I
n
t
e
r
n
at
i
on
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
d
van
c
e
s
i
n
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
(
I
JA
A
S
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
, pp.
1
129
~
1
136
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
a
s
.
v
14
.
i
4
.
pp
1129
-
1136
1129
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
aas
.i
ae
s
c
or
e
.c
om
Li
-
Fi t
e
c
h
n
ol
ogy f
or
au
t
om
at
e
d
t
r
an
sp
or
t
P
op
u
r
i
R
aj
an
i
K
u
m
ar
i
1
, C
h
al
as
an
i
S
u
n
e
e
t
h
a
2
, M
ad
d
al
i
A
n
il
K
u
m
ar
1
, T
an
gi
r
al
a M
r
u
d
u
la
3
,
A
n
b
u
m
an
i
V
e
n
k
at
ac
h
al
am
4
, B
od
ap
at
i
V
e
n
k
at
a R
aj
a
n
n
a
3
,
G
ir
ip
r
as
ad
A
m
b
at
i
5
1
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
a
nd C
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, D
V
R
&
D
r
. H
S
M
I
C
C
ol
l
e
ge
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy, A
ndhr
a
P
r
a
de
s
h, I
ndi
a
2
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
a
nd C
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, V
i
gna
na
B
ha
r
a
t
hi
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy, T
e
l
a
nga
na
, I
ndi
a
3
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
nd E
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, M
L
R
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy, H
yde
r
a
ba
d, I
ndi
a
4
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
a
nd C
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, K
ongu E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng C
ol
l
e
ge
, P
e
r
undur
a
i
, I
ndi
a
5
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
nd E
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, V
N
R
V
i
gna
na
J
yot
hi
I
n
s
t
i
t
ut
e
of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng a
nd T
e
c
hnol
ogy, H
yde
r
a
ba
d,
I
ndi
a
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
N
ov 4, 2023
R
e
vi
s
e
d
S
e
p 24, 2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
O
c
t
20,2025
India
is
now
on
e
of
the
countries
that
is
growing
quickly
worldwide
.
Today,
practically
for
everythin
g
,
a
vehicle
is
necessary.
Vehicle
product
i
on
is
growing
rapidly.
On
e
of
the
downsides
of
this
enormous
increase
is
the
ineffec
tive
manageme
nt
of
traffic
.
The
well
-
planned
expansi
on
of
tra
nsport
organizati
on
s
has
resulted
in
a
variety
of
challenges
with
travel
.
It
is
detrimental to both mankind and
the ec
on
omy when
emergency vehicl
es like
ambulances
and
fire
engines
are
late
in
arriving.
Smart
transport
is
th
e
most
effective
strategy
to
lower
vehicle
accidents
and
communi
cate
with
other
cars
to
open
a
way
for
emergency
vehicles.
Here,
the
preliminary
ide
as
and
findings
of
a
small
-
scale
model
of
an
automated
transport
syste
m
are
presented
using
an
innovative
discovery
known
as
Li
-
Fi,
also
kno
wn
as
light
-
f
idelity
.
Full
duplex
communicati
on
is
accomplished
with
Li
-
Fi,
in
which
light
is
modified
at
speeds
that
are
too
rapid
for
the
eye
to
follo
w.
Li
-
Fi
may
be
used
to
create
intelligent
transportati
on
systems
since
it
offers
various advantages over other
communicati
on
protocols.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
ut
om
a
te
d
tr
a
ns
por
t
C
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
w
it
h f
e
w
e
r
de
la
ys
L
ig
ht
-
f
id
e
li
ty
L
ow
e
r
ve
hi
c
le
a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
V
is
ib
le
l
ig
ht
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
p
on
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
P
opur
i
R
a
ja
ni
K
um
a
r
i
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
le
c
tr
on
ic
s
a
nd
C
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g,
D
V
R
&
D
r
. H
S
M
I
C
C
ol
le
ge
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
A
ndhr
a
P
r
a
de
s
h, I
ndi
a
E
m
a
il
:
r
a
ja
ni
ta
ta
9@
gm
a
il
.c
om
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
ON
F
or
th
e
pa
s
t
f
e
w
ye
a
r
s
,
our
na
ti
on
ha
s
s
tr
uggl
e
d
w
it
h
te
r
r
ib
l
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
c
on
ge
s
ti
on
in
m
a
jo
r
c
it
ie
s
.
T
r
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
is
a
m
a
jo
r
a
r
e
a
t
ha
t
ne
e
ds
i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
[
1]
,
[
2]
.
N
um
e
r
ous
i
s
s
ue
s
w
it
h t
r
a
ns
por
t
a
nd t
r
a
ve
l
a
r
e
be
in
g c
a
us
e
d by the
s
te
a
di
ly
gr
ow
in
g numbe
r
of
t
r
a
ns
por
t
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
. H
um
a
n m
is
ta
k
e
pl
a
ys
a
l
a
r
ge
pa
r
t
in
m
a
ny
in
c
id
e
nt
s
[
3]
–
[
5]
.
A
pr
ope
r
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
th
e
s
ur
r
ounding
ve
hi
c
le
s
'
s
p
e
e
d
a
nd
di
r
e
c
ti
on
r
e
duc
e
s
a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
[
6]
,
[
7]
.
I
f
th
e
ve
hi
c
le
is
a
bl
e
to
s
e
nd
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
to
th
e
ot
he
r
ve
hi
c
le
s
ne
a
r
by,
w
hi
le
th
e
y
r
e
duc
e
or
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
pe
e
d or
w
hi
le
c
ha
ngi
ng dir
e
c
ti
on, with t
he
he
lp
of
a
ve
hi
c
le
-
to
-
ve
hi
c
le
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on s
ys
te
m
, a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
c
a
n
be
r
e
duc
e
d
[
8]
, [
9]
.
T
he
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
two c
a
s
e
s
a
r
e
e
xa
m
pl
e
s
w
h
e
r
e
a
s
s
i
s
ta
nc
e
i
s
ne
e
de
d.
–
C
a
s
e
1:
w
he
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ve
hi
c
le
a
ppl
ie
s
th
e
br
a
ke
s
,
th
e
s
pe
e
dom
e
te
r
de
te
c
ts
th
a
t
it
s
pr
e
s
e
nt
ve
lo
c
it
y
ha
s
be
e
n
r
e
duc
e
d
f
r
om
th
e
pr
e
vi
ous
on
e
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
tr
a
n
s
m
it
s
a
s
i
gna
l
to
th
e
ve
hi
c
le
us
in
g
th
e
tr
a
ns
m
it
te
r
.
T
he
phot
odi
ode
of
th
e
s
e
c
on
d
ve
hi
c
le
w
il
l
be
us
e
d
by
ve
hi
c
le
2
to
r
e
c
e
iv
e
th
e
m
e
s
s
a
ge
.
I
n
th
e
s
e
c
on
d
ve
hi
c
le
,
th
e
"
s
lo
w
dow
n
"
m
e
s
s
a
ge
i
s
di
s
pl
a
ye
d
on
th
e
L
C
D
s
c
r
e
e
n.
–
C
a
s
e
2:
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
E
D
in
th
e
he
a
dl
a
m
p
s
,
ve
hi
c
le
1
w
il
l
c
on
ti
nue
to
tr
a
ns
m
it
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
bout
it
s
s
pe
e
d
to
ve
hi
c
le
2 w
he
n i
t
is
a
t
a
T
-
in
te
r
s
e
c
ti
on
. T
he
photodi
ode
i
n
v
e
hi
c
le
2 w
il
l
ge
t
th
e
i
nf
or
m
a
ti
on
a
bout
th
e
s
pe
e
d.
T
he
dr
iv
e
r
of
th
e
c
a
r
w
il
l
b
e
w
a
r
ne
d
to
ob
s
e
r
ve
th
e
ot
he
r
a
ut
om
obi
le
th
a
t
i
s
ne
a
r
by
if
th
e
s
e
c
on
d
ve
hi
c
le
pl
a
ns
t
o e
nt
e
r
t
he
j
unc
ti
on
w
he
n t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ve
hi
c
le
c
on
ti
n
ue
s
t
o t
r
a
ve
l
a
t
a
hi
gh
s
pe
e
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1129
-
1136
1130
T
he
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
e
m
e
r
ge
nc
y
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
f
ir
e
f
ig
ht
e
r
s
a
nd
m
e
di
c
a
l
ve
hi
c
le
s
,
do
not
a
r
r
iv
e
in
ti
m
e
,
c
a
us
in
g both hum
a
n a
nd f
in
a
nc
ia
l
lo
s
s
e
s
[
10]
. F
or
t
he
pa
ti
e
nt
’
s
f
a
m
il
y m
e
m
be
r
s
w
ho w
e
r
e
be
in
g e
va
c
ua
te
d i
n
a
m
bul
a
nc
e
s
,
it
is
a
di
f
f
ic
ul
t
ti
m
e
.
T
he
la
r
ge
a
m
ount
of
tr
a
f
f
ic
i
s
one
of
th
e
c
r
uc
ia
l
c
onc
e
r
n
s
a
m
bul
a
nc
e
s
de
a
l
w
it
h.
D
ue
to
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
,
a
m
bul
a
nc
e
s
b
e
c
om
e
tr
a
pp
e
d
in
th
e
r
oa
d
f
or
lo
nge
r
pe
r
io
ds
of
ti
m
e
,
e
nda
nge
r
in
g
th
e
pa
ti
e
nt
s
'
li
ve
s
in
w
a
ys
th
a
t
a
r
e
c
om
m
on
in
d
a
y
-
to
-
da
y
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
.
W
e
r
e
qui
r
e
a
de
pe
nda
bl
e
w
ir
e
le
s
s
ve
hi
c
le
-
to
-
ve
hi
c
le
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on s
ys
te
m
t
o a
ddr
e
s
s
a
l
l
of
t
he
s
e
i
s
s
ue
s
[
11]
.
T
he
onl
y
m
e
di
um
f
or
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
th
a
t
is
w
ir
e
le
s
s
h
a
s
be
e
n
r
a
di
o
w
a
v
e
s
.
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
ha
ve
c
a
us
e
d
c
onge
s
ti
on
in
th
e
s
p
e
c
tr
um
.
I
t
is
e
xt
r
e
m
e
ly
c
ha
ll
e
ngi
ng
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
ve
hi
c
l
e
-
to
-
ve
hi
c
le
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on s
ys
te
m
u
s
in
g t
he
r
a
di
o f
r
e
que
nc
ie
s
t
ha
t
ha
ve
be
e
n c
hos
e
n f
or
t
hi
s
pur
pos
e
be
c
a
us
e
t
he
e
le
c
tr
om
a
gne
ti
c
s
p
e
c
tr
um
is
a
lr
e
a
dy
ove
r
lo
a
de
d
w
it
h
ot
he
r
a
pp
li
c
a
ti
ons
[
12]
.
T
he
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
f
or
a
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
pe
c
tr
um
is
gr
ow
in
g
e
ve
r
y
da
y.
D
ue
to
th
e
i
r
ne
ga
ti
ve
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
on
hum
a
n
he
a
lt
h,
ga
m
m
a
,
X
,
in
f
r
a
r
e
d,
a
nd
ul
tr
a
vi
ol
e
t
r
a
ys
c
a
nnot
be
e
m
pl
oye
d
to
c
ons
tr
uc
t
a
ve
hi
c
le
-
to
-
ve
hi
c
le
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
.
V
i
s
ib
le
li
ght
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
(
V
L
C
)
is
a
nove
l
ty
pe
of
te
l
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
th
a
t
m
a
ke
s
us
e
of
vi
s
ib
le
li
ght
a
t
f
r
e
que
nc
ie
s
be
twe
e
n 400 a
nd 800 te
r
a
he
r
tz
.
L
ig
ht
-
f
id
e
li
ty
(
L
i
-
F
i)
is
a
vi
s
ib
le
li
ght
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
pr
ot
oc
ol
th
a
t
is
s
im
il
a
r
to
W
i
-
F
i
in
a
ll
but
th
e
phys
ic
a
l
la
ye
r
[
13]
,
[
14]
.
A
t
th
e
tr
a
ns
m
it
te
r
,
a
li
ght
bul
b
i
s
u
s
e
d
to
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
it
.
I
t
onl
y
us
e
s
li
ght
in
it
s
nor
m
a
l
ope
r
a
ti
on;
th
e
l
ig
ht
bul
b
c
a
n
pr
oduc
e
opt
ic
a
l
out
put
s
w
it
h
qui
c
k
a
nd
s
m
a
ll
c
ha
nge
s
in
c
ur
r
e
nt
.
B
e
c
a
us
e
of
th
is
,
it
is
s
im
pl
e
to
us
e
in
a
e
r
o
pl
a
ne
s
,
hos
pi
ta
ls
,
a
nd
ot
he
r
lo
c
a
ti
ons
w
he
r
e
r
a
di
o
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
is
f
r
e
que
nt
ly
pr
obl
e
m
a
ti
c
[
15]
.
T
he
ope
r
a
ti
on
is
r
e
la
ti
ve
ly
s
im
pl
e
;
a
di
gi
ta
l
one
is
tr
a
ns
m
it
te
d
w
he
n
th
e
li
ght
e
m
it
ti
ng
di
ode
(
L
E
D
)
is
on,
a
nd
w
he
n
th
e
L
E
D
is
of
f
,
a
z
e
r
o
is
tr
a
ns
m
it
te
d.
T
he
li
ght
bul
b
c
oul
d
be
in
s
ta
nt
ly
tu
r
ne
d
on
a
nd
of
f
,
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
gr
e
a
t
c
ha
n
c
e
s
f
or
da
ta
tr
a
ns
m
is
s
io
n.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
a
ll
th
a
t
is
ne
e
de
d
is
a
n
L
E
D
a
nd
a
c
ont
r
ol
le
r
th
a
t
e
nc
ode
s
da
ta
in
to
f
li
c
ke
r
in
g
L
E
D
s
in
a
c
c
or
da
nc
e
w
it
h
th
e
da
ta
w
e
w
a
nt
to
e
n
c
ode
.
T
he
m
or
e
da
ta
th
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
d
w
it
h
t
he
m
or
e
L
E
D
s
in
th
e
bul
b
[
16]
.
T
he
phot
o
-
de
te
c
to
r
or
phot
o
-
di
ode
is
u
s
e
d
to
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
th
e
s
e
c
ha
nge
s
i
n
L
E
D
br
ig
ht
ne
s
s
a
nd
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
th
e
a
c
qui
r
e
d
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
in
to
a
f
or
m
th
a
t
c
a
n
be
tr
a
ns
m
it
te
d
f
ur
th
e
r
.
N
u
m
e
r
ous
ot
he
r
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
f
or
L
E
D
s
in
c
lu
d
e
r
e
m
ot
e
c
ont
r
ol
de
vi
c
e
s
,
a
ut
om
ot
iv
e
br
a
ke
li
ght
s
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
s
tr
e
e
t
li
ght
s
,
a
nd
m
a
ny
m
or
e
.
D
u
e
to
th
e
f
a
c
t
th
a
t
th
e
vi
s
ib
le
li
ght
s
pe
c
tr
um
is
unr
e
gul
a
te
d,
it
m
a
y
be
us
e
d
f
or
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
a
t
e
xt
r
e
m
e
ly
f
a
s
t
r
a
te
s
w
hi
le
a
l
s
o
r
e
s
ol
vi
ng
th
e
is
s
ue
of
s
pe
c
tr
um
s
pa
c
e
s
hor
ta
g
e
[
17]
.
T
hi
s
t
e
c
hni
que
,
known
te
c
hni
c
a
ll
y
a
s
vi
s
ib
le
li
ght
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on, us
e
s
br
ie
f
bur
s
ts
of
l
ig
ht
t
o c
om
m
uni
c
a
te
da
ta
w
it
hout
t
he
us
e
of
w
i
r
e
s
. I
t
ha
s
t
he
pot
e
nt
ia
l
to
r
iv
a
l
W
i
-
F
i,
w
hi
c
h i
s
how
i
t
c
a
m
e
t
o be
known a
s
L
i
-
F
i.
Li
-
F
i
of
f
e
r
s
f
a
s
t
c
onne
c
ti
vi
ty
a
t
a
500
M
bp
s
r
a
te
.
S
in
c
e
it
r
e
l
ie
s
on
li
ght
s
ig
na
l
s
in
s
te
a
d
of
r
a
di
o
f
r
e
que
nc
y
one
s
,
it
is
not
vul
ne
r
a
bl
e
to
in
te
r
r
upt
io
ns
[
18]
,
[
19]
.
V
L
C
m
ig
ht
be
ut
il
iz
e
d
on
a
ir
pl
a
ne
s
s
e
c
ur
e
ly
w
it
hout
in
te
r
f
e
r
in
g
w
it
h
a
vi
a
ti
on
s
ig
na
ls
.
A
s
th
is
ki
nd
of
te
c
hnol
ogy
ha
s
not
hi
ng
to
do
w
it
h
r
a
di
o
w
a
v
e
s
,
it
m
a
y
e
a
s
il
y
be
e
m
pl
oye
d
in
a
ny
pl
a
c
e
w
h
e
r
e
in
f
r
a
r
e
d,
B
lu
e
to
ot
h,
W
i
-
F
i,
a
nd
th
e
in
te
r
ne
t
a
r
e
w
id
e
ly
us
e
d
[
20]
–
[
22]
.
I
t
c
a
n
a
ls
o
be
in
c
or
por
a
te
d
in
to
m
e
di
c
a
l
e
qui
pm
e
nt
a
nd
in
hos
pi
ta
ls
.
W
i
-
F
i
f
a
il
s
to
w
or
k
a
t
a
ll
in
th
e
s
e
a
'
s
de
pt
hs
, but
l
ig
ht
c
oul
d be
e
m
pl
oye
d
;
th
us
,
unde
r
w
a
te
r
i
nve
s
ti
ga
ti
ons
a
r
e
now
m
uc
h e
a
s
ie
r
t
o c
onduc
t
[
23]
.
T
o
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
da
ta
,
b
il
li
ons
of
li
ght
bul
bs
a
l
r
e
a
dy
a
va
il
a
bl
e
ju
s
t
ha
ve
to
be
c
ha
nge
d
to
L
E
D
bul
bs
.
T
he
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
a
dva
nt
a
ge
of
e
m
pl
oyi
ng
li
gh
t
f
o
r
th
e
t
r
a
ns
m
is
s
io
n
of
da
ta
is
s
e
c
ur
it
y
be
c
a
us
e
li
ght
c
a
nnot
pa
s
s
th
r
ough
w
a
ll
s
[
24]
.
O
n
r
oa
dw
a
ys
f
or
tr
a
f
f
ic
c
ont
r
ol
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
f
r
ont
li
ght
s
r
e
pl
a
c
e
d
w
it
h
L
E
D
,
L
E
D
-
ba
s
e
d
r
e
a
r
li
ght
s
,
of
th
e
c
a
r
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
to
tr
a
ns
m
it
da
ta
be
twe
e
n
th
e
m
a
nd
pr
e
ve
nt
a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
.
E
a
c
h
la
nt
e
r
n
in
th
e
gl
obe
m
ig
ht
s
e
r
ve
a
s
a
f
r
e
e
d
a
ta
a
c
c
e
s
s
s
ta
ti
on
if
th
is
te
c
hnol
og
y
is
u
s
e
d.
L
i
-
F
i
c
oul
d
pr
ovi
de
a
s
ol
ut
io
n
to
th
e
pr
obl
e
m
s
c
a
us
e
d by the
l
a
c
k of
r
a
di
o f
r
e
que
nc
y ba
ndw
id
th
[
25]
.
Li
-
F
i
c
a
n
be
de
s
c
r
ib
e
d
a
s
a
vi
s
ib
le
li
ght
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
te
c
hnol
ogy
th
a
t
is
ut
il
iz
e
d
f
o
r
w
ir
e
le
s
s
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
w
it
h
lo
w
la
te
nc
y.
D
ue
to
it
s
r
e
s
e
m
bl
a
nc
e
to
W
i
-
F
i
but
ut
il
iz
in
g
li
gh
t
r
a
th
e
r
th
a
n
r
a
di
o,
it
w
a
s
gi
ve
n
th
e
na
m
e
L
i
-
F
i.
T
he
two
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
a
s
c
o
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
r
y
be
c
a
us
e
L
i
-
F
i
is
pe
r
f
e
c
t
f
or
hi
gh
-
de
ns
it
y w
ir
e
le
s
s
da
ta
c
ove
r
a
g
e
i
n r
e
s
tr
ic
te
d a
r
e
a
s
a
nd f
or
r
e
s
ol
vi
ng r
a
di
o i
nt
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
di
f
f
ic
ul
ti
e
s
,
w
hi
le
W
i
-
F
i
is
w
onde
r
f
ul
f
or
br
oa
d
w
ir
e
le
s
s
a
c
c
e
s
s
w
it
hi
n
bui
ld
in
gs
[
26
]
.
W
e
pr
opos
e
d
a
c
os
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
Li
-
Fi
-
ba
s
e
d
s
ys
te
m
f
or
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n ve
hi
c
le
s
.
T
he
doc
um
e
nt
is
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d
a
c
c
or
di
ng
to
th
e
f
or
m
a
t
be
lo
w
:
s
e
c
ti
on
1
c
on
ta
in
s
a
n
in
tr
oduc
to
r
y
pa
r
a
gr
a
ph.
S
e
c
ti
on
2
th
e
n
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
a
n
ove
r
vi
e
w
of
th
e
ha
r
dw
a
r
e
,
s
of
twa
r
e
,
a
nd
m
e
th
od
us
e
d
in
th
e
pr
opos
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h. S
e
c
ti
on
3 pr
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
f
in
di
ngs
.
T
he
c
on
c
lu
s
i
on
is
gi
v
e
n i
n s
e
c
ti
on
4.
2.
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
te
c
hnol
ogy
c
a
n
be
u
s
e
d
w
h
e
r
e
a
n
in
te
ll
ig
e
nt
tr
a
n
s
por
t
s
ys
te
m
is
r
e
qui
r
e
d.
I
t
c
on
ta
in
s
a
tr
a
ns
m
it
te
r
a
nd
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
.
V
e
hi
c
le
s
c
oul
d
pot
e
nt
ia
ll
y
be
a
bl
e
to
e
xc
ha
ng
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
th
r
ough
L
E
D
li
ght
.
T
he
r
e
c
om
m
e
nde
d s
ys
te
m
ha
s
f
e
w
e
r
ne
ga
ti
ve
e
nvi
r
on
m
e
nt
a
l
c
on
s
e
q
ue
nc
e
s
a
nd l
ow
e
r
i
ns
ta
ll
a
ti
on
c
os
t
s
a
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t.
F
ig
ur
e
1
di
s
pl
a
ys
th
e
bl
oc
k
di
a
gr
a
m
.
I
t
in
c
lu
de
s
a
n
ul
tr
a
s
on
ic
s
e
n
s
or
,
A
r
dui
no
U
N
O
,
L
C
D
di
s
pl
a
y
,
L
E
D
,
b
uz
z
e
r
, L
i
-
F
i
t
r
a
ns
m
it
te
r
, a
nd L
i
-
F
i
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
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2252
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8814
Li
-
F
i
te
c
hnol
ogy
f
or
aut
om
at
e
d t
r
ans
por
t
(
P
opur
i
R
aj
ani
K
um
ar
i
)
1131
F
ig
ur
e
1. B
lo
c
k di
a
gr
a
m
of
t
he
s
ugge
s
te
d t
e
c
hni
qu
e
2.1.
A
r
d
u
in
o
U
no
A
n
ope
n
-
s
our
c
e
m
ic
r
oc
on
tr
ol
le
r
boa
r
d
c
a
ll
e
d
th
e
A
r
dui
no
U
no
w
a
s
de
ve
lo
pe
d
by
A
r
dui
no.c
c
a
nd
or
ig
in
a
ll
y
m
a
de
a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
le
in
2010.
I
t
is
ba
s
e
d
on
th
e
M
ic
r
oc
hi
p
A
T
m
e
ga
328P
m
ic
r
opr
oc
e
s
s
or
.
T
he
boa
r
d
in
c
lu
de
s
a
num
be
r
of
bot
h
di
gi
ta
l
a
nd
a
na
lo
gue
in
put
/o
u
tp
ut
(
I
/O)
pi
ns
th
a
t
e
na
bl
e
it
to
c
on
ne
c
t
to
va
r
io
us
m
ot
he
r
boa
r
ds
f
or
e
xpa
ns
i
on
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
a
ddi
ti
on
a
l
c
ir
c
ui
tr
y.
T
h
e
boa
r
d
ha
s
14
di
gi
ta
l
I
/O
pi
ns
,
s
ix
of
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
be
ut
il
iz
e
d
f
or
pul
s
e
w
id
th
m
odul
a
ti
on
(
P
W
M
)
out
put
,
a
nd
s
ix
a
na
lo
gue
I
/O
pi
n
s
.
B
y
ut
il
iz
in
g
th
e
Ar
dui
no
I
D
E
,
it
m
a
y
be
p
r
ogr
a
m
m
e
d
w
it
h
a
ty
pe
B
U
S
B
c
on
ne
c
to
r
.
I
t
c
a
n
be
pow
e
r
e
d
by
a
U
S
B
c
a
bl
e
or
a
ba
r
r
e
l
c
on
ne
c
to
r
,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
a
c
c
e
pt
vol
ta
ge
f
r
om
7
to
20
vol
t
s
,
li
ke
a
r
e
c
ta
ngul
a
r
9
-
vol
t
c
e
ll
.
I
t
s
ha
r
e
s
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
s
im
il
a
r
it
ie
s
w
it
h
th
e
A
r
dui
no
N
a
no
a
nd
L
e
on
a
r
do.
T
he
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
de
s
ig
n
f
or
th
e
ha
r
dw
a
r
e
is
m
a
de
a
va
il
a
bl
e
unde
r
t
he
r
e
s
tr
ic
ti
on
s
of
a
C
r
e
a
ti
ve
C
om
m
on
s
l
ic
e
ns
e
.
2.2.
U
lt
r
a
s
on
ic
s
e
n
s
or
S
e
ns
or
s
,
a
ls
o
known
a
s
tr
a
ns
c
e
iv
e
r
s
,
tr
a
ns
m
it
a
nd
r
e
c
e
iv
e
da
ta
us
in
g
a
s
im
il
a
r
pr
in
c
ip
le
to
r
a
da
r
a
nd
s
on
a
r
,
w
hi
c
h
id
e
nt
if
y
a
ta
r
ge
t'
s
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
by
e
x
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
r
e
f
le
c
ti
on
s
of
e
le
c
tr
om
a
gne
ti
c
or
s
ound
w
a
ve
s
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly
.
U
lt
r
a
s
on
ic
s
e
ns
or
s
ge
ne
r
a
te
hi
gh
-
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
ou
nd
pul
s
e
s
,
a
nd
th
e
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
e
e
c
hoe
s
th
e
y
r
e
c
e
iv
e
.
S
e
ns
or
s
de
te
r
m
in
e
th
e
obj
e
c
t'
s
di
s
ta
nc
e
ba
s
e
d
on
th
e
a
m
ount
of
ti
m
e
th
a
t
ha
s
pa
s
s
e
d
be
twe
e
n
e
m
it
ti
ng a
s
ig
na
l
a
nd r
e
c
e
iv
in
g a
n e
c
ho.
2.3.
L
C
D
d
is
p
la
y
A
l
iq
ui
d c
r
ys
ta
l
is
us
e
d by
L
C
D
s
t
o c
r
e
a
te
vi
e
w
a
bl
e
i
m
a
ge
s
. T
e
c
hnol
ogy dis
pl
a
y pa
ne
ls
c
a
ll
e
d l
iq
ui
d
c
r
ys
ta
l
di
s
pl
a
ys
a
r
e
in
c
r
e
di
bl
y
ti
ny.
A
li
qui
d
c
r
ys
ta
l
di
s
pl
a
y
is
m
a
de
up
of
a
num
be
r
of
la
ye
r
s
,
in
c
lu
di
n
g
e
le
c
tr
ode
s
a
nd
two
pol
a
r
iz
e
d
pa
ne
l
f
il
te
r
s
.
A
la
ye
r
of
li
qu
id
c
r
ys
ta
l
r
e
c
e
iv
e
s
a
li
ght
pr
oj
e
c
ti
on
f
r
om
a
le
ns
.
T
he
c
ol
or
e
d
im
a
ge
is
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
by
c
om
bi
ni
ng
c
ol
or
e
d
li
ght
w
it
h
th
e
c
r
ys
ta
l'
s
gr
a
ys
c
a
le
im
a
ge
.
T
he
s
c
r
e
e
n
th
e
n
s
how
s
t
hi
s
pi
c
tu
r
e
.
2.4. B
u
z
z
e
r
A
buz
z
e
r
or
be
e
pe
r
s
ys
te
m
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
a
c
r
uc
ia
l
a
udi
to
r
y
in
di
c
a
t
or
f
or
e
nha
nc
in
g
dr
iv
e
r
vi
gi
la
nc
e
a
nd
e
ns
ur
in
g
r
oa
d
s
a
f
e
ty
w
it
hi
n
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
-
to
-
ve
hi
c
le
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
ons
ut
il
iz
in
g
Li
-
Fi
te
c
hnol
ogy.
E
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
a
le
r
ts
s
uc
h
a
s
ne
a
r
-
obj
e
c
t
not
if
ic
a
ti
ons
,
s
udde
n
de
c
e
le
r
a
ti
on
c
ue
s
,
or
c
ol
li
s
io
n
r
is
ks
s
w
if
tl
y
c
om
m
uni
c
a
te
th
r
ough
car
-
to
-
c
a
r
w
ir
e
le
s
s
e
xc
ha
nge
s
us
in
g
opt
ic
a
l
im
pul
s
e
s
.
U
pon
r
e
c
e
iv
in
g
th
e
s
e
a
le
r
ts
,
th
e
c
a
r
’
s
bui
lt
-
in
li
ght
f
id
e
li
ty
s
ys
te
m
de
c
ode
s
th
e
m
e
s
s
a
ge
a
nd a
c
ti
va
te
s
i
ts
a
la
r
m
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
by pr
oduc
in
g a
n a
udi
bl
e
t
one
, s
e
r
vi
ng
a
s
a
w
a
r
ni
ng pr
io
r
t
o a
ny vis
ib
le
i
ndi
c
a
to
r
s
be
c
om
in
g di
s
c
e
r
ni
bl
e
. A
buz
z
e
r
pl
a
ys
a
n i
ndi
s
p
e
ns
a
bl
e
r
ol
e
w
it
hi
n
s
m
a
r
t
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on ne
twor
ks
ut
il
iz
in
g
li
ght
f
id
e
li
ty
due
to
i
ts
i
ns
ta
nt
a
ne
ous
m
oni
to
r
in
g c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
, e
ns
ur
in
g
s
w
if
t
r
e
s
pons
e
s
dur
in
g
f
lu
c
tu
a
ti
ng
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
c
ondi
ti
ons
.
T
he
s
ugge
s
te
d
s
e
tu
p
in
c
lu
de
s
a
buz
z
e
r
th
a
t
e
m
it
s
a
udi
to
r
y
not
if
ic
a
ti
ons
in
s
ta
nt
ly
upon
de
te
c
ti
ng
c
r
uc
ia
l
a
le
r
ts
li
ke
c
ol
li
s
io
n
a
la
r
m
s
or
di
s
tr
e
s
s
s
ig
na
ls
.
I
t
a
id
s
dr
iv
e
r
s
in
r
e
a
c
ti
ng s
w
if
tl
y
to
da
nge
r
ous
s
it
ua
ti
ons
,
th
e
r
e
by
im
pr
ovi
ng
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
s
e
c
ur
it
y.
A
s
m
a
ll
ye
t
pow
e
r
-
s
a
vi
ng
buz
z
e
r
m
a
de
of
pi
e
z
o
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
s
de
pe
nda
bl
e
ope
r
a
ti
on
in
ve
hi
c
le
s
d
e
s
pi
te
vi
br
a
ti
ons
a
nd l
oud nois
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1129
-
1136
1132
2.5.
Li
-
Fi
t
r
an
s
m
it
t
e
r
T
he
L
i
-
F
i
t
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
r
r
e
c
e
i
ve
s
da
ta
f
r
om
t
he
c
on
tr
ol
le
r
a
nd
c
on
v
e
r
ts
it
i
nt
o
a
li
gh
t
s
ig
n
a
l
be
f
o
r
e
s
e
ndi
ng
it
to
th
e
r
e
c
e
i
vi
ng
c
om
p
on
e
n
t.
T
he
t
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
r
pa
r
t
m
od
ul
a
te
s
th
e
in
pu
t
s
i
gna
l
f
o
r
t
he
r
e
q
ui
r
e
d
pe
r
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e
,
th
e
n
b
r
oa
dc
a
s
ts
da
ta
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
1
a
n
d
0
s
u
s
in
g
a
n
L
E
D
li
gh
t.
T
he
li
gh
t
f
la
s
he
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
bul
b
a
r
e
a
ll
t
ha
t
th
os
e
1
a
nd
0
s
a
r
e
.
P
ow
e
r
s
up
pl
y
D
C
+
1
2
V
,
da
ta
un
iv
e
r
s
a
l
a
s
yn
c
h
r
o
nous
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
/
t
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
r
(
U
A
R
T
)
,
a
n
d
i
np
ut
(
T
T
L
)
a
r
e
th
e
i
npu
t
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
f
o
r
t
he
t
r
a
ns
m
it
te
r
pa
r
t.
F
i
gu
r
e
2
s
how
s
a
Li
-
F
i
t
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
r
.
2.6.
L
i
-
F
i
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
T
he
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
a
m
pl
if
ie
s
t
he
s
ig
na
l,
di
s
pl
a
ys
t
he
out
put
.
U
lt
r
a
s
on
i
c
t
r
a
ns
duc
e
r
s
e
na
bl
e
t
he
t
r
a
ns
m
is
s
i
on
a
nd
r
e
c
e
pt
i
on
of
s
ound
w
a
ve
s
. T
he
tr
a
ns
du
c
e
r
e
m
it
s
a
lo
t
of
ul
t
r
a
s
on
ic
w
a
ve
s
,
a
nd
obj
e
c
ts
r
e
f
le
c
t
th
e
m
. J
us
t
a
s
in
gl
e
out
put
a
nd
in
put
pi
n
is
us
e
d
to
tr
ig
ge
r
a
n
ul
t
r
a
s
on
ic
bur
s
t,
a
nd
th
e
e
c
hoe
s
’
r
e
tu
r
ni
ng
pul
s
e
is
th
e
n
m
on
it
or
e
d.
U
s
in
g
a
s
in
gl
e
in
put
out
put
pi
n,
th
e
s
e
ns
or
d
e
te
r
m
in
e
s
th
e
p
e
r
io
d
of
ti
m
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d
f
or
th
e
e
c
ho
to
r
e
tu
r
n
a
nd
de
li
ve
r
s
th
e
da
ta
to
th
e
m
ic
r
opr
oc
e
s
s
or
a
s
a
pul
s
e
of
a
c
us
to
m
iz
a
bl
e
w
id
th
.
F
ig
ur
e
3
s
how
s
th
e
h
a
r
dw
a
r
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
th
e
Li
-
F
i
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
.
S
of
twa
r
e
us
e
d
he
r
e
is
A
r
dui
no
U
no
I
D
E
.
T
he
w
or
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
dur
e
i
s
a
s
f
ol
lo
w
s:
–
O
pe
n A
r
dui
no I
D
E
–
S
e
le
c
t
th
e
C
O
M
P
or
t
–
S
e
le
c
t
th
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d A
r
dui
no boa
r
d
–
S
ke
tc
h i
n A
r
dui
no I
D
E
C
om
pi
le
t
he
s
ke
tc
h a
nd uplo
a
d i
t
to
t
he
A
r
dui
no boa
r
d. F
ig
ur
e
4 s
how
s
t
he
e
x
a
m
pl
e
s
ke
tc
h.
F
ig
ur
e
2. H
a
r
d
w
a
r
e
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
L
i
-
F
i
t
r
a
ns
m
it
te
r
F
ig
ur
e
3. H
a
r
dw
a
r
e
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on of
L
i
-
F
i
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
F
ig
ur
e
4. S
ke
tc
h i
n A
r
dui
no I
D
E
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
Li
-
F
i
te
c
hnol
ogy
f
or
aut
om
at
e
d t
r
ans
por
t
(
P
opur
i
R
aj
ani
K
um
ar
i
)
1133
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
ON
W
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
a
n
in
te
r
-
ve
hi
c
le
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
a
L
i
-
F
i
tr
a
ns
m
it
te
r
a
nd
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
f
o
r
ve
hi
c
le
-
to
-
ve
hi
c
le
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
.
On
th
e
ba
s
is
of
pus
hi
ng
t
he
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
but
t
on
s
on
th
e
pr
ot
ot
ype
or
th
e
m
obi
le
de
vi
c
e
,
th
e
Li
-
F
i
tr
a
ns
m
it
te
r
ge
ne
r
a
te
s
va
r
io
us
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
5
d
is
pl
a
y
s
s
e
ve
r
a
l
tr
a
n
s
m
it
t
e
d
a
nd
di
s
pl
a
ye
d
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
s
5(
a
)
-
5(
d)
a
r
e
th
e
a
le
r
t
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
c
a
r
e
f
ul
dr
iv
e
,
d
a
ng
e
r
ous
r
o
a
d,
e
m
e
r
g
e
nc
y
,
a
n
d ha
ppy j
our
ne
y
.
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
(
d)
F
ig
ur
e
5. T
he
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
t
r
a
n
s
m
it
te
d a
nd dis
pl
a
ye
d
on
L
C
D
w
it
h
L
i
-
F
i
t
r
a
ns
m
it
te
r
of
(
a
)
c
a
r
e
f
ul
d
r
iv
e
(
b)
da
nge
r
ous
r
oa
d
,
(
c
)
e
m
e
r
ge
nc
y
, a
nd
(
d)
ha
ppy jour
ne
y
4.
C
ON
C
L
U
S
I
ON
I
n
or
de
r
to
e
s
ta
bl
is
h
s
e
c
ur
e
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
on
th
e
r
oa
d
a
nd
t
o
c
on
tr
ol
tr
a
f
f
ic
,
L
i
-
F
i
te
c
hnol
ogy
is
c
r
uc
ia
l.
L
i
-
F
i
c
a
n
pr
ovi
de
a
r
e
a
l
a
nd
e
xt
r
e
m
e
ly
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
be
c
a
u
s
e
w
e
a
r
e
a
ll
a
w
a
r
e
th
a
t
our
a
ir
w
a
ys
a
r
e
be
c
om
in
g
m
or
e
a
nd
m
or
e
bl
oc
ke
d
e
ve
r
y
da
y.
M
ode
r
n
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
m
is
s
i
on
s
ys
te
m
s
m
a
ke
L
i
-
F
i
f
e
a
s
ib
le
.
T
he
li
nk
be
twe
e
n
f
ut
ur
e
e
ne
r
gy
-
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
li
ght
s
a
nd
c
e
ll
ul
a
r
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
s
is
m
a
de
po
s
s
ib
le
by
opt
ic
a
l
c
e
ll
ne
twor
ks
bui
lt
on
Li
-
F
i.
T
he
y
c
a
n
e
ve
n
e
n
a
bl
e
e
v
e
r
-
s
m
a
ll
e
r
c
e
ll
s
w
it
hout
a
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
f
or
a
ddi
ti
on
a
l
f
a
c
il
it
ie
s
by
ha
r
n
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
huge
,
unc
on
tr
ol
le
d,
a
nd
unut
il
iz
e
d
e
le
c
tr
om
a
gne
ti
c
s
pe
c
tr
um
.
T
he
s
ol
e
dr
a
w
b
a
c
k
is
it
on
ly
f
unc
ti
on
s
w
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r
e
c
t
li
ne
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ig
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c
h
m
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ke
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it
di
f
f
ic
ul
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ddr
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f
ic
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c
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c
hnol
ogy
ha
ve
no
e
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s
ig
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.
N
ow
,
da
ta
a
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m
e
s
s
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ge
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be
tr
a
ns
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it
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d us
in
g both r
a
di
o w
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ve
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nd l
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im
ul
ta
ne
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s
ly
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F
U
N
D
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G
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F
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M
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ON
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he
r
e
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r
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o,
th
e
a
ut
hor
s
s
ta
te
no
f
undi
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in
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m
th
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th
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da
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up
por
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t
he
f
in
di
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f
t
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R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
D
.
L
i
a
nd
Z
.
H
ou,
“
P
e
r
i
m
e
t
e
r
c
ont
r
ol
of
ur
ba
n
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
ne
t
w
or
ks
ba
s
e
d
on
m
ode
l
-
f
r
e
e
a
da
pt
i
ve
c
ont
r
ol
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
T
r
ans
por
t
at
i
on Sy
s
t
e
m
s
, vol
. 22, no. 10, pp. 6460
–
6472, O
c
t
. 2021,
doi
:
10.1109/
T
I
T
S
.2020.2992337.
[
2]
H
.
M
e
i
,
J
.
D
i
ng,
J
.
Z
he
ng,
X
.
C
he
n,
a
nd
W
.
L
i
u,
“
O
ve
r
vi
e
w
of
ve
hi
c
l
e
opt
i
c
a
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
ons
,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
vol
.
8,
pp. 173461
–
173480, 2020, doi
:
10.1109/
A
C
C
E
S
S
.2020.3024854.
[
3]
N
.
H
.
H
us
s
e
i
n,
C
.
T
.
Y
a
w
,
S
.
P
.
K
oh,
S
.
K
.
T
i
ong,
a
nd
K
.
H
.
C
hong,
“
A
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
i
ve
s
ur
ve
y
on
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
ne
t
w
or
ki
ng:
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
ons
,
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,
c
h
a
l
l
e
nge
s
,
a
nd
up
c
om
i
ng
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
di
r
e
c
t
i
ons
,
”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
vol
.
10,
pp.
86127
–
86180,
2022,
doi
:
10.1109/
A
C
C
E
S
S
.2022.3198656.
[
4]
Q
.
Z
ha
ng,
X
.
R
e
n,
L
.
G
ong,
L
.
C
he
ng,
a
nd
Y
.
G
a
o,
“
A
n
unm
a
nne
d
a
e
r
i
a
l
ve
hi
c
l
e
f
l
i
ght
f
or
m
a
t
i
on
f
or
e
nha
nc
e
d
e
m
e
r
ge
nc
y
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
ba
s
e
d
on
c
onf
or
m
a
l
a
nt
e
nna
de
s
i
gn,”
J
ou
r
nal
of
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
and
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
N
e
t
w
or
k
s
,
vol
.
5,
no.
3,
pp. 294
–
301, S
e
p. 2020, doi
:
10.23919/
J
C
I
N
.2020.9200892.
[
5]
Y
.
Z
ha
ng,
Y
.
Z
ha
o,
a
nd
Y
.
Z
hou,
“
U
s
e
r
-
c
e
nt
e
r
e
d
c
oope
r
a
t
i
ve
-
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
f
or
5G
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
of
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
,”
I
E
E
E
I
n
t
e
r
ne
t
of
T
hi
ngs
J
our
nal
, vol
. 9, no. 15, pp. 13486
–
13497, A
ug. 2022, doi
:
10.1109/
J
I
O
T
.2022.3143124.
[
6]
J
.
T
hunbe
r
g,
N
.
L
ya
m
i
n,
K
.
S
j
obe
r
g,
a
nd
A
.
V
i
ne
l
,
“
V
e
hi
c
l
e
-
to
-
ve
hi
c
l
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
ons
f
or
pl
a
t
ooni
ng:
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
na
l
ys
i
s
,”
I
E
E
E
N
e
t
w
or
k
i
ng L
e
t
t
e
r
s
, vol
. 1, no. 4, pp. 168
–
172, D
e
c
. 2019, doi
:
10.1109/
L
N
E
T
.2019.2929026.
[
7]
Y
.
Y
a
ng,
M
.
C
he
n,
C
.
G
uo,
C
.
F
e
ng,
a
nd
W
.
S
a
a
d,
“
P
ow
e
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
vi
s
i
bl
e
l
i
g
ht
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
unm
a
nne
d
a
e
r
i
a
l
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
,”
I
E
E
E
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
L
e
t
t
e
r
s
, vol
. 23, no. 7, pp. 1272
–
1275, J
ul
. 2019, doi
:
10.1109/
L
C
O
M
M
.2019.2916998.
[
8]
R
.
H
us
s
a
i
n
a
nd
S
.
Z
e
a
da
l
l
y,
“
A
ut
onom
ous
c
a
r
s
:
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
r
e
s
ul
t
s
,
i
s
s
ue
s
,
a
nd
f
ut
ur
e
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
,”
I
E
E
E
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
Sur
v
e
y
s
\
&
T
ut
or
i
al
s
, vol
. 21, no. 2, pp. 1275
–
1313, 2019, doi
:
10.1109/
C
O
M
S
T
.2018.2869360.
[
9]
B
.
H
a
f
ne
r
,
V
.
B
a
j
pa
i
,
J
.
O
t
t
,
a
nd
G
.
A
.
S
c
hm
i
t
t
,
“
A
s
ur
ve
y
on
c
oope
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
s
a
nd
m
a
ne
uve
r
s
f
or
c
onne
c
t
e
d
a
nd
a
ut
om
a
t
e
d
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
,”
I
E
E
E
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
Sur
v
e
y
s
&
T
ut
or
i
al
s
,
vol
.
24,
no.
1,
pp.
380
–
403,
2022,
doi
:
10.1109/
C
O
M
S
T
.2021.3138275.
[
10]
P
.
K
r
i
s
hna
n,
“
D
e
s
i
gn
of
c
ol
l
i
s
i
on
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
or
s
m
a
r
t
c
a
r
u
s
i
ng
Li
-
F
i
a
nd
ul
t
r
a
s
oni
c
s
e
n
s
or
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
o
n
V
e
hi
c
ul
ar
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
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c
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:
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T
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B
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a
r
a
dha
, G
. V
i
j
a
y
s
hr
i
, a
nd T
. S
ubha
, “
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
s
i
gna
l
c
ont
r
ol
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
or
a
m
bul
a
nc
e
us
i
ng
R
F
I
D
a
nd c
l
oud,”
i
n
2017
2nd
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
C
om
put
i
ng
and
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
C
he
nn
a
i
,
I
ndi
a
,
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W
u,
M
.
D
.
S
ol
t
a
ni
,
L
.
Z
hou,
M
.
S
a
f
a
r
i
,
a
nd
H
.
H
a
a
s
,
“
H
ybr
i
d
L
i
F
i
a
nd
W
i
F
i
ne
t
w
or
ks
:
a
s
ur
ve
y,
”
I
E
E
E
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
Sur
v
e
y
s
&
T
ut
o
r
i
al
s
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C
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a
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huc
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,
M
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a
uf
m
a
nn,
J
.
-
P
.
L
i
nna
r
t
z
,
M
.
R
i
e
ge
l
,
D
.
S
c
hul
z
,
a
nd
V
.
J
ungni
c
ke
l
,
“
T
e
c
hno
-
e
c
onom
i
c
s
t
udy
of
ve
r
y
de
ns
e
opt
i
c
a
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
a
c
c
e
s
s
us
i
ng
vi
s
i
bl
e
or
i
nf
r
a
r
e
d
l
i
ght
,”
J
our
nal
of
O
pt
i
c
al
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
and
N
e
t
w
or
k
i
ng
,
vol
.
15,
no.
5,
pp. B
33
--
B
41, M
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y 2023, doi
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P
.
W
a
t
t
a
,
X
.
Z
ha
ng,
a
nd
Y
.
L
.
M
ur
phe
y,
“
V
e
hi
c
l
e
pos
i
t
i
on
a
nd
c
ont
e
xt
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
us
i
ng
V
2V
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
V
e
hi
c
l
e
s
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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-
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i
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or
aut
om
at
e
d t
r
ans
por
t
(
P
opur
i
R
aj
ani
K
um
ar
i
)
1135
[
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S
.
R
a
z
z
a
q,
N
.
M
ub
e
e
n,
a
nd
F
.
Q
a
m
a
r
,
“
D
e
s
i
gn
a
nd
a
na
l
ys
i
s
of
l
i
ght
f
i
de
l
i
t
y
ne
t
w
or
k
f
or
i
ndoor
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
onne
c
t
i
vi
t
y,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, vol
. 9, pp. 145699
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L
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I
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A
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br
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he
e
m
,
L
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A
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i
t
hy,
A
.
A
.
A
l
j
a
s
e
r
,
M
.
R
.
A
l
dha
f
i
a
n,
a
nd
G
.
M
.
B
a
hl
i
w
a
h,
“
T
ow
a
r
d
D
e
s
i
gni
ng
a
L
i
-
Fi
-
ba
s
e
d
hi
e
r
a
r
c
hi
c
a
l
I
oT
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
,
”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, vol
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i
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K
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M
a
hm
ood,
S
.
S
ha
m
s
ha
d,
S
.
K
um
a
r
i
,
M
.
K
.
K
ha
n,
a
nd
M
.
S
.
O
ba
i
da
t
,
“
C
om
m
e
nt
on
‘
l
i
ght
w
e
i
ght
s
e
c
ur
e
m
e
s
s
a
ge
br
oa
dc
a
s
t
i
ng
pr
ot
oc
ol
f
or
ve
hi
c
l
e
-
to
-
ve
hi
c
l
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
,’
”
I
E
E
E
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
J
ou
r
nal
,
vol
.
15,
no.
1,
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a
r
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T
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T
.
D
hr
uva
kum
a
r
a
nd
A
.
C
ha
t
ur
ve
di
,
“
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
ng
s
ur
f
a
c
e
a
s
s
i
s
t
e
d
m
i
l
l
i
m
e
t
e
r
w
a
ve
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
f
or
a
c
hi
e
va
bl
e
r
a
t
e
a
nd c
ove
r
a
ge
e
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
,”
V
e
hi
c
ul
ar
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
, vol
. 33, 2022, doi
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J
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E
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A
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V
i
ne
l
,
N
.
L
ya
m
i
n,
a
nd
P
.
I
s
a
c
he
nkov,
“
M
ode
l
i
ng
of
V
2V
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
ons
f
or
C
-
I
T
S
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
:
a
C
P
S
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
,”
I
E
E
E
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
L
e
t
t
e
r
s
, vol
. 22, no. 8, pp. 1600
–
1603, A
ug. 2018, doi
:
10.1109/
L
C
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M
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[
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L
.
V
i
s
hw
a
k
a
r
m
a
a
nd
D
.
D
a
s
,
“
S
m
a
r
t
C
oi
n:
a
nove
l
i
nc
e
nt
i
ve
m
e
c
h
a
ni
s
m
f
or
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
i
n
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
t
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
on
s
ys
t
e
m
ba
s
e
d
o
n
c
ons
or
t
i
um
bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n,”
V
e
hi
c
ul
ar
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
on
s
, vol
. 33, 2022, doi
:
10.1016/
J
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E
H
C
O
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S
.
A
.
A
hm
a
d,
A
.
H
a
j
i
s
a
m
i
,
H
.
K
r
i
s
hna
n,
F
.
A
.
-
Z
a
i
d,
a
nd
E
.
M
.
-
P
a
r
i
,
“
V
2V
s
ys
t
e
m
c
onge
s
t
i
on
c
ont
r
ol
va
l
i
da
t
i
on
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on
V
e
hi
c
ul
a
r
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
,
vol
.
68,
no.
3,
pp.
2102
–
2110,
M
a
r
.
2019
,
doi
:
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T
V
T
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[
22]
R
.
I
s
l
a
m
,
M
.
K
.
D
e
vna
t
h,
M
.
D
.
S
a
m
a
d,
a
nd
S
.
M
.
J
.
A
.
K
a
dr
y,
“
G
G
N
B
:
gr
a
ph
-
ba
s
e
d
G
a
us
s
i
a
n
na
i
v
e
B
a
ye
s
i
nt
r
us
i
on
de
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
ys
t
e
m
f
o
r
C
A
N
bus
,”
V
e
hi
c
ul
a
r
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
on
s
, vol
. 33, 2022, doi
:
10.1016/
J
.V
E
H
C
O
M
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[
23]
F
. A
. B
ut
t
, J
. N
.
C
ha
t
t
ha
,
J
. A
hm
a
d,
M
. U
.
Z
i
a
, M
.
R
i
z
w
a
n,
a
nd I
. H
.
N
a
qvi
,
“
O
n t
he
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on of
e
n
a
bl
i
ng w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
a
nd
s
e
ns
or
f
us
i
on
f
or
ne
xt
-
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
c
onne
c
t
e
d
a
nd
a
ut
onom
ous
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
vol
.
10,
pp.
14643
–
14668,
2022,
doi
:
10.1109/
A
C
C
E
S
S
.2022.3145972.
[
24]
S
.
W
e
i
,
Y
.
Z
ou,
X
.
Z
ha
ng,
T
.
Z
ha
ng,
a
nd
X
.
L
i
,
“
A
n
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
d
l
ongi
t
udi
na
l
a
nd
l
a
t
e
r
a
l
ve
hi
c
l
e
f
ol
l
ow
i
ng
c
ont
r
ol
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
r
a
da
r
a
nd
ve
hi
c
l
e
-
to
-
ve
hi
c
l
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on
V
e
hi
c
ul
a
r
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
,
vol
.
68,
no.
2,
pp.
1116
–
1127,
F
e
b.
2019, doi
:
10.1109/
T
V
T
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[
25]
M
.
S
oha
i
l
,
C
.
Y
.
L
e
ow
,
a
nd
S
.
H
.
W
on,
“
A
c
a
t
s
w
a
r
m
opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on
ba
s
e
d
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
po
w
e
r
m
i
ni
m
i
z
a
t
i
on
f
or
a
n
a
e
r
i
a
l
N
O
M
A
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on s
ys
t
e
m
,”
V
e
hi
c
ul
ar
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
, vol
. 33, 2022, doi
:
10.10
16/
J
.V
E
H
C
O
M
.2021.100426.
[
26]
A
.
H
.
S
a
l
e
m
,
I
.
W
.
D
a
m
a
j
,
a
nd
H
.
T
.
M
ouf
t
a
h,
“
V
e
hi
c
l
e
a
s
a
c
om
put
a
t
i
on
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
:
opt
i
m
i
z
i
ng
qua
l
i
t
y
of
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
f
or
c
onne
c
t
e
d ve
hi
c
l
e
s
i
n a
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
y,”
V
e
hi
c
ul
ar
C
o
m
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
, vol
. 33, 2022,
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:
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J
.V
E
H
C
O
M
.2021.100432.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Dr.
Popuri
Rajani
Kumari
received
M.Tech
.
in
Communicati
on
s
and
Radar
Systems
from
Achar
ya
Nagar
juna
Univer
sity,
Guntur
,
in
2010.
Sh
e
received
a
Ph.D
.
in
Electr
on
ics
and
Communicati
on
s
from
K
on
eru
Lakshmaiah
Educati
on
Foundati
on
in
2021
.
She
is
currently
working
as
an
a
ssoc
iate
p
rofessor
in
the
department
of
ECE
at
DVR
&
Dr.
HS
MIC
College
of
Technology,
Kanchikacherla.
Her
current
researc
h
includes
I
o
T,
LoRa,
Li
-
Fi,
Massive
MIMO,
spatial
modulation
,
detectors,
channel
estimati
on,
rake
receiver
,
and
SIC. She
can
be c
on
tacted a
t email: ra
janitatag@gmail.com.
Dr.
Chalasani
Suneetha
is
currently
working
as
an
Associate
Pro
fessor
in
the
Department
of
Electr
on
ics
and
Communicati
on
Engineering
at
VBIT
College.
She
received
her
Bachelo
r'
s
and
Master'
s
Degrees
from
JNTUH
Hyderabad
and
Ph.D
.
from
K
on
eru
Lakshmaiah
Educati
on
Foundati
on
.
Her
research
interests
lie
in
the
field
of
signa
l
processing
and
communication
system
s.
Her
current
research
focus
es
on
the
design
and
analysis
of
advanced
communi
cation
algorit
hms,
includi
ng
topics
su
ch
as
MIMO
systems,
cogniti
ve
radio
networks,
and
emerging
technologie
s
like
I
o
T.
She
pu
blished
several
papers
in
reputable
journals
in
these
areas.
She
can
be
c
on
tacted
at
email:
suneetha25.ch@gmail.com.
Dr.
Maddali
Anil
Kumar
had
received
a
Ph.D
.
from
K
on
eru
Lakshmaiah
Educati
on
Foundati
on
,
Guntur
,
in
2023
and
an
M.Tech
.
from
Acharya
Nagarjuna
University,
Guntur
,
in
2010.
He
is
currently
working
as
an
As
sociate
Professor
in
th
e
Department of Electr
on
ics and Communic
ati
on
Engineering at
DVR
& Dr.
HS MIC Col
lege
of
Technology
,
Kanchikacherla.
He
has
a
professi
on
al
membership
in
ISTE.
His
areas
of
interest
are
speech
recognition
and
machine
learning
.
He
can
be
c
on
tacted
at
email:
anilmt
cr@
gmail.co
m.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Tangirala
Mrudula
is
currently
working
as
an
Assistant
P
rofessor
in
the
Department
of
Electrical
and
Electr
on
ics
Engineering
at
MLR
Ins
titute
of
Technology,
Hyderabad,
India.
She
completed
her
B.Tech
.
and
M.Tech
.
from
JNTU
Hyderabad
in
2009
and
2014.
Her
research
area
includes
power
electronics,
elect
ric
vehicles,
battery
manageme
nt
systems,
smart
grids,
and
integration
of
renewa
ble
energ
y
sources
.
She
can
be
c
on
tacted a
t email: mrudu
lat@
mlrit.ac.in.
Anbumani
Venkatachala
m
serves as an
Assistant
Professor
in the
Department
of
Electr
on
ics
and
Communicati
on
Engineering
at
K
on
gu
Engineerin
g
College,
Perundurai,
Tamil
Nadu,
India.
He
earned
his
B.E.
in
Electr
on
ics
and
Communica
ti
on
Engineering
from
Bannari
Amman
Institute
of
Technol
ogy,
Sathyama
ngalam,
in
2011,
and
subseque
ntly
completed
his
M.E.
in
Applied
Electr
on
ics
at
Government
Col
lege
of
Technology,
Coimbatore
,
in
2014.
With
over
a
decade
of
acade
mic
experie
nce,
he
has
been
activel
y
involved
in
both
teaching
and
resear
ch,
c
on
tributing
significan
tly
to
the
academic
communi
ty. He h
as autho
red more t
han 15 res
earch papers p
ublis
hed in reputed nati
on
al and
internati
on
al
journals.
His
primary
research
interests
include
VL
SI
design
a
nd
imag
e
processing
.
He can be c
on
tacted a
t email:
anbumani
.ece@
k
on
gu.ac.in.
Dr.
Bodapati
Venkata
Rajanna
is
currently
working
as
an
Associate
Profes
sor
in
the
Department
of
Electrical
and
Electr
on
ics
Engineerin
g
at
MLR
Institute
o
f
Technology,
Hyderabad,
India.
He
received
a
B.Tech
.
degree
in
Elec
trical
and
Electr
on
ics
Engineering
from
Chirala
Engineering
College,
JNTU,
Kakinada,
In
dia,
in
2010,
M.Tech
.
degree
in
Power
Electr
on
ics
and
Drives
from
K
on
eru
Lakshmaiah
Educati
on
Foundati
on
,
Guntur,
India,
in
2015
,
and
Ph.D.
in
Electrical
and
Electr
on
ics
E
ngineering
at
K
on
eru
Lakshmaiah
Educati
on
Foundati
on
,
Guntur,
India,
in
2021.
His
curr
ent
research
includes,
dynamic
modeling
of
batteries
for
renewable
energy
storage,
battery
management
systems,
electric
vehicles
and
portable
electroni
cs
applicati
ons,
renewable
ener
gy
sources
integrat
ion
with
battery
energy
storage
sys
tems
(BESS),
smart
metering
and
sm
art
grids,
micro
-
grids,
automati
c
meter
readi
ng
(AMR)
devices,
GSM/GPRS
and
powe
r
line
carrier
(PLC)
communi
cation,
and
various
modulat
ion
techniqu
es
s
uch
as
QPSK
,
BPSK,
ASK,
FSK,
OOK and GMSK. He can be c
on
tacted a
t email: ra
jannabv2012
@
gmail.com.
Giriprasad
Ambati
received
a
B.Tech.
degree
in
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engineering
from
V.R.
Siddhartha
Engineering
Colleg
e,
Vijayawada, AP,
India,
in
2000,
an
M.Tech.
in
power
systems
from
JNT
University
Hyderabad,
AP,
India
,
in
2005,
and
a
Ph.D.
from
JNTUH
University
Hyderabad,
TS,
India,
in
2019.
He
has
23
years
of
teaching
experience.
He
has
been
working
as
an
Assistant
Professor
in
the
De
partment
of
Electrical
and Elect
ronics En
gineering
, VNR
Vignana
Jyothi
Instit
ute
of Engi
ne
ering and
Technolog
y
,
since
2017.
He
has
published
32
papers
in
international
journals,
15
papers
at
international
conferences,
and
3
papers
in
National
conference
papers.
He
did
a
project
on
a
network
analyzer
from
AICTE
worth
23
lakhs.
He
is
a
member
of
IEEE
and
a
lifetim
e
member
of
ISTE,
MIE,
IAENG,
and
IFERP.
His
areas
of
interest
are
gas
-
insulat
ed
substations,
power
systems,
smart
grids,
electric
vehicles,
power
quality,
and
electromag
netic
fields.
He
can
be
contacted
at email
: girip
rasad_a@
vnrvjiet
.in.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.