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Jou
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s
(
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JA
A
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)
V
ol
.
14
, N
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,
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be
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20
25
, pp.
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D
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ij
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1018
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1027
1018
Jou
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page
:
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tp
:
//
ij
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1
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L
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Ji
n
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i
1
1
D
e
pa
r
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m
e
nt
of
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a
phi
c
C
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on D
e
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hool
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T
he
A
r
t
s
, U
ni
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s
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i
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ng, M
a
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2
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
V
i
s
ua
l
C
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on D
e
s
i
gn,
F
a
c
ul
t
y of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy a
nd D
e
s
i
gn
,
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
a
s
B
unda
M
ul
i
a
,
J
a
ka
r
t
a
, I
ndone
s
i
a
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
N
ov 26, 2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
S
e
p 26, 2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
O
c
t
20, 2025
As
consumer
expectations
evolve,
brands
are
tasked
with
c
reating
multifacete
d
experien
ces
that
resonate
with
differe
nt
generatio
ns.
This
study
examines
the infl
uence of
sensory,
affective,
behavior
al, and co
gnitiv
e
brand
experiences
on
consumer
perception
s
of
co
-
branded
products,
with
a
focus
on
two
key
cohorts:
Generation
Y
(Gen
Y)
and
Generation
Z
(Gen
Z).
A
mixed
-
methods
approac
h,
integrating
quantitative
surveys
and
qual
itative
focus
groups,
was
employed
to
gain
deeper
insights
into
gener
ational
differe
nces
in
brand
engagement.
The
findings
reveal
that
Gen
Y
con
sumers
prioritize
emotional
and
behavioral
experiences,
seeking
mea
ningful
interactio
ns
and
emotional
connection
s
that
align
with
their
values
a
nd
life
stages.
In
contrast,
Gen
Z
consumers
are
more
interested
in
sensory
n
ovelty
and
cognitive
engagement,
favoring
brands
that
emphasize
origi
nality,
digital
interactions,
and
distinctive
experiences.
Both
generations
s
howed
strong
reactions
to
behavioral
factors,
particularly
direct
p
roduct
interactio
n
s.
These
insights
highlight
the
importance
of
tailoring
brand
experience
strategi
es
to
the
unique
preferences
of
each
generatio
n.
By
embeddin
g
sensory,
emotion
al,
and
cogniti
ve
elements
into
brand
experiences,
companies
can
create
deeper
emotion
al
connectio
n
s
with
consumers
,
enhance
brand
value,
and
build
long
-
term
loyalty.
The
results
offer
actionable
strategies
for
brand
managers
seeking
differentiation
and
sustainable succ
ess in today’s compe
titive market envir
onment.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
r
a
nd e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
Co
-
br
a
ndi
ng
C
ons
um
e
r
be
ha
vi
or
E
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
de
s
ig
n
G
e
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
L
im
J
in
g Y
i
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
G
r
a
phi
c
C
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on D
e
s
ig
n
,
S
c
hool
of
T
he
A
r
ts
, U
ni
ve
r
s
it
i
S
a
in
s
M
a
la
y
s
ia
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
i
S
tr
e
e
t
, 11700 G
e
lu
gor
,
P
ul
a
u P
in
a
ng, M
a
la
ys
ia
E
m
a
il
:
ye
r
ly
a
na
@
bunda
m
ul
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.a
c
.i
d
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
I
n
to
da
y’
s
hi
ghl
y
c
om
pe
ti
ti
ve
bus
in
e
s
s
la
nds
c
a
pe
,
br
a
nd
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
gl
y
le
ve
r
a
ge
m
ul
ti
di
m
e
ns
io
n
a
l
e
xpe
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e
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to
e
nga
g
e
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
s
a
t
de
e
pe
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ve
ls
.
O
ne
not
a
bl
e
a
ppr
oa
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h
is
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng,
w
he
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e
two
or
m
or
e
or
ga
ni
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a
ti
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ol
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bor
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te
t
o de
ve
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p a
uni
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pr
oduc
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t
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pi
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on t
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s
tr
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ngt
hs
of
e
a
c
h pa
r
tn
e
r
[
1]
, [
2]
.
Co
-
br
a
nde
d pr
oduc
ts
e
na
bl
e
f
ir
m
s
t
o r
e
a
c
h br
oa
de
r
a
udi
e
nc
e
s
a
nd of
f
e
r
c
ons
um
e
r
s
i
nnova
ti
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a
nd me
m
or
a
bl
e
e
xpe
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e
s
[
3]
,
[
4]
.
T
he
s
e
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
,
e
n
c
om
pa
s
s
in
g
s
e
ns
or
y,
e
m
ot
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l,
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ha
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a
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c
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m
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,
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ul
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ds
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[
5
]
–
[
7]
.
H
ow
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ve
r
,
de
s
pi
te
th
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
of
c
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br
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ti
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m
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m
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gi
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m
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pa
r
ti
c
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ly
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onc
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r
ni
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r
a
ti
ona
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f
f
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nc
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s
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n c
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ha
vi
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G
r
ounde
d
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r
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[
8]
,
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a
f
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in
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S
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[
9]
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r
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10]
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12]
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M
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io
ns
of
c
o
-
br
a
nde
d
pr
oduc
ts
.
U
s
in
g
a
m
ix
e
d
-
m
e
th
ods
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
th
is
s
tu
dy c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
th
e
a
c
a
de
m
ic
und
e
r
s
ta
ndi
ng of
c
ons
um
e
r
be
h
a
vi
or
by
a
s
s
oc
i
a
ti
ng
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
w
it
h
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
w
hi
le
pr
ovi
di
ng
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
l
in
s
ig
ht
s
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
to
c
r
e
a
ti
ng c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
br
a
nd a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
t
ha
t
a
pp
e
a
l
to
va
r
io
us
c
on
s
um
e
r
s
e
gm
e
nt
s
.
2.
T
H
E
O
R
E
T
I
C
A
L
B
A
C
K
G
R
O
U
N
D
N
e
w
pa
tt
e
r
ns
of
m
a
r
ke
ti
ng
a
nd
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
r
e
s
ul
t
in
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
a
nd
e
xc
ha
ngi
ng
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
to
pr
oduc
e
s
in
gl
e
a
nd
m
ul
ti
pl
e
c
ha
nne
l
s
,
s
in
gl
e
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
num
e
r
ous
m
ode
s
,
c
ogni
ti
ve
,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
,
a
nd
c
ona
ti
ve
e
xp
e
r
ie
nc
e
s
[
7]
,
[
13]
.
T
hi
s
s
hi
f
t
ha
s
be
e
n
dr
iv
e
n
by
a
r
e
a
li
z
a
ti
on
th
a
t
c
ons
um
e
r
-
br
a
nd
c
ont
a
c
t
m
e
a
ns
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
m
or
e
th
a
n
a
pr
oduc
t’
s
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ty
a
nd
u
s
e
but
c
a
r
r
ie
s
in
he
r
e
nt
ps
y
c
hol
ogi
c
a
l
c
ur
r
e
nc
y
th
a
t
dove
ta
il
s
w
it
h
ne
e
d
f
ul
f
il
lm
e
nt
in
a
ddi
ti
on
to
be
in
g
po
w
e
r
f
ul
ly
r
a
ti
ona
l/
pr
a
gm
a
ti
c
a
nd
s
e
ns
ua
l.
T
he
c
onc
e
pt
of
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
,
a
s
de
f
in
e
d
by
B
r
a
ku
s
e
t
al
.
[
8]
,
e
nc
om
pa
s
s
e
s
f
our
pr
im
a
r
y
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
:
s
e
ns
or
y,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
,
be
ha
vi
or
a
l,
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
.
T
he
s
e
di
m
e
n
s
io
ns
s
p
e
c
if
ic
a
ll
y
r
e
la
te
to
c
o
-
br
a
nde
d
pr
oduc
ts
by
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
how
e
a
c
h
br
a
nd’
s
uni
que
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
c
om
bi
n
e
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
hol
is
ti
c
c
ons
um
e
r
e
xp
e
r
ie
nc
e
.
S
e
ns
or
y
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
m
ig
ht
s
te
m
f
r
om
d
is
ti
nc
ti
ve
pa
c
ka
gi
ng
or
vi
s
ua
ls
,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
f
r
om
s
ha
r
e
d
e
m
ot
io
na
l
na
r
r
a
ti
ve
s
,
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
f
r
om
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
,
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
f
r
om
in
nova
ti
ve
pr
oduc
t
pa
ir
in
gs
th
a
t
pr
ovoke
th
ought
a
nd
c
ur
io
s
it
y.
P
r
io
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
ugge
s
ts
th
a
t
s
e
n
s
or
y
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
th
r
ough
pa
c
ka
gi
ng,
is
vi
ta
l
in
c
ons
um
e
r
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
n
a
nd
e
m
ot
io
na
l
r
e
s
pons
e
to
br
a
nds
[
14]
.
T
he
s
e
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
c
ol
le
c
ti
ve
ly
s
ha
pe
how
c
ons
um
e
r
s
in
te
r
a
c
t
w
it
h
a
nd
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
b
r
a
nds
,
f
or
m
in
g
th
e
f
ounda
ti
on
of
lo
ng
-
te
r
m
c
ons
um
e
r
lo
ya
lt
y.
T
hi
s
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
ha
s
be
e
n
w
id
e
ly
a
dopt
e
d
in
s
tu
di
e
s
e
xpl
or
in
g
br
a
nd
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
in
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
l
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nt
ia
l
m
a
r
ke
ti
ng.
A
m
ul
ti
-
di
m
e
ns
io
na
l
a
ppr
oa
c
h
ha
s
be
c
om
e
c
r
uc
ia
l
in
to
da
y'
s
c
om
pe
ti
ti
ve
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
,
w
he
r
e
br
a
nds
m
us
t
c
onne
c
t
w
it
h c
ons
um
e
r
s
on mul
ti
pl
e
l
e
ve
l
s
t
o buil
d l
oya
lt
y a
nd
c
r
e
a
te
s
us
t
a
in
a
bl
e
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
ps
[
6]
, [
15]
, [
16]
.
S
e
ns
or
y
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
in
vol
ve
vi
s
ua
l,
a
udi
to
r
y,
ta
c
ti
le
,
ol
f
a
c
to
r
y
,
a
nd
ta
s
te
s
ti
m
ul
i
th
a
t
br
a
nds
us
e
to
c
a
pt
iv
a
te
c
ons
um
e
r
s
[
17]
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
how
s
th
a
t
G
e
n
Z
,
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
iz
e
d
by
th
e
ir
di
gi
ta
l
na
ti
ve
ne
s
s
,
va
lu
e
s
vi
s
ua
ll
y
dyna
m
ic
a
nd
in
nova
ti
ve
br
a
nd
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
[
18]
.
V
is
u
a
l
c
om
pone
nt
s
s
uc
h
a
s
br
ig
ht
c
ol
or
s
,
dyna
m
ic
gr
a
phi
c
s
,
a
nd
a
tt
r
a
c
ti
ve
de
s
ig
n
la
yout
s
a
r
e
im
por
ta
nt
in
a
tt
r
a
c
t
in
g
c
ons
um
e
r
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
in
a
n
onl
in
e
s
hopping
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
[
19]
.
T
hi
s
a
li
gn
s
w
it
h
th
e
s
e
n
s
or
y
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
of
G
e
n
Z
in
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
.
F
or
e
x
a
m
pl
e
,
co
-
br
a
nde
d pr
oduc
ts
l
ik
e
M
iz
z
u x Khong
G
ua
n ut
il
iz
e
M
iz
z
u'
s
vi
br
a
nt
, m
ode
r
n pa
c
ka
gi
ng de
s
ig
n t
o
a
ppe
a
l
to
G
e
n
Z
c
ons
um
e
r
s
.
T
hi
s
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
vi
s
ua
ll
y
e
nga
gi
ng
e
le
m
e
nt
s
a
li
gns
w
it
h
th
e
ir
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
or
a
e
s
th
e
ti
c
nove
lt
y
a
nd
di
gi
ta
l
in
te
r
a
c
ti
vi
ty
,
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ni
ng
th
e
c
onne
c
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
br
a
nd
s
tr
a
te
gy
a
nd
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
I
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
G
e
n
Y
pr
e
f
e
r
s
s
e
n
s
or
y
e
le
m
e
nt
s
th
a
t
e
voke
f
a
m
il
ia
r
it
y
a
nd
c
ons
i
s
te
nc
y,
r
e
in
f
or
c
in
g
br
a
nd
tr
us
t.
A
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
ta
p
in
to
c
ons
um
e
r
s
'
e
m
ot
io
ns
a
nd
f
e
e
li
ngs
.
G
e
n
Y
’
s
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
or
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
nd
nos
ta
lg
ia
-
dr
iv
e
n
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
i
r
in
c
li
na
ti
on
to
w
a
r
d
e
m
ot
io
na
l
c
onne
c
ti
ons
[
20]
,
[
21]
.
O
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
G
e
n
Z
’
s
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
is
a
m
pl
if
ie
d
w
he
n
c
om
bi
ne
d
w
it
h
in
te
ll
e
c
tu
a
l
s
ti
m
ul
a
ti
on,
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ng
th
e
ir
de
s
ir
e
f
or
bot
h
e
m
ot
io
na
l
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
B
e
h
a
vi
or
a
l
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
a
r
e
a
c
ti
ons
a
nd
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
d
by
th
e
br
a
nd.
G
e
n
Z
’
s
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
it
h
e
xpl
or
a
to
r
y
a
nd
ha
nds
-
on
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
[
22]
.
G
e
n
Y
,
in
c
om
pa
r
is
on,
a
li
gns
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
w
it
h
li
f
e
s
ty
le
a
nd
va
lu
e
-
ba
s
e
d
in
te
gr
a
ti
on,
e
m
pha
s
i
z
in
g
m
e
a
ni
ngf
ul
a
nd
c
ons
i
s
te
nt
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
.
T
hi
s
a
li
gnm
e
nt
of
te
n
m
a
ni
f
e
s
ts
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
nt
J
A
dv A
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c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1018
-
1027
1020
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
f
or
br
a
nds
th
a
t
c
om
m
uni
c
a
te
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
a
ut
he
n
ti
c
it
y,
a
s
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
in
s
tu
di
e
s
e
xpl
or
in
g
th
e
ir
c
ons
um
pt
io
n
pa
tt
e
r
ns
[
21]
.
C
ogni
ti
ve
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
in
vol
ve
m
e
nt
a
l
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng
a
nd
le
a
r
ni
ng.
S
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
th
a
t
G
e
n
Y
of
te
n
va
lu
e
s
c
ons
is
te
nt
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bl
e
br
a
nd
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
th
a
t
r
e
in
f
or
c
e
tr
us
t.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
,
G
e
n
Z
g
r
a
vi
ta
te
s
to
w
a
r
ds
br
a
nds
of
f
e
r
in
g
in
te
ll
e
c
tu
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
nd
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
f
or
c
r
e
a
ti
ve
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng
[
23]
,
[
24]
.
D
e
s
pi
te
e
xt
e
ns
iv
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h on the
s
e
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
, l
im
it
e
d s
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
e
xa
m
in
e
d t
he
ir
i
nt
e
r
pl
a
y w
it
hi
n
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
c
o
-
br
a
nde
d
pr
oduc
ts
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
in
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
m
a
r
ke
ts
li
ke
I
ndone
s
ia
.
E
xi
s
ti
ng
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
of
te
n
f
oc
us
e
s
on
s
in
gl
e
-
br
a
nd
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
or
W
e
s
te
r
n
m
a
r
ke
ts
,
le
a
vi
ng
a
ga
p
in
und
e
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
how
c
o
-
br
a
nde
d
in
it
ia
ti
ve
s
r
e
s
ona
te
w
it
h
c
ul
tu
r
a
ll
y
di
ve
r
s
e
a
nd
ge
n
e
r
a
ti
ona
ll
y
d
is
ti
nc
t
c
ons
um
e
r
s
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
s
e
e
k
s
to
f
il
l
th
i
s
ga
p
by
e
xpl
or
in
g
how
s
e
ns
or
y,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
,
be
ha
vi
or
a
l,
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
in
te
r
s
e
c
t
in
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
w
it
hi
n
th
e
I
ndone
s
ia
n
m
a
r
ke
t,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
th
e
ir
im
pa
c
t
on
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
U
nde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
th
e
s
e
dyna
m
ic
s
i
s
c
r
uc
ia
l,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
in
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
m
a
r
ke
ts
li
ke
I
ndone
s
ia
,
w
he
r
e
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
nua
nc
e
s
a
nd
ge
n
e
r
a
ti
ona
l
s
hi
f
ts
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
im
pa
c
t
c
ons
um
e
r
be
ha
vi
or
.
S
om
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
m
ul
ti
di
m
e
ns
io
na
l
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
s
how
s
th
a
t
th
is
in
te
r
a
c
ti
on
is
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
w
h
e
n
lo
oki
ng
a
t
G
e
n
Y
a
nd
G
e
n
Z
,
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
gr
oups
[
22]
.
G
e
n
Y
,
a
ls
o
de
f
in
e
d
a
s
ne
t
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on,
p
e
opl
e
of
th
e
e
a
r
ly
1980s
to
m
id
-
1990s
,
ha
s
be
e
n
de
s
c
r
ib
e
d
a
s
th
e
gr
oup
th
a
t
s
e
e
k
s
a
nd
e
nga
ge
s
on
a
n
e
m
ot
io
na
l
le
ve
l
w
it
h
pr
oduc
ts
a
nd
br
a
nds
[
10]
.
T
he
y
pr
e
f
e
r
ge
nui
ne
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on a
nd a
r
e
ope
n t
o br
a
nd i
nt
e
r
a
c
ti
o
ns
t
ha
t
br
in
g e
m
ot
io
na
l
a
ppe
a
l.
O
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
G
e
n
Z
,
bor
n
in
th
e
m
id
-
1990s
to
e
a
r
ly
20
10s
,
f
oc
us
e
s
on
s
e
ns
or
y
nove
lt
y
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
s
ti
m
ul
a
ti
on,
w
hi
c
h
m
e
a
ns
li
ki
ng
nove
l
br
a
nds
w
it
h
a
di
gi
ta
ll
y
in
nova
ti
ve
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ve
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
.
M
or
e
pr
e
c
is
e
ly
,
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
oc
us
e
d
on:
di
gi
ta
l
a
ugm
e
nt
a
ti
on,
m
ul
ti
s
e
ns
or
y
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
,
a
nd
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
nove
lt
y
of
G
e
n
Z
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
th
e
e
m
ot
io
na
l
a
nd
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
br
a
nd
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
of
G
e
n
Y
.
S
uc
h
s
tu
di
e
s
ba
c
k
up
th
e
s
e
pr
e
m
is
e
s
,
a
nd
m
or
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
w
or
k
,
li
ke
s
how
s
how
s
e
n
s
or
y,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
,
in
te
ll
e
c
tu
a
l,
a
nd
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
oc
ia
l
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ve
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
e
nga
gi
ng
w
it
h
br
a
nd
pa
g
e
s
[
1]
.
R
e
c
e
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
ls
o
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
r
ol
e
of
di
gi
ta
l
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
s
in
s
uppor
ti
ng
th
e
s
e
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
f
or
G
e
n
Z
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
,
by
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
s
oc
io
-
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
le
m
e
nt
s
w
it
h
in
nova
ti
ve
di
gi
ta
l
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
[
25]
.
T
hi
s
is
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
tr
ue
w
it
h
G
en
Z
a
s
he
or
s
he
pr
e
f
e
r
th
e
r
e
a
l
-
l
if
e
di
gi
ta
l
s
ys
te
m
s
a
nd
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
in
vol
vi
ng
m
ul
t
ip
le
s
e
ns
or
y a
nd c
ogni
ti
ve
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
.
B
y
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
th
e
th
e
or
e
ti
c
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
by
L
a
c
r
oi
x
on
e
xpe
r
ie
nt
ia
l
a
dve
r
ti
s
in
g,
th
e
pa
pe
r
out
li
ne
s
a
body
of
knowle
dge
on
how
s
e
ns
or
y,
e
m
ot
iv
e
,
c
ogni
ti
ve
,
a
nd
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
e
pi
s
ode
s
in
f
or
m
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
’
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
of
br
a
nds
[
24]
.
T
hus
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
f
ound
th
a
t,
in
e
m
ot
io
na
ll
y
a
ppe
a
li
ng
a
nd
im
m
e
r
s
iv
e
c
ont
e
xt
s
,
e
m
ot
io
na
l
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
a
nd
br
a
nd
lo
ya
lt
y
a
r
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d,
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
f
or
G
e
n
Y
;
w
he
n
br
a
nds
of
f
e
r
s
e
ns
or
y
in
nova
ti
on
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
c
ha
ll
e
nge
,
a
s
in
a
ugm
e
nt
e
d
r
e
a
li
ty
(
AR
)
or
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ve
c
ont
e
nt
,
th
e
y
w
il
l
e
xc
it
e
a
nd
e
nt
ic
e
G
e
n
Z
.
T
he
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
a
r
e
in
li
ne
w
it
h
th
e
ove
r
a
ll
a
im
of
th
is
s
tu
dy,
w
hi
c
h
is
to
e
xa
m
in
e
how
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng
c
oul
d
e
nga
g
e
bot
h
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
w
it
h
di
ve
r
s
e
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
e
nc
a
ps
ul
a
te
d i
n t
he
c
o
-
br
a
nde
d m
e
r
c
ha
ndi
s
e
.
B
r
a
kus
e
t
al
.
[
8]
s
ta
te
th
a
t
f
our
c
om
pone
nt
s
of
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
bui
ld
a
c
ongr
ue
nt
bond
be
twe
e
n
th
e
c
ons
um
e
r
a
nd
th
e
br
a
nd:
s
e
n
s
or
y,
e
m
ot
iv
e
,
c
ogni
ti
ve
,
a
nd
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
a
s
pe
c
t
s
.
T
ha
t
is
w
hy
th
e
pr
im
a
r
y
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
s
c
onne
c
te
d
w
it
h
vi
s
u
a
l
a
nd
ta
c
ti
le
r
e
la
ti
ons
a
r
e
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
th
e
G
e
n
Z
ta
r
ge
ts
,
a
s
th
e
y
e
xpe
c
t
a
e
s
th
e
ti
c
a
ll
y a
ppe
a
li
ng a
nd ne
w
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
. F
or
G
e
n Y
,
th
oug
h, i
t
r
e
m
a
in
s
m
or
e
a
bout
e
m
ot
io
na
l
c
onne
c
ti
on
a
s
th
e
y
a
r
e
li
ke
ly
to
ha
ve
a
pos
it
iv
e
a
tt
it
ude
to
w
a
r
ds
th
e
br
a
nd
,
of
f
e
r
in
g
th
e
m
a
n
e
m
ot
io
na
ll
y
e
nj
oya
bl
e
c
us
to
m
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
.
S
tu
di
e
s
by
M
a
r
tí
ne
z
a
nd
C
a
s
ie
ll
e
s
[
21]
a
l
s
o
r
e
in
f
or
c
e
th
is
by
im
pl
yi
ng
th
a
t
c
ons
um
e
r
s
’
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
of
a
f
f
e
c
t
in
e
-
s
hoppe
r
e
xpe
r
ie
n
c
e
s
i
s
a
ke
y
m
ode
r
a
to
r
to
c
ons
um
e
r
lo
ya
lt
y
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
a
m
ong
G
e
n
Y
.
T
hi
s
w
or
k
pr
ov
e
s
th
a
t
br
a
nd
e
n
c
ou
nt
e
r
e
m
ot
i
on
s
di
r
e
c
t
ly
im
p
a
c
t
th
e
br
o
a
d
ly
d
e
f
in
e
d
br
a
nd
lo
ya
lt
y
in
te
r
m
s
of
a
t
ti
tu
d
e
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
vi
or
.
T
he
s
e
di
s
s
im
il
a
r
it
ie
s
i
n
br
a
nd
i
n
te
r
a
c
ti
o
n
im
p
ly
t
ha
t
c
o
-
br
a
n
de
d
pr
o
du
c
t
s
m
u
s
t
m
e
e
t
two
p
s
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
w
a
nt
s
:
e
m
ot
io
n
f
or
G
e
n
Y
a
nd
s
e
n
s
a
ti
on
f
or
G
e
n Z
to
be
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
f
o
r
b
ot
h
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
on
s
.
T
he
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
M
iz
z
u
a
nd
K
hong
G
ua
n
e
xe
m
pl
if
i
e
s
how
unor
th
odox
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng
m
a
y
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
in
vol
ve
m
a
ny
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
by
le
ve
r
a
gi
ng
th
e
s
e
ns
or
y,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
,
be
ha
vi
or
a
l,
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
of
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
.
M
iz
z
u’
s
in
nova
ti
ve
a
nd
vi
s
ua
ll
y
dyna
m
ic
pa
c
ka
gi
ng
a
ppe
a
ls
to
G
e
n
Z
’
s
s
e
ns
or
y
nove
lt
y
a
nd
m
e
nt
a
l
s
ti
m
ul
a
ti
on
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
.
K
hong
G
ua
n’
s
nos
ta
lg
ic
br
a
ndi
ng
f
os
te
r
s
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
nd
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
c
onne
c
ti
ons
w
it
h
G
e
n
Y
,
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
a
ba
la
nc
e
d
s
tr
a
te
gy
th
a
t
r
e
s
ona
te
s
w
it
h
bot
h
c
ohor
ts
.
M
iz
z
u,
a
r
e
gi
ona
l
c
os
m
e
ti
c
s
c
om
pa
ny,
a
nd
K
hong
G
ua
n,
a
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
b
is
c
ui
t
pr
oduc
e
r
,
e
xe
m
pl
if
y
two
s
e
c
to
r
s
.
T
he
ir
co
-
br
a
nde
d
pr
oduc
t
r
e
s
ona
te
s
w
it
h
G
e
nY
'
s
nos
ta
lg
ia
vi
a
K
hong
G
ua
n,
w
hi
le
p
r
ovi
di
ng
s
e
ns
or
y
nove
lt
y
f
o
r
G
e
n
Z
w
it
h
M
iz
z
u'
s
di
s
ti
nc
ti
ve
pa
c
k
a
gi
ng
a
nd
c
o
s
m
e
ti
c
de
s
ig
n.
T
hi
s
a
ty
pi
c
a
l
pa
r
tn
e
r
s
hi
p
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
how
c
om
pa
ni
e
s
f
r
om
di
ve
r
s
e
s
e
c
to
r
s
c
a
n
ut
il
iz
e
th
e
ir
di
s
ti
nc
t
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
to
pr
oduc
e
m
ul
ti
f
a
c
e
te
d
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
th
a
t
a
ppe
a
l
to
bot
h ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
.
Co
-
br
a
ndi
ng
ha
s
be
c
om
e
a
pot
e
nt
te
c
hni
que
f
or
br
a
nds
t
o
ge
ne
r
a
te
uni
que
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
by
a
m
a
lg
a
m
a
ti
ng
th
e
ir
di
s
ti
ngui
s
hi
ng
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
[
3]
.
B
y
a
li
gni
ng
w
it
h
th
e
m
ul
ti
di
m
e
ns
io
na
l
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k,
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
le
v
e
r
a
ge
s
e
ns
or
y,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
,
be
ha
vi
or
a
l,
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
to
c
r
e
a
te
im
pa
c
tf
ul
c
ons
um
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
.
T
hi
s
a
l
ig
nm
e
nt
a
ll
ow
s
br
a
nds
to
de
ve
lo
p
in
nova
ti
ve
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M
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-
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m
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io
nal
br
and e
x
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e
s
i
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o
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br
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oduc
t
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r
os
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ne
r
at
io
n
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(
Y
ana E
r
ly
ana
)
1021
a
nd
e
m
ot
io
na
ll
y
e
nga
gi
ng
pr
oduc
ts
th
a
t
r
e
s
ona
te
w
it
h
di
v
e
r
s
e
ta
r
ge
t
a
udi
e
nc
e
s
,
f
os
te
r
in
g
lo
ya
lt
y
a
nd
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ia
ti
on
in
c
om
pe
ti
ti
ve
m
a
r
ke
ts
.
S
om
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
m
pha
s
i
z
e
s
th
e
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nc
e
of
br
a
nd
f
it
in
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng
a
gr
e
e
m
e
nt
s
,
w
he
r
e
th
e
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d
c
ongr
ue
nc
e
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
br
a
nds
s
ub
s
ta
nt
ia
ll
y
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
s
c
ons
um
e
r
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
n
[
26]
–
[
28]
.
C
o
-
br
a
nde
d
pr
oduc
ts
a
r
e
m
or
e
li
ke
ly
to
a
ugm
e
nt
br
a
nd
e
qui
ty
a
nd
e
le
v
a
te
pur
c
ha
s
e
in
te
nt
io
ns
w
he
n
br
a
nds
a
r
e
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d
a
s
c
om
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
r
y.
N
one
th
e
le
s
s
,
w
he
n
br
a
nd
a
li
gnm
e
nt
is
m
in
im
a
l,
c
ons
um
e
r
s
m
a
y
e
nc
ount
e
r
c
ogni
ti
ve
di
s
s
ona
n
c
e
,
th
e
r
e
by
je
opa
r
di
z
in
g
th
e
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
of
th
e
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on.
T
he
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
M
iz
z
u
a
nd
K
hong
G
ua
n
ju
xt
a
pos
e
s
th
e
c
os
m
e
ti
c
s
a
nd
bi
s
c
ui
t
in
dus
tr
ie
s
,
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ng
a
n
e
le
m
e
nt
of
s
ur
pr
is
e
.
T
hus
,
w
it
h
th
e
ol
d
-
s
ty
le
lo
go,
K
hong
G
ua
n
m
e
e
ts
th
e
e
xpe
c
te
d
e
m
ot
io
na
l
c
onne
c
ti
on
of
G
e
n Y
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
, w
he
r
e
a
s
G
e
n
Z
pr
e
f
e
r
s
t
he
i
nnova
ti
ve
a
ppe
a
r
a
nc
e
of
M
iz
z
u c
o
s
m
e
ti
c
s
.
F
ut
ur
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
, i
nc
lu
di
ng t
he
one
on
f
a
s
t
f
a
s
hi
on
a
nd
lu
xur
y
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng
[
29]
,
s
houl
d
f
ur
th
e
r
a
na
ly
ze
how
th
e
co
-
br
a
ndi
ng
de
c
is
io
n
a
f
f
e
c
ts
br
a
nd
pe
r
s
ona
li
ty
a
nd
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
n
of
c
ons
um
e
r
s
.
T
hi
s
a
na
ly
s
is
r
e
ve
a
le
d
th
a
t
th
e
f
or
m
e
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on,
G
e
n
Z
,
w
oul
d
be
m
or
e
r
e
c
e
pt
iv
e
to
c
o
-
br
a
nde
d
pr
oduc
ts
w
it
h
s
e
ns
or
y
in
nova
ti
on
a
nd
c
r
e
a
ti
vi
ty
.
I
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
th
e
la
tt
e
r
ge
n
e
r
a
ti
on,
th
e
G
e
n
Y
,
w
oul
d
a
ppr
e
c
ia
te
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng
p
a
r
tn
e
r
s
hi
ps
th
a
t
c
r
e
a
te
a
ta
ngi
bl
e
e
m
ot
io
na
l
bond.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
s
uppor
t
th
e
id
e
a
th
a
t
M
iz
z
u
x
K
hong
G
ua
n
c
o
-
br
a
nde
d
pr
oduc
ts
w
il
l
a
ppe
a
l
to
bot
h young a
nd old by pr
e
s
e
nt
in
g a
m
ix
of
t
a
c
ti
le
nove
lt
y a
nd a
e
s
th
e
ti
c
e
m
ot
io
n.
A
m
or
e
r
e
c
e
nt
s
tu
dy
bui
lt
upon
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
how
a
c
tu
a
l
c
onc
e
pt
s
of
a
br
a
nd
in
te
r
m
s
of
lo
oks
,
ut
il
it
y,
a
nd
id
e
nt
it
y
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
br
a
nd
e
qui
ty
w
it
h
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
s
’
e
m
ot
io
ns
a
nd
lo
ya
lt
y
[
30]
.
T
hi
s
is
in
li
ne
w
it
h
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
how
a
nd
by
w
ha
t
m
e
a
ns
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
s
ym
bol
ic
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nc
e
,
r
e
m
a
in
s
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
in
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
c
ons
um
e
r
lo
ya
lt
y
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
a
m
ong
G
e
n
Y
,
w
ho
a
r
e
dr
a
w
n
by
e
m
ot
io
na
l
a
ppe
a
l
in
pr
oduc
ts
[
11]
,
[
15]
.
F
u
r
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
f
o
r
G
e
n
Z
,
th
e
y
e
li
c
it
c
ogni
ti
on
th
r
oug
h
pr
oduc
t
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
in
nova
ti
ve
ne
s
s
a
nd
th
e
uni
que
ne
s
s
of
pa
ir
in
g c
os
m
e
ti
c
s
a
nd bis
c
ui
ts
,
w
hi
c
h bo
os
ts
br
a
nd a
s
s
oc
ia
ti
on a
nd l
oya
lt
y
[
31]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
m
e
a
s
ur
in
g
br
a
nd
im
a
ge
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
n
in
co
-
br
a
n
di
ng
e
nr
ic
he
s
in
s
ig
ht
s
a
bout
br
a
nd
a
s
s
oc
ia
ti
on
s
a
nd
im
a
ge
p
e
r
c
e
pt
io
n
e
voke
d
by
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng
pa
r
tn
e
r
s
[
3]
.
F
or
G
e
n
Z
,
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
de
pe
nds
on
th
e
n
e
w
ne
s
s
or
in
nova
ti
on
a
s
pe
c
t,
w
he
r
e
a
s
G
e
n
Y
is
m
or
e
in
te
r
e
s
te
d
in
th
e
br
a
nd'
s
c
or
r
e
s
ponde
nc
e
to
th
e
ir
e
m
ot
io
na
l
s
ti
m
ul
us
[
32]
.
T
hi
s
s
how
s
th
a
t
M
iz
z
u
a
nd
K
hong
G
ua
n
c
a
n
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
th
e
w
or
k a
c
c
or
di
ng t
o t
he
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
vi
e
w
s
by u
s
in
g both i
nnova
ti
on a
nd e
m
ot
io
n w
he
n c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
ng.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
pa
c
ka
gi
ng
a
nd
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
a
t
pa
c
k
a
gi
ng
de
s
ig
n
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
s
c
us
to
m
e
r
pur
c
ha
s
in
g
de
c
i
s
io
ns
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
a
m
ong
G
e
n
Z
,
w
ho
pr
io
r
it
iz
e
a
e
s
th
e
ti
c
a
ll
y
a
ppe
a
li
ng
a
nd
in
ve
nt
iv
e
pa
c
ka
gi
ng
[
9]
,
[
33]
.
T
he
s
yne
r
gy
be
twe
e
n
M
iz
z
u
a
nd
K
hong
G
ua
n
r
e
de
e
m
s
M
iz
z
u’
s
m
od
e
r
n
pa
c
ka
gi
ng
to
s
ui
t
G
e
n
Z
’
s
ha
pt
ic
a
ppe
a
l
w
hi
le
of
f
e
r
in
g
G
e
n
Y
f
a
m
il
ia
r
br
a
ndi
ng
by
K
hong
G
ua
n.
T
hi
s
r
ic
h
-
f
ol
de
d a
ppr
oa
c
h t
o pa
c
ka
gi
ng unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
t
he
i
m
por
ta
nc
e
of
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng i
n de
ve
lo
pi
ng pr
oduc
ts
a
nd ma
te
r
ia
l
obj
e
c
ts
t
ha
t
w
oul
d i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
c
li
e
nt
s
on mul
ti
pl
e
s
e
ns
e
s
a
nd
e
nga
g
in
g
le
ve
ls
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
th
e
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
poi
nt
s
to
th
e
f
a
c
t
th
a
t
S
M
E
s
c
oul
d
be
ne
f
it
f
r
om
he
lp
in
g
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
ha
ve
m
ul
ti
di
m
e
ns
io
na
l
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
s
o
th
a
t
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
r
e
m
a
in
lo
ya
l
to
th
e
br
a
nd.
E
m
ot
io
na
l
a
nd
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
in
c
e
nt
iv
e
s
pr
im
a
r
il
y
dr
iv
e
G
e
n
Y
,
w
hi
le
G
e
n
Z
,
o
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
is
in
a
n
a
f
f
lu
e
nt
pur
s
ui
t
o
f
ta
ngi
bi
li
ty
in
pe
r
c
e
pt
iv
e
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
.
M
iz
z
u
x
K
hong
G
ua
n
s
how
s
how
c
om
pa
ni
e
s
c
a
n
de
s
ig
n
pr
oduc
ts
w
it
h
th
is
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
in
m
in
d
by
us
in
g
e
m
ot
io
ns
,
s
e
ns
e
s
,
a
nd
th
oughts
to
c
r
e
a
te
m
e
m
or
a
bl
e
co
-
br
a
nde
d
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
to
s
a
c
r
a
li
z
e
m
ode
r
n
buye
r
c
onne
c
ti
ons
.
W
hi
le
th
e
r
e
ha
s
be
e
n
a
s
hi
f
t
in
c
us
to
m
e
r
e
xpe
c
ta
ti
ons
,
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
ne
e
d
to
f
oc
us
on
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
s
e
ns
or
y,
e
m
ot
io
na
l,
c
ogni
ti
ve
,
a
nd
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
of
t
he
ir
t
a
r
ge
t
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
a
c
r
os
s
g
e
ne
r
a
ti
ons
[
13]
, [
15]
, [
24]
, [
34
]
, [
35]
.
3.
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
ut
il
iz
e
d
bot
h
qu
a
nt
it
a
ti
ve
s
ur
ve
y
s
a
nd
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
i
n
-
de
pt
h
in
te
r
vi
e
w
s
to
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
th
e
im
pa
c
t
of
th
r
e
e
ty
pe
s
of
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
,
s
e
ns
or
y,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
,
be
ha
vi
or
a
l,
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
,
on
th
e
p
e
r
c
e
iv
e
d
qua
li
ty
of
c
o
-
b
r
a
nde
d
c
ons
um
pt
io
n
pr
oduc
ts
a
m
ong
c
ons
um
e
r
s
f
r
om
va
r
io
us
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
.
T
he
pol
l
w
a
s
c
onduc
te
d
in
J
a
ka
r
ta
,
I
ndone
s
ia
,
a
m
ong
in
di
vi
dua
ls
f
r
om
G
e
n
Y
,
a
ge
d
30
-
44
ye
a
r
s
,
a
nd
G
e
n
Z
,
a
ge
d
18
-
29
ye
a
r
s
.
I
nt
e
gr
a
ti
ng
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
a
nd
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
da
t
a
e
nha
nc
e
s
tr
us
twor
th
in
e
s
s
by
of
f
e
r
in
g
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
pi
c
tu
r
e
of
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
ps
de
r
iv
e
d f
r
om
s
ur
ve
ys
a
n
d i
n
-
de
pt
h i
nt
e
r
vi
e
w
a
na
ly
s
is
.
I
n
it
ia
l
ly
,
a
qu
a
n
ti
ta
t
iv
e
s
u
r
ve
y
w
a
s
a
dm
in
is
te
r
e
d
t
o
ga
t
he
r
d
a
ta
f
r
o
m
c
ons
u
m
e
r
s
a
c
qua
in
te
d
w
it
h
M
iz
z
u
x
K
h
on
g
G
ua
n
c
o
-
br
a
nd
e
d
i
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
c
on
duc
t
e
d
on
li
ne
,
e
xc
l
us
iv
e
l
y
ta
r
ge
ti
n
g
w
o
m
e
n
f
r
om
b
ot
h
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
c
oh
o
r
ts
.
A
t
ot
a
l
o
f
34
5
r
e
s
pon
de
n
ts
f
r
om
G
e
n
Y
a
n
d
41
2
r
e
s
pon
de
n
ts
f
r
o
m
G
e
n
Z
c
om
p
le
te
d
th
e
s
u
r
ve
y.
T
he
p
ol
l
e
va
l
ua
te
d
f
o
ur
b
r
a
n
d
e
x
pe
r
ie
n
c
e
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
(
s
e
ns
or
y,
e
m
o
ti
ve
,
be
ha
v
io
r
a
l
,
a
nd
c
og
ni
ti
v
e
)
a
l
ongs
id
e
a
d
di
ti
ona
l
v
a
r
ia
b
le
s
li
ke
b
r
a
nd
a
w
a
r
e
ne
s
s
,
p
e
r
c
e
i
ve
d
qua
li
ty
,
a
n
d
b
r
a
nd
lo
ya
l
ty
.
D
a
ta
qua
li
ty
w
a
s
m
a
in
ta
i
ne
d
by
e
li
m
i
na
t
in
g
i
nc
o
ns
is
t
e
n
t
r
e
s
pons
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s
a
nd
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
n
or
m
a
l
c
y,
s
ke
w
ne
s
s
,
a
nd
ou
tl
ie
r
s
.
P
a
th
a
na
l
ys
is
a
n
d
m
u
lt
ig
r
o
up
a
na
ly
s
is
ut
il
iz
i
ng
pa
r
t
ia
l
le
a
s
t
s
q
ua
r
e
s
-
s
t
r
uc
tu
r
a
l
e
qua
ti
on
m
ode
li
ng
(
P
L
S
-
S
E
M
)
w
e
r
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
e
va
lu
a
te
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
e
a
c
h
v
a
r
ia
b
le
on
c
ons
um
e
r
pe
r
c
e
p
ti
ons
be
tw
e
e
n
th
e
t
w
o
ge
n
e
r
a
t
io
ns
.
T
he
s
e
c
ond
pha
s
e
c
om
pr
is
e
d
c
om
pr
e
he
n
s
iv
e
in
te
r
vi
e
w
s
w
it
h
20
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
,
10
f
r
om
e
a
c
h
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
T
he
in
te
r
vi
e
w
s
s
ought
a
th
or
ough
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
th
e
e
m
ot
io
na
l,
s
e
ns
or
y,
a
nd
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
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2252
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8814
I
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J
A
dv A
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14
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o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1018
-
1027
1022
in
vol
ve
m
e
nt
of
G
e
n
Y
a
nd
G
e
n
Z
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
w
it
h
c
o
-
br
a
nde
d
pr
oduc
ts
.
P
a
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
w
e
r
e
s
e
le
c
te
d
f
r
om
th
e
s
ur
ve
y
pool
a
c
c
or
di
ng
to
th
e
ir
r
e
a
di
ne
s
s
to
e
nga
ge
in
a
ddi
ti
on
a
l
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
T
he
s
e
le
c
ti
on
of
ope
n
-
e
nde
d
que
s
ti
ons
dur
in
g
f
a
c
e
-
to
-
f
a
c
e
in
te
r
vi
e
w
s
a
ll
ow
e
d
th
e
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
to
e
xpr
e
s
s
th
e
ir
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
,
f
e
e
li
ngs
,
a
nd
obs
e
r
va
ti
ons
a
bout
th
e
c
o
-
br
a
nde
d
pr
oduc
ts
,
w
hi
c
h
pr
ovi
de
d
r
ic
h
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
th
a
t
c
om
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
th
e
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
da
ta
.
T
he
in
te
r
vi
e
w
s
w
e
r
e
a
na
ly
z
e
d
us
in
g
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
na
ly
s
is
,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
th
e
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
a
ti
c
pr
oc
e
dur
e
f
or
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
s
om
e
r
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
pa
tt
e
r
ns
in
th
e
da
ta
.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
he
lp
e
d
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
to
e
s
ta
bl
is
h
s
im
il
a
r
it
ie
s
a
nd
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
in
th
e
a
tt
it
ude
s
of
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
of
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
.
T
ha
t
w
a
y,
th
e
f
in
di
ngs
of
th
e
s
ur
ve
y
a
nd
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
in
te
r
vi
e
w
s
m
us
t
b
e
c
r
os
s
-
c
he
c
k
e
d
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
a
m
or
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
a
nd
de
ta
il
e
d
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
th
e
im
pa
c
ts
of
m
e
di
um
e
nt
e
r
pr
is
e
(
ME
)
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
.
T
he
s
tu
dy
e
m
pl
oys
a
m
ix
e
d
-
m
e
th
ods
de
s
ig
n,
e
ns
ur
in
g
s
ta
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
r
ig
or
a
nd
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
.
T
he
s
e
qu
e
nt
ia
l
s
te
p
s
of
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
r
e
vi
s
ua
ll
y
s
um
m
a
r
iz
e
d
in
F
ig
ur
e
1
to
c
la
r
if
y
how
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
a
nd
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
m
e
th
ods
w
e
r
e
in
te
gr
a
te
d.
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
th
odol
ogy
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
s
th
a
t
th
e
f
in
di
ngs
a
r
e
pe
r
ti
ne
nt
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng
e
f
f
or
ts
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
in
gr
ow
in
g
m
a
r
ke
ts
li
ke
I
ndone
s
ia
,
w
he
r
e
g
e
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
r
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
gl
y
vi
ta
l
f
or
s
us
ta
in
in
g a
c
om
pe
ti
ti
ve
a
dva
nt
a
ge
.
F
ig
ur
e
1. R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
th
odol
ogy f
lo
w
c
ha
r
t
4.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
e
xa
m
in
e
s
ho
w
s
e
n
s
or
y,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
,
be
ha
vi
or
a
l,
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
G
e
n
Y
a
nd
G
e
n
Z
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
w
it
hi
n
c
o
-
br
a
nde
d
pr
oduc
ts
.
Q
ua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
da
ta
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
in
T
a
bl
e
1,
s
how
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
in
br
a
nd
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
W
hi
le
th
e
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
f
in
di
ngs
of
f
e
r
a
num
e
r
ic
a
l
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
T
a
bl
e
2
pr
ovi
de
s
de
ta
il
e
d
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
in
s
ig
ht
s
th
a
t
de
e
pe
n
th
is
a
na
ly
s
is
.
T
he
ta
bl
e
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
ke
y
s
e
n
s
or
y,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
,
be
ha
vi
or
a
l,
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
th
e
m
e
s
,
r
e
ve
a
li
ng
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
nd t
he
ir
unde
r
ly
in
g m
ot
iv
a
ti
ons
.
4.1
.
S
e
n
s
or
y
e
n
gage
m
e
n
t
T
he
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
s
tu
dy
s
ugge
s
t
s
t
ha
t
G
e
n Z
hi
ghl
y a
ppr
e
c
ia
te
s
s
e
ns
or
y a
ppe
a
l,
a
s
i
ndi
c
a
te
d by a
r
out
e
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
0.87
a
nd
a
n
a
ve
r
a
ge
va
r
ia
nc
e
e
xt
r
a
c
te
d
(
A
V
E
)
of
0.78
(
s
e
e
T
a
bl
e
1)
.
F
ig
ur
e
2
vi
s
ua
li
z
e
s
th
e
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
, c
le
a
r
ly
c
om
pa
r
in
g ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
i
n s
e
ns
or
y e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
. T
hi
s
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
t
he
i
m
por
ta
nc
e
of
in
nova
ti
on
a
nd
di
gi
ta
l
a
e
s
th
e
ti
c
s
in
c
a
pt
ur
in
g
G
e
n
Z
'
s
a
tt
e
nt
io
n.
I
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
G
e
n
Y
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
a
lo
w
e
r
di
r
e
c
t
in
te
r
a
c
ti
on
w
it
h
s
e
ns
or
y
e
le
m
e
nt
s
,
w
it
h
a
r
out
e
c
o
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
0.68,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
e
ir
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
or
pr
e
di
c
ta
bl
e
de
s
ig
ns
.
T
he
A
V
E
va
lu
e
s
c
onf
ir
m
c
ons
tr
uc
t
va
li
di
ty
,
w
it
h
bot
h
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
s
c
or
in
g
a
de
qu
a
te
ly
in
s
e
n
s
or
y
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
C
r
onba
c
h’
s
A
lp
ha
va
lu
e
s
of
0.82
f
or
G
e
n
Y
a
nd
0.85
f
o
r
G
e
n
Z
s
uppor
t
th
e
in
te
r
na
l
c
ons
is
te
nc
y
of
th
is
c
ons
tr
uc
t.
T
he
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
a
li
gn
w
it
h
a
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
dy
by
T
a
n
a
nd
A
bdul
la
h
[
19]
,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
th
e
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nc
e
of
vi
s
ua
ll
y
e
nga
gi
ng
a
nd
in
nova
t
iv
e
pa
c
ka
gi
ng
d
e
s
ig
ns
in
a
pp
e
a
li
ng
to
G
e
n
Z
.
F
ig
ur
e
2
f
ur
th
e
r
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
th
is
c
om
pa
r
is
on,
w
it
h
G
e
n
Z
e
xhi
b
it
in
g
a
not
a
bl
y
hi
ghe
r
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
or
s
e
ns
or
y
in
nova
ti
on (
pa
th
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
:
0.87)
c
om
pa
r
e
d t
o G
e
n Y
(
0.68
)
,
w
ho va
lu
e
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd c
ons
is
te
n
c
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
M
ul
ti
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m
e
ns
io
nal
br
and e
x
pe
r
ie
nc
e
s
i
n c
o
-
br
and
e
d pr
oduc
t
s
ac
r
os
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ge
ne
r
at
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(
Y
ana E
r
ly
ana
)
1023
C
ons
e
que
nt
ly
,
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
f
in
di
ngs
a
li
gn
w
it
h
th
e
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
f
in
di
ngs
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
in
T
a
bl
e
2.
F
or
th
e
G
e
n
Z
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
,
s
e
n
s
or
y
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
t
e
r
m
s
us
e
d
to
de
s
c
r
ib
e
th
e
c
om
pone
nt
s
w
e
r
e
of
te
n
a
s
s
oc
ia
t
e
d
w
it
h
‘
e
xc
it
in
g,’
‘
in
nova
ti
ve
,
’
a
nd
‘
uni
que
,
’
a
ppe
a
li
ng
to
th
e
ir
vi
s
ua
ll
y
in
te
ns
iv
e
a
nd
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ve
m
ode
of
e
ve
nt
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
.
T
hi
s
im
pl
ie
s
a
di
r
e
c
t
c
onne
c
ti
on
w
it
h
th
e
be
ha
vi
or
of
G
e
n
Z
a
nd
th
e
ir
s
ki
ll
s
in
di
gi
ta
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
to
ge
th
e
r
w
it
h
th
e
ir
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
or
br
a
nds
th
a
t
i
nc
or
por
a
te
e
le
m
e
nt
s
of
vi
s
ua
l
in
te
r
e
s
t.
G
e
n
Y
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
de
f
in
e
d
s
e
ns
or
y
a
ppe
a
l
m
or
e
a
s
‘
w
e
ll
known’
a
nd
‘
de
pe
nda
bl
e
,’
s
ugge
s
ti
ng
in
te
r
e
s
t
in
m
or
e
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
s
e
ns
or
y a
s
s
e
ts
t
ha
t
e
nha
nc
e
a
lr
e
a
dy w
e
ll
-
e
s
ta
bl
i
s
he
d
br
a
nd e
qui
ty
. T
he
r
e
s
pons
e
f
r
om
t
hi
s
c
ohor
t
is
th
a
t
f
or
G
e
n
Y
,
s
e
ns
or
y
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
i
s
m
os
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
w
h
e
n
it
s
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
is
s
te
a
dy,
w
hi
c
h s
tr
e
ngt
he
ns
br
a
nd
r
e
c
a
ll
w
hi
le
a
voi
di
ng
th
e
v
e
il
of
nove
lt
y
th
a
t
m
a
y
a
nnoy.
C
ol
le
c
ti
ve
ly
,
th
e
s
e
da
t
a
in
di
c
a
te
th
a
t
s
e
n
s
or
y
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
ta
c
ti
c
s
m
us
t
be
c
us
to
m
iz
e
d
to
a
li
gn
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
of
e
a
c
h
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
C
o
-
br
a
nde
d
it
e
m
s
a
im
e
d
a
t
G
e
n
Z
s
houl
d
in
c
or
por
a
te
di
gi
ta
l
in
te
r
a
c
ti
vi
ty
a
nd
di
s
ti
nc
ti
ve
vi
s
ua
l
c
om
pone
nt
s
,
w
hi
le
th
os
e
di
r
e
c
te
d a
t
G
e
n Y
s
houl
d s
tr
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or
y a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
s
t
ha
t
hi
ghl
ig
ht
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd s
tr
e
ngt
he
n br
a
nd i
de
nt
it
y.
T
a
bl
e
1. Q
ua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
f
in
di
ngs
by ge
n
e
r
a
ti
ona
l
br
a
nd e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
di
m
e
ns
io
n
B
r
a
nd
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
di
m
e
ns
i
on
G
e
n Y
-
pa
t
h c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
G
e
n Z
-
pa
t
h c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
AVE
C
r
onba
c
h'
s
A
l
pha
S
e
ns
or
y e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
0.68
0.87
0.78
0.82
A
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
0.84
0.75
0.82
0.84
B
e
ha
vi
or
a
l
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
0.75
0.80
0.80
0.80
C
ogni
t
i
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
0.65
0.90
0.88
0.85
T
a
bl
e
2. Q
ua
li
ta
ti
ve
t
he
m
a
ti
c
a
na
ly
s
i
s
by br
a
nd e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
di
m
e
ns
io
n
B
r
a
nd e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
di
m
e
ns
i
on
G
e
n
Y
-
ke
y t
he
m
e
s
G
e
n
Z
-
ke
y t
he
m
e
s
S
e
ns
or
y e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
C
ons
i
s
t
e
nc
y, f
a
m
i
l
i
a
r
i
t
y,
a
nd
r
e
l
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
N
ove
l
t
y, di
gi
t
a
l
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
vi
t
y,
a
nd
e
xc
i
t
e
m
e
nt
A
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
T
r
us
t
w
or
t
hy, a
ut
he
nt
i
c
,
a
nd
nos
t
a
l
gi
c
E
m
ot
i
ona
l
l
y e
nga
gi
ng
a
nd
i
nt
e
l
l
e
c
t
ua
l
l
y s
t
i
m
ul
a
t
i
ng
B
e
ha
vi
or
a
l
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
L
i
f
e
s
t
yl
e
a
l
i
gnm
e
nt
a
nd
va
l
ue
-
dr
i
ve
n
E
xpl
or
a
t
i
on, ha
nds
-
on i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
on,
a
nd
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
C
ogni
t
i
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
C
ons
i
s
t
e
nc
y, br
a
nd l
oya
l
t
y,
a
nd
f
a
m
i
l
i
a
r
i
t
y
C
ha
l
l
e
ngi
ng, t
hought
-
pr
ovoki
ng,
a
nd
i
nnova
t
i
ve
F
ig
ur
e
2. C
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
a
na
ly
s
is
of
br
a
nd e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
by ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
4.2
.
A
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
e
n
gage
m
e
n
t
A
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
a
ppe
a
r
s
to
hol
d
m
or
e
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nc
e
f
or
G
e
n
Y
,
a
s
e
vi
de
nc
e
d
by
a
pa
th
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
0.84
a
nd
a
C
r
onba
c
h’
s
A
lp
ha
of
0.84,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
s
tr
ong
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
(
s
e
e
T
a
bl
e
1)
.
G
e
n
Z
,
w
hi
l
e
pos
it
iv
e
ly
r
e
s
pons
iv
e
,
va
lu
e
s
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
ng
a
ge
m
e
nt
pr
im
a
r
il
y
w
he
n
it
is
c
om
bi
ne
d
w
it
h
c
ogni
ti
ve
or
in
nova
ti
ve
e
le
m
e
nt
s
,
a
s
r
e
f
le
c
te
d
in
a
s
li
ght
ly
lo
w
e
r
pa
th
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
0.75.
T
he
s
e
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
s
ugge
s
ti
ng
th
a
t
G
e
n
Y
’
s
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
i
s
m
or
e
de
e
pl
y
r
oot
e
d
in
e
m
ot
io
na
l
c
onne
c
ti
ons
, w
hi
le
G
e
n Z
’
s
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
i
s
a
m
pl
if
ie
d w
he
n pa
ir
e
d w
it
h c
ogni
ti
ve
s
ti
m
ul
i.
I
n
a
li
gnm
e
nt
w
it
h
th
e
s
e
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
f
in
di
ngs
,
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
a
na
ly
s
is
r
e
ve
a
ls
th
a
t
G
e
n
Y
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
of
te
n
us
e
d
te
r
m
s
s
uc
h
a
s
“
tr
us
twor
th
y,”
“
a
ut
he
nt
ic
,”
a
nd
“
nos
ta
lg
ic
”
to
de
s
c
r
ib
e
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
a
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
or
br
a
nds
th
a
t
e
voke
f
a
m
il
ia
r
it
y
a
nd
e
m
ot
io
na
l
r
e
s
ona
nc
e
(
s
e
e
T
a
bl
e
2)
.
G
e
n
Z
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
,
on
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
d
e
s
c
r
ib
e
d
e
m
ot
io
na
l
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
a
s
“
m
or
e
e
ng
a
gi
ng
w
he
n
pa
ir
e
d
w
it
h
in
te
ll
e
c
tu
a
l
s
ti
m
ul
a
ti
on,”
s
ugge
s
ti
ng
th
a
t
e
m
ot
io
na
l
a
ppe
a
l
a
lo
n
e
m
a
y
not
s
uf
f
ic
e
f
or
th
is
c
ohor
t.
I
ns
te
a
d,
th
e
y
va
lu
e
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
th
a
t
a
r
e
in
te
gr
a
te
d
w
it
h
nove
lt
y
or
c
ogni
ti
ve
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
r
e
ve
a
li
ng
a
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
or
e
m
ot
io
na
ll
y
e
nga
gi
ng
br
a
nds
th
a
t
a
ls
o
pr
ovi
de
in
te
ll
e
c
tu
a
l
s
ti
m
ul
a
ti
on.
O
ur
f
in
d
in
gs
on
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
in
G
e
n
Y
,
s
uppor
te
d
by
M
a
r
tí
ne
z
a
nd
C
a
s
ie
ll
e
s
[
21]
a
nd
R
a
th
na
ya
ke
[
11]
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
e
c
ohor
t’
s
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
or
a
ut
he
nt
ic
, nos
ta
lg
ia
-
dr
iv
e
n e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
t
ha
t
r
e
in
f
or
c
e
br
a
nd l
oya
lt
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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14
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be
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T
he
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
s
ugge
s
t
th
a
t
if
br
a
nds
t
a
r
ge
ti
ng
G
e
n Y
w
a
nt
t
o b
e
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
, t
he
y ne
e
d t
o be
r
e
a
l
a
nd
s
houl
d
m
a
ke
pe
opl
e
f
e
e
l
e
m
ot
io
ns
th
a
t
r
e
m
in
d
th
e
m
of
th
e
pa
s
t.
T
he
d
a
ta
in
F
ig
ur
e
2
f
ur
th
e
r
s
uppor
t
th
is
obs
e
r
va
ti
on,
w
he
r
e
G
e
n
Y
s
how
s
a
hi
ghe
r
pa
th
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
(
0.84)
f
or
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
G
e
n
Z
(
0.75
)
.
T
hi
s
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
r
ol
e
of
e
m
ot
io
na
l
r
e
s
ona
nc
e
in
dr
iv
in
g
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
f
or
G
e
n
Y
.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly
,
G
e
n
Z
r
e
qui
r
e
s
a
m
or
e
ba
la
n
c
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
e
m
ot
io
na
l
a
ppe
a
l
w
it
h
c
ogni
ti
ve
a
nd
in
nova
ti
ve
s
ti
m
ul
i
to
m
a
in
ta
in
th
e
ir
in
te
r
e
s
t.
T
o
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
e
nga
ge
G
e
n
Z
,
br
a
nds
m
u
s
t
de
s
ig
n
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
t
ha
t
a
li
gn w
it
h t
he
ir
de
m
a
nd f
or
nove
lt
y a
nd c
ont
in
ua
l
in
te
ll
e
c
tu
a
l
s
ti
m
ul
a
ti
on.
4.3
.
B
e
h
avi
or
al
e
n
gage
m
e
n
t
B
e
ha
vi
or
a
l
e
nga
g
e
m
e
nt
e
li
c
it
e
d
f
a
vor
a
bl
e
r
e
a
c
ti
ons
f
r
om
bot
h
G
e
n
Y
a
nd
G
e
n
Z
,
a
lt
hough
th
e
ir
m
ot
iv
a
ti
ons
va
r
ie
d,
a
s
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
d
in
T
a
bl
e
1.
G
e
n
Y
'
s
p
a
th
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
0.75
in
di
c
a
te
s
a
m
od
e
r
a
te
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
c
e
nt
e
r
e
d
on
li
f
e
s
ty
le
a
li
gnm
e
nt
,
but
G
e
n
Z
'
s
pa
th
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
of
0.80
r
e
f
le
c
ts
a
li
t
tl
e
gr
e
a
te
r
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
pe
r
c
e
iv
in
g
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
e
nga
g
e
m
e
nt
a
s
a
ve
hi
c
le
f
or
di
s
c
ove
r
y
a
nd
in
te
r
a
c
ti
on.
T
he
c
ons
tr
uc
t
de
p
e
nda
bi
li
ty
is
w
e
ll
-
s
uppor
te
d, e
vi
de
nc
e
d by a
n A
V
E
of
0.80 a
nd a
C
r
onba
c
h’
s
A
lp
ha
of
0.80 f
or
bot
h ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
.
Q
ua
li
ta
ti
ve
r
e
s
ul
ts
he
lp
pr
ovi
de
de
e
pe
r
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
th
e
s
e
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
s
f
ol
lo
w
s
(
S
e
e
T
a
bl
e
2)
.
G
e
n
Y
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
us
e
d
te
r
m
s
s
uc
h
a
s
‘
li
f
e
s
ty
le
in
te
gr
a
ti
on’
a
nd
‘
va
lu
e
s
-
ba
s
e
d’
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
,
s
ugge
s
ti
ng
th
a
t
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
is
m
os
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
w
he
r
e
th
is
c
or
r
e
s
ponds
w
it
h
va
lu
e
s
a
nd
li
f
e
s
ty
le
s
.
B
y
c
om
pa
r
is
on,
th
e
G
e
n
Z
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
in
vol
ve
d
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
e
ng
a
ge
m
e
nt
a
s
“
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ng,”
“
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l,
”
a
nd
“
s
e
a
r
c
hi
ng,”
a
s
s
oc
ia
ti
ng
it
w
it
h
th
e
c
r
e
a
ti
vi
ty
e
le
m
e
nt
of
di
s
c
ove
r
y
a
nd
s
e
lf
-
in
ve
s
tm
e
nt
. T
hi
s
g
e
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
c
oul
d
be
e
xpl
a
in
e
d by the
ne
e
d t
o l
in
k
be
h
a
vi
or
a
l
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
w
it
h t
he
obj
e
c
ti
ve
s
of
t
he
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
I
n
pur
s
ui
ng
gr
e
a
te
r
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
a
li
gnm
e
nt
,
br
a
nds
th
a
t
a
ppe
a
l
to
G
e
n
Y
c
a
n
f
oc
us
on
th
e
id
e
a
l
por
tr
a
ya
l
of
li
vi
ng
,
w
hi
le
th
os
e
th
a
t
a
ppe
a
l
to
G
e
n
Z
c
a
n
r
e
l
a
te
to
th
e
us
e
of
e
xpe
r
ie
nt
ia
l
a
nd
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ve
e
le
m
e
nt
s
th
a
t
c
r
e
a
te
e
nga
g
e
m
e
nt
in
th
e
di
s
c
ove
r
y
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
T
he
s
e
out
c
om
e
s
im
pl
y
th
a
t
br
a
nd
s
us
in
g
co
-
br
a
nde
d
pr
oduc
ts
s
houl
d
pr
ovi
de
u
s
e
r
s
w
it
h
r
e
l
e
va
nt
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
ba
s
e
d
on
th
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
va
lu
e
a
nd
in
te
r
a
c
ti
on
le
ve
l.
A
s
s
ho
w
n
in
F
i
gur
e
2,
G
e
n
Z
'
s
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
or
b
e
h
a
vi
or
a
l
e
n
ga
g
e
m
e
nt
(
0
.80)
s
li
gh
tl
y
s
ur
pa
s
s
e
s
th
a
t
of
G
e
n
Y
(
0.7
5)
.
T
hi
s
s
ug
ge
s
ts
t
ha
t
w
hi
l
e
bo
th
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
ns
v
a
lu
e
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ve
a
nd
e
xp
e
r
i
e
nt
ia
l
a
c
ti
v
it
i
e
s
,
G
e
n
Z
i
s
m
or
e
i
nc
li
ne
d t
ow
a
r
d di
s
c
ov
e
r
y a
nd ha
nds
-
on i
nt
e
r
a
c
ti
ons
, a
li
gni
ng w
it
h S
id
di
qui
a
nd
S
ha
r
m
a
[
22]
.
4.4
.
C
ogn
it
iv
e
e
n
gage
m
e
n
t
T
he
hi
gh
im
por
ta
nc
e
s
c
or
e
f
or
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
,
w
it
h
a
pa
th
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
0.90
a
nd
A
V
E
o
f
0.88 indi
c
a
te
s
t
ha
t
m
e
m
be
r
s
of
G
e
n
Z
a
r
e
i
n
te
r
e
s
te
d i
n br
a
nds
t
ha
t
pr
ovi
de
t
he
m
w
it
h
i
nt
e
ll
e
c
tu
a
l
a
c
ti
vi
ty
(
s
e
e
T
a
bl
e
1)
.
G
e
n
Y
,
w
i
th
a
bove
-
a
ve
r
a
ge
in
c
li
na
ti
on
to
w
a
r
ds
c
og
ni
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
,
hi
ghl
y
va
lu
e
s
c
ons
is
te
nc
y
a
nd
lo
ya
lt
y
r
e
in
f
or
c
e
m
e
nt
,
w
hi
c
h
ha
s
a
pa
th
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
0.65
.
C
r
onba
c
h’
s
A
lp
ha
f
or
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
w
a
s
e
s
t
a
bl
is
he
d a
s
0.85 f
or
G
e
n Z
a
nd 0.80 f
or
G
e
n Y
,
pr
ovi
ng
th
a
t
it
w
a
s
r
e
li
a
bl
e
a
c
r
os
s
bot
h ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
.
I
n
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
in
te
r
vi
e
w
s
,
G
e
n
Z
pa
r
t
ic
ip
a
nt
s
de
s
c
r
ib
e
d
c
og
ni
ti
ve
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
a
s
“
c
ha
ll
e
ngi
ng,”
“
th
ought
-
pr
ovoking,”
a
nd
“
in
nova
ti
ve
,”
unde
r
s
c
or
in
g
th
e
ir
a
tt
r
a
c
ti
on
to
in
te
ll
e
c
tu
a
ll
y
e
nga
gi
ng
br
a
nds
,
a
s
not
e
d i
n T
a
bl
e
2.
G
e
n Y
, i
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
pr
e
f
e
r
r
e
d c
ogni
ti
ve
e
le
m
e
nt
s
t
ha
t
r
e
in
f
or
c
e
l
oya
lt
y
a
nd f
a
m
il
ia
r
it
y, us
in
g
te
r
m
s
li
ke
“
c
ons
is
te
nt
”
a
nd
“
r
e
li
a
bl
e
”
to
de
s
c
r
ib
e
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
ng
a
ge
m
e
nt
.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
pon
s
e
s
s
ugg
e
s
t
th
a
t
G
e
n
Z
s
e
e
ks
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
ng
a
ge
m
e
nt
th
a
t
in
tr
oduc
e
s
nove
l
or
in
te
ll
e
c
tu
a
ll
y
c
ha
ll
e
ngi
ng
e
le
m
e
nt
s
,
w
he
r
e
a
s
G
e
n
Y
va
lu
e
s
c
ogni
ti
ve
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
th
a
t
r
e
in
f
or
c
e
br
a
nd
lo
ya
lt
y
a
n
d
m
a
in
ta
in
tr
us
t.
T
h
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
in
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
be
tw
e
e
n
th
e
two
ge
n
e
r
a
ti
ons
is
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
e
vi
d
e
nt
in
F
ig
ur
e
2
.
G
e
n
Z
ha
s
th
e
hi
gh
e
s
t
pa
th
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
(
0.90)
a
m
ong
a
ll
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
th
e
ir
de
m
a
nd
f
or
in
te
ll
e
c
tu
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
nd
th
ought
-
pr
ovoking
br
a
nd
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
.
I
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
G
e
n
Y
(
0.65)
s
how
s
m
ode
r
a
te
in
te
r
e
s
t,
f
a
vor
in
g
c
ogni
ti
ve
c
ons
is
te
nc
y
a
nd
tr
us
t
-
bui
ld
in
g
e
le
m
e
nt
s
,
a
s
not
e
d
by
J
e
on
a
nd
Y
oo
[
15]
.
F
o
r
G
e
n
Z
,
b
r
a
nds
s
houl
d
f
oc
us
on
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
th
a
t
s
ti
m
ul
a
te
c
ur
io
s
it
y
a
n
d
of
f
e
r
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ve
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
F
or
G
e
n
Y
,
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
s
houl
d
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
c
ons
is
te
nt
m
e
s
s
a
gi
ng,
r
e
in
f
or
c
in
g
e
s
ta
bl
is
he
d
br
a
nd
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
ps
w
it
hout
in
tr
oduc
in
g
unne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
nove
lt
y.
L
a
c
r
oi
x
e
t
al
.
[
24]
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
e
c
ogni
ti
ve
de
m
a
nd
G
e
n
Z
pl
a
c
e
s
on
br
a
nd
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
th
os
e
th
a
t
c
ha
ll
e
nge
or
pr
ovoke
th
ought.
M
e
a
nw
hi
le
,
J
e
on
a
nd
Y
oo
[
15]
e
m
pha
s
i
z
e
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
c
on
s
is
te
nc
y
in
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
le
m
e
nt
s
to
m
a
in
ta
in
lo
ya
lt
y
a
m
ong
G
e
n
Y
,
w
hi
c
h i
s
r
e
f
le
c
te
d i
n t
hi
s
s
tu
dy'
s
f
in
di
ngs
.
T
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
in
di
ngs
in
th
is
s
tu
dy
a
r
e
th
e
r
e
f
or
e
c
ons
i
s
te
nt
w
it
h
th
e
e
xi
s
ti
ng
th
e
or
y
on
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
a
nd
c
ons
um
e
r
in
te
r
a
c
ti
on
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
w
he
n
di
s
c
us
s
e
d
gr
ounde
d
on
c
ons
um
e
r
c
ul
tu
r
e
th
e
or
y
a
nd
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
th
e
or
y
b
y
B
r
a
ku
s
e
t
al
.
[
8]
.
T
he
s
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
poi
nt
out
th
a
t
m
ul
ti
-
di
m
e
ns
io
na
l
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
he
lp
i
n de
ve
lo
pi
ng l
ong
-
te
r
m
c
ons
um
e
r
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
by de
li
ve
r
in
g e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
ba
s
e
d on
s
e
ns
or
y,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
,
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
,
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
m
ode
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
c
onc
lu
s
io
n
s
in
di
c
a
te
th
a
t
th
ough
G
e
n
Y
pa
tr
ona
ge
is
a
n
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
nd
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
r
e
s
pons
e
,
G
e
n
Z
p
r
e
f
e
r
s
s
e
ns
or
y
a
ppe
a
l
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
on,
a
f
a
c
to
r
th
a
t
poi
n
ts
to
th
e
ne
c
e
s
s
it
y of
a
ppe
a
ls
t
ha
t
a
r
e
uni
que
f
or
e
a
c
h ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
A
c
c
or
di
n
g
to
t
h
e
f
i
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g
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t
hi
s
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b
e
p
r
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a
t
s
om
e
o
f
th
e
d
im
e
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w
o
r
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a
r
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w
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c
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F
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y
i
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
t
o
b
i
ol
og
i
c
a
l
hu
m
i
li
ty
c
a
pt
ur
e
s
th
e
ir
l
i
ki
ng
f
or
n
ov
e
lt
y
a
n
d
,
a
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
im
e
,
h
e
ig
ht
e
n
s
a
r
ou
s
a
l
e
ng
a
g
e
m
e
nt
by
pr
e
s
e
n
ti
ng
th
e
m
w
it
h
e
m
o
ti
on
a
l
c
o
nt
e
n
t
.
T
h
i
s
o
p
e
n
s
th
e
po
s
s
ib
il
it
y
o
f
s
u
c
h
br
a
nd
c
ol
l
a
b
or
a
t
iv
e
s
w
h
e
r
e
i
n
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
n
d
s
e
n
s
or
y
m
a
r
k
e
ti
n
g
f
a
c
t
or
s
c
a
n
b
e
e
m
b
e
dd
e
d
t
o
f
or
m
u
l
a
t
e
e
n
g
a
g
i
ng
br
a
nd
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
s
o
n
f
or
t
ha
t
li
e
s
w
it
hi
n
th
e
f
a
c
t
t
ha
t
a
s
p
e
c
t
s
of
b
e
ha
v
io
r
a
l
e
ng
a
ge
m
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
m
a
i
n
l
if
e
s
ty
le
va
lu
e
s
a
ls
o
e
nh
a
nc
e
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
ng
a
ge
m
e
nt
th
a
t
unde
r
li
ne
s
tr
us
t
a
nd
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
a
pi
ta
l.
T
he
s
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
th
e
ne
c
e
s
s
it
y
f
or
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
to
e
vol
ve
.
A
s
di
gi
ta
l
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
c
ont
in
ue
to
a
dva
nc
e
,
s
e
ns
or
y
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
a
r
e
e
xpe
c
te
d
to
ga
in
pr
om
in
e
nc
e
a
c
r
os
s
a
ll
a
ge
gr
oups
.
T
h
e
c
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
a
na
ly
s
is
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
in
F
ig
ur
e
2
pr
ovi
de
s
a
c
ti
ona
bl
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
f
or
br
a
nd
m
a
na
ge
r
s
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
pr
io
r
it
y
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
f
or
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
e
nga
gi
ng
bot
h
G
e
n
Y
a
nd
G
e
n
Z
.
F
ut
u
r
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
houl
d
a
im
to
va
li
da
te
th
e
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
in
br
oa
de
r
de
m
ogr
a
phi
c
a
nd
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
c
ont
e
xt
s
to
e
nha
nc
e
th
e
ir
a
ppl
ic
a
bi
li
ty
.
G
e
n
Z
’
s
s
tr
ong
e
m
pha
s
is
on
c
ogni
t
iv
e
nove
lt
y
s
ig
na
ls
a
n
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
tr
e
nd
to
w
a
r
d
in
te
ll
e
c
tu
a
l
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
y
s
ha
pe
f
ut
ur
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
A
lt
hough
th
is
s
tu
dy
is
s
pe
c
if
ic
to
th
e
I
ndone
s
ia
n
m
a
r
ke
t,
gl
oba
l
va
r
ia
ti
ons
in
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
a
tt
it
ude
s
to
w
a
r
d
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
m
a
y
yi
e
ld
di
f
f
e
r
in
g
out
c
om
e
s
.
E
xpa
ndi
ng
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
c
r
os
s
r
e
gi
ons
w
il
l
pr
ovi
de
de
e
pe
r
in
s
ig
ht
s
in
to
ta
il
or
in
g
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
f
or
di
ve
r
s
e
m
a
r
ke
ts
w
hi
le
m
a
in
ta
in
in
g ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
r
e
le
va
nc
e
.
5.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
T
he
f
in
di
ngs
of
th
is
s
tu
dy
va
li
da
te
th
e
e
xpa
nd
e
d
m
ode
l
of
br
a
n
d
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
by
de
m
ons
tr
a
ti
ng
how
s
e
ns
or
y,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
,
be
ha
vi
or
a
l,
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
c
ons
um
e
r
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
a
m
ong
G
e
n
Y
a
nd
G
e
n
Z
w
it
hi
n
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
c
o
-
br
a
nde
d
pr
oduc
ts
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
r
e
ve
a
l
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
:
G
e
n
Y
pr
io
r
it
iz
e
s
e
m
ot
io
na
l
a
nd
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
c
onne
c
ti
ons
,
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ng
th
e
ir
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
or
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
nd
li
f
e
s
ty
le
-
a
li
gne
d
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on,
w
hi
le
G
e
n
Z
le
a
ns
to
w
a
r
d
s
e
ns
or
y
nove
lt
y
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
dr
iv
e
n
by
th
e
ir
a
f
f
in
it
y
f
o
r
vi
s
ua
ll
y
s
ti
m
ul
a
ti
ng
a
nd
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
ll
y
in
nova
ti
ve
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
.
B
y
e
m
pl
oyi
ng
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
a
nd
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
da
ta
,
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
ovi
de
s
a
de
e
pe
r
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
how
e
a
c
h
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
c
ohor
t
in
te
r
a
c
ts
w
it
h
br
a
nd
s
,
unde
r
s
c
or
in
g
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
ta
il
or
e
d
br
a
nd
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
.
E
m
ot
io
na
ll
y
dr
iv
e
n
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
th
a
t
a
li
gn
w
it
h
G
e
n
Y
’
s
li
f
e
s
ty
le
a
s
pi
r
a
ti
ons
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
bui
ld
in
g
br
a
nd
lo
ya
lt
y, a
s
th
is
gr
oup
r
e
s
ponds
to
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
nd
c
ons
is
te
nt
br
a
nd
m
e
s
s
a
gi
ng.
I
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
G
e
n
Z
pr
e
f
e
r
s
br
a
nds
th
a
t
de
li
ve
r
a
e
s
th
e
ti
c
a
ll
y
a
ppe
a
li
ng,
di
gi
ta
ll
y
im
m
e
r
s
iv
e
,
a
nd
in
te
ll
e
c
tu
a
ll
y
s
ti
m
ul
a
ti
ng
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
th
e
gr
ow
in
g
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
in
nova
ti
on
in
m
a
r
ke
ti
ng
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
of
f
e
r
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
gui
da
nc
e
f
or
br
a
nd
m
a
na
ge
r
s
a
nd
de
s
ig
n
pr
a
c
ti
ti
one
r
s
:
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
f
or
G
e
n
Y
s
houl
d
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
e
m
ot
iv
e
s
to
r
yt
e
ll
in
g
a
nd
a
ut
he
nt
ic
it
y
to
bui
ld
e
m
ot
io
na
l
e
qui
ty
,
w
he
r
e
a
s
th
os
e
ta
r
ge
ti
ng
G
e
n
Z
m
us
t
pr
io
r
it
iz
e
s
e
ns
or
y
a
ppe
a
l
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
th
r
ough
c
r
e
a
ti
ve
di
gi
ta
l
in
te
r
a
c
ti
vi
ty
.
T
he
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
M
iz
z
u
a
nd
K
hong
G
ua
n
e
xe
m
pl
if
ie
s
how
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng
c
a
n
br
id
ge
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
di
vi
de
s
by
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
di
s
ti
nc
t
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
of
e
a
c
h
gr
oup.
W
hi
le
G
e
n
Z
is
dr
a
w
n
to
th
e
s
e
ns
or
y
in
nova
ti
on
o
f
th
e
pr
oduc
t,
G
e
n
Y
a
ppr
e
c
i
a
te
s
th
e
nos
t
a
lg
ic
f
a
m
il
ia
r
it
y
e
m
be
dde
d
in
it
s
d
e
s
ig
n.
N
on
e
th
e
le
s
s
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
h
a
s
c
e
r
ta
in
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
.
T
he
f
in
di
ngs
a
r
e
ba
s
e
d
on
I
ndone
s
ia
n
ur
ba
n
c
ons
um
e
r
s
,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
y
li
m
it
ge
ne
r
a
li
z
a
bi
li
ty
to
br
oa
de
r
o
r
gl
oba
l
c
ont
e
xt
s
.
T
he
f
oc
us
on
f
our
c
or
e
b
r
a
nd e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
doe
s
not
a
c
c
ount
f
or
ot
h
e
r
r
e
le
va
nt
f
a
c
to
r
s
, s
uc
h a
s
s
oc
ia
l
or
r
e
la
ti
ona
l
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
y
a
l
s
o
s
h
a
pe
c
on
s
um
e
r
be
ha
vi
or
.
A
s
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ona
l
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
r
e
dyna
m
ic
a
nd
li
ke
ly
to
e
vol
ve
w
it
h
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
nd
s
oc
ie
ta
l
s
hi
f
ts
,
f
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
houl
d
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
th
e
s
e
c
h
a
nge
s
a
c
r
os
s
di
ve
r
s
e
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
e
tt
in
gs
us
in
g l
ongi
tu
di
na
l
or
c
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
. E
xpa
ndi
ng t
he
s
c
ope
of
t
hi
s
s
tu
dy w
il
l
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
t
o m
or
e
i
nc
lu
s
iv
e
a
nd a
da
pt
iv
e
br
a
nd s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
i
n a
n
i
nc
r
e
a
s
in
gl
y gl
oba
li
z
e
d m
a
r
ke
t.
A
C
K
N
O
WL
E
D
G
M
E
N
T
S
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
w
oul
d
li
ke
to
e
xpr
e
s
s
th
e
ir
s
in
c
e
r
e
a
ppr
e
c
ia
ti
on
to
B
unda
M
ul
ia
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y
a
nd
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
i
S
a
in
s
M
a
la
y
s
ia
f
or
t
he
ir
va
lu
a
bl
e
s
uppor
t
a
nd c
ol
la
b
or
a
ti
on t
hr
oughout t
hi
s
s
tu
dy.
F
U
N
D
I
N
G
I
N
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
de
c
la
r
e
t
ha
t
no f
undi
ng w
a
s
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d t
o s
uppor
t
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h w
or
k.
A
U
T
H
O
R
C
O
N
T
R
I
B
U
T
I
O
N
S
S
T
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
hi
s
jo
ur
na
l
us
e
s
th
e
C
ont
r
ib
ut
or
R
ol
e
s
T
a
xonomy
(
C
R
e
di
T
)
to
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
in
di
vi
dua
l
a
ut
hor
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
ns
, r
e
duc
e
a
ut
hor
s
hi
p di
s
put
e
s
,
a
nd f
a
c
il
it
a
te
c
ol
la
bo
r
a
ti
on.
N
am
e
o
f
A
u
t
h
or
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Y
a
na
E
r
ly
a
na
✓
✓
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✓
✓
✓
L
im
J
in
g Y
i
✓
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1018
-
1027
1026
C
:
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onc
e
pt
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l
i
z
a
t
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on
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:
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e
t
hodol
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t
w
a
r
e
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:
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da
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i
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e
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ur
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&
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:
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s
ua
l
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z
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t
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:
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pe
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:
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r
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om
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s
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ti
ona
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ie
s
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o
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te
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t
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i
th
t
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te
ne
ts
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e
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e
ls
i
nki
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e
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la
r
a
ti
on.
E
t
hi
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a
l
a
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r
ov
a
l
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
dy
w
a
s
ob
ta
in
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
J
a
w
a
ta
n
K
ua
s
a
E
ti
ka
P
e
nye
li
di
k
a
n
M
a
n
us
ia
(
J
E
P
e
M
)
,
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
i
S
a
in
s
M
a
la
ys
ia
.
D
A
T
A
A
V
A
I
L
A
B
I
L
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T
Y
T
he
da
ta
th
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t
s
uppor
t
th
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f
in
di
ngs
of
th
is
s
tu
dy
a
r
e
a
va
il
a
bl
e
f
r
om
th
e
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
a
ut
hor
,
[
YE
]
,
upon r
e
a
s
ona
bl
e
r
e
que
s
t.
T
o pr
ot
e
c
t
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
pr
iv
a
c
y i
n a
c
c
or
da
nc
e
w
it
h J
E
P
e
M
U
S
M
e
th
ic
a
l
a
ppr
ova
l,
t
he
publ
ic
ly
s
ha
r
e
a
bl
e
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
a
r
e
li
m
it
e
d
to
th
e
a
ggr
e
ga
te
d
r
e
s
ul
ts
,
c
ode
book,
a
nd
a
n
a
ly
s
is
s
c
r
ip
ts
.
De
-
id
e
nt
if
ie
d
s
ur
ve
y
da
ta
c
a
n
be
s
h
a
r
e
d
unde
r
a
da
ta
-
us
e
a
gr
e
e
m
e
nt
;
f
ul
l
in
te
r
vi
e
w
tr
a
ns
c
r
ip
ts
a
r
e
not
publ
ic
ly
a
va
il
a
bl
e
.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
W
.
P
a
r
a
m
i
t
a
,
H
.
B
.
C
.
N
hu,
L
.
V
N
go,
Q
.
H
.
M
.
T
r
a
n,
a
nd
G
.
G
r
e
gor
y,
“
B
r
a
nd
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
a
nd
c
ons
um
e
r
s
’
s
oc
i
a
l
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
w
i
t
h
br
a
nd
pa
g
e
:
a
n
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
d
-
m
a
r
ke
t
i
ng
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
,
”
J
our
n
al
of
R
e
t
ai
l
i
ng
and
C
ons
um
e
r
Se
r
v
i
c
e
s
,
vol
.
62
,
p
p. 102611, S
e
p. 2021, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.j
r
e
t
c
ons
e
r
.2021.102611.
[
2]
C
. P
i
ne
l
l
o, P
. M
. P
i
c
one
,
a
nd A
.
M
.
L
i
D
e
s
t
r
i
, “
C
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h:
w
he
r
e
w
e
a
r
e
a
nd w
h
e
r
e
w
e
c
oul
d go f
r
om
he
r
e
,”
E
ur
ope
a
n
J
our
nal
of
M
ar
k
e
t
i
ng
, vol
. 56, no. 2, pp. 584
–
621, F
e
b. 2022, doi
:
10.1108/
E
J
M
-
02
-
2021
-
0073.
[
3]
R
.
K
a
ni
a
,
K
.
S
.
S
ukoyo,
a
nd
N
.
W
i
bi
s
ono,
“
E
f
f
e
c
t
of
co
-
br
a
ndi
ng
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
on
c
ons
um
e
r
a
t
t
i
t
ude
a
nd
pur
c
ha
s
e
i
nt
e
nt
i
on:
a
s
t
udy i
n I
ndone
s
i
a
,”
J
ou
r
nal
of
M
ar
k
e
t
i
ng I
nnov
at
i
on
, vol
. 1, no. 01, pp. 30
–
50, S
e
p. 2021, doi
:
10.35313/
j
m
i
.v1i
01.17.
[
4]
S
.
G
ogr
i
,
“
C
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng:
a
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
c
de
c
i
s
i
on
i
n
a
c
om
pe
t
i
t
i
ve
w
or
l
d
,”
J
our
nal
,
vol
.
9,
no.
11,
pp.
20
–
23,
N
ov.
2022,
doi
:
10.36713/
e
pr
a
1013|
S
J
I
F
.
[
5]
D
.
Z
ha
,
P
.
F
or
oudi
,
T
.
C
.
M
e
l
e
w
a
r
,
a
nd
Z
.
J
i
n,
“
E
xa
m
i
ni
ng
t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
s
e
n
s
or
y
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
on
br
a
nd
l
o
ya
l
t
y,”
C
or
po
r
at
e
R
e
put
at
i
on R
e
v
i
e
w
, F
e
b. 2024, doi
:
10.1057/
s
41299
-
023
-
00175
-
x.
[
6]
R
.
P
i
na
a
nd
Á
.
D
i
a
s
,
“
T
he
i
n
f
l
ue
nc
e
of
b
r
a
nd
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
s
on
c
ons
um
e
r
-
ba
s
e
d
br
a
nd
e
qui
t
y,”
J
our
nal
of
B
r
and
M
anage
m
e
nt
,
vol
. 28, no. 2, pp. 99
–
115, M
a
r
. 2021, doi
:
10.1057/
s
41262
-
020
-
00215
-
5.
[
7]
V
.
S
a
s
i
v
a
r
dh
i
n
i
a
n
d
M
.
K
a
l
a
i
v
a
n
i
,
“
I
n
ve
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
ng
t
h
e
a
s
c
e
nda
nc
y
o
f
b
r
a
n
d
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
on
b
r
a
n
d
e
q
ui
t
y
:
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
i
on
al
J
o
ur
na
l
of
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
and
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
A
r
c
hi
v
e
,
vo
l
.
12
,
no.
1
, p
p.
62
5
–
63
4, M
a
y
202
4,
do
i
:
1
0.3
05
74/
i
j
s
r
a
.2
024
.1
2.1
.0
830
.
[
8]
J
.
J
.
B
r
a
kus
,
B
.
H
.
S
c
hm
i
t
t
,
a
nd
L
.
Z
a
r
a
nt
one
l
l
o,
“
B
r
a
nd
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
:
w
ha
t
i
s
i
t
?
how
i
s
i
t
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d?
doe
s
i
t
a
f
f
e
c
t
l
oya
l
t
y?
,”
J
our
nal
of
M
ar
k
e
t
i
ng
, vol
. 73, no. 3, pp. 52
–
68, M
a
y 2009, doi
:
10.1509/
j
m
kg.
73.3.52.
[
9]
S
.
M
.
T
a
n
a
nd
F
.
A
bdul
l
a
h,
“
P
a
c
ka
gi
ng
a
s
a
br
a
nd
bui
l
d
e
r
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
ou
r
nal
of
A
c
ade
m
i
c
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
B
us
i
ne
s
s
and
Soc
i
al
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
, vol
. 12, no. 5,
M
a
y 2022, doi
:
10.6007/
I
J
A
R
B
S
S
/
v12
-
i
5/
13287.
[
10]
D
.
D
w
i
d
i
e
na
w
a
t
i
,
S
.
B
.
A
b
di
na
g
or
o,
D
.
G
a
nda
s
a
r
i
,
a
n
d
D
.
T
j
a
h
j
a
n
a
,
“
D
o
G
e
ne
r
a
t
i
o
n
Y
a
n
d
Z
r
e
a
l
l
y
c
onc
e
r
n
a
b
out
e
nv
i
r
on
m
e
nt
a
l
i
s
s
ue
s
?
,”
i
n
I
O
P
C
o
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
Se
r
i
e
s
:
E
ar
t
h
an
d
E
n
v
i
r
o
nm
e
nt
al
Sc
i
e
nc
e
,
A
p
r
.
20
21
,
p.
12
13
7.
do
i
:
10
.1
088
/
1
75
5
-
131
5/
72
9/
1/
0
12
137
.
[
11]
D
.
T
.
R
a
t
hna
ya
ke
,
“
G
e
n
Y
c
ons
um
e
r
s
’
br
a
nd
l
oya
l
t
y:
a
br
a
nd
r
om
a
nc
e
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
,”
M
ar
k
e
t
i
ng
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
&
P
l
anni
ng
,
vol
.
39
,
no. 6, pp. 761
–
776, A
ug. 2021, doi
:
10.1108/
M
I
P
-
09
-
2020
-
0421.
[
12]
J
.
A
.
W
i
j
a
ya
a
n
d
L
. S
us
i
l
a
w
a
t
y,
“
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
s
o
c
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
a
dv
e
r
t
i
s
i
n
g f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
o
n pu
r
c
h
a
s
e
i
n
t
e
nt
i
on
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
d
b
y
b
r
a
n
d
e
n
ga
ge
m
e
n
t
on
L
e
nov
o
l
a
p
t
o
ps
,”
B
us
i
ne
s
s
M
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
J
o
ur
na
l
,
vo
l
.
1
9,
no
. 2
,
pp.
1
43
–
16
1,
202
3,
do
i
:
10
.3
081
3/
bm
j
.
v19
i
2
.46
54
.
[
13]
Y
.
K
i
m
,
“
R
e
vi
t
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
of
of
f
l
i
ne
f
a
s
hi
on
s
t
or
e
s
:
e
xpl
or
i
ng
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
e
s
t
o
i
m
pr
ove
t
he
s
m
a
r
t
r
e
t
a
i
l
i
ng
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
by
a
ppl
yi
ng
m
obi
l
e
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
,”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
, vol
. 13, no. 6, p. 3434, M
a
r
. 2021, doi
:
10.3390/
s
u13063434.
[
14]
Y
.
E
r
l
ya
na
a
nd
N
a
dya
,
“
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
pa
c
k
a
gi
ng
de
s
i
gn
on
t
he
i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
of
M
S
M
E
br
a
nd
va
l
ue
u
s
i
ng
t
he
pr
e
-
t
e
s
t
a
nd
po
s
t
-
t
e
s
t
s
m
e
t
hods
,”
i
n
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
of
t
he
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
n
c
e
of
I
nnov
at
i
on
i
n
M
e
di
a
and
V
i
s
ual
D
e
s
i
gn
(
I
M
D
E
S
2020)
,
2020,
pp. 261
–
267. doi
:
10.2991/
a
s
s
e
hr
.k.201202.086.
[
15]
H
.
M
.
J
e
on
a
nd
S
.
R
.
Y
oo,
“
T
he
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
be
t
w
e
e
n
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
a
nd
c
o
ns
um
e
r
-
ba
s
e
d
br
a
nd
e
qui
t
y
i
n
gr
oc
e
r
a
nt
s
,”
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
B
us
i
ne
s
s
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T
.
T
.
A
.
H
öf
l
i
ng,
N
.
W
a
l
t
e
r
,
T
.
K
uhl
e
nka
s
pe
r
,
a
nd
G
.
W
.
A
l
pe
r
s
,
“
W
ha
t
I
l
i
ke
!
t
he
j
oi
nt
i
m
pa
c
t
of
a
t
t
i
t
ude
,
pe
r
c
e
i
ve
d
qua
l
i
t
y,
a
nd
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
on
br
a
nd
l
oya
l
t
y:
s
e
m
i
-
pa
r
a
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
ddi
t
i
ve
m
i
xe
d
m
o
de
l
i
ng,”
R
e
v
i
e
w
of
M
ar
k
e
t
i
ng
Sc
i
e
nc
e
,
O
c
t
.
2024
,
doi
:
10.1515/
r
om
s
-
2024
-
0005.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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)
1027
[
17]
M
.
C
hr
i
s
t
i
a
n,
I
.
J
ona
t
ha
n,
a
nd
E
.
R
.
I
ndr
i
ya
r
t
i
,
“
G
e
n
Z
Y
c
us
t
om
e
r
s
a
nd
t
r
e
ndy
r
e
s
t
a
ur
a
nt
s
i
n
m
e
t
r
opol
i
t
a
n
c
i
t
y:
a
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
of
pr
i
c
e
f
a
i
r
ne
s
s
, s
e
ns
or
y e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
,
a
nd
s
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
i
on,”
W
i
dy
ak
al
a
J
our
nal
:
J
our
n
al
of
P
e
m
bangunan J
ay
a U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
, vol
.
11, no. 1
,
p
p
. 1
–
8
, M
a
r
. 2024, doi
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w
i
dya
ka
l
a
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K
.
N
.
S
a
l
a
m
,
A
.
W
.
T
.
F
.
S
i
ngke
r
ua
ng,
M
.
F
.
H
us
ni
,
B
.
B
a
ha
r
uddi
n,
a
nd
D
.
P
.
A
.R
,
“
G
e
n
-
Z
m
a
r
ke
t
i
ng
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
e
s
:
unde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng
c
ons
um
e
r
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
nd bui
l
di
ng s
u
s
t
a
i
na
bl
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
s
,”
G
ol
de
n
R
at
i
o of
M
appi
ng I
de
a and L
i
t
e
r
at
ur
e
F
or
m
at
, vol
.
4, no. 1
,
pp. 53
–
77, J
a
n. 2024, doi
:
10.52970/
gr
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i
l
f
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[
19]
S
. M
. T
a
n a
nd F
.
A
bdul
l
a
h, “
E
xpl
or
i
ng t
he
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on of
vi
s
ua
l
e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
on pa
c
ka
gi
ng de
s
i
gn t
o
e
nha
nc
e
c
ons
um
e
r
i
m
pr
e
s
s
i
on i
n
onl
i
ne
s
ho
ppi
ng,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
A
c
ade
m
i
c
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
B
us
i
ne
s
s
and
Soc
i
al
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
,
vol
.
12,
no.
12,
D
e
c
.
2022,
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R
B
S
S
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i
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S
.
J
e
ns
e
n
a
nd
M
.
O
hl
w
e
i
n,
“
T
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
br
a
nd
nos
t
a
l
gi
a
on
pur
c
ha
s
e
i
nt
e
nt
i
on
a
m
o
ng
G
e
n
Y
,”
J
our
nal
of
E
m
e
r
gi
ng
T
r
e
nd
s
i
n
M
ar
k
e
t
i
ng and M
anage
m
e
nt
, vol
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S
. C
.
-
M
a
r
t
í
ne
z
a
nd
R
.
V
.
-
C
a
s
i
e
l
l
e
s
, “
B
ui
l
di
ng c
ons
um
e
r
l
oya
l
t
y t
hr
ough e
-
s
hop
pi
ng e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
s
:
t
he
m
e
di
a
t
i
ng r
ol
e
of
e
m
ot
i
ons
,
”
J
our
nal
of
R
e
t
ai
l
i
ng and C
ons
um
e
r
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
, vol
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a
y 2021, doi
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j
.j
r
e
t
c
ons
e
r
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M
.
H
.
S
i
ddi
qui
a
nd
T
.
G
.
S
ha
r
m
a
,
“
I
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
i
ng
s
m
a
r
t
phone
br
a
nd
l
oya
l
t
y
f
o
r
m
i
l
l
e
nni
a
l
s
a
nd
G
e
n
Z
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
and H
um
an I
nt
e
r
ac
t
i
on
, vol
. 18, no. 1, pp. 1
–
19, S
e
p. 2022, doi
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I
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[
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M
.
S
a
e
e
di
ki
ya
,
A
.
S
a
l
a
m
z
a
de
h,
Y
.
S
a
l
a
m
z
a
de
h,
a
nd
Z
.
A
e
e
ni
,
“
C
ogni
t
i
ons
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
ng
i
nnova
t
i
on
a
m
ong
G
e
ne
r
a
t
i
on
Z
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
:
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he
e
xt
e
r
na
l
e
na
bl
e
m
e
nt
of
di
gi
t
a
l
i
nf
r
a
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
u
r
i
al
B
e
hav
i
or
&
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
vol
. 30, no. 2/
3, pp. 572
–
608, M
a
r
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I
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E
B
R
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02
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2023
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[
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C
.
L
a
c
r
oi
x,
L
.
R
a
j
a
ob
e
l
i
na
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
t
-
O
ng
e
,
“
I
m
pa
c
t
o
f
p
e
r
c
e
i
ve
d
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
dve
r
t
i
s
i
ng
o
n
c
us
t
o
m
e
r
s
’
r
e
s
po
ns
e
s
:
a
m
ul
t
i
-
m
e
t
h
od
a
pp
r
oa
c
h,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
i
on
al
J
o
ur
na
l
of
B
ank
M
ar
k
e
t
i
ng
, v
ol
.
38,
n
o.
6,
pp
.
123
7
–
125
8,
J
un.
2
020
,
doi
:
10
.11
08
/
I
J
B
M
-
12
-
20
19
-
0
45
1.
[
25]
D
.
Z
ha
,
P
.
F
or
oudi
,
T
.
C
.
M
e
l
e
w
a
r
,
a
nd
Z
.
J
i
n,
“
E
xpe
r
i
e
nc
i
ng
t
he
s
e
n
s
e
of
t
h
e
br
a
nd:
t
he
m
i
ni
ng,
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
a
nd
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
o
f
br
a
nd
da
t
a
t
hr
ough
s
e
ns
or
y
br
a
nd
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
s
,”
Q
ual
i
t
at
i
v
e
M
a
r
k
e
t
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h:
A
n
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
,
vol
.
25,
no.
2
,
pp. 205
–
232, M
a
r
. 2022, doi
:
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09
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2021
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26]
C
.
P
.
T
u
r
a
n,
“
S
uc
c
e
s
s
dr
i
ve
r
s
of
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng:
a
m
e
t
a
-
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
C
ons
um
e
r
St
udi
e
s
,
vol
.
45,
no.
4,
pp. 911
–
936, J
ul
. 2021, doi
:
10.1111/
i
j
c
s
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[
27]
Y
.
Y
u
,
L
.
R
o
t
he
n
be
r
g
,
a
nd
M
.
M
o
o
r
e
,
“
E
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
yo
u
n
g
c
on
s
u
m
e
r
’
s
de
c
i
s
i
o
n
‐
m
a
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
l
u
xu
r
y
c
o
-
b
r
a
n
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
b
i
na
t
i
o
ns
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
na
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
ur
na
l
o
f
R
e
t
a
i
l
&
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
a
ge
m
e
nt
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p.
3
4
1
–
3
5
8
,
N
o
v
.
20
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0.
1
1
0
8/
I
J
R
D
M
-
12
-
2
0
19
-
0399.
[
28]
Y
. E
r
l
ya
na
a
nd L
. J
i
ng Y
i
, “
L
e
ve
r
a
gi
ng
c
om
put
a
t
i
ona
l
m
od
e
l
s
t
o a
na
l
yz
e
t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
c
o
-
br
a
ndi
ng on br
a
nd e
qui
t
y a
nd c
ons
um
e
r
l
oya
l
t
y a
c
r
os
s
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
s
,
”
J
our
nal
of
C
om
put
e
r
Sc
i
e
nc
e
, pp. 1586
–
1593, 202
5, doi
:
10.3844/
j
c
s
s
p.2025.1586.1593.
[
29]
Y
.
T
a
ng,
“
A
na
l
ys
i
s
of
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
C
hi
ne
s
e
c
ons
um
e
r
f
or
l
uxu
r
y
goods
-
G
e
ne
r
a
t
i
on
Z
,”
L
e
c
t
ur
e
N
ot
e
s
i
n
E
duc
at
i
on
P
s
y
c
hol
ogy
and P
ubl
i
c
M
e
di
a
, vol
. 4, no. 1, pp. 531
–
537, M
a
y 2023, doi
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10.54254/
2753
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7
048/
4/
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[
30]
X
.
L
i
,
“
B
r
a
nd
de
s
i
gn
i
n
t
he
e
r
a
of
5
G
ne
w
m
e
di
a
a
nd
i
t
s
i
m
pa
c
t
on
c
ons
um
e
r
s
’
e
m
ot
i
ona
l
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
,”
F
r
ont
i
e
r
s
i
n
P
s
y
c
hol
ogy
,
vol
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e
p. 2022, doi
:
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f
ps
yg.2022.956490.
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K
.
Y
a
ng,
H
.
J
i
a
ng,
a
nd
T
.
T
a
ng,
“
A
n
e
m
pi
r
i
c
a
l
m
ode
l
f
or
t
he
C
hi
ne
s
e
c
os
m
e
t
i
c
i
ndu
s
t
r
y,”
A
dv
anc
e
d
i
n
E
c
onom
i
c
s
,
B
us
i
ne
s
s
an
d
M
anage
m
e
nt
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
, vol
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a
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bm
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[
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K
.
I
khl
a
q
a
nd
S
.
R
a
z
a
,
“
A
t
he
or
e
t
i
c
a
l
br
a
nd
e
qui
t
y
m
ode
l
f
or
m
a
r
ke
t
i
ng
i
n
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
t
ur
bul
e
n
c
e
,”
J
our
nal
of
M
ar
k
e
t
i
ng St
r
at
e
gi
e
s
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A
.
B
e
l
l
i
z
a
a
nd
N
.
K
us
um
a
w
a
t
i
,
“
T
he
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
of
vi
s
ua
l
a
t
t
r
i
but
e
s
i
n
pa
c
ka
gi
ng
de
s
i
gn
on
G
e
ne
r
a
t
i
o
n
Z
’
s
de
s
s
e
r
t
s
na
c
k
pur
c
ha
s
i
ng
de
c
i
s
i
on,”
J
ou
r
nal
of
C
ons
u
m
e
r
St
udi
e
s
and
A
ppl
i
e
d
M
ar
k
e
t
i
ng
,
vol
.
2,
no.
1,
pp.
57
–
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J
ul
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2024,
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c
s
a
m
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[
34]
M
. B
a
l
a
s
e
s
c
u, “
T
he
m
a
r
ke
t
i
ng of
e
xp
e
r
i
e
nc
e
s
i
n t
he
w
i
ne
i
ndus
t
r
y i
n
R
om
a
ni
a
,
”
B
ul
l
e
t
i
n of
t
he
T
r
ans
i
l
v
ani
a
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
of
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r
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s
ov
.
Se
r
i
e
s
V
:
E
c
onom
i
c
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
, pp. 9
–
16, J
un. 2023, doi
:
10.31926/
but
.e
s
.2023.16.65.1.1.
[
35]
A
.
H
.
T
a
,
L
.
A
.
-
S
t
e
nr
oos
,
a
nd
L
.
L
i
t
ovuo,
“
C
us
t
om
e
r
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
i
n
c
i
r
c
ul
a
r
e
c
onom
y:
e
xpe
r
i
e
nt
i
a
l
di
m
e
ns
i
ons
a
m
ong
c
on
s
um
e
r
s
of
r
e
us
e
d a
nd r
e
c
yc
l
e
d c
l
ot
h
e
s
,
”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
, vol
. 14, no. 1, p
p
. 509, J
a
n. 2022, doi
:
10.3390/
s
u14010509.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Yana
Erlyana
is
a
Ph.D.
student
in
Gra
p
hic
Communicatio
n
Design
at
Universiti
Sains
Malaysia,
Penang,
Malaysia,
speci
alizing
in
co
-
bran
ding
design
and
digital
innovation.
Her
resear
ch
focuses
on
how
visual
communication
can
be
utilized
to
optimize
co
-
branding
strategies,
enhancing
the
synergy
between
brands
to
create
impactful
and
memorable
consumer
experien
ces.
Yana
is
particula
rly
interested
in
h
ow
design
can
visually
represent
brand
collaboratio
ns
to
foster
deeper
connections
with
target
audiences.
In
additio
n,
she
explores
how
digital
technolo
gies,
such
as
augmen
ted
reality
(AR)
and
interactiv
e
media,
can
be
incorpora
ted
into
design
to
create
engaging
and
immersive
consumer
interacti
ons. S
he can be co
ntacted at
email:
yerlyana@bundamuli
a.ac.id.
Lim
Jing
Yi
is
a
lecturer
at
the
Department
of
Graphic
Communic
ation
Design,
School
of
the
Arts,
Universiti
Sains
Malaysia
(USM),
Malaysia.
Sh
e
specializes
in
youth
digital
competency
and
is
actively
working
on
projects
aimed
at
promoting
digital
competency
among
young
people.
Her
research
interest
s
encompass
digital
competency
in
society,
cultural
heritage,
and
visual
communication
design.
Lim
Jing
Yi
holds
a
B
COMM
in Film and Broa
dcasting, a
n M COMM in Film Studies
, and a Ph
.
D
.
i
n New Media, all from
Universiti
Sains
Malaysia
(USM).
Her
areas
of
expertise
include
digi
tal
competen
cy,
media
and
technology,
and
the
intersection
of
culture
and
society.
She
can
be
contacted
at
email:
gene.limjingyi@
usm.my.
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