I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
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Jou
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of
A
d
van
c
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s
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n
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p
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li
e
d
S
c
ie
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c
e
s
(
I
JA
A
S
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
, pp.
1
384
~
1
392
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
a
s
.
v
14
.
i
4
.
pp
1384
-
1392
1384
Jou
r
n
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h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
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//
ij
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nf
or
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c
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c
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ni
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y, D
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l
2, P
os
t
s
a
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e
l
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om
m
uni
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I
ns
t
i
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ut
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hnol
ogy, H
o C
hi
M
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i
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y, V
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3
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a
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l
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t
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ngi
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T
e
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hnol
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ndus
t
r
i
a
l
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y of
H
o C
hi
M
i
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i
t
y, H
o C
hi
M
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i
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l
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i
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a
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a
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l
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r
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E
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T
on D
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ngi
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t
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s
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K
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i
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t
y
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a
i
w
a
n
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
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y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
A
pr
22
,
2025
R
e
vi
s
e
d
S
e
p 30
,
2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
N
ov 7
,
2025
Achieving
uniform
nanoparticle
dispersion
in
electrospun
p
olymer
nanofibers
remains
a
critical
challenge,
as
conventional
electrosp
inning
often
leads
to
particle
agglomeration
and
nozzle
clogging,
reducin
g
fiber
uniformity
and
functional
efficiency.
This
study
explicitly
address
es
this
problem
by
developing
poly
(
vinyl
alcoho
l
)
(PVA)/BaSO
4
co
mposite
nanofibers
through
both
conventional
and
ultrasonic
-
assisted
electrospi
nning.
Scanning
electron
mi
croscopy
(SEM)
reve
ale
d
that
ultrasonication
effectively
disrupted
nanoparticle
agglomerates,
yi
elding
smoother
and
more
uniform
fiber
morphologies.
X
-
ray
diffraction
(XRD)
analysis
further
confirmed
th
at
ultrason
ic
proc
essing
reduced
the
crys
tallin
e
intensity
of
PVA
and
BaSO
4
,
indicating
enhanced
polymer
–
filler
inte
raction
and
finer
BaSO
4
distribution.
Quantitatively,
the
agglomeration
slope
decreas
ed
from
0.039
(conventional)
to
0.006,
and
the
mean
crystalli
te
size
was
reduced
from
approximately
470
to
300
nm.
These
results are
con
sistent
with
recent
advances
showing
that
ultrasonic
electrospinning
improves
nanoparticle
dispersion
and
stability
in
polymer
matrices,
thereby
enh
ancing
optical
and
mechanical
properties.
Ultimately,
this
work
demonstrates
that
ultrasonic
-
assisted
electrospi
nning
provides
a
robust
and
scalable
str
at
egy
to
fabricate
lightweig
ht,
flexible,
and
multifun
ctional
PVA
-
based
radi
ation
-
shielding
materials
with
superior
nanoparticle
dispersion
and
str
uctural
homogeneity.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
a
r
iu
m
s
ul
f
a
te
C
ol
or
r
e
nde
r
in
g i
nde
x
C
om
put
e
r
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
L
um
in
ous
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
S
of
twa
r
e
e
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
W
hi
te
L
E
D
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
N
guye
n T
hi
P
huong L
oa
n
F
a
c
ul
ty
of
F
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
2, P
os
ts
a
nd T
e
l
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
ons
I
ns
ti
t
ut
e
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
H
o C
hi
M
in
h C
it
y, V
ie
tn
a
m
E
m
a
il
:
nt
pl
oa
n@
pt
it
hc
m
.e
du.vn
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
E
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
ha
s
ga
r
ne
r
e
d
c
ons
id
e
r
a
bl
e
in
te
r
e
s
t
ow
in
g
to
it
s
c
a
pa
c
it
y
to
pr
oduc
e
pol
ym
e
r
f
ib
e
r
s
w
it
h
di
a
m
e
te
r
s
s
pa
nni
ng
f
r
om
na
nom
e
te
r
s
to
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
m
ic
r
om
e
te
r
s
,
ut
il
iz
in
g
e
it
he
r
pol
ym
e
r
li
qui
ds
or
s
ol
ut
io
ns
.
I
t
pr
ovi
de
s
a
c
om
pa
r
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ti
ve
ly
s
tr
a
ig
ht
f
or
w
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r
d
a
nd
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on
om
ic
a
l
m
e
th
od
in
c
ont
r
a
s
t
to
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
f
ib
e
r
-
pr
oc
e
s
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in
g
te
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hni
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s
,
w
hi
le
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na
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th
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pr
oduc
ti
on
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or
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tr
uc
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dva
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f
or
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in
g,
bi
om
e
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c
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l
s
c
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f
f
ol
ds
,
a
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opt
oe
le
c
tr
oni
c
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
[
1]
–
[
4
]
.
I
n
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
c
om
pos
it
e
na
nof
ib
e
r
s
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
f
unc
ti
ona
l
na
nom
a
te
r
ia
ls
s
uc
h
a
s
m
e
ta
l
na
nopa
r
ti
c
le
s
,
c
la
ys
,
c
a
r
bon
na
not
ube
s
,
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
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2252
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8814
C
om
put
e
r
s
imul
at
io
n and
s
of
tw
ar
e
e
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g i
n opti
c
al
analy
s
is
of
phos
pho
r
-
c
onv
e
r
te
d
…
(
L
e
T
hi
T
r
ang
)
1385
c
e
r
a
m
ic
s
ha
s
s
w
if
tl
y
a
dva
nc
e
d,
ow
in
g
to
th
e
ir
di
s
ti
nc
ti
ve
phy
s
ic
oc
he
m
ic
a
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
[
5]
–
[
8]
.
N
e
ve
r
th
e
le
s
s
,
na
nopa
r
ti
c
le
a
ggl
om
e
r
a
ti
on
c
ont
in
ue
s
to
pos
e
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
c
ha
ll
e
nge
,
pot
e
nt
ia
ll
y
di
m
in
is
hi
ng
th
e
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
t
he
s
e
hybr
id
f
ib
e
r
s
by i
m
pa
ir
in
g t
he
ir
m
e
c
ha
ni
c
a
l,
t
he
r
m
a
l,
a
nd opti
c
a
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
[
9]
, [
10]
.
C
onve
nt
io
na
l
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
r
e
li
e
s
on
a
n
a
ppl
ie
d
hi
gh
vol
ta
ge
to
s
tr
e
tc
h
a
pol
ym
e
r
je
t
f
r
om
th
e
s
yr
in
ge
ti
p
to
w
a
r
d
a
c
ol
le
c
to
r
.
W
hi
le
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
,
th
is
m
e
th
od
of
te
n
s
uf
f
e
r
s
f
r
om
poor
na
nop
a
r
ti
c
le
di
s
p
e
r
s
io
n
a
nd
noz
z
le
c
lo
ggi
ng
w
he
n
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
vi
s
c
ou
s
or
na
nopa
r
ti
c
l
e
-
r
ic
h
s
ol
ut
io
ns
[
11]
.
E
a
r
li
e
r
m
ix
e
d
-
pol
ym
e
r
na
nof
ib
e
r
s
tu
di
e
s
f
r
e
que
nt
ly
r
e
por
te
d
s
e
ve
r
e
c
lu
s
te
r
in
g
of
in
or
ga
ni
c
f
il
le
r
s
a
nd
uns
ta
bl
e
je
t
f
lo
w
,
w
hi
c
h
r
e
s
ul
te
d
in
ir
r
e
gul
a
r
f
ib
e
r
m
o
r
phol
ogi
e
s
,
la
r
ge
s
ur
f
a
c
e
de
f
e
c
ts
,
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
d
r
e
pr
oduc
ib
il
it
y.
T
he
s
e
pe
r
s
i
s
te
nt
is
s
ue
s
li
m
it
e
d
th
e
a
bi
li
ty
to
s
c
a
le
up
e
l
e
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
f
or
f
unc
ti
ona
l
na
noc
om
pos
it
e
s
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
w
he
n
hi
gh
f
il
le
r
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
ti
ons
w
e
r
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d.
U
lt
r
a
s
oni
c
e
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c
tr
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pi
n
ni
ng
ha
s
r
e
c
e
nt
ly
e
m
e
r
ge
d
a
s
a
pow
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r
f
ul
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
on
to
a
ddr
e
s
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th
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e
dr
a
w
ba
c
ks
.
B
y
in
tr
oduc
in
g
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
vi
br
a
ti
ons
,
th
is
m
e
th
od
c
ont
in
uous
ly
a
gi
ta
te
s
th
e
pol
ym
e
r
s
ol
ut
io
n,
r
e
duc
e
s
s
ur
f
a
c
e
te
n
s
io
n
a
t
th
e
noz
z
le
ti
p,
a
nd
s
uppr
e
s
s
e
s
a
ggl
om
e
r
a
ti
on
of
na
nopa
r
ti
c
le
s
, t
he
r
e
by e
na
bl
in
g t
he
pr
oduc
ti
on of
uni
f
or
m
f
ib
e
r
s
f
r
om
hi
ghl
y l
oa
de
d or
vi
s
c
ous
s
ol
ut
io
ns
[
12]
.
I
n
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
,
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
a
ti
on
he
lp
s
to
ove
r
c
om
e
s
yr
in
ge
ti
p
c
lo
ggi
ng
by
ke
e
pi
ng
s
us
pe
nd
e
d
na
nopa
r
ti
c
le
s
di
s
pe
r
s
e
d
dur
in
g
je
t
f
or
m
a
ti
on,
w
hi
le
s
im
ul
ta
ne
ous
ly
br
e
a
ki
ng
a
pa
r
t
na
nopa
r
ti
c
le
c
lu
s
te
r
s
th
a
t
w
oul
d
ot
he
r
w
is
e
c
om
pr
om
is
e
f
ib
e
r
in
te
gr
it
y.
R
e
c
e
nt
s
tu
di
e
s
ha
v
e
s
how
n
th
a
t
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
-
a
s
s
i
s
te
d
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
e
na
bl
e
s
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n
of
hybr
id
na
nopa
r
ti
c
le
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
s
il
ve
r
a
nd
m
e
ta
l
oxi
de
s
,
w
it
hi
n
pol
ym
e
r
m
a
tr
ic
e
s
[
13]
, pa
vi
ng t
he
w
a
y f
or
m
or
e
r
e
li
a
bl
e
f
unc
ti
ona
l
na
nof
ib
e
r
s
.
P
a
r
a
ll
e
l
to
th
is
d
e
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
,
pol
y
(
vi
nyl
a
lc
ohol
)
(
P
V
A
)
-
ba
s
e
d
c
om
pos
it
e
na
nof
ib
e
r
s
h
a
ve
b
e
e
n
e
xt
e
ns
iv
e
ly
e
xpl
or
e
d
be
twe
e
n
2020
a
nd
2025
f
or
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
in
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l,
bi
o
m
e
di
c
a
l,
a
nd
r
a
di
a
ti
on
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
due
to
th
e
ir
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
bi
li
ty
,
bi
oc
o
m
pa
ti
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
f
unc
ti
ona
l
ve
r
s
a
ti
li
ty
[
14]
.
F
or
in
s
ta
nc
e
,
P
V
A
/
C
e
O
2
na
nof
i
be
r
s
h
a
v
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
a
t
e
d
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
s
ta
bi
l
it
y
a
n
d
r
a
di
a
t
io
n
s
hi
e
ld
in
g
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
[
15]
,
w
hi
le
P
V
A
/m
a
g
ne
t
it
e
n
a
no
f
ib
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
s
ho
w
n
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
a
t
te
n
ua
ti
o
n
of
g
a
m
m
a
r
a
d
ia
ti
o
n
[
1
6]
.
S
im
il
a
r
ly
,
P
V
A
-
Z
nO
-
C
uO
hybr
id
f
ib
e
r
s
w
e
r
e
r
e
c
e
nt
ly
r
e
por
te
d
to
e
xhi
bi
t
bot
h
e
nha
nc
e
d
m
e
c
h
a
ni
c
a
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
a
nd
r
a
di
a
ti
on
s
hi
e
ld
in
g
c
a
pa
bi
li
ty
[
17]
.
T
he
s
e
a
dva
nc
e
s
a
l
s
o
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
th
a
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
n
a
nopa
r
ti
c
le
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n
r
e
m
a
in
s
th
e
bot
tl
e
ne
c
k
in
m
a
xi
m
iz
in
g
f
ib
e
r
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
,
r
e
in
f
or
c
in
g
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
m
e
th
ods
li
ke
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
a
ti
on t
ha
t
di
r
e
c
tl
y t
a
r
ge
t
a
ggl
om
e
r
a
ti
on a
nd c
lo
ggi
ng c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
I
n
th
is
w
or
k,
w
e
f
oc
us
on
f
a
br
ic
a
ti
ng
P
V
A
/B
a
S
O
4
c
om
pos
it
e
na
nof
ib
e
r
s
us
in
g
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng.
B
a
S
O
4
is
a
w
e
ll
-
known
X
-
r
a
y
c
ont
r
a
s
t
a
nd
r
a
di
a
ti
on
-
s
hi
e
ld
in
g
m
a
te
r
ia
l,
ye
t
it
s
uni
f
or
m
in
c
or
por
a
ti
on
in
to
pol
ym
e
r
f
ib
e
r
s
ha
s
be
e
n
hi
nde
r
e
d
by
na
n
opa
r
ti
c
le
a
ggl
om
e
r
a
ti
on.
H
e
r
e
,
w
e
e
xpl
ic
it
ly
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
th
a
t
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
a
ti
on
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
B
a
S
O
4
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n,
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
in
r
e
duc
e
d
c
r
ys
ta
ll
it
e
s
iz
e
a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
le
d
c
lu
s
te
r
m
or
phol
ogy,
a
s
ve
r
if
ie
d
th
r
ough
a
na
ly
s
e
s
c
onduc
te
d
us
in
g
s
c
a
nni
ng
e
le
c
tr
on
m
ic
r
os
c
opy
(
S
E
M
)
a
nd
x
-
r
a
y
di
f
f
r
a
c
ti
on
(
X
R
D
)
.
T
he
nove
lt
y
of
th
is
s
tu
dy
li
e
s
in
c
oupl
in
g
u
lt
r
a
s
oni
c
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
w
it
h
B
a
S
O
4
-
lo
a
de
d
P
V
A
f
ib
e
r
s
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
uni
f
or
m
pa
r
ti
c
le
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n
a
nd
tu
na
bl
e
s
tr
uc
tu
r
a
l
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
, of
f
e
r
in
g ne
w
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
f
or
hi
gh
-
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
r
a
di
a
ti
on s
hi
e
ld
in
g na
nof
ib
e
r
s
[
18]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
OD
B
a
r
iu
m
s
ul
f
a
te
(
B
a
S
O
4
,
a
ve
r
a
ge
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
ly
0.43
μ
m
)
w
a
s
s
our
c
e
d
f
r
om
K
a
nt
o
C
he
m
ic
a
l
C
or
por
a
ti
on
in
J
a
p
a
n.
P
V
A
w
it
h
a
pol
ym
e
r
iz
a
ti
o
n
de
gr
e
e
of
1,700
a
nd
88%
hydr
ol
ys
is
w
a
s
s
uppl
ie
d
by
K
ur
a
r
a
y
C
or
por
a
ti
on
L
td
in
J
a
pa
n.
D
is
ti
ll
e
d
w
a
te
r
w
a
s
ut
il
iz
e
d
a
s
th
e
s
ol
ve
nt
in
a
ll
pr
e
pa
r
a
ti
ons
of
pol
ym
e
r
s
ol
ut
io
ns
.
T
he
P
V
A
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
ti
on
w
a
s
c
ons
is
te
nt
ly
m
a
in
ta
in
e
d
a
t
12 w
t%
a
c
r
os
s
a
ll
f
or
m
ul
a
ti
ons
,
w
hi
le
th
e
B
a
S
O
4
lo
a
di
ng
w
a
s
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
a
lt
e
r
e
d
f
r
om
2.5
to
60
w
t%
in
r
e
la
ti
on
to
P
V
A
to
e
xa
m
in
e
th
e
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
of
f
il
le
r
c
ont
e
nt
on
f
ib
e
r
m
o
r
phol
ogy
a
nd
pa
r
ti
c
le
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n.
T
he
P
V
A
s
ol
ut
io
n
w
a
s
f
or
m
ul
a
te
d
by
di
s
s
ol
vi
ng
P
V
A
gr
a
nul
e
s
in
di
s
ti
ll
e
d
w
a
te
r
w
it
h
c
ont
in
uo
us
a
gi
ta
ti
on
a
t
80 °C
unt
il
f
ul
ly
di
s
s
ol
ve
d.
A
f
te
r
c
ool
in
g
to
a
m
bi
e
nt
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
,
s
pe
c
if
ie
d
qu
a
nt
it
ie
s
of
B
a
S
O
4
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
w
e
r
e
in
c
or
por
a
te
d
in
to
th
e
12
w
t%
P
V
A
s
ol
ut
io
n
a
nd
th
or
oughly
m
ix
e
d
th
r
ough
vi
gor
ous
a
gi
ta
ti
on,
pr
oduc
in
g
s
ta
bl
e
s
us
p
e
ns
io
ns
of
P
V
A
/B
a
S
O
4
m
ix
tu
r
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
s
u
s
pe
ns
io
n
s
w
e
r
e
e
m
pl
oye
d di
r
e
c
t
ly
i
n t
he
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng pr
oc
e
s
s
[
19]
.
E
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
w
a
s
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
us
in
g
a
c
us
to
m
s
e
tu
p
c
ons
is
ti
ng
of
a
m
ic
r
o
-
s
yr
in
ge
pum
p
c
onne
c
te
d
to
a
30
m
L
gl
a
s
s
s
yr
in
ge
,
a
hi
gh
-
vol
ta
ge
pow
e
r
s
uppl
y,
a
nd
a
n
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
vi
br
a
ti
ng
de
vi
c
e
in
te
gr
a
te
d
in
to
th
e
noz
z
le
.
T
he
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
noz
z
le
c
ons
is
te
d
of
a
m
e
t
a
ll
ic
c
a
pi
ll
a
r
y
ti
p
w
it
h
a
n
in
te
r
na
l
di
a
m
e
te
r
of
0.9
m
m
.
T
he
f
ol
lo
w
in
g e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
w
e
r
e
a
ppl
ie
d:
–
A
ppl
ie
d volt
a
ge
:
10
kv
.
–
T
ip
-
to
-
c
ol
le
c
to
r
di
s
t
a
nc
e
(
T
C
D
)
:
10 c
m
.
–
S
ol
ut
io
n f
lo
w
r
a
te
:
0.1
ml
/h
r
.
–
U
lt
r
a
s
oni
c
f
r
e
que
nc
y:
17.5
-
20.5 kHz
.
T
he
in
c
or
por
a
ti
on
of
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
vi
br
a
ti
on
a
t
th
e
noz
z
le
c
ont
in
uous
ly
a
gi
ta
te
d
th
e
s
ol
ut
io
n,
th
e
r
e
by
im
pr
ovi
ng
B
a
S
O
4
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n
a
nd
m
in
im
iz
in
g
pa
r
ti
c
le
a
ggl
om
e
r
a
ti
on
dur
in
g
f
ib
e
r
f
or
m
a
ti
on
[
20
]
.
T
he
m
or
phol
ogy
of
th
e
f
ib
e
r
s
w
a
s
e
xa
m
in
e
d
vi
a
S
E
M
,
w
hi
le
e
ne
r
gy
-
di
s
pe
r
s
iv
e
x
-
r
a
y
s
p
e
c
tr
os
c
opy
(
E
D
X
)
a
tt
a
c
he
d
to
th
e
S
E
M
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
f
or
e
le
m
e
nt
a
l
m
a
ppi
ng
to
c
onf
ir
m
th
e
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n
of
B
a
a
nd
S
e
le
m
e
nt
s
w
it
hi
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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dv A
ppl
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c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1384
-
1392
1386
th
e
f
ib
e
r
s
.
T
he
c
he
m
ic
a
l
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
a
nd
pol
ym
e
r
-
f
il
le
r
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
w
e
r
e
a
na
ly
z
e
d
th
r
ough
F
our
ie
r
-
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
in
f
r
a
r
e
d
s
pe
c
tr
os
c
opy
(
F
T
I
R
)
a
nd
X
R
D
a
na
ly
s
e
s
. T
he
s
pa
ti
a
l
d
is
tr
ib
ut
io
n
of
B
a
S
O
4
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
in
s
id
e
th
e
f
ib
e
r
s
w
a
s
qua
nt
if
ie
d
th
r
ough
S
E
M
im
a
ge
a
na
ly
s
i
s
(
m
in
im
um
50
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
s
,
a
s
s
um
in
g
s
phe
r
ic
a
l
a
ggr
e
ga
te
s
)
,
c
om
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d by E
D
X
m
a
ppi
ng t
o vi
s
ua
li
z
e
homoge
ne
it
y.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
T
he
m
or
phol
ogy
of
P
V
A
/B
a
S
O
4
c
om
po
s
it
e
na
nof
ib
e
r
s
f
a
br
ic
a
te
d
by
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
a
nd
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
w
a
s
a
na
ly
z
e
d
by
S
E
M
a
nd
t
r
a
ns
m
is
s
io
n
e
le
c
tr
on
m
ic
r
os
c
opy
(
T
E
M
)
.
T
E
M
im
a
g
e
s
r
e
ve
a
le
d
th
a
t
m
os
t
B
a
S
O
4
p
a
r
ti
c
le
s
w
e
r
e
pos
it
io
ne
d
on
th
e
out
e
r
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
of
th
e
na
nof
ib
e
r
s
r
a
th
e
r
th
a
n
b
e
in
g
f
ul
ly
e
m
be
dde
d
w
it
hi
n,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
be
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
d
to
th
e
r
e
la
ti
ve
ly
la
r
g
e
B
a
S
O
4
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
c
om
pa
r
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
f
ib
e
r
th
ic
kne
s
s
.
N
ot
a
bl
y,
f
ib
e
r
s
pr
oduc
e
d
vi
a
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
e
xhi
bi
te
d
be
tt
e
r
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
f
e
w
e
r
a
ggl
om
e
r
a
te
s
t
ha
n t
hos
e
pr
e
pa
r
e
d by
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng. T
hi
s
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
t
ha
t
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
a
ti
on
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
di
s
r
upt
e
d
a
nd
r
e
di
s
tr
ib
ut
e
d
hi
ghl
y
a
c
c
um
ul
a
te
d
B
a
S
O
4
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
dur
in
g
f
ib
e
r
f
or
m
a
ti
on
[
21]
.
T
he
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n
of
B
a
S
O
4
w
it
hi
n
th
e
P
V
A
m
a
tr
ix
w
a
s
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
ly
e
v
a
lu
a
te
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
pa
r
ti
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le
a
ggl
om
e
r
a
ti
on
in
de
x
.
S
E
M
r
e
s
ul
ts
s
how
e
d
th
a
t
th
e
s
lo
pe
of
c
lu
s
te
r
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iz
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gr
ow
th
w
a
s
~
0.039
f
or
c
onve
nt
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na
l
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
but
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
s
ha
r
pl
y
to
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0.006
f
o
r
ul
t
r
a
s
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c
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le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng.
T
hi
s
s
ub
s
ta
nt
ia
l
r
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duc
ti
on
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
of
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
in
s
uppr
e
s
s
in
g
a
ggl
om
e
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
pr
om
ot
in
g
uni
f
or
m
na
nopa
r
ti
c
le
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n.
A
lt
hough
c
lu
s
te
r
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
va
r
ie
d
s
li
ght
ly
w
it
h
f
il
le
r
c
ont
e
nt
,
th
e
ove
r
a
ll
tr
e
nd
c
onf
ir
m
e
d
th
a
t
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
a
ti
on
c
ons
is
te
nt
ly
im
pr
ove
d
f
il
le
r
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n
w
it
hout
in
tr
oduc
in
g
unw
a
nt
e
d a
r
ti
f
a
c
ts
.
T
he
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
of
B
a
S
O
4
a
ddi
ti
on
on
f
ib
e
r
m
or
phol
ogy
w
a
s
f
ur
th
e
r
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
d.
B
ot
h
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
a
nd
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
pr
oduc
e
d
f
ib
e
r
s
w
it
h
c
om
pa
r
a
bl
e
a
ve
r
a
ge
di
a
m
e
te
r
s
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
th
a
t
f
ib
e
r
s
iz
e
w
a
s
not
di
r
e
c
tl
y
a
f
f
e
c
te
d
by
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
.
I
ns
te
a
d,
th
e
pr
im
a
r
y
f
a
c
to
r
w
a
s
th
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
B
a
S
O
4
c
ont
e
nt
,
w
hi
c
h
r
e
duc
e
d
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
f
r
a
c
ti
on
o
f
P
V
A
,
th
e
r
e
by
de
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
th
e
a
ve
r
a
ge
f
ib
e
r
di
a
m
e
te
r
.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
c
onf
ir
m
th
a
t
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
e
nh
a
nc
e
s
na
nopa
r
ti
c
le
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n
w
it
hout
a
lt
e
r
in
g
th
e
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
f
ib
e
r
f
or
m
a
ti
on
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
.
X
R
D
w
a
s
e
m
pl
oye
d
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
e
c
r
ys
ta
ll
in
it
y
of
th
e
c
om
pos
it
e
s
.
S
tr
ong
P
V
A
di
f
f
r
a
c
ti
on
pe
a
ks
a
t
19.5°
a
nd
24.5°
(
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
to
th
e
(
101)
a
nd
(
200)
pl
a
ne
s
)
w
e
r
e
obs
e
r
ve
d, a
lo
ng w
it
h di
s
ti
nc
t
B
a
S
O
4
m
a
xi
m
a
. I
n
s
a
m
pl
e
s
pr
oduc
e
d vi
a
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng, t
he
r
e
la
ti
ve
in
te
ns
it
y
of
B
a
S
O
4
di
f
f
r
a
c
ti
on
pe
a
ks
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
not
a
bl
y
a
t
f
il
le
r
c
ont
e
nt
s
≤15
w
t%
,
s
ugge
s
ti
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di
s
r
upt
io
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o
f
c
r
ys
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ll
it
e
or
de
r
in
g
a
nd
im
pr
ove
d
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n.
T
he
m
e
a
n
B
a
S
O
4
c
r
ys
ta
ll
it
e
s
iz
e
w
a
s
~
470
nm
f
or
c
onve
nt
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na
l
s
a
m
pl
e
s
but
r
e
duc
e
d
to
~
300
nm
f
or
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
e
le
c
tr
os
pun
s
a
m
pl
e
s
,
c
onf
ir
m
in
g
c
r
ys
ta
ll
it
e
s
iz
e
r
e
f
in
e
m
e
nt
in
duc
e
d
by
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
e
n
e
r
gy.
A
t
hi
ghe
r
lo
a
di
ngs
(
>
20
w
t%
)
,
B
a
S
O
4
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
te
nd
e
d
to
c
ol
li
de
a
nd
f
or
m
s
e
c
onda
r
y
a
ggl
om
e
r
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te
s
vi
a
va
n
de
r
W
a
a
ls
f
or
c
e
s
,
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
di
f
f
r
a
c
ti
on
in
te
ns
it
y
a
nd
pa
r
ti
a
ll
y
r
e
s
to
r
in
g
c
r
ys
ta
ll
in
it
y.
C
onc
ur
r
e
nt
ly
,
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
of
th
e
P
V
A
c
r
ys
ta
l
p
e
a
ks
w
a
s
ob
s
e
r
ve
d,
li
ke
ly
due
to
di
s
r
upt
io
n
of
pol
ym
e
r
c
ha
in
or
de
r
in
g
c
a
us
e
d
by c
ont
in
uous
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
vi
br
a
ti
ons
a
c
ti
ng
on
in
te
r
m
ol
e
c
ul
a
r
li
nka
ge
s
.
S
im
il
a
r
e
f
f
e
c
ts
on
B
a
S
O
4
di
f
f
r
a
c
ti
on
m
a
xi
m
a
in
th
e
m
onoc
li
ni
c
pha
s
e
w
e
r
e
r
e
por
te
d
in
pr
io
r
s
tu
di
e
s
.
O
ve
r
a
ll
,
th
e
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
th
a
t
ul
tr
a
s
oni
c
e
le
c
tr
os
pi
nni
ng
is
a
n
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
di
s
tu
r
b
c
r
ys
ta
ll
in
e
m
ic
r
o
-
f
or
m
s
,
r
e
duc
e
B
a
S
O
4
c
r
ys
ta
ll
it
e
s
iz
e
,
a
nd
a
c
hi
e
ve
m
or
e
hom
oge
ne
ous
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n
c
om
pa
r
e
d
w
it
h
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
m
e
th
ods
.
F
r
om
a
f
unc
ti
ona
l
s
ta
ndpoint
,
B
a
S
O
4
in
c
or
por
a
ti
on
pr
ovi
de
d
dua
l
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
.
F
ir
s
t,
it
s
hi
gh
a
to
m
ic
num
be
r
a
nd
d
e
ns
it
y
e
nh
a
nc
e
d
X
-
r
a
y
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
it
s
pot
e
nt
ia
l
a
s
a
r
a
di
a
ti
on
-
s
hi
e
ld
in
g
f
il
le
r
o
r
X
-
r
a
y
c
ont
r
a
s
t
a
ge
nt
in
bi
om
e
di
c
a
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
.
S
e
c
ond,
B
a
S
O
4
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
im
pr
ove
d
opt
ic
a
l
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
L
um
in
ous
f
lu
x
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
s
s
how
e
d
th
a
t
P
V
A
/B
a
S
O
4
na
nof
ib
e
r
c
om
pos
it
e
s
r
e
a
c
he
d
a
m
a
xi
m
um
lu
m
in
ous
f
lu
x
of
174.8
lm
a
t
50
w
t%
B
a
S
O
4
lo
a
di
ng,
m
a
ki
ng
th
e
m
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
s
ui
ta
bl
e
f
or
hi
gh
-
br
ig
ht
ne
s
s
w
hi
te
l
ig
ht
-
e
m
it
ti
ng diode
(
W
L
E
D
)
a
ppl
ic
a
t
io
ns
[
22]
, [
23]
.
F
in
a
ll
y,
a
c
om
pa
r
is
on
w
it
h
ot
he
r
c
om
m
onl
y
us
e
d
a
ddi
ti
ve
s
s
uc
h
a
s
Z
nO
a
nd
T
iO
2
d
e
m
ons
tr
a
te
d
th
a
t
B
a
S
O
4
e
xhi
bi
te
d
s
upe
r
io
r
lu
m
in
ous
f
lu
x
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
unde
r
c
o
m
pa
r
a
bl
e
c
ondi
ti
ons
.
A
lt
hough
Z
nO
a
nd
T
iO
2
a
r
e
e
xt
e
ns
iv
e
ly
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
d
f
or
th
e
ir
r
ol
e
s
in
li
ght
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
a
n
d
lu
m
in
os
it
y
im
p
r
ove
m
e
nt
,
th
e
ir
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
ns
a
r
e
c
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
ly
lo
w
e
r
th
a
n
th
os
e
of
B
a
S
O
4
w
it
hi
n
s
im
il
a
r
p
ol
ym
e
r
s
ys
te
m
s
.
T
hi
s
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
dv
a
nt
a
ge
,
c
om
bi
ne
d
w
it
h
bi
oc
om
pa
ti
bi
li
ty
a
nd
r
a
di
a
ti
on
s
hi
e
ld
in
g
pr
op
e
r
ti
e
s
,
pos
it
io
ns
B
a
S
O
4
a
s
a
hi
ghl
y
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
m
ul
ti
f
unc
ti
ona
l
a
ddi
ti
ve
f
or
ne
xt
-
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
na
nof
ib
e
r
-
ba
s
e
d
opt
ic
a
l,
bi
om
e
di
c
a
l,
a
nd
r
a
di
a
ti
on
-
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
.
F
or
e
xa
m
pl
e
,
th
e
D
e
bye
-
S
c
he
r
r
e
r
m
e
th
od
in
(
1)
w
a
s
e
m
pl
oye
d
to
a
na
ly
z
e
th
e
f
ul
l
w
id
th
a
t
ha
lf
-
m
a
xi
m
um
(
F
W
H
M
)
of
th
e
m
os
t
pr
o
m
in
e
nt
a
nd
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
pe
a
k
(
140)
in
or
de
r
to
e
s
ti
m
a
te
th
e
m
e
a
n
c
r
ys
ta
ll
it
e
s
iz
e
. H
e
r
e
, λ
de
not
e
s
t
he
X
-
r
a
y w
a
ve
le
ngt
h (
1.5402
Å
)
, a
nd β
i
s
t
he
s
ha
pe
f
a
c
to
r
, t
ypi
c
a
ll
y a
s
s
ig
ne
d
a
va
lu
e
of
0.89. D r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
c
r
ys
t
a
ll
it
e
di
m
e
ns
io
n i
n a
ngs
tr
om
s
, θ
i
s
t
he
B
r
a
gg a
ngl
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d i
n
de
gr
e
e
s
,
a
nd
β
in
di
c
a
t
e
s
th
e
e
nt
ir
e
F
W
H
M
of
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
pe
a
k
in
r
a
di
a
n
s
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
ha
p
e
f
a
c
to
r
i
s
unc
e
r
ta
in
.
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
B
a
S
O
4
c
r
ys
ta
l
di
m
e
n
s
io
n
(
~
15
w
t%
)
of
th
e
s
ynt
he
s
iz
e
d
P
V
A
/B
a
S
O
4
c
om
pos
it
e
na
nof
ib
e
r
s
w
a
s
de
t
e
r
m
in
e
d
to
be
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
ly
300
nm
,
w
hi
c
h
is
s
m
a
ll
e
r
th
a
n
th
e
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
ly
470
nm
obs
e
r
ve
d i
n c
onve
nt
io
na
l
e
le
c
tr
os
pun P
V
A
/B
a
S
O
4 c
om
pos
it
e
n
a
nof
ib
e
r
s
.
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nd
li
ght
t
r
a
ns
m
is
s
io
n
by
f
a
c
il
it
a
ti
ng
f
or
w
a
r
d
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
a
nd
m
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iz
in
g
r
e
a
bs
or
pt
io
n
lo
s
s
e
s
,
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
in
in
c
r
e
a
s
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u
e
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li
ght
lu
m
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it
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in
f
o
r
w
a
r
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e
m
is
s
io
n.
A
s
th
e
B
a
S
O
4
c
ont
e
nt
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
th
e
qua
nt
it
y
of
ye
ll
ow
phos
phor
is
c
or
r
e
s
pondingl
y
a
dj
us
te
d
to
pr
e
s
e
r
ve
c
ol
or
e
qui
li
br
iu
m
.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
th
a
t
th
e
Y
G
A
:C
e
ye
ll
ow
phos
phor
dos
a
ge
r
is
e
s
w
it
h
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
B
a
S
O
4
dos
a
ge
,
w
he
r
e
a
s
th
e
phos
phor
r
a
ti
o
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
f
r
om
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
ly
5%
to
ne
a
r
ly
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a
s
th
e
B
a
S
O
4
c
ont
e
nt
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
f
r
om
10
to
50
w
t%
.
F
ig
ur
e
3
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
th
a
t
th
e
c
or
r
e
la
te
d
c
ol
or
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
(
C
C
T
)
e
xhi
bi
ts
m
in
im
a
l
de
pe
nde
nc
e
on
B
a
S
O
4
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
ti
on;
how
e
ve
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,
a
m
a
xi
m
um
C
C
T
of
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
ly
6,300
K
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obs
e
r
ve
d
a
t
10
w
t%
B
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S
O
4
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
a
s
ta
bl
e
c
hr
om
a
ti
c
it
y
c
ondi
ti
on
a
t
m
ode
r
a
te
dopi
ng
le
ve
ls
.
F
in
a
ll
y,
F
ig
ur
e
4
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
th
a
t
th
e
D
-
C
C
T
va
lu
e
di
m
in
is
he
s
pr
ogr
e
s
s
iv
e
ly
w
it
h
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
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a
S
O
4
c
ont
e
nt
,
a
tt
a
in
in
g
it
s
m
in
im
um
a
t
50
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t%
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a
S
O
4
,
a
ppr
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m
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te
ly
400
K
lo
w
e
r
th
a
n
th
e
va
lu
e
obs
e
r
ve
d
a
t
10
w
t%
,
th
e
r
e
by i
ndi
c
a
ti
ng i
m
pr
ove
d a
ngul
a
r
c
ol
or
uni
f
or
m
it
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O
ve
r
a
ll
,
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d B
a
S
O
4
c
onc
e
nt
r
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ti
ons
e
nh
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nc
e
l
ig
ht
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c
a
tt
e
r
in
g a
nd s
pe
c
tr
a
l
uni
f
or
m
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pr
e
s
e
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vi
ng a
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nt
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C
T
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e
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ng c
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d t
o
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ks
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tt
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m
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m
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ic
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c
y,
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ugg
e
s
ti
ng
th
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t
a
n
opt
im
a
l
B
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S
O
4
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onc
e
nt
r
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ti
on
i
s
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
ba
la
n
c
e
d opti
c
a
l
pe
r
f
or
m
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nc
e
.
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ig
ur
e
5
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
th
a
t
th
e
br
ig
ht
ne
s
s
of
w
hi
te
li
ght
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
w
a
s
not
a
lwa
ys
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
by
B
a
S
O
4
.
50
w
t%
of
B
a
S
O
4
pr
oduc
e
d
th
e
hi
ghe
s
t
yi
e
ld
s
,
w
he
r
e
a
s
10
w
t%
p
r
oduc
e
d
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t.
E
nha
nc
e
d
ba
c
ks
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
to
ge
th
e
r
w
it
h
r
e
pe
a
te
d
r
e
a
bs
or
pt
io
n
r
e
duc
e
s
th
e
a
m
ount
of
bl
ue
li
ght
e
m
it
te
d
a
nd
le
a
ds
to
a
non
-
uni
f
or
m
c
hr
om
a
ti
c
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n.
U
nde
r
s
tr
onge
r
bl
ue
-
l
ig
ht
ba
c
ks
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g,
th
e
phos
phor
’
s
e
m
is
s
io
n
c
a
n
s
hi
f
t
f
r
om
or
a
nge
-
r
e
d
to
w
a
r
d
bl
ue
-
ye
ll
ow
a
s
th
e
B
a
S
O
4
c
ont
e
nt
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
P
hos
phor
c
oa
ti
ng
c
a
nnot
be
gi
n
to
e
xpa
nd
unt
il
th
e
B
a
S
O
4
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
ti
on
i
s
r
e
a
c
h
e
d.
T
he
e
m
is
s
i
on
s
pe
c
tr
um
b
e
c
om
e
s
na
r
r
ow
e
d
be
c
a
us
e
th
e
a
lt
e
r
e
d
li
ght
pa
th
unde
r
goe
s
r
e
pe
a
te
d
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ons
f
r
om
s
ur
r
oun
di
ng
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
.
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ta
te
d
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ly
,
a
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
pr
opor
ti
on
of
ba
c
k
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r
e
f
le
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te
d
c
onve
r
te
d
li
ght
c
oul
d
r
e
s
ul
t
f
r
om
a
hi
gh
phos
phor
us
dos
e
,
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g C
C
T
a
t
th
e
e
xpe
ns
e
of
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
lu
m
in
ous
in
t
e
ns
it
y.
I
t
w
a
s
f
ound
th
a
t
50 w
t%
of
B
a
S
O
4
w
a
s
s
uf
f
ic
ie
nt
to
im
pr
ove
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ol
or
c
ons
is
te
nc
y
a
nd
br
ig
ht
ne
s
s
in
a
s
im
ul
a
te
d
W
L
E
D
th
a
t
ha
d
a
n
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
lu
m
e
n
out
put
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e
r
of
175
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s
s
how
n i
n F
ig
ur
e
5.
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s
de
pi
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te
d
in
F
ig
ur
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s
6
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nd
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th
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S
O
4
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ont
e
nt
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ig
ni
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ic
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nt
l
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e
lu
m
in
a
nc
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nd
th
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ol
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r
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nde
r
in
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a
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li
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m
s
.
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ti
on
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s
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te
nt
ly
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m
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is
he
d
a
s
th
e
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a
S
O
4
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onc
e
nt
r
a
ti
on
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
to
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w
t%
,
ba
s
e
d
on
e
xp
e
r
im
e
nt
s
e
m
p
lo
yi
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th
e
hue
r
e
nde
r
in
g
in
de
x
(
C
R
I
)
a
nd
hue
qua
li
ty
s
c
a
le
(
C
Q
S
)
.
T
he
r
e
duc
ti
on
s
in
C
R
I
a
nd
C
Q
S
m
a
y
be
a
tt
r
ib
ut
a
bl
e
to
th
e
in
he
r
e
nt
ly
va
r
ia
bl
e
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
of
bl
ue
,
gr
e
e
n,
a
nd
ye
ll
ow
-
or
a
nge
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
s
.
G
r
e
a
te
r
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n
a
nd
unpr
e
di
c
ta
bl
y
e
le
va
te
d
B
a
S
O
4
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
ti
ons
pr
oduc
e
li
ght
th
a
t
pr
ogr
e
s
s
iv
e
ly
tr
a
ns
it
io
ns
to
w
a
r
d
th
e
ye
ll
ow
-
or
a
nge
r
e
gi
on
of
th
e
s
pe
c
tr
um
.
A
s
w
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
e
d
a
ta
a
nd
a
c
c
ount
f
or
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
s
uc
h
a
s
p
a
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
,
f
ur
th
e
r
r
e
f
in
e
m
e
nt
of
th
e
phos
phor
’
s
C
R
I
a
nd
C
Q
S
w
il
l
be
unde
r
ta
ke
n
[
24]
,
[
25]
.
F
ig
ur
e
8
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
th
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
ba
nds
of
B
a
S
O
4
.
I
t
ha
s
be
e
n
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
d
th
a
t
B
a
S
O
4
e
nha
nc
e
s
th
e
or
a
nge
-
r
e
d
a
nd
bl
ue
r
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gi
ons
of
th
e
w
hi
te
li
ght
s
pe
c
tr
um
.
T
o
e
nha
nc
e
il
lu
m
in
a
ti
on
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
th
e
li
gh
t
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
a
nd
a
bs
or
pt
io
n
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
of
B
a
S
O
4
c
a
n
be
m
odi
f
ie
d.
T
he
w
a
ve
le
ngt
h
r
a
nge
s
e
xhi
bi
ti
ng
th
e
hi
ghe
s
t
pe
a
ks
a
r
e
ye
ll
ow
-
or
a
nge
(
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
ly
550 nm)
a
nd blue
(
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
ly
450 nm)
.
F
ig
ur
e
1. S
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
w
it
h va
r
io
us
B
a
S
O
4
pr
opor
ti
ons
F
ig
ur
e
2. C
ha
nge
s
i
n t
he
Y
A
G
:C
e
phos
phor
r
a
ti
o a
s
th
e
B
a
S
O
4
f
r
a
c
ti
on va
r
ie
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20
25
:
1384
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1392
1388
F
ig
ur
e
3. I
nf
lu
e
nc
e
of
B
a
S
O
4
c
ont
e
nt
on t
he
C
C
T
v
a
lu
e
s
F
ig
ur
e
4. E
f
f
e
c
t
of
B
a
S
O
4
pr
opor
ti
on on the
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d c
ol
or
de
vi
a
ti
on va
lu
e
s
F
ig
ur
e
5. L
um
in
e
s
c
e
nc
e
s
tr
e
ngt
h w
it
h va
r
io
us
B
a
S
O
4
pr
opor
ti
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F
ig
ur
e
6. C
R
I
va
lu
e
s
w
it
h va
r
io
us
B
a
S
O
4
pr
opor
ti
ons
T
a
bl
e
1
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o
m
pa
r
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oe
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f
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s
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e
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d
s
c
a
tt
e
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c
oe
f
f
ic
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n
ts
o
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s
e
ve
r
a
l
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
w
it
h
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
s
.
T
he
n
e
w
l
y
i
nve
s
ti
g
a
t
e
d
B
a
S
O
4
s
h
ow
s
a
s
c
a
tt
e
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c
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f
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m
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f
11.
36
m
m
-
1
,
va
lu
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th
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t
a
r
e
ne
a
r
ly
id
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nt
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l
t
o
t
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e
of
Z
n
O
(
80.
3
a
n
d
11
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m
m
-
1
)
.
T
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s
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d
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B
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4
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t
r
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th
a
n
d
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1389
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[
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3
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T
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por
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4.
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ly
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e
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in
th
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s
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d
y.
R
E
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R
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C
E
S
[
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X
.
D
ong,
F
.
Z
he
ng,
a
nd
Z
.
W
a
ng,
“
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
c
ol
or
uni
f
or
m
i
t
y
a
nd
s
e
a
m
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
of
s
t
a
nd
a
r
d
t
e
s
t
pa
pe
r
ba
s
e
d
on
m
a
c
hi
n
e
vi
s
i
on,”
i
n
I
M
C
E
C
2021
-
E
E
E
4
t
h
A
dv
anc
e
d
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
M
anage
m
e
nt
,
C
om
m
uni
c
at
e
s
,
E
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
and
A
ut
om
at
i
on
C
ont
r
ol
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
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a
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J
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u,
a
nd
Y
.
M
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“
E
nha
nc
e
d
c
ol
or
r
e
nde
r
i
ng
a
n
d
c
ol
or
uni
f
o
r
m
i
t
y
of
P
i
G
ba
s
e
d
W
L
E
D
s
by
us
i
ng
r
e
d
phos
phor
l
e
ns
,”
I
E
E
E
P
hot
on
i
c
s
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
L
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Y
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Q
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a
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e
t
al
.
,
“
B
a
O
-
Y
2O
3
-
A
l
2O
3
-
S
i
O
2/
Y
A
G
:
C
e
:
a
nove
l
Y
A
G
:
C
e
gl
a
s
s
-
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
w
i
t
h
e
xc
e
l
l
e
nt
f
l
uor
e
s
c
e
nt
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
s
f
or
phos
phor
-
c
onve
r
t
e
d
w
hi
t
e
L
E
D
s
,”
C
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r
am
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c
s
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t
al
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“
R
e
a
c
t
i
ve
s
pa
r
k
pl
a
s
m
a
s
i
nt
e
r
i
ng
of
Y
A
G
-
Y
A
G
:
C
e
c
om
pos
i
t
e
phos
phor
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
f
or
l
a
s
e
r
-
dr
i
ve
n
l
i
ght
i
ng
w
i
t
h
hi
gh l
um
i
nous
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y,”
J
our
nal
of
M
at
e
r
i
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l
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H
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L
a
nge
,
a
nd
R
.
T
i
s
c
ht
a
u,
“
A
l
um
i
ni
um
ni
t
r
i
de
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
w
i
t
h
hi
gh
t
he
r
m
a
l
c
onduc
t
i
vi
t
y
f
r
om
ga
s
-
pha
s
e
s
ynt
h
e
s
i
z
e
d po
w
de
r
s
,”
J
ou
r
nal
of
t
he
E
ur
ope
an
C
e
r
a
m
i
c
Soc
i
e
t
y
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no. 3, pp. 229
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O
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V
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D
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vi
t
s
ky
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.
A
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a
vt
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ov,
“
E
f
f
e
c
t
of
t
he
r
m
a
l
a
nn
e
a
l
i
ng
on
t
h
e
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
a
l
e
vol
ut
i
on
of
t
hi
n
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
Y
A
G
:
C
e
f
i
l
m
s
gr
ow
n
by
pul
s
e
d
l
a
s
e
r
de
pos
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t
i
on,”
C
e
r
am
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a
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L
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“
R
e
c
e
nt
a
dva
n
c
e
s
i
n
pr
e
pa
r
i
ng
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
phos
phor
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
f
or
hi
gh
-
i
nde
x
c
ol
or
r
e
nde
r
i
ng a
nd hi
gh
-
pow
e
r
l
i
ght
i
ng,”
M
ol
e
c
ul
e
s
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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al
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[
8]
S
.
S
hi
s
i
na
,
K
.
G
.
N
i
s
h
a
nt
h,
a
nd
S
.
D
a
s
,
“
C
om
pos
i
t
i
ona
l
l
y
t
une
d
s
e
l
f
-
a
c
t
i
va
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e
d
a
l
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m
e
t
a
l
va
na
da
t
e
s
f
or
hi
gh
c
ol
or
r
e
nde
r
i
ng
w
hi
t
e
L
E
D
s
a
nd
I
R
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
ve
pi
gm
e
nt
s
,”
I
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gani
c
C
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t
r
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J
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e
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al
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,
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g
O
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A
l
2O
3
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S
i
O
2
gl
a
s
s
-
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
c
ont
a
i
ni
ng
m
e
t
a
s
t
a
bl
e
M
gA
l
2S
i
3O
10
pha
s
e
f
or
w
a
r
m
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
-
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng
di
ode
s
w
i
t
h
a
hi
gh
c
ol
or
r
e
nde
r
i
ng
i
nde
x,”
C
e
r
am
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c
s
I
nt
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H
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C
he
n
e
t
al
.
,
“
H
i
gh
l
um
i
nous
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
a
nd
hi
gh
s
a
t
ur
a
t
i
on
t
hr
e
s
hol
d
i
n
hi
ghl
y
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
L
uA
G
:
C
e
phos
phor
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
f
or
l
a
s
e
r
di
ode
s
l
i
ght
i
ng,”
O
pt
i
c
s
E
x
pr
e
s
s
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n. 2024, doi
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[
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G
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ng
e
t
al
.
, “
Y
A
G
:
C
e
3+
-
Z
nO
c
om
pos
i
t
e
phos
phor
-
in
-
gl
a
s
s
(
P
i
G
)
f
i
l
m
s
f
or
hi
gh
-
qua
l
i
t
y l
a
s
e
r
-
dr
i
ve
n w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
,”
J
our
nal
of
A
l
l
oy
s
and C
om
pounds
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n. 2025, doi
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j
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a
l
l
c
om
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[
12]
D
.
K
um
a
r
,
R
.
K
.
V
a
r
s
hne
y,
a
nd
D
.
S
.
M
e
ht
a
,
“
L
a
s
e
r
-
dr
i
ve
n
phos
phor
-
c
onv
e
r
t
e
d
gr
e
e
n
phot
oni
c
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
ba
s
e
d
s
ol
i
d
s
t
a
t
e
l
i
ght
i
ng
de
vi
c
e
f
or
hi
gh
-
br
i
ght
ne
s
s
i
l
l
um
i
na
t
i
on,”
i
n
L
i
ght
-
E
m
i
t
t
i
ng
D
e
v
i
c
e
s
,
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
,
and
A
ppl
i
c
at
i
ons
X
X
I
X
,
M
a
r
.
2025,
doi
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12.3051141.
[
13]
L
.
H
ua
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
f
ul
l
-
s
pe
c
t
r
um
c
ol
or
c
onve
r
t
e
r
ba
s
e
d
on
t
r
i
c
ol
or
phos
ph
or
-
in
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gl
a
s
s
f
i
l
m
s
f
or
l
a
s
e
r
-
dr
i
ve
n
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
i
ng,”
J
our
nal
of
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
C
he
m
i
s
t
r
y
C
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[
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Y
.
W
a
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
E
f
f
e
c
t
of
G
a
3+
c
ont
e
nt
on
t
he
l
um
i
nous
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
s
of
C
e
3+
-
dope
d
L
u2Y
G
a
xA
l
5
-
xO
12
phos
phor
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
f
or
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
l
i
ght
i
ng a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on,”
J
our
nal
of
L
um
i
ne
s
c
e
nc
e
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D
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K
um
a
r
,
R
.
K
.
V
a
r
s
hne
y,
a
nd
D
.
S
.
M
e
ht
a
,
“
L
a
s
e
r
-
dr
i
ve
n
c
ol
our
c
onve
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
A
l
2O
3
-
Z
nO
c
om
pos
i
t
e
phos
phor
-
in
-
gl
a
s
s
f
or
hi
gh
-
br
i
ght
ne
s
s
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
i
l
l
um
i
na
t
i
on,”
i
n
A
dv
anc
e
s
i
n D
i
s
pl
ay
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
X
V
, M
a
r
. 2025, doi
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12.3058138.
[
16]
A
.
S
oni
a
nd
D
.
S
.
M
e
ht
a
,
“
D
i
ode
l
a
s
e
r
-
ba
s
e
d
br
oa
d
s
pe
c
t
r
um
s
ol
i
d
-
s
t
a
t
e
l
i
ght
i
ng
a
nd
vi
s
i
bl
e
l
i
ght
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on,”
O
pt
i
k
,
vol
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e
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X
. C
he
n
a
nd X
.
H
ua
ng,
“
C
a
L
u2S
c
2A
l
2S
i
O
12:
C
e
3+ gr
e
e
n phos
phor
s
f
or
hi
gh
-
qua
l
i
t
y w
hi
t
e
L
E
D
s
,”
I
nor
gani
c
C
he
m
i
s
t
r
y
,
vol
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a
c
s
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gc
he
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[
18]
Z
.
Y
u,
Y
.
M
ou,
Y
.
P
e
ng,
D
.
C
he
n,
a
nd
M
.
C
he
n,
“
T
ow
a
r
d
hi
gh
-
br
i
ght
ne
s
s
l
a
s
e
r
l
i
ght
i
ng:
pr
ogr
e
s
s
a
nd
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
s
on
phos
phor
-
in
-
gl
a
s
s
f
i
l
m
s
,”
A
dv
anc
e
d M
at
e
r
i
al
s
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
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dm
t
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[
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H
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T
.
T
ung,
N
.
D
.
Q
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A
nh,
a
nd
H
.
Y
.
L
e
e
,
“
I
m
pa
c
t
of
pho
s
phor
gr
a
nul
e
m
a
gni
t
ude
s
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
m
a
s
s
pr
opor
t
i
ons
on
t
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l
um
i
nou
s
hue
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
of
a
c
oa
t
e
d
w
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t
e
l
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ght
-
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng
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ode
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nd
one
g
r
e
e
n
phos
phor
f
i
l
m
,”
O
pt
oe
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
and
A
dv
anc
e
d
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
,
R
api
d C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
, vol
. 18, no. 1
–
2, pp. 58
–
65, 2024.
[
20]
Q
.
K
.
N
guye
n,
B
.
G
l
or
i
e
ux,
G
.
S
e
b
e
,
T
.
H
.
Y
a
ng,
Y
.
W
.
Y
u,
a
nd
C
.
C
.
S
un,
“
P
a
s
s
i
ve
a
nt
i
-
l
e
a
ka
ge
of
bl
ue
l
i
ght
f
or
phos
phor
-
c
onve
r
t
e
d
w
hi
t
e
L
E
D
s
w
i
t
h
c
r
ys
t
a
l
na
noc
e
l
l
ul
o
s
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
,”
Sc
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
R
e
por
t
s
,
vol
.
13,
no.
1,
A
ug.
2023,
doi
:
10.1038/
s
41598
-
023
-
39929
-
2.
[
21]
B
.
M
.
C
h
e
n,
C
.
H
.
C
he
n,
S
.
P
.
Y
i
ng,
a
nd
Y
.
K
.
C
ha
ng,
“
R
e
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on
of
l
e
a
f
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
s
on
f
l
a
t
phos
phor
-
c
onve
r
t
e
d
L
E
D
s
f
or
e
nha
nc
e
d a
ngul
a
r
c
ol
or
uni
f
or
m
i
t
y,”
M
i
c
r
om
ac
hi
ne
s
, vol
. 15, no. 11, N
ov. 2
024, doi
:
10.3390/
m
i
15111399.
[
22]
F
.
W
a
ng,
H
.
P
a
n,
W
.
M
a
o,
a
nd
D
.
W
a
ng,
“
O
pt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
ons
of
l
um
i
ne
s
c
e
nt
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
f
or
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng
di
ode
s
t
ow
a
r
d
he
a
l
t
h
y
l
i
ght
i
ng,”
H
e
l
i
y
on
, vol
. 10, no. 14, J
ul
. 2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.he
l
i
yon.2024.e
3479
5.
[
23]
H
.
T
.
T
ung,
D
.
A
.
N
.
T
hi
,
a
nd
N
.
D
.
Q
.
A
nh,
“
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
C
a
14M
g2(
S
i
O
4)
8
:
E
u2+
phos
phor
on
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
e
m
i
s
s
i
on
qua
l
i
t
y
of
L
E
D
-
phos
phor
pa
c
ka
ge
s
,”
B
ul
l
e
t
i
n
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
and
I
n
f
or
m
at
i
c
s
,
vol
.
12,
no.
6,
pp.
3388
–
3394,
D
e
c
.
2023,
doi
:
10.11591/
e
e
i
.v12i
6.4792.
[
24]
A
.
M
a
ya
va
n,
A
.
K
a
nna
n,
a
nd
S
.
G
a
ndhi
,
“
S
i
l
i
c
a
na
nopa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
a
s
s
i
s
t
e
d
B
a
2S
i
O
4:
E
u2+
—
a
bl
ui
s
h
-
gr
e
e
n
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng
r
e
m
ot
e
phos
phor
f
or
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on,”
F
r
ont
i
e
r
s
of
O
pt
oe
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
, vol
. 18, no. 1, A
pr
. 2025, doi
:
10.1007/
s
12200
-
025
-
00150
-
w.
[
25]
A
.
S
oni
,
L
.
P
ul
i
kkool
,
R
.
M
ul
a
ve
e
s
a
l
a
,
S
.
K
.
D
ube
y,
a
nd
D
.
S
.
M
e
ht
a
,
“
M
ul
t
i
-
c
ol
or
phos
phor
-
c
onve
r
t
e
d
w
i
de
s
pe
c
t
r
um
L
E
D
l
i
ght
s
our
c
e
f
or
s
i
m
ul
t
a
ne
ous
i
l
l
um
i
na
t
i
on
a
nd
vi
s
i
bl
e
l
i
ght
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on,”
P
hot
oni
c
s
,
vol
.
11,
no.
10,
S
e
p.
2024
,
doi
:
10.3390/
phot
oni
c
s
11100914.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Le
Thi
Trang
received
a
Master’s
degree
in
Information
Techno
logy
from
Lac
Hong
University,
Vietnam,
and
is
currently
working
as
a
lecturer
at
the
Faculty
of
Infor
mation
Technology,
Dong
Nai
Technology
University,
Dong
Nai,
Vietna
m
.
Her
research
interests
include co
mputer scie
nce, comp
uter vision, ima
ge rec
ognition and c
lassificatio
n, face
detection
and
recognition,
abnormal
motion
detection,
and
graphic
design.
She
can
be
contacted
at
email:
lethitrang@dntu.edu.vn
.
Nguyen
Thi
Phuong
Loan
was
born
in
Da
Nang
province.
In
200
6,
s
he
received
her
master
's
degree
from
the
University
of
Natural
Sciences.
She
re
ceived
her
Ph
.
D
.
degree
from
Ton
Duc
Thang
University
in
2024.
Her
research
interest
is
optoelectronics.
She
has
worked
at
the
Faculty
of
Fundamental
2,
Posts
and
Telecom
munications
Institute
of
Technology,
Ho
Chi
Minh
City,
Vietnam.
She
can
be
contacted
at
email
:
ntploan@
ptithcm.edu.vn.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1384
-
1392
1392
Pham
Hong
Cong
received
his
M
.
S
.
in
Electronic
Engineering
from
Danang
University
of
Science
and
Technology,
Vietnam,
in
2010
.
He
is
a
l
ecturer
at
the
Faculty
of
Electrical
Engineering
Technology,
Industrial
University
of
Ho
Chi
Minh
City,
Ho
Chi
Minh
City,
Vietnam.
His
research
interests
are
optoelectronics
(LED),
power
transmission
,
and
automati
on equip
ment. He
can be cont
acted at em
ail: ph
amhongcon
g@
iuh.edu.
vn.
Nguyen
Doan
Quoc
Anh
was
born
in
Khanh
Hoa
province,
Vi
etnam.
He
has
been
working
at
the
Faculty
of
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engin
eering,
Ton
Duc
Thang
University.
Quoc
Anh
received
his
Ph
.
D
.
degree
from
National
Kaohsiung
University
of
Scienc
e
and
Techn
ology,
Taiwa
n
,
in
2014.
His
r
esearch
interest
is
op
toelectronics.
He
can
be
contacted
at email
: nguyen
doanquocan
h@
tdtu.ed
u.vn.
Hsiao
-
Yi
Lee
was
born
in
Hsinchu
C
ity,
Taiwan.
He
has
been
working
at
the
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering,
National
Kaohsiung
Uni
versity
of
Science
and
Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. His research
interest is optics
scienc
e. He can be contacted
at
email:
leehy@
nkust.edu.tw
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.