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rtme
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Lab
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a
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ly
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g
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r
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r
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re
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K
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w
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s
:
An
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C
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lase n
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S
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p
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cc
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s
Me
th
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Ox
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Su
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C
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A
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Ab
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B
walh
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m
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Mu
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Dep
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tm
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Me
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Scien
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s
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Ug
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tian
Un
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Kag
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Un
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am
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cu
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ac
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u
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I
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RO
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p
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c
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C
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h
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ec
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itio
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as
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ican
t
p
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s
,
with
th
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o
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tial
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in
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I
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Hea
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Sci
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2252
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8
8
0
6
A
n
timicr
o
b
ia
l res
is
ta
n
ce
p
r
o
fi
les o
f m
eth
icillin
r
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s
ta
n
t c
o
a
g
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la
s
e
…
(
A
b
r
a
h
a
m
B
w
a
lh
u
m
a
Mu
h
in
d
o
)
1667
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
[
1
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
C
o
NS
ar
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
f
lo
r
a
o
f
h
u
m
an
a
n
d
an
i
m
al
s
k
in
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d
m
u
c
o
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s
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em
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r
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es,
t
h
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as
o
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r
tu
n
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tic
p
ath
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g
en
s
,
f
r
eq
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e
n
tly
ca
u
s
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
in
im
m
u
n
o
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
als
[
2
]
.
T
h
ese
in
f
ec
ti
o
n
s
in
clu
d
e
s
k
i
n
an
d
s
o
f
t
ti
s
s
u
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
,
b
ac
t
er
em
ia
[
5
]
,
o
c
u
lar
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
[
6
]
,
u
r
in
a
r
y
tr
ac
t in
f
ec
tio
n
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
,
a
n
d
im
p
lan
t
-
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
h
o
s
p
ital
-
ac
q
u
ir
ed
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
m
et
h
icillin
-
r
esis
tan
t
C
o
NS
(
MRC
o
NS)
to
m
u
ltip
le
an
tib
i
o
tics
co
m
p
licates
tr
ea
tm
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
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r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
u
r
v
eillan
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n
d
m
o
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ito
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in
g
o
f
an
tib
io
tic
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
p
atter
n
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
is
e
in
an
tib
io
tic
-
r
esis
tan
t
C
o
NS
in
b
o
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m
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n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
R
esis
tan
ce
to
β
-
lacta
m
an
tib
io
tics
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
m
eth
icillin
—
p
o
s
es
a
m
ajo
r
co
n
ce
r
n
,
as
it
co
n
f
e
r
s
r
esis
tan
c
e
to
n
ea
r
ly
all
d
r
u
g
s
in
th
is
cl
ass
,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
two
an
ti
-
m
eth
icillin
-
r
esis
tan
t
S
ta
p
h
ylo
co
cc
u
s
a
u
r
eu
s
(
MRS
A)
ce
p
h
alo
s
p
o
r
i
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
r
esis
tan
ce
is
m
ed
iated
b
y
an
alter
n
ativ
e
p
e
n
icillin
-
b
in
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
tein
(
PB
P2
a)
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
af
f
in
it
y
f
o
r
β
-
lacta
m
s
,
en
co
d
ed
b
y
th
e
m
ec
g
en
es
(
m
ec
A,
m
ec
B
,
an
d
m
ec
C
)
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
g
en
es
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
n
th
e
s
tap
h
y
lo
co
cc
al
ca
s
s
ette
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
m
ec
(
SC
C
m
ec
)
,
a
m
o
b
ile
g
en
etic
elem
e
n
t
(
M
GE
)
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
t
o
7
0
k
b
in
s
ize,
f
o
u
n
d
in
s
tap
h
y
lo
co
cc
i.
I
n
2
0
1
9
,
Sier
r
a
L
e
o
n
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
an
esti
m
ated
9
,
7
0
0
d
ea
th
s
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
an
tim
icr
o
b
ial
r
esis
tan
ce
(
AM
R
)
.
Am
o
n
g
1
9
c
o
u
n
tr
ie
s
in
th
e
Af
r
ican
r
eg
io
n
,
it
r
an
k
ed
f
i
f
th
in
ag
e
-
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
AM
R
-
r
elate
d
m
o
r
tality
,
with
d
ea
th
s
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
o
s
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
es
(
9
,
0
0
0
)
,
m
ater
n
al
an
d
n
eo
n
atal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
(
8
,
0
0
0
)
,
an
d
n
eo
p
lasms
o
r
o
th
er
n
o
n
-
c
o
m
m
u
n
icab
le
d
is
ea
s
es
(
7
,
5
0
0
)
[
1
5
]
.
A
n
atio
n
wid
e
p
o
in
t
p
r
ev
alen
ce
s
u
r
v
e
y
(
PP
S)
co
n
d
u
cted
in
2
0
2
1
r
ev
ea
le
d
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
an
tib
io
tic
u
s
e,
with
7
3
.
7
%
o
f
h
o
s
p
italized
p
atien
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
2
6
f
ac
ilit
ies
r
ec
eiv
in
g
an
tib
io
tics
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
p
ed
iatr
ic
war
d
s
[
1
6
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
C
o
n
n
au
g
h
t
Ho
s
p
ital
—
p
r
im
ar
ily
s
er
v
in
g
ad
u
lt
m
e
d
ical
an
d
s
u
r
g
ical
p
atien
ts
-
is
th
e
o
n
ly
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
Sier
r
a
L
eo
n
e
with
an
estab
lis
h
ed
an
tim
icr
o
b
ial
s
tewa
r
d
s
h
ip
(
AM
S)
p
r
o
g
r
am
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
s
u
f
f
icien
t
b
ac
ter
io
lo
g
y
ca
p
ac
ity
,
lim
ited
AM
S
in
itiativ
es,
an
d
wid
esp
r
e
ad
an
tib
io
tic
u
s
e
in
p
u
b
lic
h
o
s
p
itals
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
ex
ac
er
b
ate
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
AM
R
b
u
r
d
en
.
Me
th
icillin
-
r
esis
tan
t
S
ta
p
h
ylo
co
cc
u
s
(
MRS
)
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
d
ata
ar
e
s
p
ar
s
e.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
d
ata
o
n
m
eth
icillin
-
r
esis
tan
t
co
ag
u
lase
-
n
eg
ativ
e
S
ta
p
h
ylo
c
o
cc
i
(
MRC
o
NS)
ar
e
n
o
n
ex
is
ten
t
,
an
d
y
et
th
ese
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
te
d
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
o
s
o
c
o
m
ial
p
ath
o
g
e
n
s
.
I
d
e
n
tify
in
g
th
e
lo
ca
l
p
r
ev
alen
ce
an
d
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
p
atter
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
e
MR
-
C
o
NS
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
lo
ca
l
an
tim
icr
o
b
ial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
a
p
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
d
ata
th
at
ca
n
aid
in
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
tar
g
eted
an
tim
icr
o
b
ial
s
tewa
r
d
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
as we
ll a
s
in
s
titu
tin
g
in
f
ec
tio
n
p
r
e
v
en
t
io
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
ies.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
-
b
ased
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
th
e
Pre
m
iu
m
Me
d
ica
l
Ser
v
ices
Mic
r
o
b
io
lo
g
y
L
a
b
o
r
ato
r
y
,
a
f
ac
ilit
y
th
at
d
eliv
er
s
ess
en
tial
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
a
d
iv
er
s
e
p
atien
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
an
d
s
er
v
es
as
a
cr
itical
in
ter
f
ac
e
b
etwe
en
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
-
ass
o
ciate
d
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
ac
q
u
ir
ed
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
eg
io
n
al
s
ettin
g
is
ch
a
r
ac
ter
iz
ed
b
y
n
o
tab
le
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
a
n
tim
icr
o
b
ial
r
esis
tan
ce
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
m
et
h
icillin
-
r
esis
tan
t
co
ag
u
lase
-
n
eg
ativ
e
s
tap
h
y
lo
co
cc
i
(
MRC
o
NS)
,
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
ex
ten
s
iv
e
an
tim
icr
o
b
i
al
u
s
e.
As
a
ce
n
tr
a
l
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
h
u
b
with
h
ig
h
p
a
tien
t
v
o
lu
m
e
an
d
wid
esp
r
ea
d
r
elian
ce
o
n
an
tim
icr
o
b
ial
th
er
ap
ies,
Pre
m
iu
m
p
r
o
v
id
es a
n
o
p
tim
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t f
o
r
e
v
alu
atin
g
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
p
atter
n
s
o
f
MRC
o
NS.
2
.
1
.
Study
po
pu
la
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
ed
all
p
atien
ts
'
clin
ical
s
am
p
les
s
en
t
to
th
e
m
icr
o
b
io
lo
g
y
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
at
Pre
m
iu
m
Me
d
ical
Ser
v
ices
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
f
o
r
m
icr
o
b
ial
an
aly
s
es.
T
h
e
s
e
s
am
p
les
wer
e
f
r
o
m
co
n
s
e
n
tin
g
p
atien
ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t m
e
d
ical
u
n
its
,
en
c
o
m
p
ass
in
g
all
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
s
ex
es.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
pli
ng
a
nd
s
a
m
ple size
W
e
u
s
ed
a
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
t
o
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ly
o
n
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
r
ich
ca
s
es
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
,
s
p
a
n
n
in
g
a
6
-
m
o
n
t
h
d
u
r
atio
n
,
in
clu
d
ed
1
4
3
d
is
tin
ct
clin
ical
s
am
p
les.
2
.
3
.
B
a
ct
er
i
a
l
identif
ica
t
io
n
a
nd
a
ntim
icro
bia
l su
s
ce
ptibi
lity
t
esting
Pu
r
e
b
ac
ter
ial
co
lo
n
ies
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
well
-
is
o
lated
ar
e
as
o
n
cu
ltu
r
e
p
lates
an
d
em
u
ls
if
ied
in
th
e
s
am
p
le
d
ilu
en
t
(
co
m
m
o
n
)
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
a
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
m
atch
in
g
th
e
0
.
5
Mc
Far
lan
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
T
h
is
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
en
s
u
r
ed
th
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
in
o
cu
lu
m
d
en
s
ity
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ate
i
d
en
t
if
icatio
n
an
d
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
te
s
tin
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
was
in
o
c
u
lated
i
n
to
s
p
ec
ialized
m
icr
o
-
well
p
an
e
ls
(
I
D/AST
ca
r
d
s
)
c
o
m
p
atib
le
with
th
e
Scen
k
er
XK
-
Mic
r
o
b
ial
id
en
tific
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
S
ta
p
h
ylo
c
o
cc
u
s
I
D/ASTc
ar
d
,
with
ea
ch
ca
r
d
co
n
tain
in
g
a
s
er
ies
o
f
wells
em
b
ed
d
ed
with
d
r
ied
b
io
ch
em
ical
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
f
o
r
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
p
r
e
d
ef
in
ed
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
an
tib
io
tics
f
o
r
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
te
s
tin
g
,
was
u
s
ed
[
1
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
1
6
6
6
-
1
6
7
4
1668
Af
ter
in
o
cu
latio
n
,
th
e
k
its
we
r
e
in
cu
b
ate
d
f
o
r
1
8
-
24
h
o
u
r
s
,
af
ter
wh
ich
th
ey
wer
e
lo
a
d
e
d
in
to
t
h
e
XK
-
1
1
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
ch
a
m
b
er
,
a
n
d
th
e
test
was
in
itiated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
s
o
f
twar
e
in
ter
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
au
to
m
atica
lly
in
cu
b
ate
d
th
e
c
ar
d
s
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
th
e
r
ea
cti
o
n
s
u
s
in
g
o
p
tical
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
B
ac
ter
ial
id
en
tific
atio
n
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
ch
an
g
es
th
at
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
as
th
e
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
m
etab
o
lized
s
p
ec
if
i
c
s
u
b
s
tr
ates.
T
h
ese
r
ea
ctio
n
s
g
en
er
ated
a
m
etab
o
li
c
p
r
o
f
ile
th
at
was
in
ter
p
r
eted
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
a
g
ain
s
t
a
b
u
ilt
-
in
d
atab
ase
o
f
k
n
o
wn
b
ac
ter
ial
s
p
ec
ies.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
th
e
an
tim
icr
o
b
ial
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
test
in
g
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
b
ac
t
er
ial
g
r
o
wth
(
v
ia
tu
r
b
id
ity
ch
a
n
g
es)
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
tib
io
tics
,
with
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
eter
m
in
in
g
m
in
im
u
m
in
h
ib
ito
r
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
(
MI
C
s
)
f
o
r
o
x
ac
illi
n
(
OXA)
,
g
en
tam
icin
(
GE
N)
,
lev
o
f
lo
x
ac
in
(
L
E
V
)
,
er
y
th
r
o
m
y
cin
(
E
R
Y)
,
clin
d
am
y
cin
(
C
L
I
)
,
lin
ez
o
lid
(
L
NZ
)
,
d
ap
to
m
y
cin
(
DAP)
,
teico
p
lan
in
(
T
E
C
)
,
v
a
n
co
m
y
c
in
(
VAN)
,
tetr
ac
y
clin
e
(
T
E
T
)
,
tig
ec
y
clin
e
(
T
I
G
)
,
f
o
s
f
o
m
y
cin
(
FOS),
f
u
s
id
ic
ac
id
(
FUS),
r
if
am
p
icin
(
R
I
F),
tr
im
eth
o
p
r
im
/s
u
lf
am
eth
o
x
az
o
l
e
(
T
MP
-
SMX)
,
Mo
x
if
lax
ac
in
(
MO
X)
,
Pen
icillin
(
PEN)
,
Nitr
o
f
u
r
a
n
to
in
,
T
i
g
ec
y
clin
e
an
d
Do
x
y
cy
clin
e
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
C
L
SI
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
o
u
tp
u
t
in
clu
d
e
d
o
r
g
an
is
m
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
in
ter
p
r
eted
AST
r
esu
lts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
C
lin
ical
an
d
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
Stan
d
ar
d
s
I
n
s
titu
te
(
C
L
SI)
b
r
ea
k
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
also
f
lag
g
ed
r
esis
tan
ce
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
m
eth
icillin
r
esis
tan
ce
(
MRS
)
,
wh
er
e
ap
p
licab
le.
All
r
esu
l
ts
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
an
d
v
alid
a
ted
u
s
in
g
in
ter
n
al
s
o
f
twar
e
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
l c
h
ec
k
s
,
an
d
an
y
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cies w
er
e
r
eso
lv
ed
m
a
n
u
ally
b
e
f
o
r
e
f
in
aliza
tio
n
.
2
.
4
.
P
heno
t
y
pic c
o
nfir
m
a
t
io
n o
f
M
RCo
NS iso
la
t
es
Ph
en
o
ty
p
ic
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
m
eth
icillin
-
r
esis
tan
t
co
ag
u
lase
-
n
eg
ativ
e
s
tap
h
y
l
o
co
cc
i
(
MRC
o
NS)
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
ce
f
o
x
itin
d
is
k
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
ass
ay
in
ac
c
o
r
d
an
ce
with
C
lin
ical
an
d
L
a
b
o
r
ato
r
y
Stan
d
a
r
d
s
I
n
s
titu
te
(
C
L
SI)
g
u
id
elin
es
(
2
0
2
0
)
[
1
9
]
.
C
o
lo
n
ies
o
f
C
o
NS
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
n
i
g
h
t
c
u
ltu
r
es
wer
e
in
o
cu
lated
in
to
n
u
tr
ien
t
b
r
o
th
.
T
h
e
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
s
wer
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
a
0
.
5
Mc
Far
lan
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
an
d
s
p
r
ea
d
o
n
t
o
Mu
eller
–
Hin
to
n
ag
ar
(
L
a
b
M,
L
an
ca
s
h
ir
e,
UK)
p
lates
in
d
u
p
licate,
with
ce
f
o
x
itin
(
3
0
µ
g
)
an
d
o
x
ac
illi
n
(
1
µg
)
d
is
cs
(
Ma
s
t
Diag
n
o
s
tics
,
UK)
.
Plate
s
wer
e
in
cu
b
ated
at
3
7
°C
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
.
I
s
o
lates
ex
h
ib
itin
g
c
ef
o
x
itin
r
esis
tan
ce
,
d
ef
in
ed
as a
z
o
n
e
d
iam
ete
r
o
f
≤
2
1
m
m
,
wer
e
class
if
ied
as M
R
C
o
NS.
2
.
5
.
Q
ua
lit
y
c
o
ntr
o
l
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
b
ac
ter
ial
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
test
in
g
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
q
u
al
ity
co
n
tr
o
l
(
QC
)
s
tr
ain
s
wer
e
test
ed
alo
n
g
s
id
e
s
am
p
les.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
ed
S
ta
p
h
ylo
c
o
cc
u
s
a
u
r
eu
s
AT
C
C
2
5
9
2
3
.
QC
r
esu
lts
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
ag
ain
s
t
ex
p
e
cted
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
an
g
es
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
b
y
C
L
SI
[
1
9
]
.
Dev
iatio
n
s
b
ey
o
n
d
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lim
its
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
r
ep
ea
tin
g
t
h
e
test
s
.
2.
6
.
Da
t
a
pro
ce
s
s
ing
a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
All
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
m
icr
o
b
ial
cu
ltu
r
es
an
d
an
tim
icr
o
b
ia
l
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
test
in
g
wer
e
e
n
ter
ed
in
to
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
an
d
a
d
eq
u
ate
clea
n
in
g
.
D
ata
wer
e
ch
ec
k
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
let
en
ess
,
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
p
r
io
r
to
an
aly
s
is
.
Sta
tis
tica
l
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
v
er
s
io
n
1
6
/
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
an
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
wer
e
co
m
p
u
ted
t
o
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
b
ac
ter
ial
is
o
lates,
as
well
a
s
th
eir
an
tim
icr
o
b
ial
r
esis
tan
ce
p
atter
n
s
.
R
esu
lts
we
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
tab
les an
d
g
r
ap
h
s
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
clea
r
in
ter
p
r
etat
io
n
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
3
.
1
.
1.
P
re
v
a
lence
o
f
M
et
hicill
in
Resi
s
t
a
nce
Co
a
g
ula
s
e
-
Neg
a
t
iv
e
Sta
p
hylo
c
o
cc
us
(
M
R
-
Co
NS)
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
an
1
8
.2
%
(
2
6
/1
4
3
)
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
MR
-
C
o
NS.
O
f
th
e
2
6
MR
-
C
o
NS
is
o
lated
,
9
/2
6
(
3
4
.
6
%)
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
S
ta
p
h
ylo
c
o
cc
u
s
s
ch
leiferi
.
Oth
e
r
s
in
clu
d
ed
6
/2
6
(
2
3
.
0
%)
S
ta
p
h
ylo
co
cc
u
s
xy
lo
s
u
s
,
4
/2
6
(
1
5
.
3
%)
S
ta
p
h
yl
o
co
cc
u
s
co
h
n
ii
,
3
/2
6
(
1
1
.
5
%)
S
t
a
p
h
ylo
co
cc
u
s
ca
p
itis
,
2
/2
6
(
7
.
6
%)
S
ta
p
h
ylo
c
o
cc
u
s
lu
g
d
u
n
en
s
is
,
an
d
2
/2
6
(
7
.
6
%)
S
ta
p
h
ylo
co
cc
u
s
s
a
p
r
o
p
h
i
ticu
s
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
S
ta
p
h
ylo
co
cc
u
s
s
ch
leiferi
wa
s
th
e
m
o
s
t p
r
ev
al
en
t
co
ag
u
lase
-
n
e
g
ativ
e
S
ta
p
h
y
lo
co
cc
u
s
o
r
g
an
is
m
.
3.
1.
2
.
Dis
t
ributio
n o
f
M
R
-
Co
NS by
clinica
l sa
m
ples
a
na
ly
s
ed
MR
-
C
o
NS
wer
e
is
o
lated
m
ain
ly
f
r
o
m
wo
u
n
d
/p
u
s
s
wab
s
a
s
th
ey
ar
e
a
n
o
r
m
al
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
s
k
in
'
s
m
icr
o
b
io
m
e
,
m
ak
i
n
g
t
h
em
r
e
ad
ily
av
ailab
le
to
c
o
n
tam
in
at
e
o
r
in
f
ec
t
wo
u
n
d
s
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
MR
-
C
o
NS w
er
e
is
o
lated
f
r
o
m
wo
u
n
d
/Pu
s
s
wab
s
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
Ant
im
icro
bia
l su
s
ce
pti
bil
it
y
pa
t
t
er
ns
o
f
t
he
is
o
la
t
ed
M
R
-
Co
NS
All
MR
-
C
o
NS
is
o
lated
wer
e
1
0
0
%
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
lin
ez
o
lid
,
v
an
co
m
y
cin
,
an
d
teico
p
la
n
in
.
S
co
h
n
ii
an
d
S
s
ch
leif
er
i
s
h
o
wed
>
9
0
%
s
e
n
s
itiv
ity
to
Mo
x
if
l
o
x
ac
in
,
Mo
n
o
cy
clin
e
,
an
d
T
r
im
eth
o
p
r
im
/
Su
lf
am
eth
o
x
az
o
le
.
T
h
er
e
was
n
o
tab
le
r
esis
tan
ce
to
d
ap
to
m
y
cin
,
wh
ich
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
n
ew
an
tib
i
o
tics
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
s
ev
er
e
S
ta
p
h
ylo
c
o
cc
u
s
in
f
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esis
tan
ce
to
g
en
tam
y
cin
was
7
5
-
1
0
0
% f
o
r
all
is
o
lates (
T
ab
le
2
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
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6
A
n
timicr
o
b
ia
l res
is
ta
n
ce
p
r
o
fi
les o
f m
eth
icillin
r
esi
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ta
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t c
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la
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r
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m
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1669
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r
e
1
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h
e
g
r
a
p
h
o
f
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
MR
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C
o
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in
s
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
clin
ical
s
a
m
p
les
T
ab
le
1
.
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tr
ib
u
tio
n
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f
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o
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r
o
m
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ical
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les th
a
t w
er
e
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aly
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u
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Ti
g
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C
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.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
An
t
im
i
cr
o
b
i
al
r
esis
t
a
n
ce
(
A
M
R
)
in
b
ac
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ial
p
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ti
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e
f
f
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ts
.
C
o
NS,
wh
ic
h
a
r
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m
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k
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em
b
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h
a
r
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c
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s
a
u
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eu
s
a
n
d
o
th
er
b
ac
t
er
i
a
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
x
i
m
it
y
f
a
cil
ita
tes h
o
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iz
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n
g
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r
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ta
n
ce
d
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r
m
in
a
n
ts
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
it
u
ati
o
n
is
f
u
r
t
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er
co
m
p
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ce
o
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m
et
h
i
cill
in
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r
esis
tan
t
C
o
NS
(
MR
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C
o
NS
)
.
C
o
NS
ar
e
i
n
c
r
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asi
n
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l
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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14
,
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4
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Dec
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er
20
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:
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1670
r
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d
as r
es
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r
aits
t
h
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s
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ed
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St
a
p
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y
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co
cc
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ce
ae
f
am
il
y
[
2
3
]
,
in
c
lu
d
i
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g
g
en
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f
e
r
r
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d
a
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[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
s
tap
h
y
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m
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icillin
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x
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esis
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ticu
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n
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p
r
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ed
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y
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ec
A
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wh
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en
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p
en
icillin
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b
in
d
in
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r
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tein
(
PB
P2
a)
with
r
ed
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ce
d
af
f
in
ity
f
o
r
β
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lacta
m
s
.
T
h
is
g
en
e
is
lo
ca
ted
o
n
tr
a
n
s
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ab
le
SC
C
m
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en
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ic
elem
en
ts
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m
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ile
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ctu
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o
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ig
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ac
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ec
lass
if
ied
as
Ma
m
m
aliico
cc
u
s
s
ciu
r
i)
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
9
]
an
d
m
ac
r
o
co
cc
al
s
p
ec
ies [
3
0
]
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
P
re
v
a
lence
o
f
m
e
t
hicill
in re
s
is
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a
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co
a
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s
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neg
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t
iv
e
Sta
p
hylo
co
cc
us
Fro
m
th
e
clin
ical
s
am
p
les
a
n
aly
ze
d
,
m
eth
icillin
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r
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tan
t
co
ag
u
lase
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n
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ativ
e
s
tap
h
y
lo
c
o
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i
(
MR
-
C
o
NS)
wer
e
d
etec
ted
at
a
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
o
f
1
8
.2
%.
T
o
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es
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lis
h
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ata
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r
r
en
tly
ex
is
t
o
n
MR
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o
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in
Fre
et
o
wn
,
Sier
r
a
L
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e
.
I
t
is
also
n
o
tewo
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th
y
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at
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o
NS
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o
f
ten
r
eg
a
r
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as
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in
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ts
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clin
ical
an
d
n
o
n
-
clin
ical
co
n
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x
ts
,
a
p
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ce
p
tio
n
th
at
m
ay
b
e
wid
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p
r
ea
d
ac
r
o
s
s
m
an
y
Af
r
ican
co
u
n
tr
ies
[
3
1
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
co
m
p
ar
a
b
le
s
tu
d
ies
co
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u
cted
in
Af
r
ica
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av
e
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o
cu
m
e
n
ted
MR
-
C
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NS
in
h
u
m
an
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
s
[
3
2
]
–
[
3
6
]
,
with
a
p
o
o
led
p
r
ev
alen
ce
esti
m
ated
at
3
6
%
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
n
tin
en
t [
3
7
]
.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
9
/2
6
(
2
6
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9
%)
S
ta
p
h
ylo
c
o
cc
u
s
s
ch
leiferi
a
s
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
t
MR
-
C
o
NS.
Oth
er
s
in
clu
d
ed
,
6
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6
(
2
3
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0
%)
S
ta
p
h
ylo
c
o
cc
u
s
xy
lo
s
u
s
,
4
/2
6
(
1
5
.
3
%)
S
ta
p
h
ylo
co
cc
u
s
co
h
n
ii
,
3
/2
6
(
1
1
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5
%)
S
ta
p
h
ylo
c
o
cc
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s
ca
p
itis
,
2
/2
6
(
7
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6
%)
S
ta
p
h
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c
o
cc
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s
l
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g
d
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n
en
s
is
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d
2
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6
(
7
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6
%)
S
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o
co
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s
s
a
p
r
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p
h
iticu
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Un
lik
e
o
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r
s
tu
d
y
,
m
o
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t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
S
ep
id
ermid
is
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
alen
t
MR
-
C
o
NS.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
ajo
r
ity
i
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
ab
o
u
t
co
lo
n
izat
io
n
an
d
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
in
f
e
ctio
n
[
3
8
]
–
[
4
1
]
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
an
d
T
ab
le
1
.
S
ta
p
h
ylo
co
c
cu
s
s
ch
leiferi
was
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
in
th
e
la
te
1
9
8
0
s
as
a
n
ew
s
p
ec
ies
o
f
C
o
NS.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
r
e
v
ea
led
S
.
s
ch
leiferi
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
with
m
o
r
e
th
an
h
alf
o
f
th
e
p
atien
ts
with
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
im
m
u
n
o
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
o
u
r
is
o
lates
wer
e
f
r
o
m
HI
V
/AI
Ds
MPo
x
co
in
f
ec
ted
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d
iv
i
d
u
als.
T
h
er
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o
r
e
,
o
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r
s
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y
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ag
r
ee
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en
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with
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im
ilar
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tu
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ies
th
at
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o
u
n
d
S.
s
ch
leiferi
in
f
ec
tio
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in
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u
m
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s
,
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av
i
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o
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ib
le
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o
ciatio
n
with
im
m
u
n
o
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
S
ch
leiferi
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
v
ir
u
len
t
th
an
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
Stap
h
y
lo
c
o
cc
u
s
war
n
er
i
o
r
S
ta
p
h
ylo
co
cc
u
s
h
o
min
is
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
r
ec
en
t
r
ev
iew
o
f
C
o
NS
an
d
MR
-
C
o
NS
d
id
n
o
t
cite
S
.
s
ch
leiferi
am
o
n
g
th
e
C
o
NS
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
is
o
lated
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
o
wed
t
o
lim
ited
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
ca
p
ac
ity
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u
t
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e
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o
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n
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at
all
C
o
NS
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e
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n
tam
in
a
n
ts
wh
ich
is
a
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
p
r
e
v
alen
t a
m
o
n
g
m
o
s
t c
lin
ician
s
an
d
m
icr
o
b
io
lo
g
is
ts
[
3
7
]
.
3.
2.
2
.
Ant
ibi
o
t
ic
re
s
is
t
a
nce
p
a
t
t
er
ns
o
f
t
he
is
o
la
t
ed
M
R
-
Co
NS
Fo
r
tu
n
ately
,
we
d
id
n
o
t
f
in
d
an
y
r
esis
tan
ce
to
n
ewe
r
an
tib
io
tics
s
u
ch
as
lin
ez
o
lid
in
o
u
r
s
am
p
le.
E
q
u
ally
v
an
co
m
y
cin
an
d
teico
p
lan
in
ex
h
ib
ited
1
0
0
%
ac
tiv
i
ty
ag
ain
s
t
all
t
h
e
MR
-
C
o
NS
is
o
lated
.
All
is
o
lates
s
h
o
wed
5
0
-
1
0
0
% sen
s
itiv
ity
t
o
Dap
to
m
y
cin
an
d
a
9
0
-
1
0
0
% sen
s
itiv
ity
ex
h
ib
ited
b
y
S
.
co
h
n
ii
an
d
S
.
s
ch
leiferi
to
Mo
x
if
lo
x
ac
i
n
,
Mo
n
o
cy
cli
n
e
,
an
d
t
r
im
eth
o
p
r
im
/s
u
lf
am
eth
o
x
az
o
le
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
S
.
co
h
n
ii
s
h
o
wed
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
m
o
s
t
an
t
ib
io
tics
,
wh
ile
S
.
lu
g
d
u
n
esis
s
h
o
wed
r
esis
tan
ce
to
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
an
tib
io
tics
test
ed
.
W
e
f
o
u
n
d
a
1
0
%,
3
3
.
3
%,
3
3
.
3
%,
an
d
5
0
%
r
esis
tan
ce
to
d
a
p
to
m
y
ci
n
b
y
S.
s
ch
leiferi
,
S
.
xy
lo
s
u
s
,
S.
ca
p
itis
,
an
d
lu
g
d
u
n
e
n
s
is
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Dap
to
m
y
cin
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
n
ewe
r
an
tib
io
tics
ag
a
in
s
t
s
tap
h
y
lo
co
cc
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
.
Ou
r
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
ith
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
t
h
at
h
av
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
co
-
r
esis
t
an
ce
an
d
m
u
ltid
r
u
g
r
esis
tan
ce
in
C
o
NS,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
am
o
n
g
h
u
m
a
n
is
o
lates
b
u
t
also
in
s
am
p
les
f
r
o
m
an
im
als
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
4
4
]
–
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
er
v
e
as
a
war
n
in
g
s
ig
n
al,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltid
r
u
g
-
r
esis
tan
t
C
o
NS
(
MR
-
C
o
N
S)
in
to
b
o
th
th
e
h
o
s
p
ital
an
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
ettin
g
s
.
At
p
r
esen
t,
th
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
C
o
NS
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
is
ch
alle
n
g
in
g
d
u
e
t
o
wid
esp
r
ea
d
r
esis
tan
ce
to
β‑lac
tam
s
an
d
s
ev
er
al
o
th
e
r
a
n
tib
io
tic
class
es.
New
er
ag
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
lin
ez
o
lid
,
d
ap
to
m
y
c
in
,
an
d
tig
ec
y
clin
e
m
ay
s
er
v
e
as
alter
n
ativ
e
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
o
p
tio
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
ey
a
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
ed
co
s
t‑
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
So
m
e
MR
-
C
o
NS
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
ex
h
ib
ited
r
esis
tan
ce
to
th
e
r
eser
v
e
an
tib
io
tics
s
u
ch
as
d
ap
to
m
y
cin
.
W
h
ils
t
th
is
r
esis
tan
ce
co
u
ld
b
e
in
t
r
in
s
ic,
it
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
wo
r
r
y
in
g
tr
e
n
d
as
th
ese
an
tib
io
tics
ar
e
n
o
t
cu
r
r
en
tly
in
u
s
e
in
Sier
r
aL
eo
n
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
eir
u
n
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
e
an
d
n
at
u
r
al
r
esis
tan
ce
ca
n
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
m
o
b
ile
r
esis
tan
ce
g
en
es,
r
ein
f
o
r
ci
n
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
af
e
g
u
ar
d
i
n
g
th
ese
an
tib
io
tics
.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
.
First,
b
ein
g
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
ite
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
ea
d
ily
g
en
er
alize
d
,
as
a
n
tib
io
tic
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
b
ac
ter
ial
p
r
o
f
iles
wer
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
o
n
l
y
at
o
n
e
l
o
ca
tio
n
in
Sier
r
a
L
eo
n
e.
T
o
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
b
u
r
d
en
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
p
atter
n
s
o
f
MR
-
C
o
NS
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
ter
tiar
y
h
ea
lth
f
ac
ilit
ies
ar
e
war
r
an
ted
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
h
o
s
p
ital
-
ac
q
u
ir
ed
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
MR
-
C
o
NS
d
etec
tio
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
lim
i
ted
to
p
h
en
o
ty
p
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
ese
ar
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
m
o
l
ec
u
lar
an
d
p
r
o
te
o
m
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
e.
g
.
,
wh
o
le
g
en
o
m
e
s
eq
u
e
n
cin
g
,
MA
L
DI
-
T
OF)
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
s
p
ec
ies
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
SC
C
m
ec
ty
p
es,
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
clo
n
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
with
in
Sier
r
a
L
eo
n
e.
Su
c
h
d
a
ta
wo
u
ld
b
e
v
alu
ab
le
f
o
r
p
o
li
cy
m
ak
er
s
,
in
f
ec
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
0
6
A
n
timicr
o
b
ia
l res
is
ta
n
ce
p
r
o
fi
les o
f m
eth
icillin
r
esi
s
ta
n
t c
o
a
g
u
la
s
e
…
(
A
b
r
a
h
a
m
B
w
a
lh
u
m
a
Mu
h
in
d
o
)
1671
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
p
ec
i
alis
ts
,
an
d
m
icr
o
b
io
lo
g
is
ts
in
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
im
p
ac
t
o
f
MR
-
C
o
NS.
Desp
ite
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
th
e
f
ir
s
t e
v
id
en
ce
o
f
MR
-
C
o
NS
r
esis
tan
t p
ath
o
g
en
s
is
o
lated
f
r
o
m
clin
ical
s
am
p
les in
Sier
r
a
L
eo
n
e.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
r
es
is
tan
t
MR
-
C
o
NS
to
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
an
tib
io
tics
in
th
e
lo
ca
l
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Sier
r
a
L
e
o
n
e
.
T
h
e
em
e
r
g
e
n
ce
o
f
s
u
c
h
r
esis
tan
ce
p
atter
n
s
p
o
s
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
g
r
o
win
g
th
r
ea
t
,
p
o
ten
tiall
y
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
an
tim
icr
o
b
ial
th
er
ap
ies
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
tr
ea
tin
g
MR
-
C
o
NS
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e
,
p
r
ac
tic
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
lik
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
iz
in
g
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
is
o
f
th
ese
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
n
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
p
r
ac
tices,
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
ca
p
ac
ity
,
a
n
d
i
n
s
titu
tin
g
an
tim
icr
o
b
ial
s
tewa
r
d
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
will
u
ltima
tely
co
m
b
at
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
an
tib
io
tic
r
esis
tan
ce
am
o
n
g
th
e
MR
-
C
o
NS.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
s
e
in
itiativ
es
r
elies
o
n
s
u
s
tai
n
ed
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
s
,
ca
p
ac
ity
b
u
ild
in
g
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
f
u
l
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
,
an
d
a
g
o
o
d
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
b
ac
ter
io
l
o
g
ical
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
W
e
ex
p
r
ess
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
o
s
e
wh
o
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
to
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
esp
ec
ially
th
o
s
e
wh
o
s
e
s
a
m
p
les
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
an
d
t
o
t
h
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t o
f
Pre
m
iu
m
Me
d
ical
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
an
d
its
s
taf
f
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
s
p
e
cif
ic
g
r
an
t
f
r
o
m
an
y
f
u
n
d
in
g
a
g
en
cy
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic,
c
o
m
m
er
c
ial
o
r
n
o
t
-
f
o
r
-
p
r
o
f
it secto
r
s
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ab
r
ah
am
B
walh
u
m
a
Mu
h
in
d
o
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ad
am
u
Alm
u
s
tap
h
a
Alier
o
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Dar
lin
d
a
J
ib
b
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Fes
to
Mw
eb
az
e
Sy
alh
ash
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
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1
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