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I
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Hea
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Vo
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14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
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b
er
20
25
:
1
7
4
7
-
1
7
5
6
1748
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es.
B
o
d
y
im
ag
e
is
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
h
a
p
e,
b
o
d
y
weig
h
t,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
th
at
lea
d
s
to
th
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
'
s
ev
alu
atio
n
of
th
eir
p
o
s
itiv
e
or
n
e
g
ativ
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
[
1
5
]
.
E
m
er
g
in
g
a
d
u
lth
o
o
d
is
a
cr
itical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
s
tag
e
in
wh
ich
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ex
p
er
ien
ce
id
e
n
tity
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
a
n
d
h
eig
h
ten
ed
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
ex
t
er
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
s
.
Fo
r
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
is
p
e
r
io
d
is
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
b
o
d
y
im
a
g
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
well
-
b
ein
g
b
u
t
m
ay
also
in
f
lu
en
ce
t
h
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
tim
al
ca
r
e.
Desp
ite
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
h
as
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
g
e
n
er
al
ad
o
lescen
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
n
o
n
-
h
ea
lth
d
is
cip
lin
es.
T
h
er
e
r
em
ai
n
s
lim
ited
em
p
ir
ic
al
ev
id
en
ce
o
n
h
o
w
b
o
d
y
-
s
h
a
m
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
p
ec
if
ically
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
o
f
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
g
a
p
i
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
wh
o
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
p
t
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
o
th
th
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
th
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
o
les.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
p
r
o
b
lem
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
lack
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
b
o
d
y
-
s
h
am
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
b
o
d
y
im
a
g
e
am
o
n
g
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
o
ad
d
r
e
s
s
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
an
aly
z
e
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
b
o
d
y
-
s
h
am
in
g
tr
ea
tm
en
t a
n
d
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
in
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
W
est J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
d
esig
n
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
b
o
d
y
-
s
h
am
in
g
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
(
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
)
an
d
b
o
d
y
im
a
g
e
(
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
le)
a
m
o
n
g
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
was
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
au
s
e
it
a
llo
ws
s
tatis
tical
test
in
g
o
f
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
v
a
r
iab
les
u
s
in
g
a
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
to
tal
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
4
4
8
s
t
u
d
en
ts
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
r
ee
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
wer
e
u
s
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
u
s
ed
in
th
is
r
ese
ar
ch
:
i
)
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
e)
,
ii
)
B
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
tr
ea
tm
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
y
Sar
i
[
1
6
]
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
2
6
item
s
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
“lo
w”
(
<6
4
.
7
7
)
o
r
“h
ig
h
”
(
≥
6
4
.
7
7
)
,
ii
)
M
B
S
R
Q
-
AS
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
tr
an
s
lated
v
er
s
io
n
[
1
7
]
)
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
with
3
4
item
s
ac
r
o
s
s
f
iv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Sco
r
es
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
n
eg
ativ
e
(
<1
0
7
.
7
5
)
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
(
≥
1
0
7
.
7
5
)
.
T
h
e
M
B
S
R
Q
-
AS
i
s
a
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
in
v
e
n
to
r
y
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
elf
-
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
3
4
s
tatem
en
t
item
s
with
two
m
ain
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
,
ap
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
ev
alu
at
io
n
an
d
a
p
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
an
d
th
r
ee
s
u
b
-
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
,
o
v
e
r
weig
h
t
p
r
eo
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
s
elf
-
class
if
ied
weig
h
t,
an
d
b
o
d
y
ar
e
a
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
1
4
]
.
B
o
d
y
im
a
g
e
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
i
n
to
two
:
n
eg
ativ
e
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
(
<0
7
.
7
5
)
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
o
d
y
im
a
g
e
(
≥
1
0
7
.
7
5
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
test
m
eth
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er
th
er
e
is
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
v
a
r
iab
les.
Data
co
llectio
n
was c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
lin
e
in
J
u
ly
2
0
2
1
v
ia
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
ab
le
1
d
escr
ib
es
a
n
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Ou
t
o
f
a
to
tal
o
f
4
4
8
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
to
o
k
p
ar
t
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
ag
ed
2
1
-
2
3
y
ea
r
s
,
with
a
to
tal
o
f
2
3
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
5
2
.
2
%).
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
alm
o
s
t
all
o
f
th
em
wer
e
f
em
ale,
with
4
1
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
9
1
.
5
%).
T
h
e
d
ata
ab
o
v
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
n
ea
r
l
y
all
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
v
iew
f
ash
io
n
co
n
ten
t i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ed
ia,
as
m
an
y
as 3
7
6
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
8
3
.
9
%)
.
T
ab
le
2
d
etails th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
wh
e
r
e
m
o
s
t r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
in
th
e
h
ea
lth
y
weig
h
t c
at
eg
o
r
y
at
a
B
MI
o
f
2
8
8
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
6
4
.
3
%)
.
Mo
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
o
r
as
m
a
n
y
as
2
5
3
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
5
6
.
5
%),
h
ad
h
air
g
r
o
wth
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as th
e
f
ee
t,
h
an
d
s
,
o
r
f
ac
e
.
B
ased
o
n
Vo
n
L
u
s
ch
an
'
s
C
h
r
o
m
atic
Scale
(
VL
S),
alm
o
s
t h
alf
o
r
as m
an
y
as 2
1
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
4
7
.
3
%)
h
av
e
d
ar
k
s
k
in
with
a
s
k
in
co
lo
u
r
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
4
-
2
0
.
T
ab
le
3
c
o
n
tain
s
th
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
an
d
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
to
tal
o
f
448
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
to
o
k
p
ar
t
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
b
o
d
y
s
h
a
m
in
g
t
r
ea
tm
en
t;
alm
o
s
t
h
alf
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
o
r
as
m
an
y
as
1
6
8
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
3
7
.
5
%),
r
ec
eiv
ed
c
o
m
m
en
ts
o
n
th
eir
weig
h
t,
th
e
m
ed
ia
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
g
iv
e
n
to
m
o
s
t o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
o
r
as m
an
y
as 3
3
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
7
4
.
8
%)
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
o
r
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
m
ed
ia.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
tr
ea
tm
en
t
r
ec
eiv
e
d
b
y
a
s
m
a
ll
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
f
am
ily
,
f
r
ien
d
s
an
d
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le,
as
m
an
y
as
1
0
3
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
2
3
.
0
%)
an
d
t
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
tr
ea
tm
en
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
last
th
r
ee
m
o
n
th
s
b
y
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
was
r
ar
e
o
r
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t r
ec
eiv
ed
was e
r
r
atic,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
o
n
e
o
n
ce
a
m
o
n
t
h
as m
an
y
as 2
6
5
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
5
9
.
2
%).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Pu
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lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
A
s
s
o
cia
tio
n
b
etw
ee
n
b
o
d
y
s
h
a
min
g
a
n
d
b
o
d
y
ima
g
e
in
n
u
r
s
in
g
…
(
C
itr
a
Win
d
a
n
i Ma
mb
a
n
g
S
a
r
i
)
1749
T
ab
le
1
.
Fre
q
u
en
cy
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
b
ased
o
n
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
(n
=
448)
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
F
r
e
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e
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y
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e
d
,
i
s
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
p
e
a
k
s
i
n
e
a
r
l
y
a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
c
e
[
1
8
]
.
O
t
h
e
r
s
t
u
d
ies
a
l
s
o
s
t
a
te
t
h
a
t
a
p
p
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
-
r
e
la
t
e
d
t
e
a
s
i
n
g
i
s
a
w
i
d
es
p
r
e
a
d
f
o
r
m
o
f
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
e
a
r
l
y
a
d
o
l
e
s
ce
n
c
e
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
y
,
w
h
e
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
g
o
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
b
e
r
t
y
a
n
d
b
e
c
o
m
e
t
e
e
n
a
g
e
r
s
,
t
h
e
y
g
e
t
l
ess
p
r
a
is
e
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
c
r
it
i
ci
s
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
a
p
p
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
t
r
e
a
t
m
en
t
o
f
b
o
d
y
s
h
a
m
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
m
e
r
g
i
n
g
a
d
u
l
t
h
o
o
d
s
t
a
g
e
is
le
s
s
t
h
a
n
t
h
a
t
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
th
e
e
a
r
l
y
a
d
o
le
s
ce
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
n
a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
c
e
,
a
p
p
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
a
n
a
s
p
e
c
t
o
f
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
o
n
e
'
s
v
a
l
u
e
,
s
o
i
t
i
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
v
e
r
y
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
;
a
p
p
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
i
s
al
s
o
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ci
n
g
s
o
c
i
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
v
a
l
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
ce
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
B
ased
o
n
g
en
d
e
r
,
th
e
t
r
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
i
n
g
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
m
o
s
tly
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
b
y
wo
m
en
,
o
r
b
y
9
1
.
5
%
b
ec
au
s
e
m
o
s
t
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
wer
e
f
em
ale.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
w
ith
two
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
,
wh
er
e
m
o
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
we
r
e
f
em
ale
[
2
3
]
.
W
o
m
en
ar
e
th
e
s
ex
th
at
is
r
if
e
a
s
tar
g
ets
f
o
r
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e,
f
r
o
m
a
n
ea
r
l
y
a
g
e,
g
ir
ls
b
e
co
m
e
o
b
jects
to
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
an
d
ev
alu
at
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
s
th
at
m
u
s
t c
o
m
p
ly
with
cu
ltu
r
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
1
4
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
o
f
n
u
r
s
in
g
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
o
d
y
-
s
h
am
in
g
tr
ea
tm
en
t
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
b
o
d
y
wei
g
h
t,
as
m
an
y
as
1
6
8
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
3
7
.
5
%).
W
eig
h
t
is
th
e
tar
g
et
o
f
r
i
d
icu
le
m
o
s
t
o
f
ten
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
b
y
s
o
m
eo
n
e
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
L
u
n
d
g
r
e
n
et
a
l.
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
in
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
with
a
B
o
d
y
Ma
s
s
I
n
d
ex
<2
1
wer
e
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
tr
ea
ted
w
ith
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
th
an
s
tu
d
en
t
s
with
n
o
r
m
al
B
MI
an
d
h
ig
h
B
MI
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
Sp
a
h
lh
o
lz
et
a
l.
d
escr
ib
e
th
at
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
d
u
e
to
weig
h
t
is
f
o
u
n
d
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
in
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
er
B
MI
v
alu
es (
B
MI
>3
5
)
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
tr
ea
tm
en
t
m
ed
ia
r
ec
eiv
e
d
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
o
f
n
u
r
s
in
g
wer
e
d
ir
ec
t (
v
er
b
al)
,
with
as m
an
y
as 3
3
5
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
7
4
.
8
%).
I
n
lin
e
with
r
esear
ch
b
y
L
u
n
d
&
R
o
s
s
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
ar
o
u
n
d
2
0
-
2
5
%
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
h
o
b
ec
o
m
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
n
o
n
-
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
lleg
e
,
a
n
d
1
0
-
1
5
%
b
ec
o
m
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
i
n
g
,
with
m
en
b
ein
g
b
u
llies
an
d
s
ex
u
al
o
r
ien
tatio
n
an
d
r
ac
e/eth
n
icity
b
ein
g
th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
m
eo
n
e
g
ettin
g
b
u
llied
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
[
2
9
]
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
i
n
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
o
f
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
u
lty
o
f
n
u
r
s
in
g
is
s
till
m
ain
ly
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
o
r
v
er
b
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
p
e
r
p
etr
ato
r
s
o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
its
elf
.
Fam
ily
,
f
r
ien
d
s
,
a
n
d
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
as
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
wh
o
g
a
v
e
b
o
d
y
-
s
h
a
m
in
g
tr
ea
tm
en
t
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
o
f
n
u
r
s
in
g
(
2
3
.
0
%).
C
ash
's
r
esear
ch
o
b
tain
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
esu
lts
to
t
h
e
least
m
en
tio
n
ed
;
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
o
f
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
tea
s
in
g
wer
e
p
ee
r
s
in
g
e
n
er
al,
f
r
i
en
d
s
,
b
r
o
t
h
er
s
,
ce
r
tain
p
ee
r
s
,
r
elativ
es
o
th
er
th
an
t
h
o
s
e
lis
ted
,
s
is
ter
s
,
m
o
th
er
s
,
f
ath
er
s
,
an
d
ad
u
lts
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
o
s
e
lis
ted
,
an
d
teac
h
er
s
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
also
s
h
o
wed
th
at
b
r
o
th
e
r
s
wer
e
th
e
o
n
es
wh
o
m
o
s
t
o
f
ten
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
teasin
g
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
s
ch
o
s
en
by
1
5
%
of
th
e
1
1
1
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
0
]
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Pö
r
h
ö
lä
et
a
l.
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
m
an
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
b
u
lly
in
g
wh
ile
s
tu
d
y
in
g
at
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
b
y
f
ello
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
s
taf
f
m
em
b
er
s
with
cu
ltu
r
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
h
ier
a
r
ch
ies
in
Ar
g
en
tin
a
a
n
d
E
s
to
n
ia
[
3
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
A
s
s
o
cia
tio
n
b
etw
ee
n
b
o
d
y
s
h
a
min
g
a
n
d
b
o
d
y
ima
g
e
in
n
u
r
s
in
g
…
(
C
itr
a
Win
d
a
n
i Ma
mb
a
n
g
S
a
r
i
)
1751
B
o
d
y
im
ag
e
is
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
b
elief
s
,
attitu
d
es,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
f
ee
lin
g
s
,
an
d
th
o
u
g
h
ts
ab
o
u
t
t
h
eir
b
o
d
y
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
an
aly
s
is
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
b
o
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
escr
ip
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
o
f
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
2
2
8
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
5
0
.
9
%)
h
ad
a
n
eg
ativ
e
b
o
d
y
im
a
g
e,
a
n
d
2
2
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
4
9
.
1
%)
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
Ok
tav
ian
i's
r
esear
ch
o
n
4
4
8
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
u
s
e
I
n
s
tag
r
a
m
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
at
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
o
f
n
u
r
s
in
g
,
with
an
a
g
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
8
-
2
4
y
ea
r
s
wh
o
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
n
eg
ativ
e
b
o
d
y
im
a
g
es,
n
am
ely
5
0
.
2
% a
n
d
4
9
wh
o
h
av
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
o
d
y
im
ag
es
[
3
2
]
.
B
MI
is
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
as
an
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
l
in
esti
m
atin
g
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
weig
h
t
s
tatu
s
,
wh
ich
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ra
tio
of
b
o
d
y
weig
h
t
to
h
eig
h
t
[
3
3
]
.
C
en
ter
s
f
o
r
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
(
C
DC
)
ca
t
eg
o
r
izes
B
MI
i
n
t
o
;
(
a)
u
n
d
er
weig
h
t
(
B
MI
<1
8
.
5
)
,
h
ea
lth
y
weig
h
t
(
B
MI
1
8
.
5
-
2
4
.
9
)
,
o
v
er
weig
h
t
(
2
5
.
0
-
2
9
.
9
)
,
an
d
o
b
esit
y
(
B
M
I
≥
3
0
.
0
)
[
3
4
]
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esu
lts
,
it wa
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
m
o
s
t o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
in
th
e
h
ea
lth
y
weig
h
t
ca
teg
o
r
y
(
6
4
.
3
%).
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
tatin
g
th
at
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ten
d
to
f
o
llo
w
a
h
ea
lth
y
d
iet
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
B
MI
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
a
d
a
n
eg
ativ
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
of
th
eir
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e.
Aljad
an
i
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
B
MI
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
with
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
B
I
D)
,
wh
er
e
B
I
D
is
a
n
eg
ativ
e
f
ee
lin
g
o
r
th
o
u
g
h
t
ab
o
u
t
o
n
e'
s
b
o
d
y
,
an
d
o
n
e
ca
n
n
o
t
ap
p
r
ec
iate
r
esp
ec
t,
a
n
d
ac
ce
p
t
o
n
e'
s
b
o
d
y
as
it
is
[
3
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
R
ad
wan
et
a
l.
also
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ac
tu
al
B
MI
s
h
o
ws
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
B
I
D
[3
7
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
ar
e
o
v
er
weig
h
t
ten
d
to
s
h
o
w
n
eg
ativ
e
af
f
ec
tiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
b
o
d
ies
an
d
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
r
e
p
o
r
t
f
ea
r
o
f
n
eg
ativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
wh
en
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
s
o
c
ial
s
itu
atio
n
s
th
an
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
h
av
e
a
n
o
r
m
al
weig
h
t
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
ca
u
s
in
g
a
n
eg
ativ
e
p
er
ce
p
t
io
n
o
f
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e,
a
p
er
s
o
n
with
a
B
MI
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
u
s
u
al,
n
am
el
y
o
v
er
weig
h
t
an
d
o
b
esit
y
,
is
also
a
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
o
n
e
b
ei
n
g
tr
ea
ted
f
o
r
b
o
d
y
s
h
a
m
in
g
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
k
in
co
lo
u
r
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
alm
o
s
t
h
alf
o
r
a
s
m
an
y
as
2
1
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
4
7
.
3
%)
h
ad
d
ar
k
s
k
in
with
a
s
k
in
co
l
o
u
r
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
4
-
2
0
,
a
n
d
m
o
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
h
ad
a
n
eg
ativ
e
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
(
5
1
.
4
%).
I
n
lin
e
with
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
a
m
u
ltieth
n
ic
s
am
p
le
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
ad
u
lts
in
th
e
UK
with
6
4
8
wh
ites
,
2
9
2
So
u
th
Asi
an
s
,
an
d
2
6
0
C
ar
ib
b
ea
n
Af
r
ican
s
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
th
a
t
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
in
d
iv
id
u
als
in
th
e
UK
(
B
r
itis
h
So
u
th
Asi
an
an
d
C
ar
ib
b
ea
n
Af
r
ica
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
)
g
en
e
r
ally
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
co
lo
u
r
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
s
k
in
[
4
0
]
.
So
m
e
p
e
o
p
le
co
n
s
id
er
s
k
in
co
l
o
u
r
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
in
ap
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
,
s
o
a
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
ar
is
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
b
elief
o
r
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
t
h
at
s
k
in
co
lo
u
r
is
b
etter
t
h
an
a
n
o
th
er
s
k
in
co
lo
u
r
,
o
r
wh
at
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
ca
lled
co
lo
u
r
is
m
[
4
1
]
.
I
n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
a
li
g
h
ter
s
k
in
to
n
e
th
a
n
th
ey
cu
r
r
en
tly
h
av
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
k
in
-
lig
h
ten
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
a
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
1
9
,
6
2
4
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
2
7
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
2
6
co
u
n
t
r
ies
in
Asi
a,
Af
r
ica
,
an
d
Am
er
ica,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
s
k
in
lig
h
ten
i
n
g
in
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
1
2
m
o
n
th
s
was
1
6
.
7
% in
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
3
0
.
0
% in
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
4
2
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
C
ash
&
Pru
zin
s
k
y
,
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
is
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
by
3
f
ac
to
r
s
,
o
n
e
of
wh
ich
is
co
n
t
r
o
lled
b
y
t
h
e
m
e
d
i
a
(
m
e
d
i
a
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
)
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
a
t
376
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
s
a
w
f
as
h
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
en
t
in
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
m
e
d
i
a
,
an
d
195
(
5
1
.
9
%)
wer
e
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
c
ateg
o
r
y
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
two
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
en
th
a
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
u
s
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
o
n
I
n
s
tag
r
a
m
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
b
o
d
y
im
a
g
e
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
s
tag
r
am
is
a
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
th
at
m
ak
es
it
ea
s
y
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
to
in
ter
ac
t
with
each
o
th
er
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
on
it,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ic
h
is
s
o
m
eo
n
e'
s
u
p
lo
ad
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
ess
.
Far
d
o
u
ly
et
a
l.
s
aid
th
a
t
g
ir
ls
an
d
y
o
u
n
g
wo
m
e
n
o
f
ten
m
ak
e
a
p
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
an
d
d
r
aw
n
eg
ativ
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t th
em
s
elv
e
s
af
ter
s
ee
in
g
p
o
s
ts
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
[4
3
]
.
On
th
e
ap
p
ea
r
a
n
c
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
as
m
an
y
as
5
0
.
4
%
of
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
m
ad
e
b
y
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
ar
e
lo
w.
I
n
co
n
t
r
a
s
t
to
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
s
aid
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
wo
m
en
p
u
t
m
o
r
e
ef
f
o
r
t
in
to
en
h
an
cin
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
eir
a
p
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
[
32
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
by
Qu
ittk
at
et
a
l.
als
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
as
ag
e
in
cr
ea
s
es,
m
en
p
ay
less
an
d
le
s
s
atten
tio
n
to
th
eir
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
.
T
h
e
lo
w
ef
f
o
r
t
one
p
u
ts
in
to
p
er
s
o
n
al
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
is
b
ec
au
s
e
,
b
y
en
te
r
in
g
em
er
g
i
n
g
a
d
u
lth
o
o
d
,
m
o
s
t
p
e
o
p
le
h
a
v
e
g
o
n
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
c
h
an
g
es
o
f
p
u
b
er
t
y
an
d
m
a
y
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
with
th
eir
ap
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
[
44
]
.
I
n
em
e
r
g
in
g
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
,
p
e
o
p
le
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
ev
er
y
d
a
y
life
’
s
s
o
cial
co
n
tex
t,
allo
win
g
th
em
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
co
n
tex
ts
th
ey
lik
e
a
n
d
av
o
i
d
co
n
tex
ts
th
at
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
u
n
p
leasan
t
[
7
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
o
n
th
e
b
o
d
y
ar
ea
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
d
im
en
s
io
n
(
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
b
o
d
y
p
a
r
ts
)
,
5
4
.
9
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
a
d
a
n
e
g
ativ
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
f
elt
d
is
s
atis
f
ied
wit
h
th
eir
b
o
d
y
p
ar
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
b
o
d
y
wei
g
h
t
(
M
=
2
.
6
5
)
.
W
ein
b
er
g
er
et
a
l.
s
tated
th
at
f
r
o
m
1
7
a
r
ticles,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
o
b
esit
y
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
h
ig
h
er
b
o
d
y
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
t
h
an
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
n
o
r
m
al
w
eig
h
t
,
an
d
th
at
th
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
em
ale
g
e
n
d
er
an
d
h
ig
h
er
b
o
d
y
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[4
5
]
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
b
e
d
u
e
to
a
cu
ltu
r
al
ten
d
e
n
cy
th
at
ju
d
g
es
s
o
m
eo
n
e
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
,
an
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
m
ed
ia
in
d
is
s
em
in
atin
g
ce
r
tain
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
[4
6
]
.
W
h
en
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
f
o
r
m
to
ce
r
tain
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
im
ag
e
of
weig
h
t
in
th
e
m
ed
ia,
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
tr
ea
tm
en
t
m
ay
be
r
ec
ei
v
ed
,
lead
in
g
to
b
o
d
y
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esu
lts
o
n
th
e
o
v
er
weig
h
t
p
r
e
o
cc
u
p
ati
o
n
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
h
o
we
d
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
n
eg
ativ
ely
p
er
ce
iv
ed
5
4
.
0
%.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
e
x
is
ten
ce
of
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
a
n
x
iety
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
o
b
esit
y
in
th
em
.
I
n
lin
e
with
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
Am
m
ar
et
al,
m
o
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
n
eg
ativ
e
i
n
th
e
o
v
er
weig
h
t
p
r
e
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
d
im
en
s
io
n
(
5
7
.
1
%)
[4
7
]
.
In
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
also
s
h
o
wed
a
wea
k
an
d
o
p
p
o
s
ite
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
1
7
4
7
-
1
7
5
6
1752
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cio
-
cu
l
tu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
b
ec
am
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
in
th
e
o
v
er
weig
h
t
p
r
eo
cc
u
p
atio
n
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
,
so
t
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
o
b
tain
ed
,
th
e
more
n
e
g
ativ
ely
a
p
er
s
o
n
wo
u
l
d
ca
teg
o
r
ize
h
is
b
o
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
ar
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
ci
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
a
d
o
l
escen
ts
with
ex
is
tin
g
b
o
d
y
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
.
On
th
e
s
elf
-
class
if
ied
weig
h
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
5
0
.
2
%.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ca
teg
o
r
ize
th
eir
b
o
d
ies
in
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
I
n
lin
e
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
m
o
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
i
n
th
e
s
elf
-
class
if
ied
weig
h
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
[
32
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
I
n
em
er
g
i
n
g
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
p
e
r
io
d
of
b
ein
g
s
elf
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
t
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
s
elf
-
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
t
h
ey
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
d
u
lt
life
[
7
]
.
In
t
h
is
p
er
io
d
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
m
a
y
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
em
s
elv
es
in
ter
m
s
of
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
an
d
tr
y
to
estab
lis
h
an
id
en
tity
.
Du
ar
te
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
b
u
lly
in
g
,
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
t
o
n
eg
ativ
e
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
ea
tin
g
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Frisén
an
d
B
er
n
e'
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
v
ictim
s
o
f
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
-
r
el
ated
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
s
u
f
f
er
m
o
r
e
b
o
d
y
-
r
elate
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
:
th
ey
h
av
e
p
o
o
r
e
r
v
iews
o
f
g
en
er
al
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
an
d
we
ig
h
t
,
an
d
f
ee
l
m
o
r
e
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
e,
in
ter
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
i
d
ea
l
-
th
in
n
ess
,
an
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
r
elate
d
to
an
a
p
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ed
ia
[4
8
]
.
B
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
can
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
an
act
of
b
u
lly
in
g
,
wh
ic
h
can
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
on
v
ictim
s
,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
wh
o
h
av
e
h
a
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
ag
e
o
f
t
h
eir
b
o
d
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tar
t,
s
o
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
i
n
g
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
ien
ce
o
f
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
ca
u
s
es
a
p
er
s
o
n
to
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
a
p
p
r
ec
iate
t
h
em
s
elv
es
m
o
r
e,
o
r
wh
at
is
k
n
o
wn
as
b
o
d
y
p
o
s
itiv
ity
.
Sti
ll,
it
is
n
o
t
u
n
c
o
m
m
o
n
f
o
r
s
o
m
eo
n
e
to
m
ak
e
ch
a
n
g
es
to
a
v
o
id
b
o
d
y
-
s
h
am
in
g
act
s
th
at
m
ay
b
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
in
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
N
u
r
s
es,
as
h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
,
h
av
e
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t r
o
le
in
s
to
p
p
in
g
b
o
d
y
s
h
a
m
in
g
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
o
n
e'
s
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e.
Hea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
,
esp
ec
ially
n
u
r
s
es,
r
o
le
in
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
b
u
ll
y
in
g
,
s
u
c
h
as
b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
,
in
ter
tiar
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
wo
r
k
in
g
with
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
to
in
v
o
lv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
tiv
ely
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Nu
r
s
es
can
also
co
n
d
u
ct
r
esear
ch
on
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
e
v
er
y
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
-
a
g
e
ch
ild
r
en
to
s
er
v
e
as
a
d
ata
b
ase
th
at
will
b
e
ev
alu
ated
to
f
o
r
m
an
in
ter
v
en
t
io
n
in
an
ef
f
o
r
t
to
s
to
p
b
u
lly
in
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Pig
o
zi
an
d
B
ar
to
li,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
n
u
r
s
es
in
b
u
lly
in
g
at
s
ch
o
o
l,
wh
ich
n
u
r
s
es
ca
n
also
ap
p
ly
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
b
y
u
p
d
atin
g
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
a
n
d
s
tr
ateg
ies u
s
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
,
s
u
c
h
as b
o
d
y
s
h
am
in
g
tr
ea
tm
en
t
[
49
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Gr
o
g
an
,
p
s
y
c
h
o
s
o
cial
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
in
ter
n
al
izatio
n
o
f
th
in
/m
u
s
cu
lar
id
ea
ls
,
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
th
at
can
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
elf
-
esteem
as
a
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
ef
f
o
r
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
[5
0
]
.
A
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
m
a
y
b
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
b
jectiv
ity
o
f
b
o
d
y
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
s
h
if
t
b
o
d
y
ae
s
th
etics
to
i
n
clu
d
e
a
wid
er
v
ar
iety
o
f
ac
ce
p
tab
le
b
o
d
y
s
h
ap
es
an
d
s
izes.
Nu
r
s
es c
an
wo
r
k
with
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
to
ch
allen
g
e
ex
is
tin
g
g
en
d
er
n
o
r
m
s
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
th
e
b
o
d
y
s
h
o
u
ld
lo
ok
a
n
d
n
ee
d
to
be
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
p
o
licy
i
n
itiativ
es
th
at
ch
allen
g
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
u
n
r
ea
lis
tic
im
ag
es in
th
e
m
ed
ia
(
s
u
ch
as th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
e
r
y
th
in
f
em
ale
m
o
d
els in
ad
v
er
ti
s
in
g
,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le)
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
of
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
b
o
d
y
-
s
h
a
m
in
g
tr
e
atm
en
t
an
d
body
im
ag
e
am
o
n
g
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
h
ile
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
ig
h
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
r
a
tes
of
body
s
h
am
in
g
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
an
d
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
in
g
en
er
al,
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
n
ew
in
s
ig
h
ts
b
y
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ically
on
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
.
T
h
is
d
is
tin
ctio
n
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
ep
r
e
s
en
t
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
wh
o
s
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
o
les
d
em
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
an
d
h
ea
lth
y
s
elf
-
c
o
n
ce
p
t.
T
h
e
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
m
o
r
e
th
an
h
alf
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
n
eg
ativ
e
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
of
b
o
d
y
s
h
a
m
in
g
but
also
its
p
o
te
n
tial
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
of
n
u
r
s
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
em
p
ir
ical
e
v
id
en
ce
th
at
b
o
d
y
-
s
h
am
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
h
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
le
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
am
o
n
g
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ex
ten
d
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
s
itu
atin
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
with
in
a
h
ea
lth
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
tex
t
an
d
em
p
h
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4.
CO
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Ad
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DATA AV
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Data
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is
s
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d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
D
a
y
,
K
.
B
u
ss
e
y
,
N
.
Tr
o
m
p
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,
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n
d
D
.
M
i
t
c
h
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s
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n
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T
h
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,
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ra
u
m
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,
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5
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3
4
.
[
2
]
J.
S
.
N
o
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n
ý
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K
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n
t
o
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,
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V
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x
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o
d
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6
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5
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-
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[
3
]
C
.
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.
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p
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,
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.
K
w
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t
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,
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.
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t
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.
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.
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.
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.
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a
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o
,
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.
[
4
]
A
.
R
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.
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g
g
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mo
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b
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,
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v
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l
.
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p
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1
8
,
d
o
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:
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0
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6
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j
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b
o
d
y
i
m.
2
0
1
8
.
0
6
.
0
0
1
.
[
5
]
J.
J.
A
r
n
e
t
t
,
Em
e
rg
i
n
g
a
d
u
l
t
h
o
o
d
:
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h
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w
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n
d
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n
g
ro
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d
f
r
o
m
t
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l
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n
s
t
h
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g
h
t
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w
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t
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s
.
O
x
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d
U
n
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v
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P
r
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ss,
2
0
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3
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d
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:
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8
0
1
9
7
6
9
5
9
3
7
.
0
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1
.
[
6
]
J.
J.
A
r
n
e
t
t
,
A
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
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m
e
r
g
i
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g
a
d
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l
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h
o
o
d
:
a
c
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l
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r
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l
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p
p
r
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h
:
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rn
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l
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d
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o
n
,
S
i
x
t
h
.
P
e
a
r
so
n
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
7
]
S
.
S
a
x
e
n
a
,
A
.
M
a
t
h
u
r
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ja
i
n
,
“
B
o
d
y
s
h
a
m
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n
g
,
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m
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t
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n
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l
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v
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t
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n
d
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f
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t
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,
”
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t
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rn
a
t
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J
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Em
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f
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g
s
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e
.
JE
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2
0
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9
3
6
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.
[
8
]
T.
A
g
a
r
w
a
l
a
n
d
A
.
B
a
n
e
r
j
e
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,
“
B
o
d
y
sh
a
m
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n
g
a
n
d
so
c
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a
l
a
n
x
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y
:
a
ssess
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g
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d
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f
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n
c
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s,
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.
V
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,
p
p
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7
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–
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5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
9
]
S
.
I
.
R
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d
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[
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