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J
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Vo
l.
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Ma
r
ch
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6
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p
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~
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I
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N:
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pp
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23
7
228
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Desig
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K
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:
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tific
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Dee
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in
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R
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CC B
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C
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Scien
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R
esear
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Facu
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Un
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tr
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(
UPM)
4
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0
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Ser
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Selan
g
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r
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Ma
l
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m
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elm
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p
m
.
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u
.
m
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I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Yield
p
r
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n
in
o
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p
alm
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s
cr
u
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in
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ain
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in
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as
it
is
an
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p
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tan
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cr
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wo
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ld
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f
f
icien
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o
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p
alm
,
E
laeis
g
u
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n
ee
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s
is
,
is
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m
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t
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p
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cr
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4
0
%
o
f
all
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Ad
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,
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r
r
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in
p
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c
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p
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ield
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[
5
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.
R
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ca
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p
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v
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in
d
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cr
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in
p
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ed
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g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
Desig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t
o
f m
a
ch
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
-
b
a
s
ed
w
eb
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
fo
r
o
il p
a
lm
yield
…
(
Yu
h
a
o
A
n
g
)
229
o
il
p
alm
y
ield
s
b
y
lev
er
a
g
in
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
t
ec
h
n
iq
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es
to
a
n
aly
ze
c
o
m
p
le
x
d
ata
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d
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tif
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atter
n
s
.
T
h
er
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o
r
e,
t
h
ese
tech
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o
lo
g
ies ar
e
s
ig
n
if
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t in
d
ete
ctin
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g
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ad
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ield
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as
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d
is
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s
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p
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cr
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s
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wid
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o
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p
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s
.
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as
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s
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ican
tly
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d
d
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v
elo
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m
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f
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tific
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in
tellig
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[
6
]
.
Data
p
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s
s
in
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wit
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p
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ie
ld
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
o
il
p
alm
.
I
n
l
in
e
with
cr
o
p
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
s
ev
er
al
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
s
u
ch
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
to
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
,
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est,
g
r
ad
ien
t
b
o
o
s
tin
g
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
tr
ee
,
an
d
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
[
7
]
.
Sin
ce
th
e
d
at
a
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
o
lv
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
d
ata.
W
ith
m
u
ltip
le
lay
er
s
in
th
e
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ca
n
an
aly
z
e
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata
r
elate
d
to
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
clim
ate,
s
o
il
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ag
r
o
n
o
m
ics,
s
atellite
im
ag
er
y
,
a
n
d
h
is
to
r
ic
al
y
ield
r
ec
o
r
d
s
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
u
s
ed
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
t
o
p
r
ed
ict
o
il
p
alm
y
ield
.
Oil
p
alm
y
ield
ca
n
b
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
m
a
n
y
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
,
ag
r
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
m
an
y
o
th
er
s
.
R
ap
id
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
y
ield
s
tatu
s
i
s
es
s
en
tial
to
d
etec
t
s
tr
ess
ed
ar
ea
s
with
lo
w
y
ield
an
d
tak
in
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
Kh
an
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
test
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
s
u
ch
as
ex
tr
a
tr
ee
,
Ad
aBo
o
s
t,
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est,
g
r
ad
ien
t
b
o
o
s
tin
g
,
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
s
to
p
r
ed
i
ct
o
il
p
alm
y
ield
.
T
h
ey
u
s
ed
t
welv
e
wea
th
er
a
n
d
th
r
ee
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
an
d
in
p
u
t
in
t
o
th
e
m
o
d
el.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
Ad
a
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
ex
tr
a
tr
ee
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
o
th
e
r
tr
ee
-
b
ased
en
s
em
b
le
m
o
d
els.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
[
1
2
]
u
s
ed
K
-
n
ea
r
est
n
eig
h
b
o
r
m
o
d
el
to
esti
m
ate
o
il
p
alm
y
ield
with
a
g
r
o
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata.
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
m
ea
n
ab
s
o
lu
te
er
r
o
r
(
MA
E
)
=
0
.
1
1
5
5
,
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
=0
.
0
2
1
6
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
d
er
r
o
r
(
R
MSE
)
=0
.
1
4
4
8
,
R
2
=0
.
7
7
3
0
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
d
lo
g
a
r
ith
m
ic
er
r
o
r
(
R
MSL
E
)
=0
.
0
6
0
4
,
an
d
m
ea
n
a
b
s
o
lu
te
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
er
r
o
r
(
MA
PE
)
=0
.
0
8
3
4
i
n
al
l
ten
f
o
ld
s
o
f
h
u
n
d
r
ed
f
its
in
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
ac
h
iev
ed
R
2
o
f
0
.
7
8
1
f
o
r
test
d
ata.
I
n
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
,
o
il
p
alm
y
ield
s
wer
e
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est,
least
ab
s
o
lu
te
s
h
r
in
k
ag
e
a
n
d
s
elec
tio
n
o
p
er
at
o
r
s
,
ex
tr
em
e
g
r
ad
ien
t
b
o
o
s
tin
g
,
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
e
p
o
r
tio
n
in
g
,
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
tr
ee
s
,
an
d
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
etr
iev
al
o
f
m
o
is
tu
r
e
an
d
v
eg
etatio
n
in
d
ices
f
r
o
m
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
d
ata.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
ac
h
iev
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
m
u
ltis
p
ec
ies i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Acc
ess
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
t
o
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
f
o
r
o
il p
alm
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
icu
lty
with
p
r
ed
ictio
n
is
th
at
th
e
p
lan
tatio
n
m
an
ag
er
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
to
o
l
o
n
a
p
r
i
v
ate
b
asis
.
Pre
d
ictio
n
task
s
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
i
n
u
n
f
r
ien
d
ly
,
t
o
o
co
m
p
licated
web
ap
p
licatio
n
th
at
o
n
l
y
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
h
o
w
to
r
u
n
s
in
ce
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
p
u
b
licized
[
1
4
]
.
T
o
e
n
h
an
c
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
o
il
p
alm
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
is
o
p
en
ly
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
a
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
in
ter
f
ac
e
.
Ne
v
er
th
eless
,
th
er
e
is
s
till
a
lac
k
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
m
ac
h
in
e
le
ar
n
in
g
-
b
ased
web
a
p
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
in
o
il
p
alm
.
Ma
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
b
u
ilt f
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
es su
ch
as
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
a
n
d
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
W
ith
th
e
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
d
i
g
ital
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
,
a
m
ac
h
in
e
-
lear
n
i
n
g
web
-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
h
as b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t su
c
h
as y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
cr
o
p
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
liv
esto
ck
h
ea
lth
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
m
a
n
y
o
th
er
s
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
web
ap
p
licatio
n
allo
ws
th
e
u
s
er
t
o
en
ter
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
to
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
to
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
o
u
t
co
m
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
.
Ad
d
i
tio
n
ally
,
th
e
tr
ain
ed
m
o
d
el
was
ch
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
m
ac
h
in
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
th
at
in
clu
d
es
k
ey
asp
ec
ts
,
wh
ich
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
y
i
eld
in
o
il
p
alm
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
v
ital
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
m
ac
h
in
e
-
l
ea
r
n
in
g
-
b
ased
web
to
o
l
f
o
r
esti
m
atin
g
o
il
p
alm
y
ield
s
u
tili
z
in
g
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
ass
is
t
p
lan
tatio
n
m
an
ag
er
s
in
co
m
p
u
tin
g
th
e
y
ield
b
u
d
g
et.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
t
h
e
web
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
o
f
o
il
p
alm
y
ield
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
a
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
web
ap
p
licatio
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
T
he
dev
elo
pm
ent
o
f
a
w
eb
a
pp
lica
t
io
n f
o
r
y
ield pre
dict
io
n
Dev
elo
p
in
g
a
web
ap
p
licatio
n
in
v
o
lv
es
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
p
ar
ts
:
cr
ea
tin
g
a
d
ash
b
o
a
r
d
to
v
is
u
alize
th
e
y
ield
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
f
o
r
f
r
o
n
t
-
e
n
d
web
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
web
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
y
ield
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
i
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
t
o
a
clo
u
d
p
latf
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
Stre
am
lit,
an
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
Py
th
o
n
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
b
u
ild
i
n
g
web
a
p
p
s
f
o
r
m
ac
h
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
a
n
d
d
ata
s
cien
ce
,
was
u
s
ed
to
cr
ea
te
th
e
web
ap
p
licatio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
a
d
v
an
tag
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
Stre
am
lit
is
th
at
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
-
en
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
b
y
u
s
in
g
b
u
ilt
-
in
C
SS
[
2
2
]
.
An
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
a
web
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
22
8
-
23
7
230
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ov
e
r
v
iew
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
web
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
o
il p
alm
y
ie
ld
2
.
1
.
1
.
Cre
a
t
ing
t
he
da
s
hb
o
a
r
d f
o
r
v
is
ua
li
z
ing
y
ield pre
dic
t
io
n t
re
nd
T
h
e
y
ield
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
r
esu
lts
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
est
y
iel
d
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
as
a
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
to
v
is
u
ali
z
e
th
e
y
i
eld
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
tr
e
n
d
.
T
h
e
y
ie
ld
d
ataset
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
1
was
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
th
e
p
atter
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
ac
tu
al
y
i
eld
an
d
p
r
e
d
icted
y
ield
.
T
h
e
y
ield
d
ataset
was
th
en
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
d
ash
b
o
a
r
d
ap
p
licatio
n
.
L
in
e
g
r
ap
h
was
cr
ea
ted
to
p
lo
t
th
e
ac
tu
al
y
ield
.
Mu
ltis
elec
t
o
p
tio
n
was
th
en
ad
d
ed
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
s
er
s
with
o
p
tio
n
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
ac
tu
al
an
d
p
r
e
d
icted
y
ield
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
is
p
lay
o
f
lin
e
g
r
a
p
h
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Desig
nin
g
t
he
g
ra
ph
ica
l us
er
inte
rf
a
ce
f
o
r
t
he
f
r
o
nd
-
end we
b dev
elo
pm
ent
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ag
e
o
f
th
e
web
ap
p
licatio
n
co
n
tain
s
a
b
r
ief
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
th
at
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
.
T
o
a
d
d
a
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
im
ag
e
to
t
h
e
web
,
m
ar
k
d
o
wn
p
r
esen
tatio
n
was
co
m
b
in
ed
with
C
SS
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
lay
o
u
t
a
n
d
s
ty
le
o
f
a
web
p
a
g
e
wr
itte
n
in
a
m
a
r
k
u
p
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
u
c
h
as
HT
ML
o
r
XM
L
r
eq
u
ir
ed
a
b
asic
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
HT
ML
an
d
C
SS
.
E
lem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
co
lo
r
,
f
o
n
t,
tex
t
s
iz
e
,
an
d
th
e
lay
o
u
t
o
f
elem
en
ts
ar
e
d
esig
n
e
d
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
o
il
p
alm
-
r
elate
d
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
im
ag
e.
T
o
cr
ea
te
m
u
ltip
ag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
d
ash
b
o
a
r
d
ap
p
licatio
n
was
th
en
d
esig
n
ated
as
th
e
m
ain
p
ag
e,
f
o
ll
o
wed
b
y
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
ap
p
l
icatio
n
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
en
d
-
u
s
er
in
m
ak
in
g
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
a
s
et
o
f
v
alu
es
as
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
all
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
,
tex
t
in
p
u
t
an
d
s
lid
er
s
wid
g
ets
wer
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
b
y
allo
win
g
u
s
er
s
to
en
ter
p
ar
am
et
er
v
alu
es
an
d
s
elec
t
v
alu
es
b
ased
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
s
elec
tio
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
3
.
Dev
elo
pin
g
t
he
web
a
pp
lica
t
io
n a
nd
pu
bl
is
h
ing
t
he
a
pp
t
o
a
clo
ud
pla
t
f
o
r
m
Ap
p
ly
in
g
t
h
e
b
est
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
to
p
r
e
d
ict
is
th
e
v
ital
s
tag
e
in
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
was
ex
p
o
r
t
ed
an
d
lo
ad
e
d
to
u
s
e
th
e
m
o
d
el
in
to
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
W
e
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
d
ee
p
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
DNN)
th
at
ac
h
iev
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ac
cu
r
ac
y
as
th
e
b
e
s
t
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el.
A
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
th
e
m
o
d
el
was
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
2
3
]
.
First,
web
ap
p
licatio
n
was
f
ir
s
tl
y
lau
n
ch
ed
in
lo
ca
l
h
o
s
t
in
o
r
d
er
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
is
p
r
o
p
er
ly
r
u
n
.
T
h
en
,
web
ap
p
licatio
n
was
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
t
h
e
Stre
am
lit
clo
u
d
f
o
r
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
p
u
b
lic
to
ac
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
web
ap
p
licatio
n
wo
r
k
s
in
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
o
il p
alm
y
ield
s
.
First,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tar
t
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
s
er
in
p
u
ttin
g
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
cu
r
r
en
tly
af
f
ec
ts
y
ield
s
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
will
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
d
ata
to
b
e
r
ea
d
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ich
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
u
s
er
o
f
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
in
g
a
b
r
o
wser
,
in
a
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e,
d
esk
to
p
,
o
r
an
y
d
e
v
ice.
2
.
1
.
4
.
Usa
bil
it
y
t
esting
T
h
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
test
was
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
wit
h
9
s
u
b
jects.
T
h
is
n
u
m
b
e
r
h
as
ex
ce
ed
ed
th
e
th
r
esh
o
l
d
o
f
f
i
v
e
s
u
b
jects
th
at
ca
n
co
r
r
ec
tly
i
d
en
tify
8
0
%
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
wh
ic
h
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
m
i
n
im
ize
th
e
co
s
t
an
d
b
en
ef
it
r
atio
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
jects
wer
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ician
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
ar
t,
th
e
class
ic
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
was
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
th
eir
s
ca
les.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
s
et
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
at
is
f
ac
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
s
o
f
u
s
er
s
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
web
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
Desig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t
o
f m
a
ch
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
-
b
a
s
ed
w
eb
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
fo
r
o
il p
a
lm
yield
…
(
Yu
h
a
o
A
n
g
)
231
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
e
d
i
ctin
g
o
il p
alm
y
ield
u
s
in
g
a
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
web
ap
p
licatio
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
o
r
ted
in
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
ID
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
s
S
c
a
l
e
Q1
Th
e
w
a
y
t
h
e
u
ser
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
i
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
i
s
e
a
s
y
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
5
4
3
2
1
Q2
M
u
l
t
i
se
l
e
c
t
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
e
n
a
b
l
e
me
t
o
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
t
r
e
n
d
o
f
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
a
n
d
a
c
t
u
a
l
y
i
e
l
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
s.
5
4
3
2
1
Q3
Th
i
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
s
i
s
e
a
s
y
t
o
u
s
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
sl
i
d
e
r
a
n
d
i
n
p
u
t
v
a
l
u
e
s.
5
4
3
2
1
Q4
Th
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
u
sefu
l
t
o
m
e
i
n
m
y
d
a
i
l
y
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
j
o
b
i
f
I
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
y
i
e
l
d
st
a
t
u
s
o
f
m
a
t
u
r
e
o
i
l
p
a
l
m
t
r
e
e
s
5
4
3
2
1
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
T
he
pa
g
es o
f
web
a
pp
lica
t
io
n
W
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
co
m
p
r
is
es
two
m
ain
p
ag
es:
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
a
n
d
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
Fo
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ag
e,
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
is
cr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
an
el
y
ield
d
ata
an
d
th
e
tr
en
d
.
On
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
ag
e,
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
ical
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
es f
o
r
th
e
k
ey
v
ar
iab
les u
s
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
3
.
2
.
T
he
da
s
hb
o
a
rd
f
o
r
y
iel
d pre
dict
io
n
pa
t
t
er
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
an
el
d
at
a
an
d
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
u
t
p
u
t,
as
s
h
o
wn
o
n
th
e
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
v
is
u
ali
z
e
th
e
p
an
el
d
ata
an
d
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
u
tp
u
t,
th
e
u
s
er
ca
n
d
is
p
lay
p
an
el
d
ata
o
b
tai
n
ed
in
2
0
2
1
ac
r
o
s
s
b
lo
ck
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
m
u
lti
-
s
elec
tio
n
o
p
tio
n
s
.
As
an
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
,
th
e
lin
e
g
r
a
p
h
s
h
o
wed
th
e
p
atter
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
an
d
ac
t
u
al
y
ield
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
p
r
ed
icted
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
y
iel
d
an
d
th
e
p
r
e
d
icted
tr
en
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
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1
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r
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20
2
6
:
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8
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7
232
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ig
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atic
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r
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ter
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s
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u
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W
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lem
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o
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I
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2252
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6
Desig
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5
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Fig
u
r
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6
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e
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ate
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f
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o
m
th
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web
a
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3
.
4
.
Usa
bil
it
y
t
esting
I
n
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
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t
h
e
w
e
b
a
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p
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t
i
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1
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m
e
a
n
3
.
6
6
)
a
l
t
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4
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.
D
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2
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,
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t
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a
r
d
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m
e
.
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n
g
en
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al,
th
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f
ee
d
b
ac
k
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in
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
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test
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
web
ap
p
licatio
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h
as
b
ee
n
m
o
d
er
ately
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ec
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e
s
u
b
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d
th
at
it
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s
f
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h
er
im
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e
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t
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th
e
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p
len
ty
o
f
s
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b
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wh
o
f
elt
less
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
u
s
in
g
th
e
web
ap
p
licatio
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.
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h
er
e
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e
m
o
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er
ate
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o
v
e
r
all
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eg
ar
d
in
g
th
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p
r
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tatio
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d
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s
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ilit
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o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
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.
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b
ject
cr
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co
m
m
en
ted
th
at
th
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ap
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licatio
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is
d
if
f
icu
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ter
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atellite
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ata
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o
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er
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ir
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e
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p
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ices.
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n
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ter
th
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lem
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f
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r
th
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im
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will
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p
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v
id
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e
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at
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er
s
tan
d
b
etter
t
h
e
ter
m
s
an
d
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
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,
s
o
m
e
s
u
b
jects
also
co
m
m
en
ted
o
n
t
h
e
b
ac
k
g
r
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n
d
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th
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t
an
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th
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p
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ac
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en
t
o
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th
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lab
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th
at
is
q
u
ite
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
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s
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n
b
y
th
e
u
s
er
.
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r
th
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m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
u
b
ject
s
u
g
g
ests
to
p
u
t
a
m
ap
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f
p
lan
tatio
n
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
h
o
w
p
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icted
a
n
d
ac
tu
al
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ield
f
o
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ea
ch
b
lo
c
k
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
d
ata
v
is
u
ali
z
atio
n
.
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ased
o
n
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
e
web
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
we
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
s
u
b
jects
ap
p
r
ec
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th
e
web
a
p
p
licatio
n
th
at
w
as
b
u
ilt
f
o
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il
p
alm
y
ield
p
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d
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n
s
with
p
ar
am
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ter
s
.
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er
th
eless
,
f
u
r
th
e
r
im
p
r
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v
em
e
n
ts
will
b
e
m
a
d
e
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ased
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n
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
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v
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d
b
y
th
e
s
u
b
jects.
3
.
5
.
Adv
a
nt
a
g
es o
f
us
ing
we
b a
pp
lica
t
io
n f
o
r
predict
ing
o
il pa
lm
y
ields
W
e
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
lo
w
-
co
d
e
web
s
o
lu
tio
n
u
s
in
g
Stre
am
lit,
w
h
ich
ca
n
ef
f
o
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tles
s
ly
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ep
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y
m
ac
h
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lear
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m
o
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els in
to
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
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ata
d
r
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web
ap
p
s
.
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h
e
ad
v
an
tag
es o
f
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th
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tio
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o
r
p
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ield
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r
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t
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s
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ip
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g
,
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ea
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s
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ar
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s
tan
tly
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ep
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g
ap
p
s
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Stre
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clo
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d
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
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wo
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k
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p
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with
a
p
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o
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t
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Usi
n
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c
o
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en
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ated
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y
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Py
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s
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ML
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g
u
ag
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ild
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ay
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lar
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th
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t
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An
ef
f
o
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g
e
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
e
x
p
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ie
n
ce
o
f
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er
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in
o
r
d
e
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to
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ea
te
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th
at
s
u
p
p
o
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e
y
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p
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ce
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n
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n
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al
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g
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t
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im
p
o
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tan
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
lan
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m
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en
t
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le
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ak
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ly
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p
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d
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to
ac
cu
r
ately
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eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
y
ield
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
iv
en
f
a
cto
r
s
.
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h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
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web
ap
p
licatio
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h
as
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h
e
a
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tag
e
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f
f
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co
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m
u
n
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n
b
etwe
en
r
es
ea
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ch
er
s
an
d
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
W
ith
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
web
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
an
d
p
lan
tatio
n
m
an
ag
er
s
ca
n
in
ter
ac
t
with
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
u
s
er
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ter
f
ac
e
to
d
is
p
lay
th
e
u
p
d
ated
p
r
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o
u
tp
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t
an
d
in
p
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t
th
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r
eq
u
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r
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p
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am
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th
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p
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.
T
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th
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p
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p
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in
p
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m
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d
o
f
s
ch
ed
u
le
f
o
r
p
lan
tatio
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m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
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6
I
n
t J I
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f
&
C
o
m
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u
n
T
ec
h
n
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l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
22
8
-
23
7
234
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
lo
w
-
co
d
e
web
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
ed
t
o
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
m
ac
h
in
e
-
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
web
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
d
is
p
lay
tr
e
n
d
s
o
f
o
il
p
a
lm
y
ield
s
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
o
f
o
il
p
alm
y
ield
s
.
T
h
e
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
was
d
is
p
lay
ed
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
ed
ictio
n
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
co
m
p
ar
e
with
th
e
ac
tu
al
y
ield
.
T
h
is
will
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
o
n
lin
e
d
ash
b
o
a
r
d
ca
n
b
e
ti
m
ely
u
p
d
ated
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
in
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ar
ea
.
A
web
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
o
il
p
alm
y
iel
d
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
was
b
u
ilt
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
d
ee
p
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
with
k
ey
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
allo
ws
u
s
er
t
o
in
p
u
t
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
esti
m
ate
y
iel
d
f
o
r
n
ex
t
cy
cle.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
a
u
s
ab
ilit
y
test
was
r
u
n
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
web
ap
p
licatio
n
’
s
u
s
ab
ilit
y
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
is
u
s
ab
ilit
y
test
,
u
s
er
s
h
av
e
a
m
o
d
er
ate
le
v
el
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
b
u
t
th
e
r
e
is
s
till
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
I
t
was
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
jects
th
at
th
e
we
b
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
f
o
n
t
-
en
d
ca
n
b
e
ch
an
g
ed
to
o
n
e
with
g
r
ea
te
r
v
is
ib
ilit
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
o
m
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
s
tated
th
at
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
o
f
th
e
we
b
ap
p
licatio
n
m
ay
b
e
u
n
k
n
o
wn
to
th
e
p
lan
tatio
n
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
elem
en
ts
was
estab
lis
h
ed
with
g
eo
s
p
atial
d
o
m
ain
.
As
f
o
r
web
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
v
er
y
o
p
tim
is
tic
an
d
test
s
u
b
jects
g
en
er
ally
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
web
ap
p
licatio
n
to
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
as
a
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
a
clea
r
e
x
p
lan
at
io
n
an
d
g
u
id
e
will
b
e
in
cl
u
d
e
d
to
ass
is
t
p
lan
tatio
n
s
in
b
ette
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
t
u
d
ies
will
also
in
clu
d
e
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
ts
th
at
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
y
ield
clo
s
ely
an
d
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
s
itu
atio
n
in
p
lan
tatio
n
s
.
Plan
tatio
n
m
ap
will
b
e
a
d
d
ed
i
n
to
th
e
web
ap
p
licatio
n
as
a
m
ap
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
in
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
will
also
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ices
s
u
ch
as
Am
az
o
n
web
s
er
v
ice,
AZ
UR
E
an
d
Go
o
g
le
C
lo
u
d
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
y
ield
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
.
W
ith
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
-
lea
r
n
in
g
-
b
ased
web
ap
p
licatio
n
,
th
e
p
l
an
tatio
n
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
is
ab
le
t
o
co
n
d
u
ct
ac
cu
r
ate
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
d
m
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
r
o
o
t
ca
u
s
e
in
d
icatin
g
a
d
ec
lin
e
in
y
ield
g
iv
en
th
e
av
ailab
le
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
lan
tatio
n
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
p
lan
n
i
n
g
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
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M
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NT
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e
wo
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ld
lik
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t
o
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a
n
k
t
h
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Ma
lay
s
ian
Min
is
tr
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o
f
Hig
h
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u
ca
tio
n
(
MO
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f
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f
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n
d
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n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Ma
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s
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R
esear
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Un
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s
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Netwo
r
k
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s
(
MRUN)
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o
n
g
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R
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ch
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t
Sch
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FGV
team
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em
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e
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n
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R
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s
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r
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(
MR
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g
-
T
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m
R
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is
in
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in
th
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p
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B
I
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RAP
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S O
F
AUTH
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RS
Dr
.
Yuh
a
o
Ang
o
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tain
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d
a
Do
c
to
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f
P
h
il
o
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h
y
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re
m
o
te
se
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si
n
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
,
i
n
2
0
2
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.
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is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
se
n
io
r
lec
t
u
re
r
in
Un
i
v
e
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M
a
lay
sia
S
a
b
a
h
.
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re
c
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iv
e
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
d
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g
re
e
in
a
p
p
li
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sc
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e
in
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n
iv
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a
in
s
M
a
lay
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,
i
n
2
0
1
5
.
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h
e
n
,
h
e
o
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tain
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m
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ste
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re
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te se
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sin
g
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n
d
g
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ra
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rm
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ti
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sy
ste
m
fro
m
Un
i
v
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tra
M
a
la
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n
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ly
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se
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te
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p
a
lm.
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e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
v
in
c
e
n
tan
g
k
h
u
n
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m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
H
e
lm
i
Zu
lh
a
i
d
i
Mo
h
d
S
h
a
f
r
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is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
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p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
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n
d
re
m
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se
n
sin
g
a
n
d
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e
o
g
ra
p
h
ic In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
s
(
G
IS
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p
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
c
o
o
rd
in
a
t
o
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Civ
il
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
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a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
E
n
g
in
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e
ri
n
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
(U
P
M
).
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wa
s
p
re
v
io
u
sly
th
e
He
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
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iv
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g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
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p
u
ty
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a
n
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f
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ra
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t
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t
u
d
ies
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t
th
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c
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lt
y
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n
g
i
n
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g
,
UP
M
.
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o
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tai
n
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h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
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re
e
fro
m
Ro
y
a
l
M
e
l
b
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u
rn
e
In
stit
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te
o
f
Tec
h
n
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lo
g
y
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IT
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Un
iv
e
rsity
,
M
e
l
b
o
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rn
e
,
Au
str
a
li
a
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
.
fro
m
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
N
o
tt
i
n
g
h
a
m
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
.
His
field
s
o
f
sp
e
c
ia
li
z
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ti
o
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n
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ti
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g
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rin
g
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re
m
o
te
se
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si
n
g
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m
a
c
h
in
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lea
rn
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g
,
a
n
d
d
a
ta
sc
ien
c
e
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
h
e
lmi@u
p
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Dr
.
Ya
n
g
Pi
n
g
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e
o
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tai
n
e
d
a
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c
to
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f
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h
il
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h
y
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p
lan
t
m
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lar
e
c
o
p
h
y
si
o
l
o
g
y
fro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ba
se
l,
S
witze
rlan
d
,
in
2
0
0
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.
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rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
se
rv
e
s
a
s
th
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a
d
o
f
P
re
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g
ricu
lt
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re
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d
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e
n
o
m
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t
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V
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D
S
d
n
B
h
d
.
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re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
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il
p
a
lm
g
e
n
o
m
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in
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s,
a
n
d
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re
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h
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ime
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t
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p
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lm
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la
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m
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teria
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with
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e
sira
b
le
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h
is
fiel
d
st
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d
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s,
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Lee
e
m
p
lo
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re
m
o
te
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n
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g
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p
re
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ro
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lm
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la
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g
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m
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t.
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c
a
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tac
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lee
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o
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d
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p
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in
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rld
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o
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sin
g
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m
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h
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237
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d
h
is
M
.
S
c
.
in
2
0
0
3
a
n
d
h
is
P
h
D
in
2
0
0
6
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
ss
o
p
t
ica
l
re
m
o
te
se
n
sin
g
-
b
o
t
h
p
a
ss
iv
e
a
n
d
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
d
ig
it
a
l
ima
g
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
with
p
a
rti
c
u
lar
e
m
p
h
a
sis
o
n
s
p
e
c
tral
ima
g
e
d
a
ta.
His
wo
r
k
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
su
c
h
a
s
wa
ter
a
n
d
a
ir
q
u
a
li
ty
m
o
n
i
to
ri
n
g
,
lan
d
c
o
v
e
r
a
n
d
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
,
lan
d
su
rfa
c
e
p
ro
p
e
rty
a
n
a
ly
sis,
a
n
d
d
ig
i
tal
ima
g
e
c
las
sifi
c
a
ti
o
n
.
He
is
a
lso
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
a
tmo
sp
h
e
ric
a
e
ro
so
ls.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
s
th
e
u
se
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
b
a
se
d
a
n
d
sa
telli
te
-
b
a
se
d
Li
DA
R
d
a
ta
(in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
CALIP
S
O
a
n
d
AIRS
)
fo
r
stu
d
ies
re
late
d
to
a
ir
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
a
n
d
g
re
e
n
h
o
u
se
e
ffe
c
ts.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
slim
@u
sm
.
m
y
.
Ro
sni
Abd
u
ll
a
h
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
R
o
sn
i
Ab
d
u
ll
a
h
is
a
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
i
n
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
io
n
e
e
rs
i
n
t
h
e
sa
id
d
o
m
a
in
.
S
h
e
wa
s
a
p
p
o
i
n
ted
De
a
n
o
f
t
h
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
(US
M
)
i
n
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
4
,
a
fter
h
a
v
in
g
se
rv
e
d
a
s
it
s
De
p
u
ty
De
a
n
(Re
se
a
rc
h
)
sin
c
e
1
9
9
9
.
S
h
e
is
a
lso
th
e
He
a
d
o
f
th
e
P
a
ra
ll
e
l
a
n
d
Distrib
u
ted
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
G
ro
u
p
a
t
th
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
sin
c
e
it
s
in
c
e
p
t
io
n
in
1
9
9
4
.
He
r
m
a
in
i
n
tere
st
li
e
s
i
n
th
e
d
a
ta
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
t
o
o
rg
a
n
ize
,
m
a
n
a
g
e
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
se
b
io
l
o
g
ica
l
d
a
ta
wh
ich
is
e
v
e
r
i
n
c
re
a
sin
g
i
n
siz
e
.
P
a
rti
c
u
lar
i
n
tere
st
is
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
to
a
n
a
ly
se
th
e
b
io
lo
g
ica
l
d
a
ta
u
sin
g
M
e
ss
a
g
e
P
a
ss
in
g
In
terfa
c
e
(M
P
I)
o
n
m
e
ss
a
g
e
p
a
ss
in
g
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
a
n
d
m
u
lt
it
h
re
a
d
in
g
o
n
m
u
l
ti
c
o
re
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
th
e
n
e
w
in
tere
st
is
in
n
e
u
r
o
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
c
s,
i.
e
.
th
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
n
e
u
ro
sc
ien
t
ifi
c
d
a
ta
.
Sh
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
r
o
s
n
i@u
sm
.
m
y
.
Dr
.
Yusr
i
Yusu
p
is
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
p
ro
g
ra
m
o
f
th
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
In
d
u
st
rial
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
.
(Ho
n
s.)
d
e
g
re
e
in
Ch
e
m
ic
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(2
0
0
2
)
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
(a
wa
rd
e
d
in
2
0
0
4
)
i
n
Ch
e
m
ica
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
.
H
is
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
(
2
0
0
8
)
wa
s
in
c
h
e
m
ica
l
a
n
d
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
a
wa
rd
e
d
b
y
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
lay
sia
.
I
n
2
0
1
7
,
h
e
wa
s
th
e
p
ri
n
c
ip
a
l
d
a
ta
a
n
a
l
y
st
in
a
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
(Do
E)
stu
d
y
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
n
a
ir
p
o
l
l
u
ti
o
n
e
m
issio
n
i
n
v
e
n
to
r
y
f
o
r
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
y
u
sriy
@
u
sm
.
m
y
.
Dr
.
Mo
h
a
m
m
e
d
Mu
st
a
fa
Al
-
H
a
b
shi
is
a
n
a
c
c
o
m
p
li
sh
e
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
sp
e
c
ializin
g
in
G
IS
a
n
d
G
e
o
m
a
ti
c
s
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
.
Wi
th
a
d
iv
e
rse
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
a
n
d
e
x
ten
si
v
e
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
,
h
e
h
a
s
m
a
d
e
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
s
t
o
t
h
e
fiel
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
is
e
x
p
e
rti
se
i
n
re
m
o
te
se
n
sin
g
,
a
rti
ficia
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
,
a
n
d
d
e
e
p
lea
rn
i
n
g
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
u
ti
li
z
i
n
g
g
e
o
sp
a
ti
a
l
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
t
o
a
d
d
re
ss
re
a
l
-
wo
rld
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
i
to
ri
n
g
o
f
o
il
p
a
lm
y
ield
s.
He
wo
rk
s
is
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
e
d
b
y
th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
we
b
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
th
a
t
lev
e
ra
g
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
fo
r
d
a
ta
a
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
d
e
c
isio
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s.
His
e
x
p
e
rti
se
a
n
d
d
e
d
ica
ti
o
n
to
t
h
e
sc
ien
ti
fic
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
m
a
k
e
h
i
m
a
v
a
lu
a
b
le
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
o
r
i
n
th
e
i
n
ters
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
G
IS
,
re
m
o
te
se
n
sin
g
,
a
n
d
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
ta
c
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
lh
a
b
sh
i3
k
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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