter
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
o
s
e
lo
ca
ted
in
r
em
o
te
lo
ca
tio
n
s
with
o
u
t a
d
eq
u
ate
ac
ce
s
s
.
3
.
1
.
F
ina
ncia
l
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
Fro
m
th
e
2
0
0
m
icr
o
b
u
s
in
es
s
es
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
o
r
e
th
an
6
0
%
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
e
s
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
ca
p
ital,
wh
ich
h
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
.
GI
S
d
ata
s
h
o
ws
th
at
b
u
s
in
ess
es
th
at
ar
e
clo
s
e
t
o
f
in
an
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
t
en
d
to
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
e
r
tu
r
n
o
v
e
r
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
b
u
s
in
ess
es
th
at
r
ec
eiv
ed
t
r
ain
in
g
in
f
in
an
cial
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
also
s
h
o
wed
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
(
T
a
b
le
s
1
to
3
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
On
e
-
w
ay
ANOV
A
r
esu
lts
S
o
u
r
c
e
o
f
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
S
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
a
r
e
s
F
-
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
1
4
5
.
3
2
8
.
7
6
0
.
0
0
3
W
i
t
h
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
3
8
9
.
4
5
-
-
To
t
a
l
5
3
4
.
7
7
-
-
T
ab
le
2
.
S
p
atial
lag
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
r
esu
lts
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
S
t
d
.
e
r
r
or
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
2
.
1
4
5
0
.
5
1
2
0
.
0
0
1
P
r
o
x
i
mi
t
y
t
o
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
0
.
3
7
8
0
.
0
9
4
0
.
0
0
0
A
c
c
e
ss
t
o
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
0
.
2
9
1
0
.
1
1
8
0
.
0
1
2
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
2
0
5
0
.
0
8
9
0
.
0
2
5
S
p
a
t
i
a
l
l
a
g
(
ρ
)
0
.
3
1
4
0
.
0
7
2
0
.
0
0
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Th
e
u
s
e
o
f g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
fo
r
m
a
tio
n
s
ystems
to
mea
s
u
r
e
th
e
fin
a
n
cia
l
…
(
E
lfr
ed
a
A
p
lo
n
i
a
La
u
)
5339
T
ab
le
3
.
K
-
f
o
ld
cr
o
s
s
v
alid
atio
n
(
k
=1
0
)
F
o
l
d
R²
R
M
S
E
1
0
.
6
8
0
.
2
4
5
2
0
.
7
1
0
.
2
3
8
3
0
.
6
9
0
.
2
4
1
4
0
.
7
2
0
.
2
2
9
5
0
.
7
0
0
.
2
4
3
6
0
.
7
3
0
.
2
2
1
7
0
.
6
9
0
.
2
3
9
8
0
.
7
1
0
.
2
3
6
9
0
.
7
2
0
.
2
3
2
10
0
.
7
0
0
.
2
4
1
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
0
.
7
1
0
.
2
3
6
3
.
2
.
I
nfluencing
f
a
ct
o
rs
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
id
en
tifie
d
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
ca
p
ital
o
f
m
an
y
m
icr
o
b
u
s
in
ess
o
wn
er
s
wh
o
co
m
p
lain
ed
o
f
d
if
f
icu
l
ties
in
o
b
tain
in
g
lo
an
s
,
esp
e
cially
f
r
o
m
f
o
r
m
al
b
an
k
s
.
B
u
s
in
ess
es
th
at
s
u
cc
e
ed
in
o
b
tain
in
g
ca
p
ital
f
r
o
m
in
f
o
r
m
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
to
f
in
an
cial
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
.
T
r
ain
in
g
an
d
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
es
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
h
o
wed
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
f
in
a
n
cial
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
is
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
ei
r
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Go
o
d
e
x
is
tin
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
s
u
ch
as
r
o
ad
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
p
ass
ed
b
y
v
eh
icles
an
d
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
,
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t r
o
l
e
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
b
u
s
in
ess
ac
tiv
ities
.
B
u
s
in
es
s
es
in
ar
ea
s
with
b
etter
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
ales
an
d
c
o
s
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
Fig
u
r
es
3
an
d
4
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
is
b
ased
o
n
s
p
atial
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
s
im
u
lated
d
ata.
T
h
e
m
ap
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
-
en
t
er
p
r
is
es
with
co
lo
r
g
r
ad
ien
ts
b
ased
o
n
f
in
a
n
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
is
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
s
tatis
tical
v
alid
atio
n
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
R
²
v
alu
es
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
ld
s
with
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
7
1
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
SLR
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ho
ts
p
o
t
m
ap
o
f
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es a
n
d
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
(
s
im
u
la
tio
n
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
K
-
Fo
ld
cr
o
s
s
v
alid
at
io
n
(
R
²
p
er
Fo
ld
)
3
.
3
.
Rec
o
mm
enda
t
io
ns
f
o
r
dev
elo
pm
ent
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
s
e
v
er
a
l
r
e
co
m
m
e
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
m
e
r
g
ed
t
o
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
m
ic
r
o
e
n
t
e
r
p
r
i
s
e
s
in
r
e
m
o
te
a
r
e
a
s
.
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
ed
a
cc
e
s
s
t
o
c
a
p
i
t
a
l
r
eq
u
i
r
e
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
th
a
t
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
te
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o
c
ap
i
t
a
l
f
o
r
m
i
cr
o
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
e
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
t
h
e
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
s
o
r
p
a
r
tn
e
r
s
h
i
p
s
w
i
th
f
in
a
n
c
ia
l
i
n
s
t
i
tu
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
o
f
f
e
r
m
o
r
e
a
f
f
o
r
d
ab
l
e
l
o
a
n
s
.
C
o
n
t
in
u
in
g
tr
a
i
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
d
ev
e
l
o
p
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
m
a
r
k
e
t
in
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
f
o
r
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
o
w
n
e
r
s
.
I
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t
:
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
i
z
in
g
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
d
ev
e
l
o
p
m
en
t
t
h
a
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
m
i
cr
o
-
e
n
t
er
p
r
i
s
e
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
a
c
ce
s
s
t
o
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
G
I
S
,
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
a
c
l
ea
r
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
to
id
en
t
i
f
y
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
th
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
a
f
f
e
c
t
t
h
e
f
in
a
n
c
i
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
i
c
r
o
en
t
e
r
p
r
i
s
e
s
.
W
i
t
h
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
ed
,
i
t
i
s
h
o
p
e
d
t
h
a
t
s
t
ak
e
h
o
l
d
er
s
c
a
n
t
a
k
e
s
t
r
a
te
g
i
c
s
t
e
p
s
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
s
u
s
t
a
in
a
b
l
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
lo
c
a
l
e
c
o
n
o
m
y
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
3
3
3
-
5
3
4
3
5340
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Mic
r
o
,
s
m
all
,
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
en
ter
p
r
is
es
o
f
E
ast Ka
lim
an
tan
Pro
v
i
n
ce
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
r
o
le
o
f
GI
S
in
e
v
alu
atin
g
an
d
v
is
u
alizin
g
th
e
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
en
te
r
p
r
is
es
in
E
ast
Kalim
an
tan
’
s
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
en
ter
p
r
is
es
with
b
etter
s
p
atial
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ctu
r
e,
f
i
n
an
cial
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
e
x
h
ib
it
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
r
ev
en
u
e
g
r
o
wth
,
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
,
an
d
g
r
ea
t
er
r
esil
ien
ce
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
lin
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
p
atial
tar
g
etin
g
in
p
o
licy
d
esig
n
,
en
ab
lin
g
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
ts
an
d
f
in
an
cial
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
allo
ca
te
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
r
eg
i
o
n
al
d
is
p
ar
ities
.
T
wo
k
ey
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
em
er
g
e:
i
)
GI
S
-
b
ased
m
ap
p
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
r
ac
tical
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
id
en
tify
i
n
g
u
n
d
er
s
er
v
ed
z
o
n
es
an
d
g
u
id
i
n
g
i
n
v
estme
n
ts
in
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
m
o
b
ile
b
an
k
in
g
,
an
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
;
ii
)
GI
S
s
er
v
es
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
as
a
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
b
u
t
also
as
a
d
e
cisi
o
n
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
lim
its
its
ab
ili
ty
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
f
in
an
cial
d
y
n
am
ics,
an
d
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
cial
ca
p
ital
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
al
f
in
an
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
wer
e
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
teg
r
ate
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
ata,
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
GI
S,
an
d
b
r
o
a
d
er
r
eg
i
o
n
al
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
E
x
p
an
d
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
with
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
f
in
an
cial
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
d
ata
c
o
u
ld
f
u
r
th
er
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
its
p
o
licy
r
elev
an
ce
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
estab
lis
h
es GI
S
as
a
n
o
v
el
an
d
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
to
o
l in
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
p
atially
in
f
o
r
m
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
m
icr
o
en
ter
p
r
is
es
in
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ically
is
o
lated
co
n
tex
ts
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
L
ec
tu
r
er
C
er
tific
atio
n
Fu
n
d
(
SERDOS)
f
r
o
m
th
e
M
in
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
C
u
ltu
r
e
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
E
lf
r
ed
a
Ap
lo
n
ia
L
au
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Sri
E
n
d
ay
an
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Um
i
K
u
ls
u
m
✓
✓
✓
An
d
r
ew
Stef
an
o
✓
✓
✓
Ab
d
u
l Ro
k
h
im
✓
✓
✓
Pu
r
b
awa
ti
✓
✓
✓
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Th
e
u
s
e
o
f g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
fo
r
m
a
tio
n
s
ystems
to
mea
s
u
r
e
th
e
fin
a
n
cia
l
…
(
E
lfr
ed
a
A
p
lo
n
i
a
La
u
)
5341
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
in
v
o
lv
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata
o
r
id
en
tifia
b
le
h
u
m
a
n
s
u
b
jects.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t w
as n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
i
n
v
o
lv
e
h
u
m
an
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
o
r
an
im
als
,
an
d
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
d
id
n
o
t
r
eq
u
i
r
e
eth
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al.
All p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es we
r
e
co
n
d
u
cted
in
ac
c
o
r
d
an
ce
with
r
elev
an
t in
s
titu
tio
n
al
an
d
n
ati
o
n
al
g
u
i
d
elin
es.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
au
th
o
r
.
T
h
ese
d
ata
wer
e
u
s
ed
with
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
a
r
e
n
o
t
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
d
u
e
to
l
icen
s
in
g
r
estrictio
n
s
.
R
eq
u
ests
f
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
m
ay
b
e
d
ir
ec
ted
to
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
,
[
SE
]
,
s
u
b
ject
to
a
p
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
a
u
th
o
r
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
H
.
G
.
I
.
A
h
me
d
,
M
.
H
.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
S
a
l
e
h
,
“
A
G
I
S
mo
d
e
l
f
o
r
e
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r
p
u
mp
e
d
st
o
r
a
g
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
u
s
i
n
g
r
e
mo
t
e
sen
s
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
,
”
Eg
y
p
t
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
R
e
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
1
5
‒
5
2
3
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
j
r
s.
2
0
2
1
.
0
9
.
0
0
6
.
[
2
]
H
.
S
.
A
l
-
B
a
h
r
a
n
i
,
A
.
H
.
A
l
-
R
a
mm
a
h
i
,
S
.
K
.
A
l
-
M
a
m
o
o
r
i
,
L
.
A
.
A
l
-
M
a
l
i
k
i
,
a
n
d
N
.
A
l
-
A
n
sar
i
,
“
G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
l
a
ss
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
r
e
m
o
t
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
G
I
S
i
n
N
a
j
a
f
,
I
r
a
q
,
”
G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
f
o
r
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
g
s
d
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
8
3
8
.
[
3
]
S
.
A
l
j
e
n
a
i
d
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
ss
e
ssi
n
g
t
h
e
s
p
a
t
i
o
t
e
mp
o
r
a
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
,
a
sso
c
i
a
t
e
d
c
a
r
b
o
n
s
t
o
c
k
,
a
n
d
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
e
m
i
ssi
o
n
s
o
f
ma
n
g
r
o
v
e
s
i
n
B
a
h
r
a
i
n
u
s
i
n
g
G
I
S
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
t
e
se
n
si
n
g
d
a
t
a
,
”
R
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
i
n
Ma
r
i
n
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
5
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
sm
a
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
2
2
8
2
.
[
4
]
G
.
V
i
l
l
a
c
r
e
ses
,
J.
M
.
-
G
ó
me
z
,
D
.
Ji
j
ó
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
C
o
r
d
o
v
e
z
,
“
G
e
o
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
f
a
r
ms
u
s
i
n
g
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
sy
st
e
ms
(
G
I
S
)
w
i
t
h
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
-
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
-
ma
k
i
n
g
(
M
C
D
M
)
met
h
o
d
s
:
c
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
E
c
u
a
d
o
r
i
a
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Re
p
o
r
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
3
5
2
6
‒
3
5
4
8
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
g
y
r
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
2
.
1
5
2
.
[
5
]
X
.
W
u
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
w
eb
-
G
I
S
h
a
z
a
r
d
s
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
sy
s
t
e
m
o
f
t
h
e
2
0
0
8
W
e
n
c
h
u
a
n
E
a
r
t
h
q
u
a
k
e
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
N
a
t
u
ra
l
H
a
za
r
d
s
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
n
h
r
e
s.
2
0
2
2
.
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
[
6
]
Y
.
X
i
a
o
,
Y
.
Y
a
n
,
Y
.
S
.
Y
u
,
B
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Y
.
H
.
L
i
a
n
g
,
“
R
e
sea
r
c
h
o
n
p
o
se
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
me
t
h
o
d
o
f
i
n
d
o
o
r
r
a
i
l
m
o
u
n
t
e
d
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n
r
o
b
o
t
i
n
G
I
S
su
b
st
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
p
o
rt
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
6
9
6
‒
7
0
5
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
g
y
r
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
3
.
1
5
5
.
[
7
]
A
.
K
.
Ta
l
o
o
r
,
N
.
A
d
i
ma
l
l
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
G
o
sw
a
mi
,
“
R
e
m
o
t
e
se
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
G
I
S
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
g
e
o
sc
i
e
n
c
e
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
G
e
o
sc
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
c
a
g
s.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
0
0
6
5
.
[
8
]
H
.
Ta
mi
r
u
a
n
d
M
.
W
a
g
a
r
i
,
“
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
a
t
a
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
G
I
S
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
f
o
r
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
z
o
n
e
s
:
a
c
a
s
e
o
f
F
i
n
c
h
a
c
a
t
c
h
me
n
t
,
A
b
a
y
B
a
si
n
,
Et
h
i
o
p
i
a
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
H
y
d
r
o
l
o
g
y
:
R
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
j
r
h
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
0
9
0
2
.
[
9
]
T.
T
u
r
e
k
a
n
d
C
.
S
t
e
p
n
i
a
k
,
“
A
r
e
a
s
o
f
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
G
I
S
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
s
mart
c
i
t
y
t
o
o
l
s.
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
,
”
i
n
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
2
1
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
2
,
p
p
.
4
6
8
1
‒
4
6
9
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
r
o
c
s.
2
0
2
1
.
0
9
.
2
4
6
.
[
1
0
]
A
.
A
l
q
a
h
t
a
n
y
,
“
G
I
S
-
b
a
sed
a
ssess
me
n
t
o
f
l
a
n
d
u
s
e
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
se
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
A
l
A
h
sa
M
e
t
r
o
p
o
l
i
t
a
n
A
r
e
a
,
S
a
u
d
i
A
r
a
b
i
a
f
o
r
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
3
2
,
”
Al
e
x
a
n
d
r
i
a
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
p
p
.
2
6
9
‒
2
7
7
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
e
j
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
7
.
0
2
0
.
[
1
1
]
S
.
B
e
d
a
i
r
,
S
.
A
.
S
a
y
e
d
,
a
n
d
W
.
M
.
A
l
M
e
t
w
a
l
y
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
h
y
b
r
i
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
u
si
n
g
o
p
e
n
s
o
u
r
c
e
G
I
S
-
b
a
se
d
ma
p
s a
r
c
h
i
v
i
n
g
s
y
st
e
m,”
Eg
y
p
t
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
R
e
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
7
9
‒
7
9
3
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
j
r
s.
2
0
2
2
.
0
7
.
0
0
3
.
[
1
2
]
C
.
Ç
e
t
i
n
k
a
y
a
,
M
.
Er
b
a
ş,
M
.
K
a
b
a
k
,
a
n
d
E.
Ö
z
c
e
y
l
a
n
,
“
A
mass
v
a
c
c
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
t
e
sel
e
c
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
:
a
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
G
I
S
a
n
d
e
n
t
r
o
p
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
M
A
U
T
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
S
o
c
i
o
-
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
Pl
a
n
n
i
n
g
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
se
p
s.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
1
3
7
6
.
[
1
3
]
M
.
S
.
C
h
o
w
d
h
u
r
y
a
n
d
B
.
H
a
f
sa
,
“
M
u
l
t
i
-
d
e
c
a
d
a
l
l
a
n
d
c
o
v
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
v
e
r
S
u
n
d
a
r
b
a
n
s
ma
n
g
r
o
v
e
f
o
r
e
s
t
o
f
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
:
a
G
I
S
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
t
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
G
l
o
b
a
l
Ec
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
C
o
n
s
e
rv
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
g
e
c
c
o
.
2
0
2
2
.
e
0
2
1
5
1
.
[
1
4
]
E.
C
.
C
h
u
k
w
u
m
a
,
C
.
C
.
O
k
o
n
k
w
o
,
J.
O
.
O
j
e
d
i
r
a
n
,
D
.
C
.
A
n
i
z
o
b
a
,
J.
I
.
U
b
a
h
,
a
n
d
C
.
P
.
N
w
a
c
h
u
k
w
u
,
“
A
G
I
S
b
a
sed
f
l
o
o
d
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
o
f
A
n
a
m
b
r
a
S
t
a
t
e
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
I
V
F
R
N
-
D
EM
A
TEL
-
A
N
P
m
o
d
e
l
,
”
H
e
l
i
y
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
9
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
h
e
l
i
y
o
n
.
2
0
2
1
.
e
0
8
0
4
8
.
[
1
5
]
H
.
D
e
sal
e
g
n
a
n
d
A
.
M
u
l
u
,
“
M
a
p
p
i
n
g
f
l
o
o
d
i
n
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
a
s
u
si
n
g
G
I
S
a
n
d
H
EC
-
R
A
S
m
o
d
e
l
a
t
F
e
t
a
m
R
i
v
e
r
,
U
p
p
e
r
A
b
b
a
y
B
a
s
i
n
,
Et
h
i
o
p
i
a
,
”
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
Af
r
i
c
a
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
sci
a
f
.
2
0
2
1
.
e
0
0
8
3
4
.
[
1
6
]
D
.
D
h
i
n
sa
,
F
.
Ta
m
i
r
u
,
a
n
d
B
.
Ta
d
e
s
a
,
“
G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
z
o
n
a
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
V
ES
a
n
d
G
I
S
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
:
a
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
W
e
ser
b
i
G
u
t
o
c
a
t
c
h
m
e
n
t
i
n
S
u
l
u
l
t
a
,
O
r
o
m
i
a
,
E
t
h
i
o
p
i
a
,
”
H
e
l
i
y
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
8
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
h
e
l
i
y
o
n
.
2
0
2
2
.
e
1
0
2
4
5
.
[
1
7
]
S
.
F
.
El
b
e
i
h
,
“
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
e
x
p
a
n
si
o
n
a
r
e
a
s
i
n
t
h
e
E
g
y
p
t
i
a
n
d
e
s
e
r
t
s
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
u
s
i
n
g
r
e
mo
t
e
se
n
si
n
g
a
n
d
G
I
S
,
”
Eg
y
p
t
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
R
e
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
p
p
.
8
8
9
‒
9
0
6
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
j
r
s
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
.
0
0
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
3
3
3
-
5
3
4
3
5342
[
1
8
]
B
.
El
b
o
sh
y
,
M
.
A
l
w
e
t
a
i
s
h
i
,
R
.
M
.
H
.
A
l
y
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
.
Za
l
h
a
f
,
“
A
s
u
i
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
map
p
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
P
V
s
o
l
a
r
f
a
r
ms
i
n
E
g
y
p
t
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
G
I
S
-
A
H
P
t
o
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
mu
l
t
i
-
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
f
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
”
A
i
n
S
h
a
m
s E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
s
e
j
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
.
0
1
3
.
[
1
9
]
G
.
A
.
Y
o
u
sef
,
M
.
A
.
El
a
z
o
n
y
,
A
.
A
b
d
e
l
sat
t
a
r
,
M
.
M
.
S
e
w
a
i
l
a
m
,
a
n
d
O
.
H
.
El
s
a
i
d
,
“
A
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
r
e
mo
t
e
se
n
s
i
n
g
-
G
I
S
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
n
t
h
e
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
a
n
d
i
c
r
a
f
t
c
e
n
t
e
r
s
a
t
N
e
w
V
a
l
l
e
y
G
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
a
t
e
,
E
g
y
p
t
,
”
Eg
y
p
t
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Re
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
3
1
‒
7
3
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
j
r
s.
2
0
2
2
.
0
4
.
0
0
4
.
[
2
0
]
A
.
Y
u
d
h
a
n
a
,
D
.
S
u
l
i
s
t
y
o
,
a
n
d
I
.
M
u
f
a
n
d
i
,
“
G
I
S
-
b
a
sed
a
n
d
n
a
ï
v
e
B
a
y
e
s
f
o
r
n
i
t
r
o
g
e
n
s
o
i
l
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
i
n
Le
n
d
a
h
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
”
S
e
n
s
o
rs
a
n
d
Bi
o
-
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
b
sr
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
0
4
3
5
.
[
2
1
]
S
.
Z
h
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
H
P
-
G
I
S
a
n
d
M
a
x
En
t
f
o
r
d
e
l
i
n
e
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
A
r
a
b
i
c
a
c
o
f
f
e
e
p
l
a
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
c
l
i
ma
t
e
i
n
Y
u
n
n
a
n
,
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
E
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
c
o
l
i
n
d
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
8
3
3
9
.
[
2
2
]
S
.
M
.
El
-
H
a
d
i
d
y
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
M
o
r
s
y
,
“
E
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
s
p
a
t
i
o
-
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
d
e
f
i
c
i
t
b
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
mo
d
e
l
i
n
g
,
r
e
m
o
t
e
se
n
s
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
G
I
S
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,
”
E
g
y
p
t
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Re
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
7
‒
1
1
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
j
r
s.
2
0
2
2
.
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
[
2
3
]
F
.
Er
d
e
m,
R
.
A
t
u
n
,
Z.
Y
.
A
v
d
a
n
,
I
.
A
t
i
l
a
,
a
n
d
U
.
A
v
d
a
n
,
“
D
r
o
u
g
h
t
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
V
a
n
L
a
k
e
B
a
s
i
n
w
i
t
h
r
e
m
o
t
e
se
n
si
n
g
a
n
d
G
I
S
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s,
”
Eg
y
p
t
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Re
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
3
‒
1
1
0
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
j
r
s.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
.
0
0
6
.
[
2
4
]
S
.
M
.
G
h
o
n
e
i
m
,
M
.
A
.
Y
e
h
i
a
,
S
.
M
.
S
a
l
e
m
,
a
n
d
H
.
F
.
A
l
i
,
“
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
r
e
mo
t
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
,
G
I
S
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
a
n
d
f
i
e
l
d
st
u
d
i
e
s
f
o
r
map
p
i
n
g
a
l
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
z
o
n
e
s
a
t
W
a
d
i
S
a
q
i
a
a
r
e
a
,
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
E
a
st
e
r
n
D
e
ser
t
,
Eg
y
p
t
,
”
E
g
y
p
t
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
R
e
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
si
n
g
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
2
3
‒
3
3
6
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
j
r
s.
2
0
2
2
.
0
2
.
0
0
1
.
[
2
5
]
L.
G
u
p
t
a
,
N
.
A
g
r
a
w
a
l
,
J
.
D
i
x
i
t
,
a
n
d
S
.
D
u
t
t
a
,
“
A
G
I
S
-
b
a
se
d
a
sses
sme
n
t
o
f
a
c
t
i
v
e
t
e
c
t
o
n
i
c
s
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
p
h
o
me
t
r
i
c
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
g
e
o
m
o
r
p
h
i
c
i
n
d
i
c
e
s
o
f
A
ss
a
m
R
e
g
i
o
n
,
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
As
i
a
n
Ea
r
t
h
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s:
X
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
a
e
s
x
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
1
1
5
.
[
2
6
]
E.
G
ü
r
t
e
k
i
n
a
n
d
O
.
G
ö
k
ç
e
,
“
Est
i
ma
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
r
o
si
o
n
r
i
s
k
o
f
H
a
r
e
b
a
k
a
y
i
ş
s
u
b
-
w
a
t
e
r
sh
e
d
,
E
l
a
z
i
g
,
Tu
r
k
e
y
,
u
s
i
n
g
G
I
S
b
a
sed
R
U
S
L
E
mo
d
e
l
,
”
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
v
c
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
0
3
1
5
.
[
2
7
]
S
.
I
si
h
a
k
,
U
.
A
k
p
a
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
B
h
a
t
t
a
c
h
a
r
y
y
a
,
“
Ev
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
G
I
S
-
b
a
sed
r
u
r
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
s
a
n
d
a
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
O
n
S
S
ET
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
,
”
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
rg
y
T
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
se
t
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
0
1
9
.
[
2
8
]
N
.
K
h
a
l
i
l
,
M
.
M
h
a
n
n
a
,
a
n
d
E.
H
.
A
ss
a
f
,
“
H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
c
o
r
r
i
d
o
r
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
w
a
y
u
si
n
g
G
I
S
& C
F
S
C
me
t
h
o
d
i
n
m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s
a
r
e
a
s,
”
E
g
y
p
t
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Re
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
0
9
‒
5
1
4
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
j
r
s
.
2
0
2
1
.
0
8
.
0
0
8
.
[
2
9
]
M
.
K
u
m
a
r
,
P
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
a
n
d
P
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
“
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
G
I
S
a
n
d
r
e
mo
t
e
se
n
s
i
n
g
f
o
r
d
e
l
i
n
e
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
z
o
n
e
s
i
n
B
u
n
d
e
l
k
h
a
n
d
R
e
g
i
o
n
,
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
Eg
y
p
t
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Re
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
8
7
‒
4
0
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
j
r
s.
2
0
2
2
.
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
[
3
0
]
A
.
La
r
k
i
n
,
X
.
G
u
,
L
.
C
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
H
y
st
a
d
,
“
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
i
l
t
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
u
si
n
g
G
I
S
,
sat
e
l
l
i
t
e
a
n
d
st
r
e
e
t
v
i
e
w
i
ma
g
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s,”
L
a
n
d
sc
a
p
e
a
n
d
U
rb
a
n
Pl
a
n
n
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
6
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
l
a
n
d
u
r
b
p
l
a
n
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
4
2
5
7
.
[
3
1
]
S
.
Li
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
so
t
o
p
e
s
p
a
t
i
o
t
e
mp
o
r
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
sp
e
c
t
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
b
a
sed
o
n
G
I
S
i
n
Ti
b
e
t
,
”
O
r
e
G
e
o
l
o
g
y
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
7
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
o
r
e
g
e
o
r
e
v
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
4
9
9
7
.
[
3
2
]
W
.
L
i
,
P
.
L.
W
i
n
t
e
r
,
L
.
A
.
M
i
l
b
u
r
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
E.
P
a
d
g
e
t
t
,
“
A
d
u
a
l
-
m
e
t
h
o
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
w
a
r
d
m
e
a
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
u
i
l
t
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
-
samp
l
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
u
si
n
g
G
I
S
a
n
d
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
a
u
d
i
t
i
n
g
,
”
H
e
a
l
t
h
a
n
d
Pl
a
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
6
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
h
e
a
l
t
h
p
l
a
c
e
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
2
4
8
2
.
[
3
3
]
H
.
Li
u
,
Z.
Zh
a
n
g
,
T.
C
h
e
n
,
J.
Y
a
n
g
,
Q
.
Li
,
a
n
d
D
.
H
e
,
“
S
i
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
d
mo
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
r
i
s
e
o
f
G
I
S
i
n
u
l
t
r
a
-
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
u
b
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
mp
e
n
sa
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
s
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
9
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
p
sr
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
7
4
4
1
.
[
3
4
]
Q
.
Li
u
,
G
.
Zh
a
i
,
a
n
d
X
.
L
u
,
“
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
l
a
n
d
-
sea
su
r
v
e
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
t
i
d
a
l
z
o
n
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
h
i
g
h
-
d
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
r
e
m
o
t
e
sen
s
i
n
g
i
ma
g
e
s
a
n
d
G
I
S
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
Mi
c
r
o
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
rs
a
n
d
M
i
c
r
o
sys
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
m
i
c
p
r
o
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
3
9
3
7
.
[
3
5
]
M
.
Lu
m
b
r
e
r
a
s
,
G
.
D
i
a
r
c
e
,
K
.
M
.
-
E
scu
d
e
r
o
,
A
.
C
.
-
C
e
l
a
d
o
r
,
a
n
d
P
.
L
a
r
r
i
n
a
g
a
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
d
i
st
r
i
c
t
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
b
u
i
l
t
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
u
s
i
n
g
G
I
S
:
A
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
V
i
t
o
r
i
a
-
G
a
s
t
e
i
z
,
S
p
a
i
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
l
e
a
n
e
r
Pr
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
9
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
c
l
e
p
r
o
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
3
1
4
9
1
.
[
3
6
]
M
.
M
a
ss
a
n
o
,
E.
M
a
c
i
i
,
A
.
La
n
z
i
n
i
,
E.
P
a
t
t
i
,
a
n
d
L.
B
o
t
t
a
c
c
i
o
l
i
,
“
A
G
I
S
o
p
e
n
-
d
a
t
a
c
o
-
si
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
u
r
b
a
n
a
r
e
a
s
,
”
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
p
p
.
1
9
8
-
2
1
3
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
g
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
6
.
0
2
0
.
[
3
7
]
M
.
M
u
r
u
g
e
sa
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
p
i
d
e
mi
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
o
u
t
b
r
e
a
k
i
n
V
e
l
l
o
r
e
d
i
st
r
i
c
t
i
n
S
o
u
t
h
I
n
d
i
a
u
si
n
g
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
su
r
v
e
i
l
l
a
n
c
e
(
G
I
S
)
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
2
,
p
p
.
6
6
9
‒
6
7
5
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
i
d
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
7
.
0
1
0
.
[
3
8
]
M
.
P
e
p
e
,
D
.
C
o
st
a
n
t
i
n
o
,
V
.
S
.
A
l
f
i
o
,
A
.
G
.
R
e
st
u
c
c
i
a
,
a
n
d
N
.
M
.
P
a
p
a
l
i
n
o
,
“
S
c
a
n
t
o
B
I
M
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
3
D
G
I
S
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
h
e
r
i
t
a
g
e
si
t
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
H
e
ri
t
a
g
e
,
v
o
l
.
5
0
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
‒
1
2
5
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
u
l
h
e
r
.
2
0
2
1
.
0
5
.
0
0
6
.
[
3
9
]
S
.
J.
Q
u
a
n
a
n
d
P
.
B
a
n
sa
l
,
“
A
sy
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
G
I
S
-
b
a
se
d
l
o
c
a
l
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
z
o
n
e
ma
p
p
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
i
e
s,
”
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
6
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
b
u
i
l
d
e
n
v
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
7
7
9
1
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Elfre
d
a
Apl
o
n
ia
La
u
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
Dr
.
(Do
c
to
ra
te)
in
Ec
o
n
o
m
ics
fro
m
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Au
g
u
st
1
7
,
1
9
4
5
S
u
ra
b
a
y
a
in
2
0
1
3
.
S
h
e
is
a
l
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
Ac
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
S
tu
d
y
P
ro
g
ra
m
,
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
Eco
n
o
m
ics
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Au
g
u
st
1
7
,
1
9
4
5
S
a
m
a
rin
d
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
e
lfred
a
lau
9
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.