I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
d
van
c
e
s
i
n
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
(
I
JA
A
S
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
, pp.
1332
~
1339
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
a
s
.
v
14
.
i
4
.
pp
1332
-
1339
1332
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
aas
.i
ae
s
c
or
e
.c
om
A
d
van
c
e
m
e
n
t
s i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
h
i
c
l
e
sa
f
e
t
y an
d
c
h
ar
gi
n
g
i
n
f
r
ast
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
D
e
b
an
i
P
r
as
ad
M
is
h
r
a
1
, R
u
d
r
an
ar
ayan
S
e
n
ap
at
i
2
, N
is
h
a K
e
d
ia
1
, S
an
c
h
it
a
S
ah
ay
1
, R
aj
A
lp
h
a
S
w
ai
n
1
,
S
u
r
e
n
d
e
r
R
e
d
d
y S
al
k
u
t
i
3
1
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
nd E
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng,
I
nt
e
r
na
t
i
ona
l
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
o
f
I
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
(
I
I
I
T
)
,
B
huba
ne
s
w
a
r
, I
ndi
a
2
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, K
I
I
T
d
e
e
m
e
d t
o be
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y,
B
huba
ne
s
w
a
r
, I
ndi
a
3
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
G
l
oba
l
R
a
i
l
w
a
ys
, W
oo
s
ong U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y, D
a
e
j
e
on,
R
e
publ
i
c
of
K
or
e
a
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
J
un 2, 2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
O
c
t
3, 2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
N
ov 7, 2025
In
electric
vehicles
(EVs),
safety
measures
must
b
e
taken
to
p
revent
dangerous
accidents.
Safety
regulations
must
be
in
pla
ce
for
two
im
portant
things:
electric
or
EV
batteries
and
EV
equipmen
t.
Operating
an
e
lectric
vehicle
charging
station
s
(
EVCS
)
is
a
challenging
task.
This
holistic
approach
is
used
to
evaluate
when
renewable
energy
is
produced.
It
'
s
best
to
focus on th
e popularit
y of EVs as
more and more
people choose
this mo
de of
transporta
tion.
It
is
important
to
know
that
power
plants
can
be
risky.
Therefore,
safety
issues
related
to
EV
charging
must
be
addr
essed
q
uickly
and
appropriately.
Potential
safety
issues
with
EVs
include
overcurrent,
ground
faults,
and
overheating.
If
the
charging
system
does
not
wo
rk,
the
electric car'
s battery
may he
at up
and catch
fire, and overchar
ging
may
cause
other
problems.
To
avoid
security
risks,
you
must
comply
with
s
ecurity
regulations
, use paymen
t devices t
hat meet securi
ty requirement
s, and
follow
the manufa
cturer'
s instructions.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
a
tt
e
r
y s
to
r
a
ge
C
ha
r
gi
ng
E
le
c
tr
ic
ve
hi
c
le
s
a
f
e
ty
R
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
pow
e
r
S
a
f
e
ty
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
S
ur
e
nde
r
R
e
ddy S
a
lk
ut
i
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
G
lo
ba
l
R
a
il
w
a
ys
, W
oos
ong Unive
r
s
it
y
J
a
ya
ng
-
dong, Dong
-
gu, Da
e
je
on
-
34606, R
e
publ
ic
of
K
or
e
a
E
m
a
il
:
s
ur
e
nde
r
@
w
s
u.a
c
.kr
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
I
n
to
da
y’
s
ti
m
e
,
th
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
ve
hi
c
le
(
E
V
)
e
voke
s
th
oughts
o
f
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
,
in
nova
ti
on,
a
nd
th
e
f
ut
ur
e
of
t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on.
O
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
he
lp
to
s
e
t
a
m
bi
ti
ous
goa
ls
to
in
te
gr
a
te
E
V
s
in
to
da
il
y
e
ne
r
gy
pr
oj
e
c
ts
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
nd
ope
r
a
te
a
c
l
e
a
n,
e
ne
r
gy
-
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
[
1]
.
N
ow
th
a
t
th
e
pr
ic
e
s
of
e
le
c
tr
ic
c
a
r
s
ha
v
e
f
a
ll
e
n,
th
e
ir
us
e
ha
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d, a
nd
m
a
ny
e
le
c
tr
ic
ve
hi
c
le
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
ta
ti
ons
(
E
V
C
S
)
ha
ve
b
e
e
n
bui
lt
.
T
he
m
a
in
c
onc
e
pt
s
di
s
c
us
s
e
d
a
nd
s
um
m
a
r
iz
e
d
in
th
e
pol
ic
y
a
nd
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
gr
oup,
w
he
r
e
th
e
P
ol
ic
y
a
nd
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
G
r
oup
e
xa
m
in
e
s
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
s
a
f
e
ty
is
s
ue
s
r
e
la
te
d
to
E
V
s
f
r
om
th
e
pe
r
s
p
e
c
ti
ve
of
E
V
C
S
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
.
F
ir
e
s
a
f
e
ty
in
E
V
s
ne
e
ds
to
be
c
ons
id
e
r
e
d,
a
nd
th
is
a
r
ti
c
le
di
s
c
us
s
e
s
s
a
f
e
ty
a
s
pe
c
ts
r
e
la
te
d
to
th
e
E
V
c
ha
r
gi
ng
p
r
oc
e
s
s
th
a
t
a
r
e
di
r
e
c
tl
y
r
e
la
te
d
to
th
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
c
ur
r
e
nt
va
lu
e
.
T
hi
s
r
e
vi
s
e
d
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
is
us
e
d
to
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on of
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on t
e
c
hnol
ogy
[
2]
.
A
bout
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
-
a
s
s
is
te
d
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
te
c
hnol
ogy
th
a
t
c
a
n
r
e
duc
e
e
r
r
or
s
a
nd
e
ns
ur
e
th
e
s
e
c
ur
it
y
of
e
le
c
tr
oni
c
pa
ym
e
nt
s
.
C
lo
ud
-
ba
s
e
d
onl
in
e
E
V
C
S
d
a
ta
m
oni
to
r
in
g,
a
na
ly
s
is
,
a
nd
e
ne
r
gy
qua
li
ty
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
a
r
e
di
s
c
us
s
e
d.
I
n
s
um
m
a
r
y,
th
e
e
vi
de
nc
e
s
how
s
w
ha
t
ne
e
ds
to
be
don
e
to
e
ns
ur
e
th
e
e
le
c
tr
oni
c
s
e
c
ur
it
y
of
E
V
C
S
.
T
hi
s
m
e
a
ns
c
om
pl
yi
ng
w
it
h
le
gi
s
la
ti
on,
c
a
r
r
yi
ng
out
r
out
in
e
in
s
pe
c
ti
ons
,
c
on
s
id
e
r
in
g
f
ir
e
s
a
f
e
ty
,
r
e
vi
e
w
in
g
th
e
li
f
e
s
pa
n
of
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
e
r
s
,
e
m
br
a
c
i
ng
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
,
a
nd
us
in
g
s
ta
te
-
of
-
th
e
-
a
r
t
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
to
ol
s
[
3]
.
A
c
c
or
di
ng
to
th
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
pr
ovi
de
d,
m
a
ny
E
V
C
S
ha
ve
a
c
ha
r
gi
ng
c
a
pa
c
it
y
b
e
twe
e
n
5
a
nd
25
kW
,
w
hi
le
s
om
e
ha
ve
a
c
h
a
r
gi
ng
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
up
to
60
kW
.
A
lt
hough
it
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8814
A
dv
anc
e
m
e
nt
s
i
n e
le
c
t
r
ic
v
e
hi
c
le
s
af
e
ty
and
c
har
gi
ng i
nf
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
…
(
D
e
bani
P
r
as
ad M
is
h
r
a
)
1333
known
th
a
t
th
e
r
e
is
s
ti
ll
m
or
e
c
a
pa
bl
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
ve
hi
c
le
s
uppl
y
e
qui
pm
e
nt
s
(
E
V
S
E
s
)
(
e
le
c
tr
ic
tr
uc
ks
)
w
it
h
a
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
ove
r
60
kW
,
th
e
y
us
e
l
e
s
s
but
a
l
s
o
ha
ve
in
c
r
e
a
s
i
ngl
y
pow
e
r
f
ul
ba
tt
e
r
ie
s
,
due
to
th
e
hi
gh
-
c
os
t
pr
obl
e
m
, e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y w
it
hout
e
le
c
tr
ic
c
a
r
s
, pr
ic
e
s
a
r
e
hi
ghe
r
a
t
pe
a
k t
im
e
s
[
4]
.
P
r
ovi
de
EV
pa
ym
e
nt
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
C
ont
r
ol
c
e
nt
e
r
m
oni
to
r
s
a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
a
ll
f
unc
ti
ons
of
E
V
C
S
.
T
w
o
di
r
e
c
ti
ona
l
D
C
/DC
c
onve
r
te
r
s
a
r
e
ne
e
de
d
to
m
a
na
ge
a
c
ti
ve
pow
e
r
[
5]
.
T
he
a
r
c
hi
te
c
tu
r
e
is
f
le
xi
bl
e
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
w
he
n
D
C
pow
e
r
i
s
u
s
e
d
to
c
ha
r
ge
E
V
s
.
D
C
/D
C
c
onve
r
te
r
s
w
it
h
jo
in
t
s
um
m
in
g
a
nd
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
ope
r
a
ti
on.
A
lt
hough
m
a
ny
E
V
S
E
s
now
ha
ve
s
e
pa
r
a
te
A
C
/DC
c
onve
r
te
r
s
in
de
pe
nde
nt
ly
c
onne
c
te
d
to
th
e
A
C
bus
,
th
e
pr
opos
e
d
a
r
c
hi
te
c
tu
r
e
a
ll
ow
s
E
V
S
E
to
ope
r
a
te
a
n
A
C
/DC
it
s
ho
w
s
th
a
t
you
c
a
n
s
ha
r
e
a
c
onve
r
te
r
.
D
C
bu
s
ba
r
,
m
a
ny
c
onn
e
c
te
d
D
C
/DC
c
onve
r
te
r
s
a
r
e
ne
e
de
d
to
c
h
a
r
ge
E
V
s
u
s
in
g
D
C
pow
e
r
.
I
n
s
um
m
a
r
y,
th
e
doc
um
e
nt
pr
ovi
de
s
de
ta
il
e
d
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
on
th
e
a
r
c
hi
te
c
tu
r
e
a
nd
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
th
e
E
V
C
S
s
ys
te
m
,
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
a
c
ybe
r
-
phys
ic
a
l
s
ys
te
m
a
r
c
hi
te
c
tu
r
e
w
it
h
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
to
ol
s
f
or
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
, c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on, a
nd pa
ym
e
nt
[
6]
.
E
V
C
S
ha
s
th
r
e
e
m
a
in
c
om
pone
nt
s
:
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
s
p
e
c
ts
,
r
is
k
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
,
a
nd
r
is
k
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
.
F
or
s
a
f
e
ty
r
e
a
s
ons
,
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
s
a
f
e
ty
s
a
ys
th
a
t
da
nge
r
ous
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
s
houl
d
not
be
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d
w
it
h
f
a
c
il
it
ie
s
.
T
hi
s
s
houl
d
b
e
ta
ke
n
in
to
c
on
s
id
e
r
a
ti
on,
e
s
p
e
c
ia
ll
y
in
publ
ic
,
a
s
it
c
a
n
be
da
nge
r
ous
.
C
om
pa
ni
e
s
m
us
t
pr
ot
e
c
t
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
f
r
om
th
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
om
in
g
f
r
om
th
e
c
ha
r
ge
r
dur
in
g
th
e
c
ha
r
gi
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
. T
hi
s
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
is
pr
ovi
de
d
in
la
ye
r
s
,
na
m
e
ly
ba
s
ic
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
a
nd
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
a
ga
in
s
t
e
r
r
or
s
[
7]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on
to
th
e
s
a
f
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
E
V
s
a
nd
E
V
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
e
qui
pm
e
nt
,
E
V
s
uppl
y
e
qui
pm
e
nt
,
I
E
C
a
ls
o
of
f
e
r
s
m
a
ny
ty
pe
s
of
E
V
c
ha
r
gi
ng. T
ype
3
a
nd
4
,
c
ha
r
gi
n
g
ty
p
e
3
is
th
e
n
a
m
e
of
th
e
A
C
c
ha
r
gi
ng
m
ode
.
L
a
r
ge
E
V
C
S
th
a
t
r
e
qui
r
e
D
C
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
p
e
e
d
a
r
e
r
e
c
om
m
e
nde
d
to
u
s
e
ty
pe
4
c
ha
r
gi
ng.
P
r
ot
e
c
ti
on
a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
ope
r
a
ti
on,
c
ha
r
gi
ng
m
ode
s
3
a
nd
4
pe
r
m
a
ne
nt
ly
e
s
ta
bl
is
he
d
c
ont
r
ol
a
nd
p
r
ot
e
c
ti
on
ope
r
a
ti
on.
T
he
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
body
m
us
t
m
oni
to
r
th
e
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
of
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
s
a
f
e
ty
f
or
E
V
S
E
pr
oduc
ts
[
8]
.
C
ont
in
uous
s
a
f
e
ty
i
s
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
e
va
lu
a
te
th
e
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
of
th
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
s
a
f
e
ty
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
o
f
E
V
S
E
pr
oduc
ts
.
F
unc
ti
ona
li
ty
of
s
e
c
ur
it
y
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
.
D
e
f
in
in
g
f
a
c
to
r
s
th
a
t
c
a
n
c
a
us
e
s
e
c
ur
it
y
f
a
il
ur
e
s
in
c
lu
de
a
gi
n
g
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
,
ot
he
r
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
,
a
nd
pot
e
nt
ia
l
ha
z
a
r
ds
s
uc
h
a
s
c
oppe
r
th
e
f
t
[
9]
.
L
e
t'
s
a
s
s
um
e
th
e
to
ta
l
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
E
V
C
S
is
1
M
W
a
nd
th
e
to
ta
l
c
ha
r
gi
ng
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
E
V
s
uppl
y
e
qui
pm
e
nt
is
20
kW
.
T
hi
s
s
e
c
ti
on
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
a
c
om
pa
r
is
on
of
E
V
C
S
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
w
it
h
r
is
k
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
.
M
e
nt
io
n
th
e
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
f
our
E
V
C
S
c
a
s
e
s
:
un
c
o
or
di
na
te
d
pa
ym
e
nt
a
nd
la
c
k
of
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on.
S
m
a
r
t
pa
ym
e
nt
us
in
g
publ
ic
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
ons
but
not
s
uppor
ti
ng
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y.
S
m
a
r
t
pa
ym
e
nt
a
nd ope
r
a
ti
on a
c
c
or
di
ng t
o
di
s
tr
ib
ut
e
d e
ne
r
gy r
e
s
our
c
e
s
(
D
E
R
)
. U
s
in
g s
e
pa
r
a
te
e
le
c
tr
oni
c
e
qui
pm
e
nt
a
dva
nc
e
d
m
e
te
r
in
g
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
(
A
M
I
)
a
nd
s
e
r
ve
r
s
to
s
e
nd
th
e
s
ig
na
l
[
10]
.
S
ym
bol
s
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
us
e
d
in
e
qua
ti
ons
.
A
la
r
ge
E
V
C
S
m
a
y
e
nc
ount
e
r
a
va
r
ie
ty
o
f
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
ha
z
a
r
ds
th
a
t
c
a
us
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
ha
z
a
r
ds
.
E
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
f
a
ll
in
to
th
e
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
c
a
te
gor
ie
s
E
V
us
e
r
s
s
uf
f
e
r
e
le
c
tr
ic
s
hoc
k
a
nd
w
or
ke
r
s
a
r
e
e
xpos
e
d
to
li
ght
ni
ng
f
la
s
h
a
nd
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
s
hoc
k
e
f
f
e
c
ts
.
E
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
f
r
om
a
n
E
V
c
a
n
c
a
u
s
e
p
e
r
s
ona
l
in
ju
r
ie
s
.
T
hi
ngs
to
r
e
m
e
m
be
r
,
th
e
pow
e
r
c
a
te
gor
y
of
th
e
c
ha
r
ge
r
(
s
uc
h
a
s
a
c
la
s
s
I
I
c
ha
r
ge
r
w
it
h
a
n
is
ol
a
ti
on
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
e
r
)
ha
s
a
la
r
ge
im
pa
c
t
on
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
e
le
c
tr
ic
s
hoc
k
dur
in
g
c
ha
r
gi
ng
[
11]
.
W
e
us
e
a
r
a
nge
of
r
is
k
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
m
e
th
od
s
t
o f
oc
us
on t
he
pot
e
nt
ia
l
ha
r
m
t
o t
he
he
a
lt
h
of
S
e
a
nd s
uc
h e
ve
nt
s
o
c
c
ur
r
in
g i
n E
V
C
S
.
A
s
s
how
n
in
T
a
bl
e
1,
w
e
c
ons
id
e
r
th
e
E
V
C
S
in
c
a
s
e
1
to
ha
v
e
S
e
(
i)
a
nd
P
o(
i)
va
lu
e
s
.
A
ll
c
a
s
e
s
in
th
e
s
tu
dy
ha
d
s
im
il
a
r
S
e
.
W
he
n
th
e
r
is
k
s
c
or
e
s
I
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
ha
z
a
r
d
s
um
s
to
138,
R
t
e
qua
ls
138.
T
he
pr
oba
bi
li
t
y
of
a
ha
z
a
r
dous
e
ve
nt
oc
c
ur
r
in
g
(
P
r
)
,
th
e
num
be
r
of
ti
m
e
s
of
e
xpos
ur
e
,
a
nd
th
e
pr
oba
bi
li
ty
of
pr
e
ve
nt
in
g
or
r
e
duc
in
g
he
a
lt
h
da
m
a
ge
(
A
v)
a
r
e
a
ll
-
e
nc
om
pa
s
s
in
g
out
c
om
e
s
.
W
he
n
c
om
pa
r
in
g
E
V
C
S
c
ons
um
e
r
s
a
nd
pr
oduc
e
r
s
,
F
r
a
nd
A
v
v
a
lu
e
s
a
r
e
a
ls
o
c
om
pa
r
e
d
in
e
a
c
h
c
a
s
e
.
I
n
E
V
C
S
,
P
r
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
it
h
th
e
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
in
ne
twor
k
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
[
12]
.
W
e
pr
e
di
c
t
th
a
t
th
e
P
r
va
lu
e
s
f
or
th
e
th
r
e
e
ha
z
a
r
d
gr
oups
w
il
l
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
to
2,
2,
a
nd
1
in
c
a
s
e
s
2 a
nd
3,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly
. T
o
e
xt
e
nd
th
e
ne
twor
k
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
,
th
e
E
V
C
S
in
c
a
s
e
4
w
il
l
r
e
duc
e
th
e
P
r
va
lu
e
t
o 1. F
ig
ur
e
1 s
how
s
t
he
c
ha
r
gi
ng c
om
pone
nt
s
f
or
a
n E
V
.
S
in
c
e
E
V
C
S
in
th
e
f
o
ur
t
e
s
t
s
s
ha
r
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
hy
s
i
c
a
l
l
a
y
e
r
,
c
a
s
e
1
E
V
C
S
h
a
s
a
l
ow
e
r
n
e
t
w
or
k
l
a
y
e
r
in
v
e
s
tm
e
nt
c
os
t
a
nd
“
l
ow
e
r
”
C
u.
I
n
c
a
s
e
s
2
a
n
d
3
,
th
e
C
u
v
a
lu
e
o
f
E
V
C
S
us
in
g
pu
bl
i
c
c
om
m
u
ni
c
a
t
io
n
i
s
“
M
e
di
u
m
”
[
13]
.
T
h
e
C
u
c
o
s
t
of
E
V
C
S
w
it
h
di
s
c
r
e
te
c
om
m
u
ni
c
a
t
io
n
s
i
s
"
e
xt
r
e
m
e
ly
hi
gh"
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
i
ng
th
e
a
dd
it
i
on
a
l
c
o
s
ts
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
it
h
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
i
n
c
a
s
e
1
,
E
V
C
S
w
il
l
no
t
b
e
a
b
le
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
ove
r
s
ub
s
c
r
ib
e
d
E
V
s
up
pl
y
e
qui
pm
e
nt
,
a
n
d
c
h
a
n
ge
s
to
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
on l
in
e
s
a
nd
ut
il
i
ti
e
s
w
il
l
b
e
r
e
qu
ir
e
d,
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
ng
ope
r
a
t
in
g
c
os
ts
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
or
e
,
t
he
C
u
va
lu
e
of
f
i
le
1
c
a
n
be
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d.
I
f
u
ti
li
ti
e
s
c
r
e
a
te
A
M
I
w
it
h
i
nd
e
p
e
n
de
nt
c
om
m
un
ic
a
t
io
n
s
to
u
pgr
a
d
e
n
e
w
n
e
t
w
or
k
s
,
th
e
be
ne
f
it
s
of
E
V
C
S
u
s
in
g
in
d
e
p
e
nd
e
nt
c
om
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
s
w
i
ll
b
e
di
m
i
ni
s
h
e
d
.
F
or
c
a
s
e
4
,
t
he
E
V
C
S
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
s
s
ys
te
m
w
i
ll
r
e
qu
ir
e
a
d
di
t
io
n
a
l
f
un
di
n
g,
but
th
e
ut
il
it
y pr
o
vi
d
e
r
w
il
l
p
r
e
f
e
r
i
t.
I
n
(
1)
, t
h
e
r
i
s
k s
c
or
e
i
s
a
pr
od
uc
t
of
th
e
o
c
c
ur
r
e
n
c
e
of
da
m
a
ge
a
nd s
e
v
e
r
i
ty
.
I
n
(
2)
,
th
e
t
o
ta
l
r
i
s
k
s
c
or
e
i
s
t
h
e
s
um
of
t
he
r
i
s
k
s
c
or
e
s
. I
n (
3
)
,
C
u
s
ho
w
s
th
e
c
ir
c
le
of
t
h
e
E
V
C
S
.
E
nl
a
r
gi
ng
E
V
s
on
th
e
r
oa
ds
e
ve
r
y
ye
a
r
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
to
ge
t
in
th
e
f
ut
ur
e
.
B
ut
th
is
a
ls
o
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
th
e
r
is
k
of
E
V
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
ta
ti
ons
be
c
om
in
g
da
nge
r
ous
.
T
he
de
m
a
nd
f
o
r
pow
e
r
s
ta
ti
ons
is
due
to
c
on
c
e
r
ns
a
bout
th
e
r
is
k
of
f
ir
e
a
nd
e
le
c
tr
ic
s
hoc
k.
E
le
c
tr
ic
s
ta
ti
ons
h
a
ve
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
e
c
ur
it
y
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
.
S
ta
ge
1
c
h
a
r
ge
s
onl
y
a
120
-
vol
t
A
C
out
le
t,
r
e
qui
r
e
s
no
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
e
qui
pm
e
nt
,
a
nd
ta
ke
s
ove
r
ni
ght
to
f
ul
ly
c
ha
r
ge
th
e
ve
hi
c
le
[
14]
.
L
e
ve
l
2
c
ha
r
gi
ng,
on
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
is
us
u
a
ll
y
a
va
il
a
bl
e
a
t
pu
bl
ic
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
ta
ti
ons
a
nd
r
e
qui
r
e
s
a
240
-
vol
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t.
I
t
ta
ke
s
a
bout
a
n
hou
r
f
o
r
th
e
c
a
r
to
f
ul
ly
c
ha
r
ge
.
D
C
f
a
s
t
c
ha
r
gi
ng:
c
ha
r
ge
t
he
ba
tt
e
r
y
to
80%
in
le
s
s
t
ha
n a
n hour
, but
r
e
qui
r
e
s
a
m
a
jo
r
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
c
onne
c
ti
on a
nd
s
pe
c
ia
li
z
e
d
e
qui
pm
e
nt
[
15]
.
=
×
(
1)
=
(
2)
=
(
+
)
÷
(
3)
F
ig
ur
e
1. T
he
w
or
ki
ng f
lo
w
c
ha
r
t
of
E
V
c
ha
r
gi
ng
2.
P
R
O
P
O
S
E
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
T
he
c
ha
r
g
in
g
c
a
pa
c
it
y
o
f
E
V
C
S
is
ha
r
d
ly
i
m
pa
c
te
d
by
E
V
us
e
r
s
.
W
e
w
ou
ld
li
k
e
to
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
a
t,
by
I
E
E
E
1
54
7
-
20
18
g
r
i
d s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
io
n,
E
V
C
S
i
s
t
he
D
E
R
of
t
he
g
r
id
i
n
c
a
s
e
s
3
a
n
d
4
[
1
6
]
.
E
V
C
S
f
unc
ti
ons
by
le
v
e
l
I
I
I
D
E
R
s
ta
nda
r
ds
u
nde
r
a
b
no
r
m
a
l
c
on
di
ti
ons
in
t
he
E
P
S
a
r
e
a
.
T
he
de
a
d
c
e
nt
e
r
f
r
e
que
nc
y
is
0.2
H
z
[
1
7]
.
A
s
s
u
m
e
d
to
ha
ve
t
hr
e
e
id
e
nt
ic
a
l
E
V
C
S
w
it
h
a
n
om
in
a
l
po
w
e
r
of
one
M
W
is
nod
e
63
5.
T
he
to
ta
l
c
a
pa
c
i
ty
o
f
E
V
C
S
is
a
bo
ut
3
M
W
.
F
u
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
a
t
th
e
63
5
M
W
n
ode
is
a
4
M
W
ph
ot
ovo
lt
a
ic
s
ys
te
m
f
e
a
tu
r
i
ng
a
m
a
x
im
um
po
w
e
r
p
oi
nt
de
te
c
ti
on
m
e
c
ha
n
i
s
m
a
nd
a
p
ow
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
o
f
1
[
1
8]
.
T
h
e
E
V
C
S
f
ie
ld
is
s
h
ow
n
a
s
D
E
R
i
n
M
A
T
L
A
B
/S
im
ul
a
ti
on
s
of
twa
r
e
,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
ls
o
us
e
d
f
o
r
e
le
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
ne
t
ic
tr
a
ns
ie
nt
(
E
M
T
)
s
i
m
ul
a
t
io
ns
.
2.
5×
10×
7
s
w
a
s
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
r
a
te
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
c
a
n
be
a
vo
id
e
d
by
m
a
in
ta
i
ni
ng
th
e
p
ow
e
r
f
o
r
a
n
e
xt
e
nde
d
pe
r
io
d.
T
he
E
V
C
S
i
n
c
a
s
e
3
is
vu
ln
e
r
a
b
le
to
m
a
l
f
un
c
t
io
ns
a
nd
c
o
m
m
un
ic
a
ti
o
n
f
a
i
lu
r
e
s
s
in
c
e
i
t
c
h
oos
e
s
t
he
c
on
t
r
o
l
a
nd
m
on
it
or
in
g
c
e
n
te
r
th
r
o
ugh
o
pe
n
c
o
m
m
un
ic
a
t
io
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
he
E
V
C
S
pr
e
di
c
ts
th
e
os
c
il
la
ti
on
e
ve
nt
ti
m
e
g
r
e
a
te
r
th
a
n
0.
2
s
e
c
o
nds
f
o
r
th
e
gr
id
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
pp
r
oa
c
he
s
t
he
59
.8
H
z
de
a
d
c
e
nt
e
r
[
21
]
.
I
n
s
it
ua
ti
o
ns
3
a
nd
4
,
th
e
de
gr
e
e
of
E
V
C
S
s
up
p
or
t
f
o
r
ot
he
r
m
o
de
ls
r
is
e
s
i
n
ta
n
de
m
w
it
h
th
e
num
be
r
of
E
V
C
S
[
2
2]
.
A
ls
o,
w
he
n
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
ou
r
c
e
s
l
ik
e
s
un
a
n
d
w
i
nd
a
r
e
pl
e
nt
if
ul
,
th
e
s
ys
te
m
pe
r
f
o
r
m
s
a
dm
ir
a
bl
y
[
2
3
]
.
T
he
pu
bl
ic
c
lo
ud
c
o
nt
r
o
ls
th
e
E
V
t
r
a
ns
m
is
s
io
n
in
c
a
s
e
3,
b
ut
t
hi
s
a
ls
o
a
f
f
e
c
ts
t
he
c
om
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
d
e
la
y
a
n
d
e
r
r
or
due
to
th
e
E
V
C
S
s
u
pp
or
t
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
[
24
]
.
T
h
e
r
is
ks
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d
w
i
th
s
e
xua
l
a
c
ti
vi
ty
.
S
in
c
e
E
V
C
S
g
ua
r
ds
t
he
ne
two
r
k
w
he
n
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
n
o
c
ybe
r
t
hr
e
a
ts
,
it
ha
s
a
n
"
a
ve
r
a
ge
"
S
r
va
lu
e
in
c
a
s
e
3
. T
he
E
V
C
S
f
o
r
c
a
s
e
4 ha
s
a
"
lo
w
"
S
r
va
l
ue
s
in
c
e
c
y
be
r
-
a
tt
a
c
ks
a
r
e
un
c
o
m
m
o
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
he
s
te
p
s
in
vol
ve
d
in
c
ha
r
gi
ng
a
n
e
le
c
tr
ic
c
a
r
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
th
e
E
V
c
ha
r
gi
ng
f
lo
w
c
ha
r
t
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1.
A
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on
a
nd
pl
ug
c
onne
c
ti
on
c
om
e
f
ir
s
t,
th
e
n
in
it
ia
li
z
a
ti
on
a
nd
c
h
a
r
gi
ng
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
on.
T
he
c
ha
r
gi
ng s
ta
ti
on moni
to
r
s
a
nd r
e
gul
a
te
s
vol
ta
ge
a
nd c
ur
r
e
nt
a
lo
ng w
it
h r
e
gul
a
ti
ng powe
r
f
lo
w
.
I
n
T
a
bl
e
1,
th
r
e
e
pr
im
a
r
y
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
a
r
e
us
e
d
to
e
va
lu
a
te
e
a
c
h
da
nge
r
c
a
te
gor
y:
th
e
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
r
is
k
s
c
or
e
,
pr
oba
bi
li
ty
(
li
ke
ly
)
,
a
nd
s
e
ve
r
it
y
(
e
f
f
e
c
t)
.
H
ig
he
r
nu
m
be
r
s
de
not
e
m
or
e
s
e
ve
r
e
im
pa
c
t
s
.
S
e
ve
r
it
y
e
va
lu
a
te
s
t
he
pot
e
nt
ia
l
r
e
s
ul
ts
or
l
e
ve
l
of
ha
r
m
a
ha
z
a
r
d c
oul
d pr
oduc
e
. H
ig
he
r
numbe
r
s
i
ndi
c
a
te
a
gr
e
a
te
r
r
is
k
of
th
e
ha
z
a
r
d
oc
c
ur
r
in
g.
P
r
oba
bi
li
ty
e
va
lu
a
te
s
th
e
li
ke
li
hood
of
th
e
ha
z
a
r
d
oc
c
ur
r
in
g.
N
e
xt
,
th
e
r
is
k
s
c
or
e
is
c
om
put
e
d
by
m
ul
ti
pl
yi
ng
th
e
pr
oba
bi
li
ty
by
th
e
s
e
ve
r
it
y,
yi
e
ld
in
g
a
num
e
r
ic
a
l
r
e
s
ul
t
th
a
t
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
s
th
e
to
ta
l
r
is
k c
onne
c
te
d t
o e
ve
r
y ha
z
a
r
d.
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har
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(
D
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a
)
1335
T
a
bl
e
1. R
i
s
k
s
c
or
e
H
a
z
a
r
d
c
a
t
e
gor
y
S
e
ve
r
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P
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bi
l
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3
6
5
30
I
f
a
lr
e
a
dy
ow
n
a
n
E
V
or
w
a
nt
to
buy
one
s
oon,
you
s
houl
d
be
a
w
a
r
e
of
th
e
va
r
io
us
pa
ym
e
nt
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
.
T
he
e
le
c
tr
ic
c
a
r
ha
s
m
a
d
e
gr
e
a
t
pr
ogr
e
s
s
in
r
e
c
e
nt
ye
a
r
s
.
T
he
us
e
of
e
le
c
tr
ic
bus
e
s
in
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
s
is
g
a
in
in
g
m
a
jo
r
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
due
to
th
e
ir
lo
w
r
e
le
a
s
e
a
nd
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
qua
li
ti
e
s
;
y
e
t,
th
e
is
s
ue
of
how
to
r
e
c
ha
r
ge
th
e
m
ove
r
e
xt
e
nde
d
pe
r
io
ds
of
c
o
nt
in
uous
ope
r
a
ti
on
r
e
m
a
in
s
una
ns
w
e
r
e
d
[
26]
.
T
he
U
S
E
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
P
r
ot
e
c
ti
on
A
ge
nc
y
r
e
por
ts
th
a
t
th
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
ve
r
a
ge
E
V
r
a
nge
is
234
m
il
e
s
[
27]
.
I
n
ot
he
r
w
or
ds
,
th
e
a
ve
r
a
ge
e
le
c
tr
ic
c
a
r
c
a
n
tr
a
ve
l
m
or
e
th
a
n
200
m
il
e
s
be
f
or
e
ne
e
di
ng
to
be
r
e
c
ha
r
ge
d.
H
ow
e
ve
r
, e
le
c
tr
ic
c
a
r
s
us
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ha
r
gi
ng s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
. T
h
e
c
h
a
r
gi
ng a
lg
or
it
hm
c
r
e
a
te
s
a
c
ha
r
gi
ng s
ys
te
m
f
or
E
V
s
[
28]
.
T
he
s
a
m
e
va
lu
e
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
vo
lt
a
ge
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
is
bot
h
th
e
m
os
t
c
om
m
onl
y
us
e
d
c
ha
r
gi
ng
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
f
or
E
V
s
.
F
ix
e
d
pa
ym
e
nt
s
,
a
s
th
e
na
m
e
s
ugge
s
ts
,
us
e
c
ons
ta
nt
c
ur
r
e
nt
[
29
]
.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
,
E
V
s
c
ont
in
ue
to
be
a
va
il
a
bl
e
. T
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
doe
s
not
c
ha
nge
w
he
n
th
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
c
a
r
i
s
c
ha
r
ge
d
[
30]
,
[
31]
.
T
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
c
ha
r
gi
ng
a
n
E
V
w
it
h a
s
t
e
a
dy
c
ur
r
e
nt
i
s
s
ho
w
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
2.
I
t
s
im
ul
a
te
s
how
th
e
c
ons
ta
nt
f
lo
w
of
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
c
ur
r
e
nt
oc
c
ur
s
dur
in
g
th
e
c
ha
r
gi
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
U
s
in
g
s
im
ul
a
ti
o
n,
s
c
ie
nt
is
ts
c
a
n
e
xa
m
in
e
how
th
e
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
ys
te
m
be
ha
v
e
s
a
nd
m
a
k
e
s
s
a
f
e
ty
a
nd e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
2.
T
he
s
im
ul
a
ti
on of
E
V
c
ha
r
gi
ng t
hr
ough c
ons
ta
nt
c
ur
r
e
nt
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
I
t
is
im
po
r
ta
nt
to
r
e
m
e
m
be
r
th
a
t
a
n
E
V
C
S
c
ons
is
ts
of
m
a
ny
pa
r
ts
.
T
he
s
e
it
e
m
s
in
c
lu
de
c
ha
r
ge
r
s
,
c
onne
c
to
r
s
, a
nd c
a
bl
e
s
.
T
he
onl
y t
hi
ng c
onne
c
ti
ng t
he
E
V
C
S
i
s
to
pow
e
r
t
he
c
a
bl
e
s
. T
he
r
e
f
or
e
, i
t
is
i
m
por
ta
nt
to
e
ns
ur
e
th
a
t
it
doe
s
not
g
e
t
da
m
a
g
e
d.
P
a
yi
ng
s
it
e
s
s
houl
d
ha
ve
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
one
or
two
li
nks
of
e
a
c
h
ty
pe
.
C
onne
c
to
r
s
a
r
e
im
por
ta
nt
a
s
th
e
y
a
r
e
us
e
d
to
c
onn
e
c
t
c
a
bl
e
s
a
nd
th
e
y
c
a
n
c
om
e
in
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ty
pe
s
to
e
ns
ur
e
e
ve
r
yone
c
a
n
us
e
th
e
m
.
T
he
s
a
f
e
ty
of
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
s
is
of
gr
e
a
t
i
m
por
ta
nc
e
a
nd
m
a
ny
pr
e
c
a
ut
io
ns
a
r
e
ta
ke
n
to
e
ns
ur
e
t
he
ir
s
a
f
e
ope
r
a
ti
on
[
32]
, [
33
]
. T
hi
s
s
e
c
ti
on c
ove
r
s
f
our
m
a
in
s
a
f
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ty
f
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a
tu
r
e
s
, i
nc
lu
di
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om
m
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a
ti
on
s
a
f
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ty
,
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
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pr
ot
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c
ti
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r
-
c
ur
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pr
ot
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ti
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a
nd
gr
ound
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on.
O
ve
r
-
c
ur
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nt
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
is
a
n
im
por
ta
nt
s
a
f
e
ty
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e
a
tu
r
e
de
s
ig
ne
d t
o c
he
c
k e
xt
r
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or
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r
f
lo
w
c
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e
nt
f
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s
i
nt
o
th
e
c
ir
c
ui
t.
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r
e
f
or
e
, da
m
a
ge
to
E
V
s
,
c
ha
r
gi
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s
ta
ti
ons
,
a
nd
e
le
c
tr
oni
c
e
qui
pm
e
nt
is
m
in
im
a
l
.
P
r
e
ve
nt
in
g
gr
ound
f
a
ul
t
is
th
e
m
a
in
e
le
m
e
nt
in
c
ont
r
ol
li
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c
ur
r
e
nt
le
a
ka
ge
to
th
e
gr
ound
dur
in
g
pa
ym
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nt
.
T
hi
s
is
ve
r
y
im
por
ta
nt
to
pr
e
ve
nt
e
le
c
tr
ic
s
hoc
k.
A
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
ta
ti
on'
s
gr
ound
f
a
ul
t
c
ir
c
ui
t
in
te
r
r
upt
e
r
(
G
F
C
I
)
c
a
n
im
m
e
di
a
te
ly
s
to
p
c
ha
r
gi
ng
if
a
le
a
k
is
de
te
c
te
d.
T
he
th
e
r
m
is
to
r
is
a
n
im
por
ta
nt
s
a
f
e
ty
m
e
a
s
ur
e
to
pr
e
ve
nt
your
de
vi
c
e
f
r
om
ove
r
he
a
ti
ng
w
hi
le
c
ha
r
gi
ng.
T
he
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
ta
ti
on
is
e
qui
ppe
d
w
it
h
s
e
n
s
or
s
th
a
t
m
oni
to
r
th
e
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
of
th
e
c
ha
r
gi
ng
c
a
bl
e
a
nd
ot
he
r
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
c
om
pone
nt
s
.
I
f
ha
z
a
r
dous
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
a
r
e
f
ound,
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
houl
d
be
s
to
ppe
d
or
s
lo
w
e
d
dow
n
to
r
e
duc
e
th
e
r
is
k
of
f
i
r
e
.
T
he
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
pr
ot
oc
ol
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
s
th
e
e
xc
ha
nge
of
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
E
V
s
a
nd
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
ta
ti
ons
.
T
hi
s
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
ll
ow
s
th
e
pa
ym
e
nt
c
e
nt
e
r
to
c
om
m
uni
c
a
te
w
it
h
th
e
ve
hi
c
le
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
s
y
s
te
m
to
m
a
na
g
e
th
e
pa
ym
e
nt
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
nd
m
a
ke
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
c
ha
ng
e
s
.
F
or
e
xa
m
pl
e
,
in
c
a
s
e
of
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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dv A
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14
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4
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D
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be
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20
25
:
1332
-
1339
1336
s
e
c
ur
it
y
pr
obl
e
m
,
th
e
pa
ym
e
nt
c
e
nt
e
r
m
a
y
f
r
e
e
z
e
or
s
to
p
th
e
pa
ym
e
nt
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
F
ir
s
t
a
nd
f
o
r
e
m
os
t,
m
a
ke
s
ur
e
th
e
to
ll
boot
hs
a
r
e
s
e
t
up
c
or
r
e
c
tl
y
to
ke
e
p
e
ve
r
yone
s
a
f
e
.
E
V
C
S
th
a
t
a
r
e
not
pr
ope
r
ly
in
s
ta
ll
e
d
or
m
a
in
ta
in
e
d
c
a
n put ot
he
r
s
a
t
r
is
k, s
o t
he
y m
u
s
t
be
de
s
ig
n
e
d a
nd ma
in
ta
in
e
d
c
or
r
e
c
tl
y.
F
ig
ur
e
3
di
s
pl
a
ys
th
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
or
out
put
of
th
e
s
im
ul
a
ti
on.
I
t
s
h
ow
s
va
r
io
us
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
r
e
la
te
d
to
th
e
c
ha
r
gi
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
th
e
ba
tt
e
r
y'
s
s
ta
te
of
c
ha
r
ge
ove
r
ti
m
e
,
th
e
vol
ta
ge
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
le
ve
ls
dur
in
g
c
ha
r
gi
ng,
or
a
ny
ot
he
r
r
e
le
va
nt
da
ta
.
I
n
F
ig
ur
e
s
4
a
nd
5
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
bot
h
gr
a
phs
one
is
c
ur
r
e
nt
vs
D
C
vol
ta
ge
a
nd
th
e
ot
he
r
one
is
vol
ta
ge
vs
c
ur
r
e
nt
in
w
hi
c
h
w
e
c
a
n
s
e
e
t
he
va
r
ia
ti
on
due
to
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
va
lu
e
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
4
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
th
e
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
be
twe
e
n
th
e
D
C
vol
ta
ge
a
nd
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
in
a
n
EV
.
A
s
th
e
vol
ta
ge
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
th
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
ypi
c
a
ll
y r
is
e
s
a
s
w
e
ll
, r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
in
g t
he
pow
e
r
be
in
g dr
a
w
n f
r
om
t
he
c
ha
r
gi
ng s
our
c
e
t
o c
ha
r
ge
t
he
E
V
ba
tt
e
r
y.
F
ig
ur
e
5
s
how
s
th
e
gr
a
ph
be
twe
e
n
vol
ta
g
e
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
,
a
nd
a
ls
o
s
p
e
c
if
ie
s
th
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
vol
ta
ge
w
it
h
a
n i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
i
n c
ur
r
e
nt
.
F
ig
ur
e
3. C
ha
nge
i
n L
i
-
I
on ba
tt
e
r
y, c
ur
r
e
nt
, a
nd volt
a
ge
F
ig
ur
e
4. G
r
a
ph be
twe
e
n D
C
vol
ta
ge
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
F
ig
ur
e
5. V
ol
ta
ge
vs
c
ur
r
e
nt
gr
a
ph
4.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
A
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
pl
a
n
c
ove
r
in
g
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
in
ve
s
tm
e
nt
,
s
a
f
e
ty
,
a
nd
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
is
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
in
te
gr
a
te
E
V
C
S
s
in
to
e
ne
r
gy
a
nd
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
s
.
I
t
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
to
e
ns
ur
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
s
a
f
e
ty
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
th
e
r
is
k
of
f
ir
e
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
in
publ
ic
a
r
e
a
s
.
T
hi
s
c
a
ll
s
f
or
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
l
a
w
s
a
nd
r
out
in
e
in
s
pe
c
ti
ons
.
S
ophi
s
ti
c
a
te
d
pa
ym
e
nt
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
a
nd
c
l
oud
-
ba
s
e
d
da
ta
m
oni
to
r
in
g
a
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
s
th
a
t
im
pr
ove
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y.
T
he
c
ha
r
gi
ng
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
E
V
C
S
va
r
ie
s
;
th
e
m
a
jo
r
it
y
r
a
nge
f
r
om
5
to
25
kW
,
a
lt
hough
s
om
e
c
a
n
r
e
a
c
h
up
to
60
kW
.
T
hi
s
m
e
a
ns
th
a
t
E
V
C
S
r
e
qui
r
e
a
s
ubs
ta
nt
ia
l
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
in
ve
s
tm
e
nt
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
f
or
h
e
a
vy
-
dut
y
c
a
r
s
.
T
o
id
e
nt
if
y
pos
s
ib
le
r
is
ks
a
nd
put
pr
e
ve
nt
a
ti
ve
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
in
pl
a
c
e
,
a
th
or
ough
r
is
k
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
a
nd
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
s
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l.
V
a
r
io
us
de
m
a
nds
a
r
e
m
e
t
by
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ha
r
ge
le
ve
l
s
(
le
ve
l
1,
le
ve
l
2,
a
nd
D
C
r
a
pi
d
c
ha
r
gi
ng)
,
e
a
c
h
w
it
h
it
s
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
a
nd c
ha
r
gi
ng dur
a
ti
ons
.
F
U
N
D
I
N
G
I
N
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h w
a
s
f
unde
d by th
e
W
oos
ong Unive
r
s
it
y A
c
a
de
m
i
c
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h F
undi
ng
–
2025.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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1337
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&
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di
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Vi
:
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z
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t
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on
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:
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pe
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:
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oj
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dm
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ni
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t
r
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i
on
Fu
:
Fu
ndi
ng a
c
qui
s
i
t
i
on
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O
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F
L
I
C
T
O
F
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N
T
E
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T
S
T
A
T
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M
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N
T
T
he
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ut
hor
s
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t
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te
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onf
li
c
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of
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nt
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L
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in
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ny s
tu
di
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s
w
it
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n pa
r
ti
c
ip
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nt
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or
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ni
m
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ls
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d by a
ny of
t
he
a
ut
hor
s
.
D
A
T
A
A
V
A
I
L
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
T
he
da
ta
s
e
ts
u
s
e
d
a
nd/
or
a
na
ly
z
e
d
dur
in
g
th
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
tu
dy
a
r
e
a
va
il
a
bl
e
f
r
om
th
e
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
a
ut
hor
on r
e
a
s
ona
bl
e
r
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que
s
t
s
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R
E
F
E
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N
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a
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c
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E
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hi
c
l
e
dyna
m
i
c
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
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r
gi
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m
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opt
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m
a
l
pl
a
c
e
m
e
nt
a
nd
ve
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c
l
e
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gr
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bi
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e
l
e
c
t
r
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c
ve
hi
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l
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m
e
r
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e
l
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r
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,
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ul
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t
i
on
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
hi
c
l
e
f
a
s
t
c
ha
r
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s
t
a
t
i
ons
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gh
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pe
e
d
r
a
i
l
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z
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l
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E
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t
r
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c
ve
hi
c
l
e
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
t
a
nda
r
ds
i
n
I
ndi
a
a
nd
s
a
f
e
t
y
c
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de
r
a
t
i
on,”
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I
E
E
E
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U
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t
ar
P
r
ade
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h
Se
c
t
i
on I
nt
e
r
nat
i
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C
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e
r
e
n
c
e
on E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
, E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
s
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W
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Q
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X
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M
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X
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H
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M
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“
R
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s
e
a
r
c
h
on
c
om
pr
e
he
n
s
i
ve
e
va
l
ua
t
i
on
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
hi
c
l
e
c
ha
r
gi
ng
f
a
i
l
ur
e
s
,”
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n
2021 I
E
E
E
6t
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nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
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e
r
e
nc
e
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e
l
l
i
ge
nt
C
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m
put
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r
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e
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t
r
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c
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
s
c
e
na
r
i
o
a
nd
i
t
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
i
nf
r
a
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
i
n
I
nd
i
a
,”
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I
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E
E
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P
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r
I
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I
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r
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r
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nc
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e
m
f
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l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
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c
l
e
s
,”
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E
E
E
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Se
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t
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l
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t
r
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c
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hi
c
l
e
c
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s
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r
c
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e
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s
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r
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e
r
c
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E
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r
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c
l
e
c
ha
r
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i
nf
r
a
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
:
f
r
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g
r
i
d
t
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t
t
e
r
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E
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E
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e
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e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
hi
c
l
e
c
ha
r
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r
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c
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c
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e
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a
s
t
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r
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19
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h
I
nt
e
r
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P
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r
E
l
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D
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Sy
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T
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C
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C
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r
e
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E
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r
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R
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e
l
e
c
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r
i
c
ve
hi
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l
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c
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r
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t
h
c
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r
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nt
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ul
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onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
o
n
Sm
ar
t
G
r
i
d
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
,
Sm
a
r
t
G
r
i
dC
o
m
m
2013
, O
c
t
. 2013, pp. 540
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F
r
e
s
c
hi
,
M
.
M
i
t
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a
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.
T
om
m
a
s
i
ni
,
“
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
a
f
e
t
y
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
,”
i
n
2017
I
E
E
E
/
I
A
S
53r
d
I
ndus
t
r
i
al
and
C
om
m
e
r
c
i
al
P
ow
e
r
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
T
e
c
hni
c
al
C
onf
e
r
e
n
c
e
, I
and C
P
S 2017
, M
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y 2017,
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I
C
P
S
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.
W
a
ng,
P
.
D
e
hgh
a
n
i
a
n
,
S
.
W
a
ng
,
a
nd
M
.
M
i
t
o
l
o,
“
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
a
f
e
t
y
c
o
ns
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de
r
a
t
i
ons
i
n l
a
r
ge
-
s
c
a
l
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
hi
c
l
e
c
ha
r
g
i
ng
s
t
a
t
i
ons
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
a
c
t
i
ons
o
n
I
n
dus
t
r
y
A
p
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
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5,
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,
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6
603
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6
612
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N
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A
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P
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z
i
s
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M
.
T
a
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ddo
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J
.
B
a
bl
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“
S
a
f
e
t
y
c
ons
i
de
r
a
t
i
ons
o
f
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
g
e
r
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
-
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
pa
pe
r
,”
i
n
201
2
I
E
E
E
Sy
m
pos
i
u
m
o
n
P
r
o
duc
t
C
om
p
l
i
anc
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E
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gi
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r
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I
S
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E
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e
t
y
c
ons
i
de
r
a
t
i
ons
f
or
E
V
c
ha
r
gi
ng
i
n
I
ndi
a
:
ove
r
vi
e
w
of
gl
oba
l
a
nd
I
ndi
a
n
r
e
gul
a
t
or
y
l
a
nds
c
a
pe
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
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c
a
l
s
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e
t
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E
E
E
T
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por
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at
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on
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
f
i
c
at
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f
e
t
y
c
onc
e
pt
f
or
a
n
a
ut
om
ot
i
ve
l
i
t
hi
um
-
ba
s
e
d
ba
t
t
e
r
y
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
s
ys
t
e
m
,”
i
n
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E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
V
e
hi
c
l
e
s
I
nt
e
r
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C
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e
r
e
nc
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E
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t
ge
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s
t
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e
t
t
,
“
I
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ovi
ng
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
t
e
s
t
i
ng
f
o
r
E
V
ba
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
,”
i
n
2013
W
or
l
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
V
e
hi
c
l
e
Sy
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pos
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x
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i
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S 2014
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R
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s
e
a
r
c
h
on
t
h
e
c
r
a
s
h
t
e
s
t
’
s
s
a
f
e
t
y
i
n
N
C
A
P
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
ve
h
i
c
l
e
,”
i
n
9
t
h
I
nt
e
r
na
t
i
o
na
l
C
o
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
o
n
M
e
as
ur
i
ng
T
e
c
hn
ol
o
gy
an
d
M
e
c
ha
t
r
on
i
c
s
A
ut
o
m
a
t
i
on,
I
C
M
T
M
A
2
01
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,
J
a
n.
20
17
,
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10
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i
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0.1
10
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I
C
M
T
M
A
.
20
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S
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R
.
S
a
l
kut
i
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“
A
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n
c
e
d
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
f
or
e
ne
r
gy
s
t
or
a
ge
a
nd
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
,”
E
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gi
e
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S
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d
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L
i
u
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R
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s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
o
g
r
e
s
s
on
c
o
l
l
i
s
i
on
s
a
f
e
t
y
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
”
i
n
3r
d I
n
t
e
r
na
t
i
o
n
al
C
o
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
M
e
as
ur
i
ng
T
e
c
h
no
l
og
y
an
d
M
e
c
h
at
r
o
ni
c
s
A
u
t
o
m
at
i
on
,
I
C
M
T
M
A
20
11
,
J
a
n.
2
0
11
,
v
ol
.
3
,
p
p.
15
3
–
1
5
6,
d
o
i
:
10
.1
1
09
/
I
C
M
T
M
A
.2
01
1
.6
10
.
[
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Z
.
H
a
n,
S
.
L
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u,
S
.
G
a
o,
a
nd
Z
.
B
o,
“
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
on
s
c
he
m
e
f
or
C
hi
na
hi
gh
-
s
pe
e
d
r
a
i
l
w
a
y,”
i
n
I
E
T
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
P
ubl
i
c
at
i
ons
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X
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W
a
ng
,
C
.
Y
ue
n,
N
.
U
.
H
a
s
s
a
n
,
N
.
A
n,
a
nd
W
.
W
u
,
“
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
hi
c
l
e
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
pl
a
c
e
m
e
nt
f
o
r
u
r
ba
n
pub
l
i
c
bus
s
ys
t
e
m
s
,
”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
a
c
t
i
ons
o
n
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
n
t
T
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
on
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
ol
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1
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no
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,
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1
28
–
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,
J
a
n.
20
17,
d
oi
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0.
110
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T
I
T
S
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016
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563
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[
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I
.
F
r
a
de
,
A
.
R
i
be
i
r
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G
.
G
onç
a
l
ve
s
,
a
nd
A
.
P
.
A
nt
une
s
,
“
O
pt
i
m
a
l
l
oc
a
t
i
on
of
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
t
a
t
i
on
s
f
or
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
i
n
a
ne
i
ghbor
hood
i
n
L
i
s
bon,
P
or
t
uga
l
,”
T
r
ans
po
r
t
at
i
on
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
R
e
c
o
r
d:
J
our
nal
of
t
he
T
r
ans
por
t
at
i
on
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
B
oar
d
,
vol
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2252
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98, J
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n. 2011, doi
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2252
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C
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R
oe
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E
.
F
a
r
a
nt
a
t
os
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J
.
M
e
i
s
e
l
,
A
.
P
.
M
e
l
i
opoul
os
,
a
nd
T
.
O
ve
r
bye
,
“
P
ow
e
r
s
ys
t
e
m
l
e
ve
l
i
m
pa
c
t
s
of
P
H
E
V
s
,”
i
n
2009
42nd
H
aw
ai
i
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on Sy
s
t
e
m
S
c
i
e
nc
e
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J
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A
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P
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F
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J
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s
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a
nd
P
.
M
.
R
.
A
l
m
e
i
da
,
“
I
de
nt
i
f
yi
ng
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
pr
oc
e
dur
e
s
t
o
de
a
l
w
i
t
h
c
onne
c
t
i
on
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
V
e
hi
c
l
e
s
i
n t
he
gr
i
d,”
i
n
2009 I
E
E
E
B
uc
har
e
s
t
P
ow
e
r
T
e
c
h
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[
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E
.
S
.
R
i
ga
s
,
S
.
D
.
R
a
m
c
hur
n,
a
nd
N
.
B
a
s
s
i
l
i
a
d
e
s
,
“
M
a
na
gi
ng
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
i
n
t
he
s
m
a
r
t
gr
i
d
us
i
ng
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
:
a
s
ur
ve
y,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
T
r
an
s
por
t
at
i
on
Sy
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t
e
m
s
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T
S
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B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Debani Prasad
Mishra
received a B.Tech.
in electrical
engineering fro
m the Bi
ju
Patnaik
Univer
sity
of
Techn
ology,
Odisha
,
India,
in
2006
and
the
M.
Tech
.
in
power
systems
from
IIT,
Delhi,
India
in
2010.
He
was
awarded
the
Ph.D.
degree
in
p
ower
systems
from
Veer
Surend
ra
Sai
Univer
sity
of
Techn
ology,
Odisha
,
India,
in
2019.
He
is
curre
ntly
servin
g
as
Assistant
Professor
in
the
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering
,
I
nternational
Institute
of
Information
Technology
Bhubaneswar,
Odisha.
His
research
interests
include
soft
Computi
ng
techniques
application
in
power
systems,
signal
processing
and
po
wer
quality.
He
can
b
e
contacted
at email
: debani
@
iiit
-
bh.ac.in
.
Rudranarayan
Senapati
received
the
B.Tech.
in
electrical
engine
ering
from
the
Utkal
University,
Odisha,
India,
in
2001
and
the
M.Tech
.
in
Communication
System
Engineering
in
2008
from
KIIT
University,
Odisha.
He
has
been
aw
arded
a
Ph.D.
degree
in
Electrical
Engineering
from
KIIT
deemed
to
be
University,
Patia
Bhu
baneswar,
Odisha,
India,
in
2018.
He
is
currently
serving
as
Assistant
Professor
in
the
School
o
f
Electrical
Engineering
,
KIIT,
deemed
to
be
University,
Patia,
Bhubaneswar,
Odisha.
His
re
search
interests
include
Solar
forecasting,
Blockchain
technology,
Renewable
Integration
to
p
ower
systems
and
power
quality. He can be contacte
d at email:
rsenapatifel@
kiit.ac.i
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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nt
J
A
dv A
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dv
anc
e
m
e
nt
s
i
n e
le
c
t
r
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v
e
hi
c
le
s
af
e
ty
and
c
har
gi
ng i
nf
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
…
(
D
e
bani
P
r
as
ad M
is
h
r
a
)
1339
Nisha
Kedia
is
an
undergraduate
at
IIIT
Bhubaneswar
studying
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engineering,
and
is
deeply
passionate
about
the
converg
ence
of
technology
and
electrical
systems
.
Driven
by
her
curiosit
y,
she
excels
in
her
course
work
and
actively
seeks
opportunities
to
apply
her
knowledge
in
practic
al
settings.
S
he
can
be
contacted
at
email:
b321054@
iiit
-
bh.ac.in
.
Sanchita
Sahay
is
an
undergraduate
student
pursuing
a
degree
in
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engineering
at
the
International
Institute
of
In
formation
Technology
Bhubanes
war.
She
is
passiona
te
about
the
interse
ction
of
technolo
gy
and
electr
ical
systems,
and
eager
to
explore
innovative
solutions
in
her
field
of
study.
She
ca
n
be
contacted
at
email:
b321067@
iiit
-
bh.ac.in
.
Raj
Alpha
Swain
is
a
dedicated
student
currently
enrolled
in
the
B.
Tech
program for Electrica
l and Electronics Engineering at
the International
Institute of Information
Technology,
Bhubaneswar,
Odisha,
India.
He
belongs
to
the
b
atch
of
2021
-
2025.
Demonstrating
an
exceptional
passion
for
research,
Raj
has
activel
y
engaged
in
extensive
studies
within
the
realm
of
Web
Technology.
His
academic
pursuits
reflect
a
keen
interest
in
the
dynamic
and
evolving
field
of
Web
Technology,
showcasing
a
c
ommitment
to
staying
at
the
forefront
of
technological
advancements.
He
can
be
contacted
at
email:
rajalphaswain7
86@
gmail.com
.
Surender
Reddy
Salkuti
received
a
Ph.D.
degree
in
electrical
en
gineering
from
the
Indian
Institute
of
Technology,
New
Delhi,
India,
in
2013.
He
was
a
postdoctoral
researcher
at
Howard
University,
Washington,
DC,
USA,
from
2013
to
2014.
He
is
currentl
y
an
Associate
Professor
at
the
Dep
artment
of
Railroad
and
Electrical
Engineering,
Woosong
University,
Daejeon,
South
Korea.
His
current
research
interests
i
nclude
market
clearing,
including
renewa
ble
energy
sources,
demand
response,
and
smart
grid
developmen
t
with
integration
of
wind
and
solar
photovoltaic
energy
sources.
He
can
be
conta
cted
at
email
:
surender@wsu.ac.kr
.
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