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20
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1
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I
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I
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t J Ad
v
Ap
p
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,
Vo
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14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
985
-
9
9
8
986
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m
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o
f
o
f
s
tak
e
(
Po
S)
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Sm
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
.
C
u
s
to
m
izab
le
s
cr
ip
ts
a
r
e
s
av
ed
wi
th
in
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
.
Simp
lify
task
s
b
y
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
s
et
ac
tio
n
s
u
p
o
n
m
ee
tin
g
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
ese
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
s
ea
m
less
ly
f
it
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
g
r
i
d
s
,
wh
er
e
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
au
to
m
ate
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
a
r
e
cr
u
cial.
W
h
ile
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
is
t
o
b
o
o
s
t
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
in
c
r
ea
s
e
g
r
id
r
el
iab
ilit
y
,
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ased
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
r
ath
er
th
a
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
,
a
cc
o
m
p
lis
h
in
g
th
o
s
e
o
b
jectiv
es,
h
o
wev
er
,
i
n
itially
,
in
clu
d
e
s
m
an
ag
in
g
s
ec
u
r
e
d
a
ta
;
m
ea
n
wh
ile
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
an
d
d
ec
en
tr
ali
ze
d
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
e
also
m
ajo
r
is
s
u
es.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
u
ld
ju
s
t
as
lik
ely
b
e
s
ee
n
as
th
e
s
av
io
r
th
at
s
o
lv
es
th
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
estab
lis
h
es
a
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
s
o
as
to
en
ab
le
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
(
P2
P)
e
n
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
Ho
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
s
u
r
p
l
u
s
en
er
g
y
ca
n
c
h
ec
k
th
eir
p
o
wer
o
v
er
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
an
d
s
ell
it to
a
n
eig
h
b
o
r
i
n
g
f
a
m
ily
with
o
u
t a
n
y
in
ter
m
ed
ia
r
ies.
T
h
e
m
o
d
er
n
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
is
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
g
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
s
m
ar
ter
,
m
o
r
e
d
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
,
k
n
o
wn
as
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
y
s
tem
s
aim
to
ad
d
r
ess
cr
i
tical
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
in
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
g
r
o
win
g
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
ea
ts
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
g
r
id
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
es
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
ad
eq
u
a
te
d
u
e
to
th
eir
r
elian
ce
o
n
ce
n
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
lim
ited
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
to
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
lim
itat
io
n
s
b
ec
o
m
e
e
v
en
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
with
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
m
itt
en
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
e
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
(
DE
R
s
)
.
T
o
m
ee
t
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
h
av
e
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
t
h
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
eter
in
g
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
(
AM
I
)
,
a
n
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
m
aj
o
r
c
o
n
ce
r
n
r
em
ain
s
:
s
ec
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
teg
r
ity
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
a
ctio
n
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
in
a
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
,
t
am
p
er
-
p
r
o
o
f
d
i
g
ital
led
g
er
,
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
.
I
ts
ab
ilit
y
t
o
r
ec
o
r
d
im
m
u
tab
le
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
elim
in
ate
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
i
n
ter
m
ed
iar
ies,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
m
a
k
e
s
it
an
id
ea
l
ca
n
d
id
ate
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
E
x
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
]
–
[
5
]
h
av
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
'
s
u
tili
ty
in
en
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
,
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
an
d
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
cu
r
r
en
t
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
lack
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
,
o
r
f
u
ll
au
to
m
atio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
an
d
ar
e
n
o
t
well
in
teg
r
ated
with
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
lik
e
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
.
I
f
a
f
am
ily
th
at
is
o
u
t
o
f
g
as
r
u
n
s
a
p
o
wer
lin
e
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ev
er
al
m
iles
o
f
f
ield
s
,
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
if
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
s
u
r
p
lu
s
e
n
er
g
y
r
ea
d
ily
co
n
v
er
t
it
to
ca
s
h
with
o
u
t r
etu
r
n
in
g
s
u
r
p
lu
s
p
o
wer
to
th
e
g
r
id
,
we
will
m
ee
t
ev
en
m
o
r
e
g
o
als
in
ter
m
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
a
n
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
e
n
tire
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
will
b
e
o
p
en
o
n
th
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
,
an
d
i
n
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
th
at
u
s
e
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
c
u
r
r
en
c
y
e
n
ab
le
au
to
m
ati
c
p
ay
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
at
eith
er
en
d
o
f
a
p
u
r
ch
ase.
T
h
is
d
ec
en
t
r
alize
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
cu
ts
o
u
t
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
o
n
ce
n
tr
al
au
th
o
r
ities
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
co
s
ts
in
cr
e
d
ib
ly
,
is
th
at
s
ettlem
en
ts
ar
e
c
h
ea
p
o
r
ev
e
n
f
r
ee
.
W
h
y
d
o
es
a
d
e
v
elo
p
e
r
ch
o
o
s
e
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
cr
y
p
to
cu
r
r
en
cy
?
I
t’
s
a
ll
to
d
o
with
th
e
tech
n
ical
s
p
e
cif
icatio
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
d
ata
co
llected
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
b
y
I
o
T
d
ev
ices a
n
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
a
ch
ief
co
n
c
er
n
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
’
s
cr
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
ic
tech
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
r
en
d
e
r
s
en
s
itiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
er
e
im
m
u
n
e
t
o
u
n
au
t
h
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
tam
p
er
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
it
io
n
,
its
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
n
atu
r
e
is
f
ar
less
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
f
ailu
r
e
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
-
o
n
e
m
an
o
u
tag
e
t
h
an
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
h
av
e
a
s
in
g
le
p
i
v
o
tal
p
o
i
n
t
I
t
ca
n
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
s
m
o
o
th
co
u
p
lin
g
o
f
clea
n
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
as
s
u
p
p
ly
u
n
its
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
an
d
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
ac
tu
al
g
en
er
ati
o
n
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
Fro
m
a
tech
n
ical
v
iewp
o
in
t,
b
lo
ck
c
h
ai
n
i
s
ab
le
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
o
r
ig
in
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
d
eliv
e
r
ed
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
h
o
m
es,
allo
win
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
to
b
e
ass
u
r
ed
th
at
t
h
ey
ar
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
all
o
r
p
ar
t
g
r
ee
n
p
o
wer
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
an
d
u
s
er
s
,
it
th
er
ef
o
r
e
p
la
y
s
a
r
o
le
in
cr
ea
tin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
cr
ed
its
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
c
o
n
tr
a
cts
m
ak
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
to
in
ce
n
tiv
ize
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
class
es
o
f
g
r
ee
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
E
n
er
g
y
f
lo
w
s
to
m
ee
t
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
e
n
er
g
y
wastag
e,
im
p
r
o
v
es
g
r
id
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
lo
wer
s
o
p
er
ati
o
n
al
co
s
ts
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
will
em
p
h
asi
z
e
th
e
s
ta
tem
en
t
as
t
h
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
lack
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
,
p
o
o
r
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
i
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t
au
to
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
alle
n
g
es
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
in
ter
m
itten
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
leg
ac
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
s
ec
u
r
e,
s
ca
la
b
le,
an
d
au
to
m
ate
d
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
e
r
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
r
ev
iews
r
elate
d
liter
atu
r
e.
Sectio
n
3
d
etails
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
esen
ts
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
al
y
s
is
.
Sectio
n
5
d
is
cu
s
s
es
im
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
,
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
6
c
o
n
clu
d
es
with
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Op
timiz
in
g
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
w
ith
b
lo
ck
ch
a
in
-
d
r
iven
a
u
to
m
a
tio
n
a
n
d
d
em
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(B
.
Jy
o
t
h
i
)
987
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
SU
RVE
Y
Sm
ar
t
g
r
id
s
ar
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
e
n
er
g
y
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
g
en
er
ati
o
n
to
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
ey
in
teg
r
ate
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
I
o
T
d
ev
ices,
an
d
au
to
m
atio
n
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
p
o
in
ts
ar
e
th
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
g
r
id
s
to
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
,
an
d
th
e
b
e
n
e
f
its
ar
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
f
au
lt
d
etec
t
io
n
,
an
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
I
ts
ch
alle
n
g
es
ar
e
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
is
k
s
,
h
ig
h
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
,
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
is
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
led
g
er
th
at
en
s
u
r
es
s
ec
u
r
e,
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t,
a
n
d
tam
p
er
-
p
r
o
o
f
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
o
f
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
[
1
]
.
I
t
is
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
,
wh
ich
elim
in
ates
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
ter
m
ed
iar
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
an
d
illu
s
tr
ates c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
lin
es,
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
l
in
es
,
an
d
I
o
T
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
s
T
y
p
es
o
f
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
.
R
o
le
o
f
s
m
ar
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
t
s
in
au
to
m
atin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
en
ab
les
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
allo
win
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
t
o
tr
ad
e
en
er
g
y
d
ir
ec
tly
[
2
]
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
is
also
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
ce
r
tific
atio
n
an
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
.
Me
s
s
ag
es
ca
n
b
e
au
to
m
atic,
th
er
e
b
y
allo
win
g
b
o
th
tr
ad
in
g
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ea
s
ily
b
y
p
eo
p
le.
B
a
ck
g
r
o
u
n
d
I
I
:
r
e
ce
n
t
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
te
d
l
ed
g
e
r
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
D
L
T
)
ca
n
f
o
ll
o
w
u
p
a
n
d
ce
r
t
if
y
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
r
e
n
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
.
N
e
w
s
e
r
v
i
ce
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ar
e
s
ta
r
ti
n
g
i
n
t
o
wh
at
u
s
ed
t
o
b
e
t
h
e
u
tili
ty
c
o
m
p
an
y
’
s
b
u
s
in
ess
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
ar
e
lik
el
y
t
o
b
e
d
i
g
it
al
tec
h
co
m
p
a
n
ies
li
k
e
K
r
o
o
u
p
d
l
ed
g
er
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
P
o
w
er
L
e
d
g
e
r
o
r
L
O
3
e
n
er
g
y
.
I
t
is
li
k
e
g
i
v
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
s
ec
u
r
e
a
n
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
u
p
g
r
ad
e.
I
t
h
el
p
s
ta
ck
le
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
li
k
e
i
n
e
f
f
ic
i
en
cy
,
la
ck
o
f
d
a
ta
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
a
n
d
t
o
o
m
u
c
h
r
e
lia
n
c
e
o
n
ce
n
t
r
a
liz
e
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
[
5
]
.
B
lo
c
k
ch
ai
n
p
la
y
s
a
b
ig
r
o
le
b
y
d
e
ce
n
t
r
al
izi
n
g
g
r
i
d
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
lo
c
k
c
h
ai
n
-
b
ase
d
en
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
m
e
an
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
,
a
n
d
u
s
ag
e
ca
n
b
e
m
an
a
g
e
d
i
n
a
m
o
r
e
f
l
ex
ib
le
a
n
d
b
ala
n
ce
d
wa
y
w
ith
o
u
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
o
n
e
ce
n
t
r
a
l
au
th
o
r
it
y
[
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
ck
c
h
ain
-
b
ased
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t sy
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
985
-
9
9
8
988
I
t
also
en
s
u
r
es
s
ec
u
r
e
h
an
d
lin
g
o
f
d
ata
an
d
m
ak
es
tr
an
s
ac
ti
o
n
s
m
o
r
e
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t.
E
v
er
y
o
n
e
in
v
o
l
v
ed
ca
n
tr
u
s
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
ec
au
s
e
ev
er
y
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
is
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
in
a
way
th
at
ca
n
’
t
b
e
tam
p
e
r
ed
with
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
t
o
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
s
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
in
ter
m
itten
t
an
d
v
ar
iab
le
n
atu
r
e
[
8
]
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
es
th
i
s
b
y
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
tr
u
s
t
in
g
r
e
en
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
[
9
]
.
I
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
is
s
u
an
ce
a
n
d
tr
a
d
in
g
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
cr
e
d
its
,
in
ce
n
tiv
izin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
clea
n
en
er
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
Sev
er
al
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
p
r
o
jects,
s
u
ch
as
Po
w
er
L
ed
g
e
r
an
d
L
O3
E
n
er
g
y
,
h
av
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
a
n
d
ce
r
tific
atio
n
,
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
[
1
0
]
.
Sm
ar
t
g
r
id
s
f
ac
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
is
k
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
r
elian
ce
o
n
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
e
v
ices
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
t
h
r
ea
ts
lik
e
d
ata
b
r
ea
ch
es,
h
ac
k
in
g
,
an
d
d
en
ial
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
att
ac
k
s
[
1
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
ll
u
s
tr
atio
n
b
lo
c
k
d
ia
g
r
am
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
tam
p
e
r
-
p
r
o
o
f
an
d
d
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
b
y
d
ec
e
n
tr
alizin
g
co
n
tr
o
l
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
m
in
im
i
ze
s
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
ies,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
m
o
r
e
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
r
eliab
le
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
[
1
2
]
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
’
s
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
is
a
h
ea
d
ac
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
.
I
n
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
p
r
o
jects,
th
is
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
h
ig
h
-
v
o
lu
m
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
lim
ited
s
p
ee
d
o
f
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
th
e
ev
en
tu
al
co
s
t
,
wh
ich
is
h
ar
d
t
o
b
ea
r
.
“We
h
av
e
to
tac
k
le
th
ese
is
s
u
es,”
He
W
ei
in
s
is
ted
.
Hea
d
ed
an
ti
-
d
u
m
p
in
g
ca
ttle
d
r
af
t
-
“He
wh
o
b
eliev
es
in
n
o
b
o
d
y
is
n
’
t
r
ea
lly
liv
in
g
.
”
T
u
r
n
in
g
t
o
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
l
ik
e
eig
h
t
-
f
o
o
t
wate
r
m
elo
n
s
,
em
er
g
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
s
u
ch
as
s
h
ar
d
in
g
,
L
ay
er
-
2
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
h
elp
to
d
is
s
o
lv
e
b
a
b
y
teeth
in
g
tr
o
u
b
les
in
to
a
y
u
m
m
y
d
r
in
k
!
T
a
k
e
th
e
r
ec
e
n
t
b
u
z
z
ab
o
u
t
Po
S
s
tak
in
g
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
o
f
th
eir
wo
r
k
a
n
d
t
h
eir
k
e
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
lis
ted
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
an
d
th
e
s
am
e
is
ex
p
lain
ed
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
tak
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
Po
W
ar
e
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
en
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
an
d
s
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lab
le
th
an
th
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ter
p
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r
t
u
s
ed
in
m
in
in
g
,
ad
d
in
g
elec
tr
icity
co
s
ts
to
f
u
r
th
er
co
m
m
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n
icatio
n
o
n
ce
d
o
o
m
was
u
p
o
n
n
ea
r
o
r
t
h
is
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
en
s
u
r
es
b
lo
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c
h
ain
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
C
p
p
C
o
d
e
Gen
o
u
tp
u
t
.
Re
g
u
lato
r
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
e
asib
ilit
y
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
b
l
o
ck
ch
ai
n
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
[
1
5
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
m
u
s
t
ad
d
r
ess
ch
allen
g
es
lik
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
s
tan
d
a
r
d
izatio
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
af
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
1
6
]
.
An
aly
zin
g
th
e
co
s
ts
an
d
b
en
ef
its
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
its
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
in
ce
n
tiv
es
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
a
n
d
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
ca
n
ac
ce
ler
ate
a
d
o
p
tio
n
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
e
r
g
y
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
,
s
ec
u
r
e,
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
SS
)
[
1
8
]
.
I
t
en
ab
les
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
P2
P
en
er
g
y
s
h
ar
in
g
,
an
d
a
u
to
m
ate
d
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
en
s
u
r
es
s
u
r
p
lu
s
e
n
er
g
y
is
ef
f
icien
tly
s
to
r
ed
a
n
d
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
p
er
a
tio
n
a
l
co
s
ts
,
en
h
an
ce
s
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
ca
lab
ilit
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wh
ile
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
9
]
.
I
t is also
v
ital f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
to
r
ag
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s
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s
tem
s
an
d
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
g
r
id
(
V
2
G)
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
’
s
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
Po
W
s
y
s
tem
s
,
h
as
r
aised
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
ce
r
n
s
d
u
e
to
its
h
ig
h
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
E
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
lik
e
Po
S
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Op
timiz
in
g
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
w
ith
b
lo
ck
ch
a
in
-
d
r
iven
a
u
to
m
a
tio
n
a
n
d
d
em
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(B
.
Jy
o
t
h
i
)
989
d
eleg
ated
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
s
tak
e
(
DPo
S)
o
f
f
e
r
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
alter
n
ativ
es,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
ese
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
alig
n
b
l
o
c
k
ch
ain
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
with
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
g
o
als
b
y
m
in
im
izin
g
i
ts
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
-
p
o
wer
ed
n
o
d
es
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
ar
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
m
itig
ate
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
’
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
t
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
its
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
is
d
r
iv
en
b
y
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
s
lik
e
q
u
an
tu
m
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
m
is
es
e
n
h
an
ce
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
[
2
1
]
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
as
a
s
er
v
ic
e
(
B
aa
S)
s
im
p
lifie
s
in
te
g
r
atio
n
i
n
to
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
wid
esp
r
ea
d
a
d
o
p
tio
n
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
AI
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
ce
s
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
en
ab
lin
g
s
m
ar
ter
g
r
i
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
t
eg
r
atin
g
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
with
ca
r
b
o
n
cr
ed
it
m
ar
k
ets
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
ac
tices,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
an
d
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
a
g
r
ee
n
er
en
er
g
y
f
u
tu
r
e
[
2
4
]
.
Desp
ite
n
o
tab
le
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
s
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
e
v
er
al
k
ey
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
u
n
r
eso
lv
ed
,
lim
itin
g
th
e
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
MS)
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
em
o
s
t
is
s
u
es
is
th
e
lack
o
f
s
ec
u
r
e,
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t,
an
d
tam
p
er
-
p
r
o
o
f
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
f
o
r
r
e
co
r
d
in
g
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
ten
r
ely
o
n
ce
n
tr
alize
d
ar
ch
itectu
r
es,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
to
cy
b
e
r
attac
k
s
an
d
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
ts
o
f
f
ailu
r
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
e
m
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
lack
s
f
u
ll
au
to
m
atio
n
,
lead
in
g
to
in
ef
f
ici
en
cies
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
s
tan
t
m
an
u
al
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t
[
2
6
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
I
o
T
,
AI
,
a
n
d
b
lo
c
k
ch
a
in
h
av
e
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
r
o
m
is
e,
th
eir
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
s
r
em
ain
s
in
ad
eq
u
ate.
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
is
o
f
ten
u
n
d
er
u
ti
lized
d
u
e
to
p
o
o
r
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
with
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
-
b
ased
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
an
aly
tics
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
An
o
th
er
c
r
itical
co
n
ce
r
n
is
th
e
h
ig
h
co
m
p
u
tati
o
n
al
an
d
en
er
g
y
o
v
er
h
ea
d
ass
o
ciate
d
with
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
,
e
s
p
e
cially
wh
en
u
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
lik
e
Po
W
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
p
o
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
d
ir
ec
tly
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
ese
is
s
u
es
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
an
in
teg
r
ated
,
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
h
at
lev
er
ag
es
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
f
o
r
au
to
m
ated
en
e
r
g
y
tr
a
d
in
g
,
I
o
T
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
AI
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
lo
a
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
a
n
d
g
r
id
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
L
iter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
A
u
t
h
o
r
(
s)
Y
e
a
r
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
F
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
]
2
0
2
4
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
a
ma
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
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g
-
b
a
se
d
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
sel
e
c
t
i
o
n
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
f
o
r
c
y
b
e
r
-
a
t
t
a
c
k
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
smar
t
g
r
i
d
s
.
I
mp
r
o
v
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d
c
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3.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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T
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is
tr
ib
u
ted
m
a
n
n
er
th
at
co
n
t
em
p
o
r
ar
y
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ch
itectu
r
es c
an
n
o
t
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
ac
h
iev
e.
Sm
ar
t
g
r
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
s
u
ch
as
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
co
llect
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata,
a
n
d
DE
R
s
g
en
er
ate
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es,
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
s
o
f
5
G,
lo
ca
l
a
r
ea
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
m
ea
n
lo
w
p
o
wer
wid
e
ar
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
L
PW
AN
)
,
an
d
m
ess
ag
e
q
u
eu
in
g
telem
etr
y
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
(
M
QT
T
)
ar
e
a
way
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
r
e
al
-
tim
e
d
ata
at
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
.
W
ith
ed
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
fa
s
ter
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
l
y
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
h
o
wev
er
,
ar
e
h
o
w
in
v
e
r
ter
s
,
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
an
d
p
o
we
r
co
n
v
er
ter
s
m
ain
tain
g
o
o
d
f
lo
w
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
o
r
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
.
T
o
p
r
o
tect
g
r
id
s
a
g
ain
s
t
attac
k
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
,
t
h
er
e
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
af
ety
an
d
in
teg
r
ity
,
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
lik
e
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
an
d
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
AI
/
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
a
n
a
ly
tics
o
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
,
ca
n
an
ticip
ate
p
o
wer
n
ee
d
s
an
d
k
ee
p
th
e
g
r
id
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
s
m
o
o
th
ly
at
ev
er
y
m
o
m
en
t.
B
u
t
with
clo
u
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
s
ca
lab
le
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
b
ig
d
ata
an
aly
tics
.
Sm
ar
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
:
u
s
ed
to
au
to
m
ate
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
ts
b
etwe
en
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
(
e.
g
.
,
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
,
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
)
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
led
g
er
:
en
s
u
r
es
d
ata
in
teg
r
ity
b
y
s
to
r
i
n
g
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
r
ec
o
r
d
s
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
g
r
i
d
.
C
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
:
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
(
e.
g
.
,
Po
W
an
d
P
o
S
)
to
v
alid
ate
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
n
etwo
r
k
.
C
r
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
y
:
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
d
ata
o
n
th
e
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
,
u
s
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
lik
e
SHA
-
2
5
6
.
T
h
e
AM
I
g
ath
er
s
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
r
eg
u
l
ate
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Dem
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
eth
o
d
s
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
g
r
id
'
s
d
y
n
am
ic
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
u
p
p
ly
av
ailab
ili
ty
,
wh
ile
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
en
s
u
r
es
s
ec
u
r
e
au
t
o
m
atio
n
.
Gr
id
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
GM
S)
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
g
u
ar
a
n
teein
g
o
p
tim
a
l
g
r
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
I
o
T
d
ev
i
ce
s
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
g
ath
er
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
in
clu
d
in
g
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e,
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
ese
d
ev
ices,
in
s
talled
i
n
r
esid
en
ce
s
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
an
d
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
,
m
o
n
ito
r
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
E
d
g
e
d
e
v
ices
lo
c
ally
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
ata
p
r
io
r
to
s
en
d
i
n
g
it
to
th
e
clo
u
d
o
r
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
f
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
a
n
a
ly
s
is
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
lig
h
tweig
h
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
lik
e
MQ
T
T
,
C
o
AP,
o
r
Z
ig
b
ee
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
m
ain
t
en
an
ce
an
ticip
ates
p
o
s
s
ib
le
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
r
ep
air
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Ma
ch
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
en
h
an
ce
l
o
ad
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
o
p
tim
ized
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
a
n
d
g
r
id
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
AI
-
p
o
w
er
ed
g
r
id
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
ac
ilit
ates
d
y
n
am
ic
e
n
er
g
y
allo
ca
tio
n
an
d
in
s
tan
tan
e
o
u
s
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
.
E
SS
,
s
u
ch
as
b
atter
ies,
r
eg
u
late
s
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
d
em
a
n
d
,
wh
ile
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
ac
ilit
ates
s
ec
u
r
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
Po
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
in
v
er
ter
s
an
d
r
ec
tifie
r
s
,
r
e
g
u
la
te
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
e
r
a
m
o
n
g
g
r
id
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
wh
er
ea
s
DE
R
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es,
ar
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
E
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
(
A
E
S
)
,
R
iv
est
-
Sh
am
ir
-
Ad
lem
an
(
R
SA
)
,
an
d
ellip
tic
cu
r
v
e
cr
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
y
(
E
C
C
)
,
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
d
at
a
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
au
th
en
ticatio
n
an
d
a
u
th
o
r
iza
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
lik
e
as
m
u
lti
-
f
ac
to
r
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
(
MFA)
an
d
p
u
b
lic
k
ey
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
(
PKI
)
,
en
s
u
r
e
a
cc
ess
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
I
DPS)
o
v
er
s
ee
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
to
id
e
n
tify
an
d
c
o
u
n
ter
ac
t c
y
b
er
-
attac
k
s
.
T
h
e
u
n
in
te
r
r
u
p
te
d
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
em
p
lo
y
in
g
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
g
u
ar
an
tees
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t
g
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Sm
ar
t
m
eter
s
an
d
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
at
co
n
s
u
m
er
an
d
g
en
er
atio
n
s
ites
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
g
ath
er
d
ata
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
a
n
d
g
r
id
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
co
n
v
ey
e
d
u
s
in
g
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
5
G,
L
PW
AN,
o
r
f
i
b
er
o
p
tics
,
u
tili
zin
g
li
g
h
tweig
h
t
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
E
d
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
laten
cy
,
wh
ile
ess
en
tial
d
ata
is
en
cr
y
p
ted
an
d
s
en
t
to
a
b
l
o
ck
c
h
ain
n
etwo
r
k
,
w
h
er
e
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
led
g
er
en
s
u
r
es tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
Sm
ar
t c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
f
ac
ilit
at
e
au
to
m
atio
n
in
o
p
er
atio
n
s
lik
e
as
en
er
g
y
b
illi
n
g
a
n
d
tr
ad
i
n
g
,
wh
er
ea
s
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
E
MS
e
m
p
lo
y
s
AI
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
to
an
aly
ze
d
ata
f
o
r
lo
a
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
,
an
o
m
al
y
d
etec
tio
n
,
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
Pro
ce
s
s
ed
d
ata
is
s
en
t
to
g
r
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
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N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Op
timiz
in
g
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
w
ith
b
lo
ck
ch
a
in
-
d
r
iven
a
u
to
m
a
tio
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a
n
d
d
em
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(B
.
Jy
o
t
h
i
)
991
o
p
er
ato
r
s
a
n
d
u
s
er
s
v
ia
web
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
s
an
d
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
e
n
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
an
d
au
th
en
ticatio
n
,
s
af
eg
u
a
r
d
all
tier
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
th
er
eb
y
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t in
s
m
ar
t g
r
i
d
s
.
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
Firstl
y
,
af
ter
s
ettin
g
u
p
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
co
m
p
lete
th
e
r
e
g
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
a
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
with
a
u
s
er
n
am
e
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
er
n
am
e
a
n
d
a
p
ass
wo
r
d
.
L
ater
,
af
ter
lo
g
g
in
g
in
to
t
h
e
lo
g
in
,
a
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
a
p
p
ea
r
s
as
f
o
llo
ws:
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
:
d
is
p
lay
s
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
an
d
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata
o
n
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e.
Hel
p
s
in
an
aly
zin
g
p
ea
k
d
em
a
n
d
tim
es
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
tr
e
n
d
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
b
ett
er
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
R
ec
o
r
d
s
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
im
m
u
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
ex
ch
an
g
es,
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
f
r
a
u
d
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
tr
u
s
t
am
o
n
g
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
T
r
ac
k
s
t
h
e
g
r
id
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
,
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
es,
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
r
ec
o
v
er
y
tim
es.
Pr
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
’
s
r
esil
ien
ce
d
u
r
in
g
ad
v
e
r
s
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
its
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
ta
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
o
wer
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
p
o
wer
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
ield
ed
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
esu
lts
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
en
e
r
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
with
I
o
T
d
ev
ices,
s
u
ch
as
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
en
a
b
led
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
d
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
en
er
g
y
tr
a
d
in
g
b
etwe
en
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
.
Sm
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
au
to
m
ate
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
m
an
u
al
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
a
n
d
ass
o
ciate
d
er
r
o
r
s
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
in
b
illi
n
g
an
d
p
r
icin
g
.
T
h
e
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
b
y
elim
in
atin
g
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
ts
o
f
f
ailu
r
e,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
ed
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
t
a
m
p
er
-
p
r
o
o
f
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e,
m
itig
atin
g
r
is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
wi
t
h
cy
b
er
attac
k
s
an
d
u
n
au
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
.
E
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
ed
icted
d
e
m
an
d
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
e
r
g
y
wastag
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
g
r
id
ef
f
icien
cy
.
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
en
ab
led
d
y
n
am
ic
lo
ad
b
alan
ci
n
g
,
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
o
v
er
lo
a
d
s
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
an
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
’
s
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
Po
S,
m
in
im
ized
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
DE
R
s
lik
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
E
SS
en
h
a
n
ce
d
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
u
s
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
also
s
h
o
wed
in
cr
ea
s
ed
u
s
e
r
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
tr
u
s
t
d
u
e
to
t
r
an
s
p
ar
en
t
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
r
ec
o
r
d
s
an
d
au
to
m
ated
p
ay
m
en
t sy
s
tem
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
in
itial
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
c
o
s
ts
an
d
th
e
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
wer
e
n
o
te
d
,
in
d
i
ca
tin
g
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
th
e
p
r
o
ject
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
ca
lab
le,
s
ec
u
r
e,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
m
o
d
el,
p
av
i
n
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
EMS
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws th
e
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
m
etr
ics.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
an
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
in
ter
f
ac
e
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
m
a
n
ag
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
,
b
l
o
ck
ch
ai
n
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
p
ar
t
icip
atio
n
.
I
t
tr
ac
k
s
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
es
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
in
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
ev
al
u
ates
g
r
i
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
ce
,
an
d
ass
ess
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
er
in
ce
n
tiv
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
o
f
f
er
s
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
h
elp
in
g
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
c
o
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
.
W
ith
s
e
cu
r
e
lo
g
in
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
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1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
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-
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9
8
992
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
,
an
d
lo
g
o
u
t
f
ea
tu
r
es,
it
f
ac
ilit
ates
u
s
er
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
b
o
th
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
an
d
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
in
m
an
ag
in
g
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
,
ef
f
icien
t
,
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
d
eliv
er
ed
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
o
u
tco
m
es,
v
alid
atin
g
its
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lts
was
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
ac
h
i
ev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
’
s
im
m
u
tab
le
led
g
er
.
T
h
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
e
n
s
u
r
ed
tr
u
s
t
am
o
n
g
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
with
a
clea
r
v
iew
o
f
th
eir
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
a
n
d
b
illi
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
f
u
r
th
er
au
t
o
m
ate
s
cr
itical
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
P2
P
en
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
a
n
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
tar
if
f
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
elay
s
an
d
en
a
b
lin
g
s
ea
m
le
s
s
en
er
g
y
e
x
ch
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
DE
R
s
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Gr
id
s
tab
il
ity
an
d
r
es
ilien
ce
m
etr
ics
Fro
m
an
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
I
o
T
-
en
a
b
led
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
r
esu
lted
in
p
r
ec
is
e,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
,
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
d
ata
f
ac
ilit
ated
d
y
n
am
ic
lo
a
d
b
ala
n
cin
g
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
es
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
n
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
e
n
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
e
v
en
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
p
er
io
d
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
s
h
o
wed
im
p
r
ess
iv
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
b
etter
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
lan
n
in
g
a
n
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
in
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
wastag
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
’
s
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
p
r
o
v
ed
h
ig
h
ly
r
esil
ien
t
to
cy
b
er
attac
k
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
g
r
id
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
s
af
e
-
g
u
ar
d
in
g
s
en
s
itiv
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
ata
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws th
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
r
o
u
te.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
p
ar
ticip
ati
o
n
r
o
u
te
I
n
co
r
p
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r
atin
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
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r
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tech
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o
lo
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ies
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u
ch
as
s
o
lar
p
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tem
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e
m
o
n
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tr
ated
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with
s
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tain
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o
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b
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ab
lin
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atio
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Ap
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8
8
1
4
Op
timiz
in
g
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
w
ith
b
lo
ck
ch
a
in
-
d
r
iven
a
u
to
m
a
tio
n
a
n
d
d
em
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(B
.
Jy
o
t
h
i
)
993
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
wh
ile
r
e
d
u
ci
n
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
em
p
h
asized
e
n
h
an
ce
d
en
er
g
y
eq
u
ity
,
allo
win
g
co
m
m
u
n
ities
in
r
em
o
te
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
er
v
e
d
r
e
g
io
n
s
t
o
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
d
ec
en
tr
al
ized
g
r
i
d
an
d
g
ain
ea
s
ier
ac
ce
s
s
to
clea
n
p
o
wer
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
-
co
n
s
cio
u
s
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
lik
e
Po
S
h
elp
ed
m
itig
ate
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
o
o
tp
r
i
n
t
o
f
ten
lin
k
ed
t
o
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
Ov
e
r
all,
th
e
p
r
o
ject
m
et
its
g
o
als
o
f
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
s
ec
u
r
e,
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
I
t
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
ca
lab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
en
er
g
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
wh
ile
ad
v
an
cin
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
an
d
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
o
ten
tia
l
f
o
r
wid
esp
r
ea
d
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
lay
in
g
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
f
o
r
s
m
ar
ter
,
g
r
ee
n
er
,
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
r
e
s
ilien
t e
n
er
g
y
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
th
at
co
m
b
in
in
g
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
,
I
o
T
,
an
d
AI
ca
n
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
h
o
w
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
o
p
er
ate.
B
y
u
s
in
g
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
,
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
ac
ti
o
n
s
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
s
ec
u
r
e
a
n
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t,
wh
ile
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
h
elp
au
to
m
ate
task
s
lik
e
en
er
g
y
t
r
ad
in
g
an
d
b
illi
n
g
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
an
u
al
wo
r
k
.
AI
h
elp
s
p
r
e
d
ict
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ately
,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
b
etter
en
er
g
y
p
lan
n
in
g
a
n
d
less
waste.
T
h
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
m
ak
e
th
e
p
o
we
r
g
r
id
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
ef
f
ici
en
t.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
th
at
it
h
elp
s
m
ak
e
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
g
iv
es
u
s
er
s
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
all
o
win
g
th
em
to
n
o
t
o
n
ly
u
s
e
en
er
g
y
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
d
s
ell
it.
I
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
t
h
is
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
an
d
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
in
g
s
lik
e
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
ca
r
b
o
n
cr
e
d
it
tr
ad
in
g
,
a
n
d
lar
g
er
en
er
g
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
wo
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
u
s
ef
u
l
m
o
d
el
th
at
ca
n
g
u
id
e
f
u
tu
r
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
an
d
h
elp
cr
ea
te
clea
n
er
,
s
m
ar
ter
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
n
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
u
s
in
g
b
lo
c
k
ch
ai
n
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ath
way
to
m
o
d
e
r
n
izin
g
e
n
er
g
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
b
y
tack
lin
g
k
ey
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
in
ef
f
icien
cy
,
lim
ited
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
,
an
d
cy
b
e
r
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
ies.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
em
b
r
ac
es
d
ec
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
P2
P
en
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
ce
n
tr
alize
d
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
.
T
h
is
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
d
esig
n
en
h
an
ce
s
r
esil
ien
ce
b
y
r
em
o
v
in
g
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
ts
o
f
f
ailu
r
e
wh
ile
also
b
u
ild
in
g
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
tr
u
s
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
im
m
u
tab
le
an
d
v
er
i
f
iab
le
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
r
ec
o
r
d
s
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
I
o
T
d
e
v
ices
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
g
r
i
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
au
to
m
ate
cr
u
cial
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
lik
e
b
illi
n
g
,
en
e
r
g
y
ex
ch
an
g
e,
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
.
T
o
g
et
h
er
,
t
h
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
p
a
v
e
th
e
way
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t,
r
eliab
le,
an
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
-
o
r
ien
te
d
EMS
.
Fro
m
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
e,
th
e
p
r
o
ject
alig
n
s
with
th
e
g
lo
b
al
p
u
s
h
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
y
s
ea
m
less
ly
in
teg
r
atin
g
DE
R
s
lik
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
an
d
E
SS
.
B
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
d
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
em
p
o
w
er
s
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
to
b
ec
o
m
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
(
p
r
o
s
u
m
er
s
)
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
b
ac
k
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
f
u
r
th
e
r
o
p
tim
izes
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
wastag
e
an
d
b
alan
cin
g
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ically
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
’
s
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
ea
tu
r
es
ad
d
r
ess
g
r
o
win
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
cy
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
in
I
oT
-
en
a
b
led
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
d
ata
in
te
g
r
ity
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
et
wee
n
d
ev
ices.
Desp
ite
its
s
u
cc
ess
,
th
e
p
r
o
je
ct
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
s
o
m
e
c
h
allen
g
e
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
h
i
g
h
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
an
d
en
er
g
y
c
o
s
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
,
esp
ec
ially
in
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
lik
e
Po
W
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ad
o
p
tin
g
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
alter
n
ativ
es
s
u
ch
as
Po
S
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
b
y
za
n
tin
e
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
ce
(
PB
FT)
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
itial
s
etu
p
co
s
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
an
d
b
lo
ck
c
h
a
in
n
o
d
es,
r
e
m
ain
a
b
ar
r
ier
to
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
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ased
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p
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tech
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l
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.
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