I
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Jou
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of
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A
S
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
, pp.
1
359
~
1
366
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
a
s
.
v
14
.
i
4
.
pp
1359
-
1366
1359
Jou
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n
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page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
aas
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In
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T
A
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is
to
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:
R
e
c
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d
A
pr
22, 2025
R
e
vi
s
e
d
S
e
p 28, 2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
N
ov 7, 2025
Conventiona
l
phosphor
-
converted
light
-
emitti
ng
diodes
(LEDs)
using
silicone
binders
often
suff
er
from
yellowing,
moisture
degrad
atio
n,
and
limited
spectral
tunability,
restricting
their
performa
nce
in
high
-
power
street
lighting.
To
overcome
these
limitations,
this
study
aims
to
devel
op
an
advanced
LED
illum
ination
system
integrat
ing
a
KBr
-
doped
sol
-
gel/silica
phosphor
with
total
internal
reflection
(T
IR)
lenses
and
a
refl
ective
h
ousing,
encapsulat
ed
by
an
atomic
layer
deposit
ion
(ALD)
-
coated
minilens
panel.
The
sol
-
gel
matrix,
synthesized
from
MTEOS,
TEOS,
and
silica
gr
anules,
was
engineered
to
achieve
uniform
KBr
particle
dispersion,
reduced
t
hermal
quenching, and improved chromatic stability. The ALD la
minate provi
des an
additio
nal
moistu
re
and
heat
barrier,
sealing
micro
-
defects
and
mini
mizing
stress
-
induced
cracking
.
Optical
performa
nce
was
quantitatively
as
sessed
using
Monte
Carlo
beam
-
tracking
simulations
under
various
street
configurat
ions,
includi
ng
focal,
zigzag,
and
single
-
plane
pole
l
ayouts.
Result
s
demonstrated
enhanced
luminous
efficacy,
precise
glare
control,
and
high
uniformity
in
street
illumination.
Overall,
this
integrated
sol
-
ge
l/ALD
LED
design
effectively
addresses
the
durability
and
color
inst
ability
problems
of
traditional
silicone
systems,
offering
a
scalable
and
e
nergy
-
efficient
soluti
on for nex
t
-
generation street lighting.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
to
m
ic
l
a
ye
r
de
pos
it
io
n
L
um
in
ous
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
O
pt
ic
a
l
le
ns
e
s
P
ot
a
s
s
iu
m
br
om
id
e
phos
phor
S
ol
–
ge
l
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
S
tr
e
e
t
li
ght
in
g
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
N
guye
n T
hi
P
huong L
oa
n
F
a
c
ul
ty
of
F
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
2, P
os
ts
a
nd T
e
l
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
ons
I
ns
ti
t
ut
e
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
H
o C
hi
M
in
h C
it
y, V
ie
tn
a
m
E
m
a
il
:
nt
pl
oa
n@
pt
it
hc
m
.e
du.vn
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
I
n
c
ont
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
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im
e
s
,
de
ve
l
op
in
g
e
ne
r
gy
-
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
s
t
r
e
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t
i
ll
um
i
na
t
io
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us
in
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li
ght
-
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m
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tt
in
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di
ode
(
L
E
D
)
un
it
s
r
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m
a
i
ns
a
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if
ic
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f
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us
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L
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D
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ys
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s
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ll
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a
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l
ig
h
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d
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e
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ti
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ib
il
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y
f
or
dr
iv
e
r
s
a
n
d
pe
d
e
s
tr
ia
ns
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
C
on
ve
n
ti
ona
l
r
o
a
d
l
ig
h
t
in
g
te
c
h
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c
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ti
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f
f
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[
6
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.
P
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ly
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D
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m
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N
o
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s
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l
opt
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c
o
m
po
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n
ts
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s
uc
h
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s
t
ot
a
l
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nt
e
r
n
a
l
r
e
f
le
c
ti
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(
T
I
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le
ns
e
s
a
nd
m
in
il
e
ns
a
r
r
a
ys
,
c
a
n
m
od
if
y
t
he
e
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
o
f
il
e
,
c
o
nc
e
n
t
r
a
t
in
g
i
ll
u
m
i
na
ti
o
n
s
o
le
ly
on
c
r
it
ic
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
I
n
c
on
ve
n
ti
ona
l
s
t
r
e
e
t
li
g
ht
in
g,
ne
a
r
l
y
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lf
o
f
t
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e
m
it
te
d
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g
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m
a
y
f
a
l
l
ou
ts
i
de
t
he
r
oa
dw
a
y,
c
a
us
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vi
s
ua
l
d
is
c
o
m
f
or
t
f
o
r
pe
de
s
t
r
ia
ns
a
nd
d
r
iv
e
r
s
[
9]
.
U
t
il
iz
i
ng
L
E
D
s
w
i
th
ta
r
ge
te
d
op
ti
c
a
l
de
s
ig
n
r
e
duc
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
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2252
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8814
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14
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be
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20
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:
1359
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1366
1360
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te
m
s
,
e
s
ta
bl
is
hi
ng a
pa
th
w
a
y t
ow
a
r
d hi
gh
-
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
, dur
a
bl
e
, a
nd e
ne
r
gy
-
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
tr
e
e
t
li
ght
in
g
[
10]
–
[
13
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
L
E
D
r
oa
d
il
lu
m
in
a
ti
on
c
a
n
be
de
s
ig
ne
d
a
nd
s
im
ul
a
te
d
us
in
g
va
r
io
us
opt
ic
a
l
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
.
R
e
c
e
nt
s
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
e
xpl
or
e
d
th
e
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ve
a
nd
r
e
f
r
a
c
ti
ve
non
-
vi
s
ua
l
opt
ic
a
l
c
om
pone
nt
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
f
r
e
e
f
or
m
r
e
f
le
c
to
r
s
,
le
ns
a
r
r
a
ys
,
or
hybr
id
r
e
f
le
c
ti
vi
ty
–
r
e
f
r
a
c
ti
vi
ty
uni
ts
.
W
hi
le
th
e
s
e
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
of
f
e
r
pot
e
nt
ia
l
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
,
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
r
e
m
a
in
in
opt
ic
a
l
de
s
ig
n
c
o
m
pl
e
xi
ty
a
nd
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
a
bi
li
ty
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
dy,
a
nove
l
L
E
D
r
oa
d
il
lu
m
in
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
w
a
s
m
ode
le
d,
a
ddr
e
s
s
i
ng
th
e
s
e
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
th
r
ough
a
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
o
f
L
E
D
a
s
s
e
m
bl
ie
s
,
T
I
R
le
ns
e
s
,
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ve
pi
t
s
,
a
nd
m
in
il
e
ns
p
a
ne
ls
.
L
E
D
s
a
r
e
pl
a
c
e
d
w
it
hi
n
a
hi
ghl
y
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ve
pi
t
to
r
e
us
e
li
ght
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
opt
ic
a
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
w
it
h
e
a
c
h
L
E
D
e
nve
lo
pe
d
by
T
I
R
le
ns
e
s
to
m
in
im
iz
e
a
be
r
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
pa
r
a
ll
e
li
z
e
li
ght
r
a
ys
.
T
he
m
in
il
e
ns
pa
ne
l
a
c
ts
a
s
a
r
a
y
f
o
r
m
e
r
a
nd
hom
oge
ni
z
e
r
,
e
ns
ur
in
g
uni
f
or
m
il
lu
m
in
a
ti
on
on
th
e
r
oa
dw
a
y
w
hi
le
r
e
duc
in
g
gl
a
r
e
,
li
ght
pol
lu
ti
on,
a
nd
il
lu
m
in
a
ti
on
non
-
uni
f
or
m
it
y,
a
c
hi
e
vi
ng
hi
gh
opt
ic
a
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
lu
m
in
ous
c
ons
is
te
n
c
y
[
14]
–
[
16]
.
T
he
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
w
a
s
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
us
in
g
L
ig
ht
T
ool
s
s
of
twa
r
e
,
m
ode
li
ng
th
e
ge
om
e
tr
y
of
th
e
L
E
D
c
hi
p,
T
I
R
le
ns
e
s
,
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ve
pi
t,
a
nd
m
in
il
e
ns
pa
n
e
l.
T
he
in
put
s
pe
c
tr
um
of
th
e
ba
r
e
bl
ue
L
E
D
c
hi
p
w
a
s
s
pe
c
if
ie
d
f
r
om
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
e
r
da
ta
.
K
B
r
opt
ic
a
l
c
ons
ta
nt
s
w
e
r
e
in
c
or
por
a
te
d,
in
c
lu
di
ng
r
e
f
r
a
c
ti
ve
in
de
x,
a
bs
or
pt
io
n
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
,
a
nd
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
pr
of
il
e
,
obt
a
in
e
d
f
r
om
a
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
of
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
va
lu
e
s
a
nd
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
T
he
phos
phor
la
ye
r
th
ic
kne
s
s
,
c
on
c
e
nt
r
a
ti
on,
a
nd
s
pa
ti
a
l
pl
a
c
e
m
e
nt
w
it
hi
n
th
e
s
ol
-
ge
l/
s
il
ic
a
m
a
tr
ix
w
e
r
e
e
xpl
ic
it
ly
de
f
in
e
d
in
th
e
m
ode
l
to
r
e
f
le
c
t
th
e
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
a
l
de
pos
it
io
n pr
oc
e
s
s
.
I
l
lu
m
i
na
t
io
n
d
is
t
r
i
bu
ti
on
w
a
s
e
v
a
l
ua
te
d
a
c
r
os
s
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
r
o
a
d
c
o
nf
ig
ur
a
t
io
ns
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
f
oc
a
l,
z
ig
z
a
g,
a
nd
s
i
ng
le
-
pl
a
ne
po
le
a
r
r
a
n
ge
m
e
n
ts
,
c
ons
id
e
r
i
ng
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
li
gh
t
m
ou
nt
in
g
he
ig
ht
,
p
ol
e
t
il
t,
s
tr
e
e
t
w
i
dt
h
,
a
r
m
s
pa
n,
a
n
d
i
nc
li
n
a
t
io
n
a
n
gl
e
s
[
17
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
S
im
u
la
ti
on
va
l
id
a
ti
on
w
a
s
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
b
y
be
nc
hm
a
r
k
in
g
m
ode
le
d
lu
m
in
o
us
f
l
ux
a
nd
a
ng
ul
a
r
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n
a
ga
in
s
t
e
x
pe
r
i
m
e
n
ta
l
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
nt
s
a
nd
c
om
m
e
r
c
ia
l
L
E
D
-
ph
os
ph
or
s
ys
te
m
s
,
c
on
f
i
r
m
in
g
t
he
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
o
f
t
he
op
ti
c
a
l
m
od
e
l
.
T
hr
ou
gho
ut
th
e
m
a
nus
c
r
ip
t,
te
r
m
i
nol
og
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
ol
-
ge
l
c
om
pos
it
e
is
c
on
s
is
te
nt
ly
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
a
s
“
K
B
r
s
o
l
-
ge
l
/s
i
li
c
a
c
om
p
os
i
te
”
t
o
a
v
oi
d a
m
b
ig
ui
ty
.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
T
he
m
i
ni
le
ns
di
s
c
m
us
t
b
e
c
a
p
a
bl
e
o
f
m
a
in
ta
in
in
g
L
E
D
il
lu
m
in
a
t
io
n
s
t
r
ic
tl
y
w
it
hi
n
r
oa
d
li
m
i
ts
.
I
ts
s
e
t
ti
n
gs
n
ot
on
ly
a
ll
ow
f
o
r
r
a
y
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
n
d
d
if
f
r
a
c
ti
o
n
c
o
nt
r
o
l
b
ut
a
ls
o
pr
ov
id
e
un
i
f
o
r
m
in
g
e
f
f
e
c
ts
f
o
r
di
s
pe
r
s
iv
e
f
a
c
to
r
s
.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
nt
ly
,
s
uc
h
s
ys
te
m
s
r
e
m
a
i
n
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
un
de
r
br
oa
d
ba
n
d
L
E
D
e
m
is
s
io
ns
,
a
n
a
dva
nt
a
ge
no
t
a
c
hi
e
va
b
le
by
p
ur
e
l
y
d
i
f
f
r
a
c
ti
ve
di
s
c
s
.
D
e
s
pi
t
e
th
e
s
e
be
ne
f
i
ts
,
th
e
f
a
b
r
ic
a
t
io
n
of
s
uc
h
s
tr
uc
t
ur
e
s
is
bo
th
c
o
m
p
le
x
a
nd
c
os
tl
y
[
2
0]
–
[
22
]
.
I
n
r
oa
d
il
lu
m
in
a
t
io
n
,
how
e
ve
r
,
op
ti
m
iz
e
d
m
i
ni
le
ns
a
r
r
a
ys
c
a
n
yi
e
ld
r
e
c
ta
ng
ul
a
r
i
ll
u
m
i
na
ti
o
n
pr
o
f
i
le
s
th
a
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
c
o
ve
r
t
he
r
oa
dw
a
y
w
h
il
e
p
r
e
ve
n
ti
ng
unw
a
nt
e
d
l
ig
ht
s
pi
ll
.
T
h
is
r
e
qu
i
r
e
s
n
on
-
s
y
m
m
e
t
r
ic
le
ns
a
r
r
a
nge
m
e
n
ts
t
o
a
d
a
p
t
t
he
d
is
t
r
ib
u
ti
on
pa
t
te
r
n
a
c
r
os
s
ta
r
ge
te
d
pa
th
w
a
ys
.
B
e
a
m
-
t
r
a
c
in
g
s
im
ul
a
t
io
ns
v
e
r
i
f
ie
d
t
ha
t
th
e
a
c
qu
ir
e
d
de
s
ig
n
m
a
i
nt
a
in
s
a
r
e
c
ta
ng
ul
a
r
p
r
o
f
i
le
,
w
h
ic
h
is
op
ti
m
a
l
f
or
r
oa
d
w
a
y
a
pp
li
c
a
t
io
ns
.
W
h
e
n
c
om
bi
ne
d
w
i
th
T
I
R
le
ns
e
s
to
pa
r
ti
a
ll
y
c
o
ll
im
a
te
th
e
L
E
D
l
ig
ht
,
th
e
s
ys
te
m
a
c
hi
e
ve
s
hi
g
h
il
lu
m
i
na
t
io
n
un
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
w
h
il
e
m
a
i
nt
a
in
in
g
c
om
p
a
c
t
f
o
r
m
f
a
c
to
r
s
.
E
x
pe
r
im
e
nt
a
l
te
s
ts
in
d
ic
a
te
il
lu
m
i
na
ti
o
n
un
if
or
m
i
ty
e
xc
e
e
d
in
g
8
5%
w
it
h
g
la
r
e
r
e
d
uc
t
io
n
o
f
a
p
p
r
ox
im
a
te
ly
20
%
,
c
on
f
i
r
m
i
ng
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
l
a
pp
li
c
a
bi
li
ty
f
o
r
r
oa
dw
a
y
l
ig
ht
in
g
.
I
n
a
ddi
t
io
n
to
opt
ic
a
l
de
s
ig
n
,
ph
ot
om
e
t
r
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
m
e
tr
ic
s
w
e
r
e
c
a
r
e
f
ul
l
y
e
va
lu
a
te
d.
T
he
K
B
r
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
m
e
d
iu
m
de
m
o
ns
t
r
a
te
d
s
u
bs
ta
nt
ia
l
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
o
n
c
or
r
e
la
t
e
d
c
o
lo
r
te
m
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
(
C
C
T
)
,
c
o
lo
r
r
e
nde
r
i
ng
i
nde
x
(
C
R
I
)
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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:
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I
nf
lu
e
nc
e
of
pot
as
s
iu
m
br
om
id
e
phos
phor
on opti
c
al
p
r
ope
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ti
e
s
of
w
hi
te
…
(
P
ham
H
ong C
ong
)
1361
lu
m
in
ous
f
lu
x,
a
n
d
s
pe
c
t
r
a
l
po
w
e
r
d
is
t
r
ib
u
ti
on
(
S
P
D
)
.
W
h
e
n
c
om
pa
r
e
d
w
i
th
a
ba
s
e
li
ne
c
on
f
ig
ur
a
ti
on
(
c
o
nve
nt
io
n
a
l
bl
ue
L
E
D
+
Y
A
G
:C
e
in
s
i
li
c
one
)
,
t
he
K
B
r
-
e
n
h
a
nc
e
d
s
t
r
uc
tu
r
e
s
ho
w
e
d
s
upe
r
io
r
c
on
tr
ol
o
f
a
ngu
la
r
c
o
lo
r
un
if
or
m
i
ty
a
nd
lu
m
i
no
us
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y.
N
ot
a
b
l
y,
t
he
lu
m
e
n
ou
tp
u
t
d
is
p
la
y
e
d
a
n
i
nve
r
s
e
c
or
r
e
la
t
io
n
w
i
th
pa
r
t
ic
le
s
iz
e
:
w
h
il
e
s
m
a
ll
e
r
K
B
r
pa
r
t
ic
le
s
(
≈
5
w
t
.%
)
e
nha
nc
e
d
lu
m
i
nous
f
lu
x
,
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
c
ons
is
te
nt
ly
r
e
d
uc
e
d
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um
e
n
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ut
. T
hi
s
p
he
no
m
e
non
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s
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n
a
nd
r
e
pe
a
te
d
a
bs
or
pt
iv
it
y
o
f
b
lu
e
pho
to
ns
,
w
hi
c
h
d
im
in
is
h
o
ve
r
a
ll
f
or
w
a
r
d
l
ig
ht
e
xt
r
a
c
ti
on
.
T
he
w
id
e
ne
d
phos
pho
r
s
he
e
t
a
t
la
r
g
e
r
pa
r
t
ic
le
s
i
z
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s
f
u
r
t
he
r
r
e
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is
t
r
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s
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
ow
a
r
d
l
onge
r
w
a
ve
le
n
gt
hs
,
s
hi
f
ti
n
g
th
e
S
P
D
ba
l
a
nc
e
a
nd
e
le
va
ti
ng
C
C
T
.
T
he
c
o
lo
r
s
hi
f
t
c
a
us
e
d
by
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
o
r
a
n
ge
-
ye
l
lo
w
c
o
m
po
ne
n
ts
du
e
to
e
xc
e
s
s
i
ve
s
c
a
t
te
r
i
ng
pl
a
ys
a
c
r
it
ic
a
l
r
o
le
in
c
o
lo
r
qu
a
l
it
y
in
d
ic
e
s
.
A
s
pa
r
t
ic
le
s
iz
e
g
r
ow
s
,
th
e
S
P
D
s
how
s
e
le
va
te
d
e
m
is
s
i
on
i
n
t
he
or
a
ng
e
-
ye
l
lo
w
ba
nd
,
w
hi
c
h
r
e
d
uc
e
s
th
e
r
e
la
ti
ve
c
on
tr
ib
ut
io
n
o
f
g
r
e
e
n
a
n
d
b
lu
e
s
pe
c
t
r
a
l
r
e
gi
o
ns
.
T
h
is
im
ba
l
a
nc
e
lo
w
e
r
s
C
R
I
a
nd
c
ol
or
q
ua
li
ty
s
c
a
l
e
(
C
Q
S
)
va
lu
e
s
,
s
in
c
e
b
ot
h
in
di
c
e
s
de
pe
nd
o
n
ba
l
a
nc
e
d
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
r
e
p
r
o
duc
ti
on
o
f
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
m
pl
e
s
.
W
h
il
e
C
R
I
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
up
to
5
w
t.
%
,
it
de
c
l
in
e
d
s
te
a
d
i
ly
be
yon
d
t
hi
s
p
oi
nt
d
ue
t
o
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
d
is
to
r
ti
on.
S
i
m
i
la
r
ly
,
C
Q
S
va
lu
e
s
pe
a
ke
d
e
a
r
ly
b
ut
dr
oppe
d
un
de
r
la
r
ge
r
pa
r
t
ic
le
s
i
z
e
s
,
a
l
ig
ni
ng
w
i
th
o
bs
e
r
ve
d
de
s
a
t
ur
a
ti
on
a
n
d
or
a
ng
e
-
ye
l
lo
w
dom
in
a
nc
e
.
I
n
pr
a
c
t
ic
e
,
t
hi
s
tr
a
de
-
o
f
f
h
ig
hl
ig
h
ts
th
e
im
po
r
ta
nc
e
of
op
ti
m
iz
in
g
pa
r
t
ic
le
s
i
z
e
t
o
b
a
la
nc
e
lu
m
in
ous
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
a
nd
c
o
lo
r
qua
li
ty
.
F
ig
ur
e
1
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
th
e
v
a
r
ia
ti
on
of
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
w
it
h
w
a
ve
le
ngt
h.
A
s
th
e
w
a
ve
le
ngt
h
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
th
e
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
gr
a
dua
ll
y
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
f
r
om
it
s
m
a
xi
m
u
m
va
lu
e
,
e
n
a
bl
in
g
li
ght
e
m
it
te
d
f
r
om
th
e
bl
ue
c
hi
p
to
s
pr
e
a
d
out
w
a
r
d
a
nd
th
e
n
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
in
to
e
m
is
s
io
ns
a
t
lo
nge
r
w
a
ve
le
ngt
hs
.
T
hi
s
b
e
ha
vi
or
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
a
n
in
ve
r
s
e
c
or
r
e
la
ti
on
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
.
T
he
lu
m
in
e
s
c
e
nc
e
in
te
ns
it
y
r
is
e
s
a
s
th
e
f
r
ont
-
s
id
e
bl
ue
li
ght
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
a
nd
r
e
pe
a
te
d
a
bs
or
pt
io
n
di
m
in
is
h,
a
lo
ng
w
it
h
r
e
duc
e
d
r
e
a
r
-
s
id
e
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n.
T
o
a
c
hi
e
v
e
th
is
e
f
f
e
c
t,
a
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
K
B
r
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
ne
c
e
s
s
it
a
te
s
a
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
Y
A
G
:C
e
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
ti
on,
a
s
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
2
,
w
he
r
e
th
e
pho
s
phor
c
ont
e
nt
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
it
h
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
K
B
r
p
a
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
.
F
ig
ur
e
3
f
ur
th
e
r
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
th
a
t
th
e
C
C
T
e
xhi
bi
ts
th
e
m
os
t
pr
onounc
e
d
va
r
ia
ti
on
w
he
n
th
e
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
r
e
a
c
he
s
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
ly
11
w
t.
%
.
T
he
m
in
im
um
C
C
T
va
lu
e
o
c
c
ur
s
a
t
a
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
of
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
ly
1
w
t.
%
.
I
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
th
e
C
C
T
pe
a
ks
a
t
a
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
of
7 w
t.
%
.
F
ig
ur
e
1. C
or
r
e
la
ti
on be
twe
e
n t
he
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
a
nd w
a
ve
le
ngt
h
F
ig
ur
e
2.
I
nt
e
r
a
c
ti
on be
twe
e
n Y
A
G
:C
e
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
ti
on
a
nd K
B
r
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
F
ig
ur
e
4
i
ll
us
tr
a
te
s
how
hue
a
be
r
r
a
ti
on
va
r
ie
s
w
it
h
pa
r
ti
c
l
e
s
iz
e
.
N
ot
a
bl
y,
th
e
hue
a
be
r
r
a
ti
on
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
a
s
th
e
p
a
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
e
x
c
e
e
d
s
5
w
t.
%
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
a
s
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
10
w
t.
%
,
it
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
be
f
or
e
r
a
pi
dl
y
de
c
r
e
a
s
in
g.
F
ig
ur
e
5
s
how
s
th
a
t
th
e
lu
m
e
n
of
a
n
L
E
D
f
lu
c
tu
a
te
s
,
w
it
h
a
r
e
gul
a
r
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
-
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
pa
tt
e
r
n
w
he
n
th
e
p
a
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
s
ur
ge
s
.
T
he
lu
m
in
os
it
y
is
a
t
it
s
hi
ghe
s
t
unde
r
5
w
t.
%
a
nd
lo
w
e
s
t
unde
r
17
w
t.
%
.
T
he
ob
s
e
r
ve
d
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
r
e
li
ke
l
y
due
to
va
r
ia
ti
ons
in
hue
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n
a
nd
th
e
r
e
duc
e
d
s
tr
e
ngt
h
of
bl
ue
e
m
is
s
io
n
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
f
r
om
r
is
e
d
r
e
a
r
-
s
id
e
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n
a
nd
r
e
pe
a
te
d
a
bs
or
pt
io
n.
I
t
is
a
ls
o
s
how
n
th
a
t
w
he
n
pa
r
ti
c
le
di
m
e
n
s
io
n
r
is
e
s
,
th
e
phos
phor
la
ye
r
ge
ne
r
a
ll
y
th
ic
ke
ns
,
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
in
a
r
e
duc
ti
on
of
th
e
t
ot
a
l
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
out
put
. A
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t,
th
e
t
r
a
ns
it
io
n be
twe
e
n hue
s
, a
ppe
a
r
s
m
or
e
e
vi
de
nt
. I
t
c
a
n be
i
n
f
e
r
r
e
d t
ha
t
ove
r
ly
la
r
ge
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
s
c
a
us
e
pa
r
ti
a
l
ba
c
k
-
r
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f
le
c
ti
on
of
th
e
c
onve
r
te
d
li
ght
,
w
hi
c
h
in
tu
r
n
di
m
in
is
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s
lu
m
in
ous
i
nt
e
ns
it
y w
hi
le
r
a
is
in
g t
he
C
C
T
l
e
ve
l
[
23]
, [
24]
.
T
he
pa
r
t
ic
le
s
iz
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a
ls
o
a
f
f
e
c
ts
t
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c
o
lo
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o
ut
put
o
f
th
e
w
h
it
e
li
ght
-
e
m
i
tt
in
g
di
ode
(
W
L
E
D
)
de
vi
c
e
.
F
i
gu
r
e
s
6
a
n
d
7
s
how
in
i
ti
a
l
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
i
n
C
R
I
a
n
d
C
Q
S
a
s
p
a
r
t
ic
le
s
iz
e
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
t
o
5
w
t
.%
.
B
e
yo
nd
t
hi
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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T
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c
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a
m
o
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th
e
hue
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p
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o
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ye
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w
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m
is
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a
s
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s
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ha
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o
f
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pr
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y
f
a
vo
r
s
t
hi
s
s
pe
c
t
r
a
l
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e
g
io
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.
E
xc
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s
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pe
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a
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e
s
u
lt
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a
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C
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m
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id
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t
he
c
h
r
o
m
a
ti
c
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
is
t
ic
s
o
f
L
E
D
s
.
T
o
ove
r
c
om
e
th
is
li
m
i
ta
t
io
n,
th
e
C
Q
S
w
a
s
i
nt
r
o
duc
e
d,
in
c
o
r
po
r
a
ti
ng
f
if
te
e
n
c
ol
or
s
a
m
pl
e
s
t
o
p
r
o
vi
de
a
m
or
e
r
e
a
l
is
t
ic
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
lo
r
a
p
pe
a
r
a
n
c
e
.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n
to
e
xpa
nd
in
g
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
e
t
,
C
Q
S
a
ls
o
a
c
c
o
un
ts
f
o
r
pe
r
c
e
p
tu
a
l
pr
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
a
nd
c
ol
or
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
a
m
or
e
a
pp
r
o
p
r
ia
te
a
n
d
c
on
te
m
po
r
a
r
y
in
d
e
x
f
or
e
va
l
ua
t
in
g
c
ol
o
r
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
in
m
ode
r
n
L
E
D
s
ys
te
m
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
3. C
C
T
a
lt
e
r
a
ti
on ba
s
e
d on pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
of
K
B
r
F
ig
ur
e
4. V
a
r
ia
ti
on i
n hue
a
be
r
r
a
ti
on unde
r
K
B
r
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
F
ig
ur
e
5. L
E
D
l
um
e
n ge
ne
r
a
te
d ba
s
e
d on KB
r
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
T
a
bl
e
1
c
om
pa
r
e
s
bot
h
th
e
to
ta
l
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
d
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
a
m
ong
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
.
T
he
ne
w
ly
s
tu
di
e
d
K
B
r
s
how
s
a
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
18.69
m
m
-
1
a
nd
a
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
0.33
m
m
-
1
,
w
hi
c
h
pl
a
c
e
s
it
be
twe
e
n
S
iO
2
(
9.16
m
m
-
1
,
0.78
m
m
-
1
)
a
nd
th
e
m
uc
h
s
tr
onge
r
s
c
a
tt
e
r
e
r
Z
nO
(
133.9
m
m
-
1
,
11.4
m
m
-
1
)
.
T
hi
s
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
a
t
K
B
r
pr
ovi
de
s
a
m
ode
r
a
te
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
a
pa
bi
li
ty
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nf
lu
e
nc
e
of
pot
as
s
iu
m
br
om
id
e
phos
phor
on opti
c
al
p
r
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
w
hi
te
…
(
P
ham
H
ong C
ong
)
1363
of
f
e
r
in
g
hi
ghe
r
to
ta
l
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
th
a
n
S
iO₂
but
a
lo
w
e
r
r
e
duc
e
d
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
,
m
e
a
ni
ng
it
s
a
ngul
a
r
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
is
le
s
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
.
I
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
M
gO
e
xhi
bi
ts
th
e
w
e
a
ke
s
t
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g,
w
it
h
va
lu
e
s
of
onl
y
3.54
m
m
-
1
a
nd
0.059
m
m
-
1
,
m
a
ki
ng
it
le
s
s
s
ui
ta
bl
e
f
or
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
r
e
qui
r
in
g
s
tr
ong
li
ght
di
f
f
us
io
n.
T
a
bl
e
1
c
om
pa
r
e
s
bot
h
th
e
to
ta
l
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
d
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
a
m
ong
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
.
T
h
e
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
d
K
B
r
m
a
te
r
ia
l
e
xhi
bi
ts
a
t
ot
a
l
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
18.69
m
m
-
1
a
nd a
r
e
duc
e
d va
lu
e
of
0.33
m
m
-
1
, pos
it
io
ni
ng
i
t
be
twe
e
n
S
iO
2
(
9.16
m
m
-
1
,
0.78
m
m
-
1
)
a
nd
th
e
m
uc
h
s
tr
on
ge
r
s
c
a
tt
e
r
e
r
Z
nO
(
133.9
m
m
-
1
,
11.4
m
m
-
1
)
.
T
hi
s
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
a
t
K
B
r
pr
ovi
de
s
a
m
ode
r
a
te
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
a
pa
bi
l
it
y,
of
f
e
r
in
g
hi
ghe
r
to
ta
l
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
th
a
n
S
iO2
but
a
lo
w
e
r
r
e
duc
e
d
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
,
m
e
a
ni
ng
it
s
a
ngul
a
r
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
is
le
s
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
.
I
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
M
gO
e
xhi
bi
ts
th
e
w
e
a
ke
s
t
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g,
w
it
h
va
lu
e
s
of
onl
y
3.54
m
m
-
1
a
nd
0.059
m
m
-
1
,
m
a
ki
ng
it
le
s
s
s
ui
ta
bl
e
f
or
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
r
e
qui
r
in
g s
tr
ong li
ght
di
f
f
us
io
n.
F
ig
ur
e
6. C
R
I
c
ha
nge
s
w
it
h K
B
r
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
F
ig
ur
e
7. C
Q
S
unde
r
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
of
K
B
r
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
T
a
bl
e
1.
R
e
s
ul
t
c
om
pa
r
is
on of
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
d by pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
s
of
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
S
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
S
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
s
(
m
m
-
1
)
R
e
duc
e
d s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
s
(
m
m
-
1
)
R
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
K
B
r
18.69
0.33
T
hi
s
w
or
k
S
i
O
2
9.16
0.78
[
24]
Z
nO
133.9
11.4
[
25]
M
gO
3.54
0.059
[
26]
T
a
bl
e
2
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
th
e
c
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
phot
om
e
tr
ic
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
th
e
s
e
m
a
t
e
r
ia
ls
in
Y
A
G
:C
e
3+
-
ba
s
e
d
w
hi
te
L
E
D
s
.
K
B
r
a
c
hi
e
ve
s
a
Y
A
G
:C
e
³⁺
r
a
ti
o
of
28.5%
a
nd
a
C
C
T
of
3000
K
,
w
it
h
a
D
-
C
C
T
of
35.4
K
.
I
ts
C
R
I
(
56.23)
,
C
Q
S
(
42.37)
,
a
nd
lu
m
in
ous
f
lu
x
(
73.2
lm
)
in
di
c
a
te
s
ta
bl
e
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
,
c
lo
s
e
to
th
a
t
of
S
iO2
(
71.84
lm
)
but
w
it
h
s
li
ght
ly
be
tt
e
r
C
R
I
.
Z
nO
,
w
hi
le
of
f
e
r
in
g
a
m
uc
h
lo
w
e
r
Y
A
G
:C
e
3+
r
a
ti
o
(
7.5%
)
,
a
c
hi
e
ve
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
hi
ghe
r
lu
m
in
ous
f
lu
x
(
146.6
lm
)
,
s
how
in
g
it
s
a
dv
a
nt
a
ge
in
br
ig
ht
ne
s
s
.
M
gO
,
w
it
h
in
te
r
m
e
di
a
te
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
s
tr
e
ngt
h,
de
m
on
s
tr
a
te
s
s
tr
ong
lu
m
in
ous
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
(
131.1
lm
)
a
nd
r
e
la
ti
ve
ly
hi
gh
C
R
I
a
nd
C
Q
S
,
th
ough a
t
a
hi
ghe
r
C
C
T
(
4000 K)
.
T
a
bl
e
2.
C
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
t
a
bl
e
s
of
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h r
e
s
ul
ts
w
it
h r
e
por
t
e
d r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
S
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
Y
A
G
:
C
e
3+
(%)
C
C
T
(
K
)
D
-
C
C
T
(
K
)
CRI
C
Q
S
L
um
e
n (
l
m
)
R
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
K
B
r
28.5
3000
35.4
56.23
42.37
73.2
T
hi
s
w
or
k
S
i
O
2
27.4
3000
46.35
56.09
40.31
71.84
[
24]
Z
nO
7.5
5000
40.8
58.1
62.4
146.6
[
25]
M
gO
14.5
4000
53.6
58.2
64.2
131.1
[
26]
O
ve
r
a
ll
,
th
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
s
ugge
s
t
th
a
t
K
B
r
is
w
e
ll
s
ui
te
d
f
or
a
ppl
ic
a
t
io
ns
r
e
qui
r
in
g
s
ta
bl
e
c
ol
or
qua
li
ty
a
t
lo
w
e
r
C
C
T
s
,
w
hi
le
Z
nO
e
xc
e
ls
in
hi
gh
-
br
ig
ht
ne
s
s
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
S
iO2
pr
ovi
de
s
ba
la
nc
e
d
r
e
s
ul
t
s
w
it
h
c
ons
is
te
nt
c
ol
or
r
e
nde
r
in
g,
a
nd
M
gO
of
f
e
r
s
s
tr
ong
lu
m
in
ous
o
ut
put
but
w
it
h
w
e
a
ke
r
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g,
m
a
ki
ng
e
a
c
h
m
a
te
r
ia
l
a
dva
nt
a
ge
ous
und
e
r
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
de
s
ig
n pr
io
r
it
ie
s
i
n w
hi
te
L
E
D
s
ys
te
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1359
-
1366
1364
4.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
in
tr
oduc
e
d
a
nove
l
L
E
D
r
oa
d
li
ght
in
g
a
ppa
r
a
tu
s
c
a
pa
bl
e
of
pr
oduc
in
g
r
e
c
ta
ngul
a
r
il
lu
m
in
a
ti
on
pr
of
il
e
s
w
it
h
hi
gh
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
a
c
hi
e
vi
ng
up
to
15
–
2
0%
hi
ghe
r
lu
m
in
ous
out
put
,
uni
f
or
m
it
y
a
bove
85%
,
a
nd
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
ly
25%
gl
a
r
e
r
e
duc
ti
on
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
c
o
nve
nt
io
na
l
de
s
ig
ns
.
T
he
opt
ic
a
l
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
on,
c
om
bi
ni
ng
T
I
R
le
ns
e
s
in
a
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ve
c
a
vi
ty
w
it
h
a
m
in
il
e
ns
p
a
ne
l,
e
ns
ur
e
s
pr
e
c
is
e
li
ght
gui
da
nc
e
,
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
r
e
c
yc
li
ng
of
ba
c
ks
c
a
tt
e
r
e
d
li
ght
,
a
nd
uni
f
or
m
r
oa
d
il
lu
m
in
a
t
io
n.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
th
e
in
c
or
po
r
a
ti
on
of
K
B
r
phos
phor
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
pr
ovi
de
s
a
lo
w
-
c
os
t
a
nd
tu
na
bl
e
a
ppr
oa
c
h
f
or
e
nha
nc
in
g
w
hi
te
L
E
D
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
,
s
uppor
ti
ng
th
e
ir
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
in
to
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
nd
th
e
r
m
a
ll
y
s
ta
bl
e
hybr
id
W
L
E
D
a
r
c
hi
te
c
tu
r
e
s
.
N
e
ve
r
th
e
le
s
s
,
s
e
ve
r
a
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S
[
1]
N
.
D
.
Q
.
A
nh,
N
.
T
.
P
.
L
oa
n,
P
.
V
a
n
D
e
,
a
nd
H
.
Y
.
L
e
e
,
“
P
ot
a
s
s
i
um
B
r
om
i
de
s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
f
or
i
m
pr
ovi
ng
phos
phor
-
c
onve
r
t
i
ng
w
hi
t
e
L
E
D
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
,”
O
pt
oe
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
and
A
dv
anc
e
d
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
,
R
api
d
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
,
vol
.
19,
no.
7
–
8,
pp.
378
–
383, M
a
r
. 2025.
[
2]
L
.
T
.
T
r
a
ng
a
nd
N
.
V
a
n
D
ung,
“
K
B
r
@
Y
A
G
:
C
e
3+
pho
s
phor
c
om
pound
a
i
m
i
ng
t
o
t
he
opt
i
c
a
l
i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
w
hi
t
e
l
e
ds
,”
J
our
nal
o
f
A
dv
anc
e
d E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng and C
om
put
at
i
on
, vol
. 9, no. 2, p. 73, J
un. 2025, doi
:
10.55579/
j
a
e
c
.202592.486.
[
3]
H
.
T
.
T
ung,
N
.
D
.
Q
.
A
nh,
a
nd
H
.
Y
.
L
e
e
,
“
I
m
pa
c
t
of
phos
phor
gr
a
nul
e
m
a
gni
t
ude
s
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
m
a
s
s
pr
opor
t
i
ons
on
t
he
l
um
i
nous
hue
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
of
a
c
oa
t
e
d
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
-
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng
di
ode
a
nd
one
gr
e
e
n
phos
ph
or
f
i
l
m
,”
O
pt
oe
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
and
A
dv
anc
e
d
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
,
R
api
d C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
, vol
. 18, no. 1
–
2, pp. 58
–
65, 2024.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
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S
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I
S
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I
nf
lu
e
nc
e
of
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m
br
om
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e
phos
phor
on opti
c
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p
r
ope
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ti
e
s
of
w
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…
(
P
ham
H
ong C
ong
)
1365
[
4]
C
.
Z
hou
e
t
al
.
,
“
M
A
S
:
E
u
-
Y
A
G
:
C
e
c
om
pos
i
t
e
phos
phor
c
onve
r
t
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
e
xc
e
l
l
e
nt
t
he
r
m
a
l
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
d
c
ol
or
r
e
nde
r
i
ng
i
nde
x
f
or
hi
gh
-
pow
e
r
w
hi
t
e
L
D
s
,”
C
e
r
am
i
c
s
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
,
vol
.
50,
no.
14,
pp.
25908
–
25917,
J
ul
y
2024,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.c
e
r
a
m
i
nt
.2024.04.332.
[
5]
M
.
K
um
a
r
a
nd
P
.
K
um
a
r
,
W
hi
t
e
L
i
ght
E
m
i
t
t
i
ng
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
:
I
l
l
um
i
nat
i
ng
B
r
i
l
l
i
anc
e
,
vol
.
31.
i
n
P
r
og
r
e
s
s
i
n
O
pt
i
c
a
l
S
c
i
e
nc
e
a
nd
P
hot
oni
c
s
, vol
. 31. S
i
nga
por
e
:
S
pr
i
nge
r
N
a
t
ur
e
S
i
nga
por
e
, 2024. doi
:
10.1007
/
9
78
-
981
-
97
-
6744
-
1.
[
6]
Y
.
T
i
a
n
e
t
al
.
,
“
I
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
i
on
of
a
t
he
r
m
a
l
l
y
r
obus
t
or
a
nge
-
r
e
d
M
gO
-
Y
M
A
S
G
:
C
e
c
om
pos
i
t
e
phos
phor
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
f
or
w
hi
t
e
l
i
gh
t
L
E
D
/
L
D
i
l
l
um
i
na
t
i
on,”
J
our
nal
of
A
l
l
oy
s
and C
om
pound
s
, vol
. 990, p. 174436,
J
une
2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.j
a
l
l
c
om
.2024.174436.
[
7]
Y
.
W
a
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
C
e
:
L
uA
G
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
f
or
hi
gh
-
br
i
ght
ne
s
s
s
o
l
i
d
-
s
t
a
t
e
l
i
ght
i
ng:
F
a
br
i
c
a
t
i
on
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
C
e
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on,”
O
pt
i
c
al
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
, vol
. 147, p. 114697, J
a
n. 2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.opt
m
a
t
.2023.114697.
[
8]
X
.
C
he
n
e
t
al
.
,
“
H
i
gh
l
um
i
nous
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
a
nd
e
xc
e
l
l
e
nt
t
he
r
m
a
l
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
i
n
r
od
-
s
ha
pe
d
Y
A
G
:
C
e
phos
phor
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
f
or
l
a
s
e
r
l
i
ght
i
ng,”
O
pt
i
c
s
E
x
pr
e
s
s
, vol
. 32, no. 2, p. 1465, J
a
n. 2024, doi
:
10.1364/
O
E
.511366.
[
9]
F
.
W
a
ng,
H
.
P
a
n,
W
.
M
a
o,
a
nd
D
.
W
a
ng,
“
O
pt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
ons
of
l
um
i
ne
s
c
e
nt
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
f
or
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng
di
ode
s
t
ow
a
r
d
he
a
l
t
hy
l
i
ght
i
ng,”
H
e
l
i
y
on
, vol
. 10, no. 14, p. e
34795, J
ul
y 2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.he
l
i
yon.
2024.e
34795.
[
10]
X
.
S
un
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
dva
n
c
i
ng
l
a
s
e
r
l
i
ght
i
ng:
H
i
gh
-
br
i
ght
ne
s
s
a
nd
hi
gh
-
s
t
a
bi
l
i
t
y
C
e
:
Y
A
G
phos
phor
-
in
-
gl
a
s
s
,”
C
e
r
am
i
c
s
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
,
vol
. 50, no. 23, pp. 48909
–
48917, D
e
c
. 2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.c
e
r
a
m
i
nt
.2024.09.341.
[
11]
G
.
W
a
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
I
nnova
t
i
ve
A
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
f
or
P
hos
phor
‐
i
n‐
G
l
a
s
s
F
i
l
m
s
E
na
bl
i
ng
S
upe
r
i
or
L
um
i
na
nc
e
a
nd
C
ol
or
Q
ua
l
i
t
y
L
a
s
e
r
‐
D
r
i
ve
n W
hi
t
e
L
i
ght
,”
L
as
e
r
&
P
hot
oni
c
s
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
, vol
. 18, no. 6, p. 2301263, J
une
2024, doi
:
10.1002/
l
por
.202301263.
[
12]
J
.
C
ha
n,
B
.
D
e
v
a
kum
a
r
,
H
.
G
a
o,
a
nd
X
.
H
ua
ng,
“
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
vi
ol
e
t
-
l
i
ght
-
e
xc
i
t
a
bl
e
bl
ue
-
c
ya
n
-
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng
C
a
2Y
H
f
2G
a
A
l
2O
12:
C
e
3
+
ga
r
ne
t
phos
phor
s
e
na
bl
e
hi
gh
-
c
ol
or
-
r
e
nde
r
i
ng
f
ul
l
-
s
pe
c
t
r
um
w
a
r
m
-
w
hi
t
e
L
E
D
s
,”
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
T
oday
C
h
e
m
i
s
t
r
y
,
vol
.
40,
p.
102218,
S
e
pt
. 2024, doi
:
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j
.m
t
c
he
m
.2024.102218.
[
13]
B
.
Z
ha
n,
Y
.
W
a
ng,
a
nd
T
.
S
e
t
o,
“
B
r
oa
dba
nd
Y
e
l
l
ow
-
E
m
i
t
t
i
ng
O
xyni
t
r
i
de
P
h
os
phor
S
r
2
Si
7
Al
3
ON
13
:
C
e
3+
,E
u
2+
f
or
W
hi
t
e
L
i
ght
-
E
m
i
t
t
i
ng
D
i
ode
s
w
i
t
h
a
H
i
gh
C
ol
or
R
e
nde
r
i
ng
I
nde
x,”
I
nor
gani
c
C
he
m
i
s
t
r
y
,
vol
.
63,
no.
16,
pp.
7334
–
7342,
A
p
r
.
2024,
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a
c
s
.i
nor
gc
he
m
.4c
00234.
[
14]
Y
.
M
a
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
c
ya
n
-
gr
e
e
n
-
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng
ga
r
ne
t
-
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
d
L
u3
-
S
c
A
l
2
-
S
c
A
l
3
-
S
c
O
12:
C
e
3+
phos
phor
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
t
ow
a
r
ds
hi
gh
-
c
ol
or
-
qua
l
i
t
y
l
a
s
e
r
-
dr
i
ve
n
l
i
ght
i
ng,”
C
e
r
am
i
c
s
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
,
vol
.
50,
no.
12,
pp.
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–
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J
une
2024,
doi
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10.1016/
j
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e
r
a
m
i
nt
.2024.03.216.
[
15]
J
. L
i
ng, Y
. Z
hou, C
. L
i
n, H
. Z
ha
ng, W
. X
u,
a
nd M
.
H
ong, “
S
pe
c
t
r
um
r
e
gul
a
t
i
on of
L
uA
G
:
C
e
pho
s
phor
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
w
i
t
h G
d dopi
ng f
or
hi
gh
-
br
i
ght
ne
s
s
a
nd
hi
gh
-
pow
e
r
ye
l
l
ow
-
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng
L
E
D
s
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
,”
J
our
nal
of
t
he
E
ur
ope
an
C
e
r
am
i
c
So
c
i
e
t
y
,
vol
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no.
11
,
pp. 6430
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e
pt
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e
ur
c
e
r
a
m
s
oc
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Y
.
G
uo,
S
.
D
ong,
Q
.
Z
ha
ng,
a
nd
L
.
W
a
ng,
“
H
i
ghl
y
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
r
e
d
pho
s
phor
f
or
w
a
r
m
w
hi
t
e
L
E
D
s
w
i
t
hout
r
a
r
e
e
a
r
t
h
e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
,”
C
e
r
am
i
c
s
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
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. 50, no. 20, pp. 39528
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c
t
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4, doi
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j
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e
r
a
m
i
nt
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A
.
M
a
r
kovs
kyi
,
V
.
G
or
be
nko,
S
.
N
i
z
h
a
nkovs
ki
y,
T
.
Z
or
e
nko,
A
.
F
e
dor
ov
,
a
nd
Y
.
Z
or
e
nko,
“
T
w
o
-
l
a
ye
r
e
d
L
u3
A
l
5O
12:
C
e
/
Y
3A
l
5O
12:
C
e
c
om
pos
i
t
e
phos
phor
c
onve
r
t
e
r
f
or
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
-
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng
di
ode
de
vi
c
e
s
,”
O
pt
i
c
al
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
:
X
,
vol
.
22,
p.
100329,
M
a
y 2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.om
x.2024.100329.
[
18]
X
.
C
he
n
a
nd
X
.
H
ua
ng,
“
F
ul
l
-
V
i
s
i
bl
e
-
S
pe
c
t
r
um
W
hi
t
e
L
E
D
s
E
na
bl
e
d
by
a
B
l
ue
-
L
i
ght
-
E
xc
i
t
a
bl
e
C
ya
n
P
hos
phor
,”
A
C
S
A
ppl
i
e
d
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
&
I
nt
e
r
f
ac
e
s
, vol
. 16, no. 42, pp. 57365
–
57376, O
c
t
. 2024, doi
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21/
a
c
s
a
m
i
.4c
12244.
[
19]
Z
.
X
u,
R
.
Z
ha
ng,
X
.
Q
i
n,
a
nd
S
.
W
a
ng,
“
T
r
a
ns
l
uc
e
nt
Y
A
G
:
C
e
-
S
i
O
2
C
om
pos
i
t
e
s
P
r
e
pa
r
e
d
by
P
r
e
s
s
ur
e
l
e
s
s
S
i
nt
e
r
i
ng:
S
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
s
,
L
um
i
ne
s
c
e
n
c
e
P
r
ope
r
t
i
e
s
, a
nd A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
i
n t
he
W
hi
t
e
L
E
D
s
/
L
D
s
,
”
A
C
S A
ppl
i
e
d O
pt
i
c
al
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
, vol
. 2, no. 6, pp. 1136
–
1143,
J
une
2024, doi
:
10.1021/
a
c
s
a
om
.4c
00117.
[
20]
Z
.
L
i
u
e
t
al
.
,
“
L
a
m
i
na
t
e
d
c
om
pos
i
t
e
of
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
/
gl
a
s
s
f
i
l
m
s
t
o
r
e
a
l
i
z
e
hi
gh
l
u
m
i
nous
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
a
nd
hi
gh
c
ol
or
qu
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
l
a
s
e
r
-
dr
i
ve
n w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
i
ng,”
J
our
nal
of
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
C
he
m
i
s
t
r
y
C
, vol
. 12, no. 31, pp. 1
1898
–
11906, 2024, doi
:
10.1039/
D
4T
C
02314E
.
[
21]
C
.
W
e
i
e
t
al
.
,
“
E
nha
nc
e
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
a
nd
t
he
r
m
a
l
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
m
u
l
t
i
s
t
a
ge
gr
a
di
e
nt
dopi
ng
C
e
:
Y
A
G
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
f
o
r
l
a
s
e
r
l
i
ght
i
ng,”
J
our
nal
of
t
he
E
ur
ope
an
C
e
r
am
i
c
Soc
i
e
t
y
,
vol
.
44,
no.
10,
pp.
5804
–
5813,
A
ug.
2024,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.j
e
ur
c
e
r
a
m
s
oc
.2024.03.005.
[
22]
W
.
D
e
ng,
D
.
H
ua
ng,
F
.
Y
a
ng,
J
.
P
e
ng,
W
.
Y
ou,
a
nd
X
.
Y
e
,
“
D
e
s
i
gni
ng
a
hi
g
h
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
br
oa
dba
nd
c
ya
n
phos
phor
f
or
l
ow
-
bl
ue
f
ul
l
-
s
pe
c
t
r
um
L
E
D
l
i
ght
i
ng,”
J
our
nal
of
A
l
l
oy
s
and
C
om
pounds
,
vol
.
1008,
p.
176579,
D
e
c
.
2024,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.j
a
l
l
c
om
.2024.176579.
[
23]
Y
.
W
a
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
E
f
f
e
c
t
of
G
a
3+
c
ont
e
nt
on
t
he
l
um
i
nous
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
s
of
C
e
3+
-
dope
d
L
u2Y
G
a
xA
l
5
-
xO
12
phos
phor
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
f
or
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
l
i
ght
i
ng a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on,”
J
our
nal
of
L
um
i
ne
s
c
e
nc
e
, vol
. 280, p. 121115,
M
a
y 2025, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.j
l
um
i
n.2025.121115.
[
24]
D
.
W
a
ng,
X
.
X
u,
J
.
Z
ha
o,
T
.
Z
he
ng,
Y
.
G
uo,
a
nd
J
.
L
v,
“
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
N
d3+
-
dope
d
phos
phor
-
in
-
gl
a
s
s
on
W
L
E
D
,”
O
pt
i
c
al
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
, vol
. 153, p. 115552, J
ul
y 2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.opt
m
a
t
.2024.115552.
[
25]
Y
.
M
ou
e
t
al
.
,
“
H
i
gh
c
ol
or
qua
l
i
t
y
l
a
s
e
r
-
dr
i
ve
n
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
i
ng
e
na
bl
e
d
by
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
ve
bi
c
ol
or
phos
phor
-
in
-
gl
a
s
s
f
i
l
m
c
onve
r
t
e
r
,”
J
our
nal
of
R
ar
e
E
ar
t
hs
, vol
. 43, no. 9, pp. 1844
–
1851, S
e
pt
. 2025,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.j
r
e
.2024.06.020.
[
26]
B
.
Z
ha
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
R
obus
t
hi
gh
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
L
uA
G
:
C
e
phos
phor
-
in
-
s
i
l
i
c
a
gl
a
s
s
(
P
i
S
G
)
f
o
r
hi
gh
-
b
r
i
ght
ne
s
s
l
a
s
e
r
l
i
ght
i
ng,”
C
e
r
am
i
c
s
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
, vol
. 50, no. 3, pp. 5868
–
5876, F
e
b. 2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.c
e
r
a
m
i
nt
.2023.11.404.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Pham
Hong
Cong
received
his
M
.
S
.
in
Electronic
Engineering
from
Danang
University
of
Science
and
Technology,
Vietnam,
in
2010
.
He
is
a
l
ecturer
at
the
Faculty
o
f
Electrical
Engineering
Technology,
Industrial
University
of
Ho
Chi
Minh
City,
Ho
Chi
Minh
City,
Vietnam.
His
research
interests
are
optoelectronics
(LED),
power
transmission
and
automati
on equip
ment. He
can be cont
acted at em
ail: ph
amhongcon
g@
iuh.edu.
vn.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1359
-
1366
1366
Nguyen
Thi
Phuong
Loan
was
born
in
Da
Nang
province.
In
200
6,
She
received
her
master
degree
from
University
of
Natural
Sciences.
She
receive
d
her
Ph
.
D
.
degree
from
Ton
Duc
Thang
University
in
2024.
Her
research
interest
is
optoelectr
onics.
She
has
worked
at
the
Faculty
of
Fundamental
2,
Posts
and
Telecommunications
Institut
e
of
Technology,
Ho
Chi
Minh City, Vietnam. She ca
n be contacte
d at email: ntploan@ptithcm.edu.vn.
Nguyen
Doan
Quoc
Anh
was
born
in
Khanh
Hoa
province,
Vi
etnam.
He
has
been
working
at
the
Faculty
of
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engin
eering,
Ton
Duc
Thang
University.
He
received
his
Ph
.
D
.
degree
from
National
Kaohsiung
U
niversity
of
Science
and
Technology,
Taiwan
in
2014.
His
research
interest
is
optoelectronics
.
He
can
be
contacted
at
email:
nguyendo
anquocanh@
tdtu.ed
u.vn.
Hsiao
-
Yi
Lee
was
born
in
Hsinchu
city,
Taiwan.
He
has
been
working
at
the
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering,
National
Kaohsiung
University
of
Science
and
Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. His research interest
is optics scienc
e. He can be contacted at
email:
leehy@
nkust.edu.tw.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.