I
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S)
Vo
l.
14
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er
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s
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co
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Spa
tial a
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ly
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bas
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eo
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phic
inform
a
tion sy
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Slema
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is
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IS
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n
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ti
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l
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n
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ly
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q
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n
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it
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u
l
o
sis
c
a
se
s
a
c
ro
ss
8
6
v
il
l
a
g
e
s.
Biv
a
riate
lo
c
a
l
in
d
ica
to
rs
o
f
sp
a
ti
a
l
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
(LI
S
A)
a
n
a
l
y
sis
we
re
p
e
rfo
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e
d
u
sin
g
G
e
o
Da
so
ftwa
re
,
wh
il
e
g
e
o
g
ra
p
h
ica
ll
y
we
ig
h
ted
re
g
re
ss
io
n
(G
WR)
in
R
S
tu
d
i
o
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
lo
c
a
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
i
n
fl
u
e
n
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e
s.
Biv
a
r
iate
LIS
A
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
we
d
n
o
s
ig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
sp
a
ti
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l
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u
to
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o
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r
p
o
p
u
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d
e
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sit
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a
ir
tem
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ra
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ir
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m
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ty
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re
c
ip
it
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ti
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n
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e
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-
v
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s:
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,
0
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2
6
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0
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1
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0
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3
1
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a
n
d
0
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4
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,
re
sp
e
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ti
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ly
).
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n
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g
a
ti
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rre
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s
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n
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e
se
v
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riab
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d
t
u
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c
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se
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F
i
n
d
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g
s
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ig
h
li
g
h
t
s
p
a
ti
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l
p
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s
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n
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m
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ted
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terv
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s,
re
c
o
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m
e
n
d
i
n
g
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
tu
b
e
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u
lo
sis
a
wa
re
n
e
ss
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n
d
trea
tme
n
t
a
c
c
e
s
s
in
l
o
w
-
d
e
n
sit
y
,
h
i
g
h
-
i
n
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id
e
n
c
e
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re
a
s,
a
lo
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g
with
p
u
b
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d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
o
n
v
e
n
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lati
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n
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n
d
p
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v
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n
ti
v
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e
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e
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se
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so
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s,
a
n
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str
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n
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th
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n
e
d
p
re
v
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n
ti
o
n
in
h
i
g
h
-
r
is
k
lo
wla
n
d
v
il
lag
e
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
iv
ar
iate
L
I
SA
GI
S
GW
R
Sp
atial
an
aly
s
is
T
u
b
er
cu
l
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s
is
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h
is i
s
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o
p
e
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c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
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e
CC B
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SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
k
h
r
u
m
I
r
m
an
i
n
g
s
ih
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Hea
lth
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v
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s
an
d
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n
f
o
r
m
atio
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,
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
Sch
o
o
l,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Gad
jah
M
ad
a
C
atu
r
tu
n
g
g
al,
Dep
o
k
,
Slem
an
,
Yo
g
y
ak
a
r
ta
5
5
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8
1
,
I
n
d
o
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m
ail:
m
ak
h
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m
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ih
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g
m
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ac
.
i
d
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I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
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N
I
n
2
0
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1
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c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
d
ec
lar
ed
an
d
ag
r
ee
d
o
n
t
h
e
Su
s
tain
ab
le
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Go
als
(
SD
Gs),
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ich
co
n
tain
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
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s
o
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th
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Millen
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iu
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Dev
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Go
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(
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Gs)
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asiz
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th
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icatio
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f
wo
r
ld
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ty
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y
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.
T
h
e
S
DGs a
r
e
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ased
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illar
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a
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ed
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n
1
7
p
o
i
n
ts
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wh
ich
a
r
e
b
r
o
k
en
d
o
wn
in
to
1
6
9
tar
g
ets
an
d
2
4
1
in
d
icato
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
ea
c
h
o
th
e
r
[
1
]
.
I
n
p
o
in
t
3
,
9
co
r
e
tar
g
ets
ar
e
all
r
e
lated
to
h
ea
lth
,
a
n
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
9
tar
g
ets
(
p
o
in
t
3
.
3
)
is
r
elate
d
to
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
en
d
tu
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cu
lo
s
is
.
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h
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tar
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s
o
in
clu
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th
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co
m
m
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o
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th
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W
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ld
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g
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d
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ited
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wh
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clu
d
e
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ed
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ctio
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s
f
o
r
th
e
tu
b
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cu
lo
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is
in
cid
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ate,
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ab
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o
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n
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m
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f
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th
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
tu
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lo
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th
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c
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t
f
ac
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b
y
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le
with
tu
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lo
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is
an
d
th
ei
r
h
o
u
s
eh
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ld
s
[
2
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.
T
u
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in
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d
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ca
u
s
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y
in
f
ec
tio
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h
My
c
o
b
ac
ter
iu
m
tu
b
e
r
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lo
s
is
co
m
p
le
x
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wh
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is
tr
an
s
m
itted
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
air
[
3
]
.
Oth
e
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
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an
s
m
is
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io
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lt f
r
o
m
s
u
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o
p
tim
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ti
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tu
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cu
lo
s
is
tr
ea
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en
t,
s
o
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o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
4
]
.
Glo
b
ally
,
in
2
0
2
3
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
tu
b
e
r
c
u
lo
s
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ca
s
es
h
as
r
ea
ch
ed
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.
2
m
illi
o
n
p
eo
p
le,
in
d
icatin
g
an
in
c
r
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
p
r
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v
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s
y
ea
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s
.
I
n
th
at
y
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r
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
b
ec
am
e
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
u
n
tr
y
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o
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tr
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p
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ased
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izatio
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,
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d
2
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th
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atio
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ally
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ated
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ases
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en
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an
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ar
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b
y
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e
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ea
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en
d
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tu
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3
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2
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1
,
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5
5
in
2
0
2
2
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0
9
in
2
0
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3
,
an
d
2
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.
A
lth
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e
h
ea
lth
o
f
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ice
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as
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s
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tem
s
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GI
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to
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ap
tu
b
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c
u
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
Sm
ar
tDin
k
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m
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th
e
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ata
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eg
ated
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ig
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r
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at
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v
ill
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e
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T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
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d
d
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is
g
ap
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y
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m
o
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r
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p
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aly
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o
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in
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R
eg
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y
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a
p
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ly
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d
v
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d
s
p
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s
tatis
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m
eth
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s
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c
h
as
lo
ca
l
in
d
icato
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s
o
f
s
p
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ass
o
ciatio
n
(
L
I
SA)
an
d
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
ca
lly
weig
h
ted
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
G
W
R
)
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es,
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
er
s
n
o
v
el
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
lo
ca
lized
s
p
atia
l
p
atter
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s
an
d
en
v
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o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
tu
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
in
cid
en
ce
,
wh
ich
h
av
e
n
o
t b
ee
n
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
ex
p
l
o
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ed
i
n
th
is
r
eg
io
n
.
G
I
S
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
a
n
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s
s
e
n
t
ia
l
t
o
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a
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h
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e
n
a
b
l
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i
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at
i
o
n
,
a
n
a
l
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s
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n
d
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p
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a
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s
a
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d
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d
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n
c
e
-
b
a
s
ed
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
[
5
]
.
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
ca
l
l
y
,
G
I
S
a
p
p
li
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
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h
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n
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t
u
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c
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l
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is
s
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v
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i
lla
n
c
e
,
p
r
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n
t
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o
n
,
a
n
d
m
a
p
p
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n
g
o
f
a
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c
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s
s
i
b
i
li
t
y
t
o
h
e
a
l
t
h
f
a
c
il
i
ti
es
[
6
]
.
M
a
p
p
i
n
g
th
e
s
p
a
ti
a
l
d
is
t
r
i
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u
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o
f
t
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b
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l
o
s
is
c
as
e
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a
ll
o
w
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d
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n
t
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f
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c
a
tio
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
r
i
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k
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as
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n
d
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ec
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n
-
m
a
k
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.
2.
M
E
T
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s
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t
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m
p
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a
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p
le
[
7
]
.
A
c
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-
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ti
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.
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2
,
3
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f
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m
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f
1
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4
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.
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p
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a
t
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o
n
s
[
8
]
.
I
t
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n
c
lu
d
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s
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s
(
L
I
SA)
[
9
]
.
T
h
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G
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D
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,
1
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1
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3
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ased
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ased
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atter
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8
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6
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p
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(
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kh
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)
1879
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
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(
e)
(f)
(
g
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(
h
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(
i)
(
j)
F
i
g
u
r
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1
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S
c
at
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p
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a
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ip
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s
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ip
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s
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n
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p
o
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u
latio
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ity
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u
r
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2
(
a)
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v
e
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Fig
u
r
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(
b
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3
2
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ited
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B
ased
o
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p
r
ec
ip
itatio
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,
2
6
v
illag
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also
s
h
o
wed
a
s
p
ati
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elatio
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s
h
ip
with
tu
b
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cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
e
s
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
d
)
)
,
n
am
ely
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r
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A
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4
1
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ag
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f
o
u
n
d
to
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s
ig
n
if
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t
s
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o
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,
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3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
3
.
2
.
1
.
Sp
a
t
ia
l a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
t
ub
er
culo
s
i
s
ca
s
es a
nd
po
p
ul
a
t
io
n dens
it
y
B
ased
o
n
th
e
L
I
SA
an
aly
s
i
s
r
esu
lts
,
th
er
e
was
n
o
s
p
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au
to
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
an
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
en
s
ity
in
Slem
an
R
eg
en
cy
.
T
h
is
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
b
ec
au
s
e
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
s
es
b
u
t
lo
w
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
e
n
s
ity
,
an
d
v
ice
v
e
r
s
a.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
C
en
tr
al
J
av
a
Pro
v
in
ce
in
2
0
2
2
,
wh
ich
r
ep
o
r
te
d
a
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
4
4
9
[
1
6
]
.
A
b
i
v
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
in
Ku
p
an
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
2
to
2
0
2
3
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
-
v
alu
es
o
f
0
.
3
1
8
an
d
0
.
3
5
3
b
etwe
en
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
an
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
e
n
s
ity
[
1
7
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
t
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
t
r
ast
with
s
tu
d
ies
in
Su
r
ak
ar
ta,
n
o
r
th
e
r
n
C
h
in
a,
B
ek
asi,
an
d
W
est
J
av
a
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
lo
ca
l
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
in
GW
R
an
aly
s
is
,
a
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
was
s
h
o
wn
,
with
2
7
v
illag
es
e
x
h
ib
it
in
g
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s
p
atial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
th
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n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
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e
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es
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d
p
o
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u
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en
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ity
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m
ea
n
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th
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ce
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tain
lo
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,
h
ig
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p
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with
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ewe
r
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o
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ted
tu
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is
ca
s
es
.
T
h
is
m
ay
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u
e
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elativ
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eq
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ate
a
v
ailab
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o
f
h
e
alth
ca
r
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
in
h
ig
h
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
en
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ity
ar
ea
s
,
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g
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th
e
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r
esen
ce
o
f
g
o
o
d
p
er
s
o
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h
y
g
ie
n
e
p
r
ac
tices,
wh
ich
to
g
eth
er
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
in
cid
e
n
ce
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tu
b
er
cu
l
o
s
is
[
2
2
]
.
Me
an
wh
i
le,
t
h
is
r
esu
lt
co
n
tr
ast
s
with
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Ma
k
a
s
ar
C
ity
in
2
0
2
2
an
d
Go
m
b
ak
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
en
s
ity
is
a
f
ac
t
o
r
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
tu
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
[
2
5
]
.
Hig
h
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
e
n
s
ity
ca
n
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
t
u
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
b
ac
ter
ia,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
8
0
6
S
p
a
tia
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f tu
b
ercu
lo
s
is
b
a
s
ed
o
n
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
fo
r
m
a
tio
n
s
ystems
…
(
Ma
kh
r
u
m
I
r
ma
n
in
g
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ih
)
1881
lead
in
g
to
a
h
ig
h
e
r
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
s
es
[
12
]
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
er
,
h
ig
h
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
e
n
s
ity
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
th
e
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o
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m
atio
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o
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s
lu
m
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,
wh
er
e
2
2
s
tu
d
ies r
e
p
o
r
t
ed
th
at
a
p
er
s
o
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'
s
ch
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ce
o
f
co
n
tr
ac
tin
g
t
u
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
is
alm
o
s
t th
r
ee
tim
es h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
th
e
n
atio
n
al
av
er
a
g
e
[2
6
]
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
,
i
t
is
h
o
p
e
d
t
h
a
t
h
e
a
l
t
h
w
o
r
k
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r
s
wil
l
b
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m
o
r
e
a
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t
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v
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o
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a
li
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i
a
ll
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l
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t
u
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t
r
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l
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b
e
m
o
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e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ically
weig
h
ted
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
ap
b
etwe
en
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
es with
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
d
en
s
ity
,
air
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
air
h
u
m
id
ity
,
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
,
an
d
altitu
d
e.
Ge
o
g
r
ap
h
ically
weig
h
ted
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
ap
o
f
(
a)
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
en
s
ity
,
(
b
)
air
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e,
(
c)
air
h
u
m
id
it
y
,
(
d
)
p
r
ec
i
p
itatio
n
,
an
d
(
e)
altitu
d
e
3
.
2
.2
.
Sp
a
t
ia
l
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
t
ub
er
culo
s
i
s
ca
s
es a
nd
a
ir
t
em
pera
t
ure
B
ased
o
n
th
e
L
I
SA
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
,
n
o
s
p
a
tial
au
to
c
o
r
r
ela
tio
n
was
f
o
u
n
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
an
d
air
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
Slem
an
R
eg
en
cy
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
a
s
tu
d
y
in
Nep
al
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
2
3
,
wh
e
r
e
Mo
r
an
'
s
I
in
d
ex
s
h
o
wed
a
p
o
s
itiv
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s
p
atial
au
to
co
r
r
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n
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et
wee
n
lan
d
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u
r
f
ac
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
1
8
76
-
1
8
85
1882
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
th
e
tu
b
e
r
cu
lo
s
is
p
r
ev
alen
ce
[2
7
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
t
h
e
GW
R
an
aly
s
i
s
r
ev
ea
led
a
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
with
1
3
v
illag
es
ex
h
ib
itin
g
a
s
p
atial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
a
n
d
air
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
lo
wer
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
r
is
k
s
o
f
tu
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
[2
8
]
-
[3
0
]
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
in
Mo
za
m
b
iq
u
e
s
h
o
we
d
h
ig
h
e
r
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
in
cid
en
ce
in
ar
ea
s
with
co
ld
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
es c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
ar
ea
s
[3
1
]
.
T
u
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
m
ay
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
d
u
e
t
o
m
o
r
e
in
d
o
o
r
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
v
en
tilatio
n
d
u
r
in
g
co
ld
er
wea
th
e
r
,
wh
ic
h
f
ac
ilit
a
tes
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
co
ld
air
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
b
o
d
y
'
s
im
m
u
n
ity
,
t
h
er
eb
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
in
f
ec
tio
n
an
d
en
h
a
n
c
in
g
th
e
s
u
r
v
iv
al
o
f
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
b
ac
ter
ia
in
air
b
o
r
n
e
d
r
o
p
lets
[3
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
tr
o
n
g
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
e
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
air
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
an
d
tu
b
e
r
c
u
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
[3
1
]
,
[
3
5
]
-
[3
7
]
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
,
aller
g
ic
r
ea
ctio
n
s
in
th
e
r
e
s
p
ir
ato
r
y
tr
ac
t,
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
m
ay
also
ca
u
s
e
b
r
o
n
ch
o
co
n
s
tr
ictio
n
a
n
d
air
way
n
ar
r
o
win
g
,
p
o
ten
tially
d
am
ag
in
g
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
ep
ith
elia
l
ce
lls
an
d
wo
r
s
en
in
g
tu
b
er
cu
l
o
s
is
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[3
8
]
.
Giv
en
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
air
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
in
cid
en
ce
,
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
ts
ca
n
s
ee
k
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
p
r
ev
en
tativ
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
co
ld
p
er
i
o
d
s
,
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
in
d
o
o
r
v
en
tilatio
n
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
p
r
o
tectiv
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
le
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
s
.
3
.
2
.3
.
Sp
a
t
ia
l
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
t
ub
er
culo
s
i
s
ca
s
es a
nd
a
ir
hu
m
idi
t
y
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
b
i
v
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
L
I
SA,
th
e
r
e
was
n
o
s
p
atial
au
to
co
r
r
elati
o
n
b
etwe
en
air
h
u
m
i
d
ity
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
in
Slem
an
R
eg
en
cy
.
Ho
wev
er
,
GW
R
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
a
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
with
3
2
v
illag
es
s
h
o
win
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
p
atial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Similar
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
s
o
u
th
ea
s
t
an
d
n
o
r
th
west
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
C
h
in
a
d
u
r
i
n
g
2
0
1
0
-
2
0
1
7
[
39
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
in
B
eijin
g
,
C
h
in
a,
also
f
o
u
n
d
a
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
b
er
cu
l
o
s
is
ca
s
e
s
an
d
a
ir
h
u
m
id
ity
d
u
r
i
n
g
2004
-
2
0
1
6
[4
0
]
.
Oth
e
r
s
tu
d
i
es
ex
am
in
in
g
air
h
u
m
id
ity
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
e
twee
n
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
in
cid
en
ce
a
n
d
h
u
m
id
ity
le
v
els
[4
1
]
,
[
4
2
].
L
o
w
ai
r
h
u
m
id
i
ty
is
k
n
o
wn
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
esis
tan
ce
in
t
h
e
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
tr
ac
t
to
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
b
ac
ter
ia,
d
u
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
r
o
tectiv
e
m
u
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
[3
0
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
Fro
m
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
,
it
is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
will
en
h
an
ce
p
u
b
lic
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
n
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
o
p
tim
al
v
en
tilatio
n
an
d
air
h
u
m
id
ity
as
p
ar
t o
f
in
ten
s
if
ied
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t tu
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
3
.
2
.4
.
Sp
a
t
ia
l
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
t
ub
er
culo
s
i
s
ca
s
es a
nd
prec
i
pita
t
io
n
B
ased
o
n
th
e
L
I
SA
an
aly
s
i
s
r
esu
lts
,
th
er
e
was
n
o
s
p
atial
au
to
co
r
r
elati
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
an
d
p
r
ec
i
p
itatio
n
in
Slem
an
R
eg
en
c
y
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast
,
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
p
atial
au
to
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
tu
b
e
r
cu
lo
s
is
p
r
ev
alen
ce
an
d
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
i
n
Nep
al
(
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
2
3
)
an
d
C
h
in
a
(
2
0
0
5
-
2015
)
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
t
h
e
GW
R
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
a
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
i
d
en
tify
in
g
2
6
v
illag
es
with
a
s
p
atial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
to
t
u
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
ca
s
es.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
lo
wer
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
in
Slem
an
R
eg
en
cy
is
in
v
er
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
h
ig
h
er
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
in
cid
en
ce
.
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
,
a
s
tu
d
y
in
Kh
u
ze
s
tan
Pro
v
in
ce
,
So
u
th
er
n
I
r
an
,
an
d
C
h
in
a
(
2
0
1
0
-
2
0
1
7
)
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
a
v
er
ag
e
p
r
ec
i
p
itatio
n
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
[
39
]
,
[4
1
].
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
ar
ea
s
with
lo
w
an
n
u
al
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
a
n
d
d
r
y
clim
ate
s
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
er
r
is
k
o
f
tu
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
s
p
r
ea
d
[4
1
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
ip
i
tatio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
air
h
u
m
id
ity
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
b
ac
ter
ia
g
r
o
wth
[4
3
]
.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
e
r
ai
n
y
s
ea
s
o
n
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
h
av
e
a
3
.
3
3
tim
es
h
ig
h
e
r
r
is
k
o
f
co
n
tr
ac
tin
g
tu
b
e
r
cu
lo
s
is
d
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
d
o
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
a
ctiv
ity
[4
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
ca
n
cr
ea
te
id
ea
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
-
ca
u
s
in
g
b
ac
ter
ia
[4
5
]
.
3
.
2
.5
.
Sp
a
t
ia
l
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
t
ub
er
culo
s
i
s
ca
s
es a
nd
a
lt
it
u
de
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
b
iv
ar
iate
L
I
SA
an
aly
s
is
,
th
er
e
wa
s
n
o
s
p
atial
au
to
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
e
twee
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
an
d
altitu
d
e
in
Slem
an
R
eg
en
c
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
GW
R
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
a
n
e
g
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
tu
b
e
r
cu
l
o
s
is
ca
s
e
s
an
d
alti
tu
d
e,
with
4
1
v
illag
es
s
h
o
win
g
a
s
p
ati
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
.
T
h
e
altitu
d
e
in
Slem
an
R
eg
en
cy
r
an
g
es
u
p
to
less
th
an
2
5
0
0
m
eter
s
ab
o
v
e
s
ea
lev
el,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
to
war
d
th
e
p
ea
k
o
f
Mo
u
n
t M
er
ap
i o
n
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
s
id
e,
wh
ile
th
e
s
o
u
th
er
n
s
id
e
h
as lo
wer
altitu
d
es.
Data
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
o
d
er
ate
to
h
i
g
h
tu
b
e
r
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
ar
e
m
o
s
tly
f
o
u
n
d
in
ar
ea
s
b
elo
w
5
0
0
m
eter
s
ab
o
v
e
s
ea
lev
el.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
lo
wer
th
e
altitu
d
e
in
Slem
an
R
eg
en
cy
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
b
e
r
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
es,
in
d
icatin
g
an
in
v
e
r
s
e
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
.
L
o
wlan
d
ar
ea
s
h
av
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
t
u
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
h
ig
h
lan
d
s
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
t
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
tu
b
e
r
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
altitu
d
e
[4
6
]
.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
an
d
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
lo
wlan
d
ar
ea
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
a
h
ig
h
er
r
is
k
,
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
h
ea
lth
s
er
v
ices,
h
ea
lt
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
n
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
ea
r
ly
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
v
itam
in
D
lev
el
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
e
q
u
ate
s
u
n
lig
h
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
in
lo
w
-
altitu
d
e
ar
ea
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
’
s
im
m
u
n
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
h
ig
h
lan
d
ar
ea
s
r
ec
eiv
e
h
ig
h
er
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
U
V
-
B
r
ay
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
v
itam
in
D
lev
els,
en
h
an
cin
g
im
m
u
n
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
r
ea
ctiv
atio
n
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
ep
id
em
io
lo
g
ical
s
tu
d
ies in
Ken
y
a,
Per
u
,
Me
x
ico
,
an
d
Vietn
am
s
im
ilar
ly
r
ev
ea
led
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
d
e
ath
an
d
n
o
tific
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
S
p
a
tia
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f tu
b
ercu
lo
s
is
b
a
s
ed
o
n
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
fo
r
m
a
tio
n
s
ystems
…
(
Ma
kh
r
u
m
I
r
ma
n
in
g
s
ih
)
1883
r
ates
in
h
ig
h
lan
d
ar
ea
s
[4
7
]
.
A
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
p
atter
n
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
C
h
in
a,
wh
er
e
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
p
r
ev
alen
ce
is
h
ig
h
er
in
lo
w
-
altitu
d
e
an
d
co
astal r
eg
io
n
s
,
wh
ile
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
an
d
h
illy
ar
ea
s
h
av
e
lo
wer
p
r
ev
alen
ce
[4
8
]
.
R
esu
lt
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
iv
ar
iate
L
I
SA
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
d
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
p
atial
au
to
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
es
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
an
d
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
v
ar
iab
les
s
tu
d
ied
.
T
h
is
lack
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
m
ay
s
u
g
g
est
wea
k
o
r
s
p
atially
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
at
lo
ca
l
s
ca
les
o
r
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
u
n
m
e
asu
r
ed
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
GW
R
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
p
atial
h
eter
o
g
en
e
ity
an
d
lo
ca
l
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
e
s
an
d
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
e
n
s
ity
,
a
ir
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
a
ir
h
u
m
id
ity
,
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
,
an
d
al
titu
d
e.
T
h
e
GW
R
m
o
d
el
r
ev
ea
led
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
e
g
ativ
e
s
p
atial
co
r
r
elatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
all
ex
am
in
ed
v
ar
iab
les,
im
p
ly
i
n
g
th
at
h
ig
h
e
r
v
alu
es
o
f
th
ese
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
lo
c
ally
ass
o
ciate
d
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
tu
b
er
cu
lo
s
is
ca
s
e
co
u
n
t
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
lim
ited
b
y
its
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
tu
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
ca
s
e
d
ata,
wh
ich
m
a
y
lack
g
r
an
u
la
r
ity
an
d
tim
ely
u
p
d
ates.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
v
a
r
iab
les
o
f
h
u
m
i
d
ity
,
r
ain
f
all,
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
wer
e
ag
g
r
eg
ated
o
n
an
a
n
n
u
al
b
asis
,
p
o
ten
t
ially
o
v
er
l
o
o
k
in
g
s
ea
s
o
n
al
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
g
ain
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
p
atio
tem
p
o
r
al
d
y
n
a
m
ics
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
tu
b
er
c
u
lo
s
is
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
a
n
aly
s
es
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
ata
at
q
u
a
r
ter
l
y
in
ter
v
als
to
r
e
f
lect
s
ea
s
o
n
ality
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ately
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
a
n
a
ly
s
es
th
at
in
clu
d
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
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