I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
a
l
of
I
n
f
o
r
m
at
ics
an
d
Com
m
u
n
icat
ion
T
e
c
h
n
ol
ogy
(
I
J
-
I
CT
)
Vo
l
.
15
,
N
o
.
1
,
M
a
r
c
h
20
26
,
pp.
1
02
~
1
10
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
ji
c
t
.
v1
5
i
1
.
pp1
02
-
1
10
102
Jou
r
n
al
h
o
m
e
page
:
ht
tp:
//
ij
ict
.
iaes
c
or
e
.
c
om
E
le
c
t
r
if
y
in
g t
h
e
r
oad
s u
si
n
g w
ir
e
le
ss c
h
ar
gi
n
g sol
u
t
io
n
s f
or
n
e
xt
-
ge
n
e
le
c
t
r
ic
ve
h
ic
le
s
Ve
n
k
at
e
s
h
K
u
m
ar
Chan
d
r
a
s
e
k
a
r
an
,
Ram
e
s
h
B
ab
u
M
u
t
h
u
,
L
e
k
h
a
S
h
r
i
S
as
id
ar
,
M
al
at
h
i
M
a
n
i
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
le
c
t
r
ic
a
l
a
nd
E
le
c
t
r
o
ni
c
s
E
ng
in
e
e
r
in
g, S
t.
J
o
s
e
p
h
’
s
C
o
ll
e
ge
of
E
ngi
n
e
e
r
in
g, C
h
e
nna
i,
I
ndi
a
Ar
t
ic
l
e
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
ve
d
J
u
n
22,
2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
J
u
l
8,
2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
Oc
t
7
,
2025
T
h
i
s
p
ap
e
r
o
u
t
l
i
n
e
s
a
s
o
l
ar
ch
arg
i
n
g
d
ev
i
ce
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
fo
r
e
l
ec
t
ri
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
(E
v
s
)
,
m
i
t
i
g
at
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
ra
w
b
a
c
k
s
o
f
co
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
fu
el
-
b
as
e
d
t
ran
s
p
o
rt
at
i
o
n
an
d
en
v
i
ro
n
me
n
t
al
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
.
B
ec
au
s
e
E
V
s
ar
e
b
eco
mi
n
g
m
o
r
e
a
n
d
mo
r
e
p
o
p
u
l
ar
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
w
o
rl
d
,
t
h
e
r
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
o
f
t
h
em
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
ad
.
B
ey
o
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
men
t
al
b
en
e
fi
t
s
,
EV
s
o
ff
e
r
c
o
s
t
s
av
i
n
g
s
b
y
s
u
b
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
n
g
e
x
p
en
s
i
v
e
fu
el
w
i
t
h
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
mi
c
al
e
l
ec
t
ri
ci
t
y
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
t
ro
d
u
ce
s
i
n
n
o
v
at
i
v
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
E
V
ch
arg
i
n
g
,
e
n
ab
l
i
n
g
s
e
p
arat
e
ch
arg
i
n
g
s
t
at
i
o
n
s
,
co
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
mo
t
i
o
n
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
e
x
t
e
r
n
al
p
o
w
e
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
mmu
n
i
c
at
i
o
n
an
d
s
y
s
t
em
o
p
e
rat
i
o
n
s
are
co
n
t
ro
l
l
ed
b
y
a
n
E
SP8
2
6
6
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r.
T
h
i
s
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
ap
p
ro
ac
h
e
l
i
m
i
n
at
e
s
t
h
e
n
ee
d
fo
r
i
n
t
e
r
m
i
t
t
en
t
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
t
o
p
s
,
re
p
re
s
e
n
t
i
n
g
a
s
o
l
ar
-
p
o
w
er
e
d
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
ch
arg
i
n
g
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
fo
r
p
l
u
g
-
i
n
E
V
s
i
n
t
ran
s
i
t
.
T
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
u
n
d
e
rs
co
r
e
s
t
h
e
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
i
m
p
o
rt
an
ce
o
f
ad
d
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
men
t
al
s
u
s
t
ai
n
ab
i
l
i
t
y
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
s
t
s
a
vi
ngs
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
E
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
ns
e
r
va
t
i
o
n
E
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
a
l
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
E
v
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
S
o
l
a
r
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
de
vi
c
e
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
cen
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Dr
.
Ve
n
ka
t
e
s
h
K
u
m
a
r
C
h
a
n
dr
a
s
e
ka
r
a
n
De
pa
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
s
E
n
g
i
ne
e
r
i
n
g,
S
t.
J
o
s
e
ph
’
s
C
o
l
l
e
ge
o
f
E
n
g
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
S
h
o
l
i
nga
n
a
ll
ur
,
OM
R
,
C
h
e
nn
a
i
,
T
a
m
il
Na
du,
I
n
d
i
a
E
m
a
i
l
:
v
e
n
ka
t
e
s
h
ku
m
a
r
c
@
s
t
j
o
s
e
p
h
s
.
a
c
.
i
n
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
(
E
Vs
)
s
t
a
n
d
a
t
t
h
e
f
o
r
e
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
a
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
v
e
e
r
a
i
n
t
r
a
n
s
po
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
o
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
a
b
e
a
c
o
n
o
f
h
o
pe
i
n
t
h
e
f
a
c
e
o
f
s
o
a
r
i
n
g
o
i
l
pr
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
e
s
c
a
l
a
t
i
n
g
c
a
r
b
o
n
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
.
Unli
ke
t
h
e
i
r
f
o
s
s
il
-
f
ue
l
e
d
c
o
un
t
e
r
pa
r
t
s
,
whi
c
h
r
e
l
y
o
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
c
o
m
b
us
t
i
o
n
e
n
g
i
ne
s
,
E
Vs
h
a
r
n
e
s
s
t
h
e
po
we
r
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
,
us
he
r
i
n
g
i
n
a
n
e
w
a
g
e
o
f
s
us
t
a
i
n
a
bl
e
m
o
bil
i
t
y
[
1]
.
T
h
e
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
o
f
r
e
ne
wa
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
ur
c
e
s
l
i
ke
w
i
nd
a
n
d
s
o
l
a
r
po
we
r
to
f
u
n
da
m
e
n
t
a
l
ly
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
i
mm
e
ns
e
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
po
s
s
e
s
s
t
h
e
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
to
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
o
v
e
r
h
a
u
l
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
ds
t
h
r
o
ugh
whi
c
h
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
ne
r
g
y
i
s
pr
o
duc
e
d.
I
n
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
to
l
o
we
r
i
n
g
de
pe
n
d
e
n
c
y
o
n
f
i
n
i
t
e
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
a
n
d
mi
n
i
mi
z
i
ng
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
,
t
h
e
i
r
e
n
d
l
e
s
s
s
upp
ly
a
n
d
s
u
s
t
a
i
na
bl
e
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
a
bl
e
a
p
a
r
a
d
i
g
m
c
h
a
n
ge
t
o
wa
r
d
c
l
e
a
n
e
r
,
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
us
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
[
2]
.
De
s
p
i
t
e
t
h
e
i
mm
e
n
s
e
pr
o
m
i
s
e
,
r
e
n
e
w
a
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
’
s
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
to
gl
o
b
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
pr
o
duc
t
i
o
n
r
e
m
a
i
ns
m
o
de
s
t
,
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
o
nl
y
18%
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
s
h
a
r
e
.
T
h
e
da
wn
o
f
E
Vs
us
h
e
r
s
i
n
a
m
o
n
u
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
hi
f
t
to
wa
r
ds
gr
e
e
n
e
r
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
a
l
ly
c
o
ns
c
i
o
us
t
r
a
n
s
po
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
e
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
j
u
s
t
a
u
to
m
o
bil
e
s
;
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
a
m
a
nif
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
pr
o
g
r
e
s
s
,
e
m
b
r
a
c
i
ng
c
ut
t
i
n
g
-
e
dge
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
i
nn
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
e
n
g
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
t
o
r
e
s
h
a
pe
o
ur
a
uto
m
o
t
i
v
e
l
a
n
d
s
c
a
pe
[
3]
.
I
n
t
h
e
r
e
a
l
m
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
po
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
E
Vs
o
u
t
s
hi
n
e
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
c
o
m
b
us
t
i
o
n
e
n
g
i
ne
c
o
un
t
e
r
pa
r
t
s
.
W
i
t
h
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
f
i
e
d
po
we
r
l
o
c
o
m
o
t
i
v
e
s
,
hi
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
ge
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
tor
a
ge
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
a
n
d
r
e
m
a
r
ka
bly
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
m
o
t
or
s
,
x
-
E
Vs
s
ur
pa
s
s
t
r
a
di
t
i
o
n
a
l
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
[
4]
.
T
hi
s
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
pr
o
we
s
s
po
s
i
t
i
o
ns
t
h
e
m
a
s
t
h
e
f
ut
ur
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
po
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
p
o
i
s
e
d
to
l
e
a
d
t
h
e
wa
y
i
n
r
e
duc
i
n
g
b
o
t
h
gr
e
e
n
h
o
us
e
ga
s
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
ns
a
n
d
a
i
r
po
l
l
ut
i
o
n
[
5]
.
A
s
g
l
o
b
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n
a
nd
gr
e
e
n
h
o
us
e
ga
s
e
mi
s
s
i
o
ns
s
ur
ge
,
a
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
n
t
s
h
a
r
e
i
s
a
tt
r
i
b
ut
e
d
to
t
r
a
n
s
po
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
[
6]
.
T
h
e
i
m
pe
r
a
t
i
ve
s
hif
t
f
r
o
m
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
w
i
t
h
c
o
m
b
u
s
t
i
o
n
e
n
g
i
ne
s
to
E
Vs
e
l
e
v
a
t
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
E
lec
tr
if
y
ing
the
r
oads
us
ing
w
ir
e
le
s
s
c
har
ging
s
olu
ti
on
s
f
or
…
(
V
e
nk
ates
h
K
umar
C
handr
a
s
e
k
a
r
an
)
103
t
h
e
ur
ge
n
c
y
f
o
r
i
nn
o
va
t
i
ve
,
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
ds
.
De
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
pr
o
duc
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
n
o
w
s
t
a
n
d
a
s
p
i
v
o
t
a
l
p
l
a
y
e
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
qu
e
s
t
f
o
r
s
us
t
a
i
n
a
bl
e
m
o
bil
i
t
y
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
s
[
7]
.
2.
M
E
T
HO
D
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
po
we
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
ha
s
e
m
e
r
ge
d
a
s
a
r
e
v
o
l
ut
i
o
n
a
r
y
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
f
o
r
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
n
g
EV
s
w
i
t
h
t
r
i
e
d
-
a
n
d
-
t
r
ue
wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
.
I
t
s
p
ot
e
n
t
i
a
l
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
f
o
r
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
a
r
e
e
n
o
r
m
o
us
,
e
s
pe
c
i
a
ll
y
i
n
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
whe
r
e
w
i
r
i
ng
i
s
u
n
s
a
f
e
,
i
m
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
,
o
r
n
ot
p
o
s
s
i
bl
e
a
t
a
l
l
[
8]
.
I
n
duc
t
i
v
e
c
o
up
l
i
n
g,
a
c
o
m
m
o
nly
a
pp
li
e
d
t
e
c
hni
que
,
r
e
qu
i
r
e
s
t
h
r
e
e
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
s
:
a
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
ng
a
n
A
C
s
i
g
n
a
l
,
c
o
i
l
s
f
o
r
p
o
we
r
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
p
ti
on
,
a
n
d
a
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
c
on
v
e
r
t
i
n
g
th
e
A
C
s
i
gn
a
l
i
n
to
a
D
C
s
i
gn
a
l
f
or
b
a
t
te
r
y
c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
hi
s
i
nn
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
h
o
l
d
s
t
h
e
p
ot
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
a
l
ly
f
r
i
e
n
d
ly
t
r
a
n
s
po
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
by
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ly
ut
i
l
i
z
i
ng
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
po
we
r
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
t
e
c
hno
l
o
g
y
.
F
ur
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
r
o
a
dw
a
y
s
w
i
t
h
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
po
we
r
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
be
c
o
m
e
s
a
n
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
o
f
t
hi
s
vi
s
i
o
n
[
11]
.
B
y
c
o
nv
e
r
t
i
n
g
r
o
a
dwa
y
s
i
n
t
o
c
o
n
t
i
n
uo
us
po
we
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
s
o
l
a
r
hi
g
h
w
a
y
s
o
f
f
e
r
c
h
e
a
p,
s
a
f
e
,
a
n
d
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
bl
e
n
o
n
-
po
l
l
ut
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
De
s
p
i
t
e
t
h
e
i
r
i
ni
t
i
a
l
c
o
n
s
t
r
uc
t
i
o
n
c
o
s
t
s
,
t
h
e
s
e
s
o
l
a
r
-
po
we
r
e
d
r
o
a
ds
h
a
v
e
a
r
e
m
a
r
ka
bl
e
l
o
n
ge
vi
t
y
o
f
up
to
2
1
y
e
a
r
s
,
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
e
n
o
ugh
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
to
c
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
i
r
i
ni
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
c
o
n
t
i
n
uo
us
l
y
[
12]
.
L
a
n
e
-
c
h
a
n
g
i
ng
be
h
a
vi
o
r
s
t
udi
e
s
h
a
ve
y
i
e
l
de
d
lan
e
-
c
h
a
n
g
i
ng
m
o
de
l
s
,
de
f
i
n
i
ng
dr
i
v
e
r
s
’
t
i
m
e
ly
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
dr
i
vi
ng
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
,
e
n
c
o
m
pa
s
s
i
ng
de
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
ng,
e
x
e
c
ut
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
i
m
pa
c
t
.
A
dd
i
t
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
pl
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
a
l
o
n
g
e
x
t
e
ns
i
ve
hi
g
h
wa
y
s
c
a
t
e
r
s
to
di
v
e
r
s
e
v
e
hi
c
le
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
y
pe
s
.
T
h
e
r
o
a
d
s
e
gm
e
n
t
s
s
p
l
i
t
i
n
t
o
z
o
n
e
s
wi
t
h
i
n
du
c
t
i
ve
e
m
i
t
t
i
n
g
c
a
bl
e
s
a
n
d
i
nve
r
t
e
r
s
,
o
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
e
r
o
u
t
e
f
o
r
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
r
e
qu
i
r
i
ng
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
ge
,
whil
e
ot
h
e
r
s
ut
i
li
z
e
t
h
e
pr
i
n
c
i
pa
l
r
o
ut
e
i
f
u
nn
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
[
13]
.
M
o
de
r
n
hi
g
h
-
v
o
l
t
a
ge
o
f
f
-
b
o
a
r
d
DC
c
h
a
r
ge
r
s
w
i
t
h
a
dv
a
n
c
e
d
po
we
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
s
pr
o
vi
de
gr
e
a
t
e
r
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
po
we
r
l
e
v
e
l
s
w
i
t
h
l
e
s
s
s
t
r
a
i
n
o
n
t
h
e
gr
i
d
a
n
d
c
ha
r
ge
r
pa
r
t
s
[
14
]
.
De
s
p
i
t
e
t
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng,
l
i
k
e
un
p
l
ugge
d
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
d
b
a
tt
e
r
y
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
ne
e
ds
,
un
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
ur
de
n
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
gr
i
d
[
15]
.
T
h
e
d
i
s
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
ge
s
o
f
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
n
g
EV
s
h
a
v
e
y
e
t
to
b
e
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
ly
mi
t
i
ga
t
e
d
by
e
a
r
ly
a
t
t
e
m
pt
s
a
t
s
m
a
r
t
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
[
16]
.
E
x
pe
r
t
s
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
ne
e
r
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
a
f
o
c
us
on
po
we
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
r
e
n
e
wa
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
,
s
us
t
a
i
n
a
ble
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
m
a
r
ke
t
s
,
a
n
d
s
m
a
r
t
gr
i
ds
a
r
e
a
l
s
o
i
n
t
r
o
duc
e
d
i
n
a
n
e
d
i
t
o
r
i
a
l
a
n
d
i
t
a
l
s
o
s
h
o
wc
a
s
e
s
t
h
e
i
r
r
o
l
e
s
a
s
r
e
vi
e
we
r
s
a
n
d
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
e
d
i
t
or
s
f
o
r
j
o
ur
n
a
l
s
a
n
d
c
o
nf
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
[
17]
.
3.
M
E
T
HO
DS
OF
CHAR
GI
NG
3.
1
.
Capac
it
ive
in
d
u
c
t
ive
c
h
ar
gin
g
s
ys
t
e
m
An
i
nn
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
t
e
c
hni
qu
e
t
h
a
t
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
mi
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
I
t
d
o
e
s
a
wa
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
y
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
i
l
s
a
n
d
m
a
g
n
e
t
s
by
ut
i
li
z
i
ng
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
c
ur
r
e
n
t
t
h
r
o
ugh
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
[
18]
.
F
o
r
s
m
o
ot
h
po
we
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
,
t
h
e
pr
o
c
e
du
r
e
i
nc
l
ude
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
s
t
a
t
i
c
i
nduc
t
i
o
n
,
hi
g
h
-
f
r
e
qu
e
n
c
y
A
C
pr
o
duc
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
AC
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
d
j
us
t
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
i
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
o
pe
r
a
t
i
n
g
w
i
t
hi
n
a
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
r
a
n
ge
o
f
100
to
600
kHz
,
de
l
i
ve
r
s
r
e
l
i
a
bl
e
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
whil
e
pa
vi
n
g
t
h
e
wa
y
f
o
r
a
s
us
t
a
i
n
a
bl
e
f
ut
ur
e
[
19
]
.
3.
2
.
Gear
-
d
r
iven
ma
gn
e
t
ic
wir
e
les
s
c
h
ar
gin
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
ge
a
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
po
we
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
(
M
G
W
P
T
)
u
t
i
li
z
e
s
t
w
o
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
ni
z
e
d
pe
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
ne
t
s
to
tr
a
n
s
mi
t
po
we
r
a
c
r
o
s
s
a
n
a
i
r
ga
p.
T
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
mi
t
t
e
r
s
i
de
w
i
nd
i
ng
r
e
c
e
i
ve
s
t
h
e
pr
im
a
r
y
po
we
r
s
upp
ly
,
w
hi
l
e
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
da
r
y
pe
r
m
a
ne
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
s
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
s
po
we
r
to
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
t
h
r
o
ugh
t
h
e
po
we
r
c
o
n
ve
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
B
M
S
)
[
20]
.
W
h
e
n
pe
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
i
ve
r
a
r
e
s
y
nc
h
r
o
ni
z
e
d
a
n
d
e
qu
i
pp
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
r
m
a
t
ur
e
wi
nd
i
n
g,
a
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
ge
a
r
i
s
c
r
e
a
t
e
d.
T
h
e
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
A
C
c
ur
r
e
n
t
to
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
ge
n
e
r
a
t
e
s
to
r
que
,
c
a
u
s
i
n
g
s
y
nc
h
r
o
n
o
us
r
ot
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
ve
r
m
a
g
ne
t
.
T
hi
s
r
ot
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
wh
e
n
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
d,
p
r
o
duc
e
s
A
C
po
we
r
,
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ly
po
we
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
—
a
n
o
v
e
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
c
o
nv
e
r
t
i
n
g
m
e
c
h
a
ni
c
a
l
e
ne
r
g
y
i
n
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
o
ut
pu
t.
T
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
M
G
W
P
T
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
r
e
t
h
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
ni
z
e
d
pe
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
s
a
n
d
a
r
m
a
t
ur
e
w
i
n
d
i
ng,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
ly
.
T
hi
s
a
ll
o
ws
po
we
r
to
b
e
s
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
d
l
a
t
e
r
to
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
’
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
r
e
qu
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
3.
3
.
I
n
d
u
c
t
io
n
-
b
as
e
d
wir
e
l
e
s
s
p
owe
r
d
e
l
iv
e
r
y
I
n
1914,
Ni
ko
l
a
T
e
s
l
a
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
ve
n
t
i
o
na
l
in
duc
t
i
v
e
po
we
r
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
(
I
P
T
)
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
po
we
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
.
T
h
e
b
a
s
i
s
f
o
r
c
o
n
t
e
m
po
r
a
r
y
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
wa
s
e
s
t
a
bli
s
h
e
d
by
t
hi
s
t
e
c
hni
que
.
M
a
g
n
e
t
c
h
a
r
ge
I
P
T
wa
s
i
n
t
r
o
duc
e
d
i
n
1996
f
o
r
t
h
e
C
h
e
v
r
o
l
e
t
S
10
E
V,
whi
c
h
i
nc
l
ude
d
s
t
a
ge
3
(
50
k
W
)
qu
i
c
k
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
a
n
d
s
t
a
ge
2
(
6.
6
kW
)
s
l
o
w
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
c
a
pa
bi
li
t
i
e
s
.
T
hi
s
c
h
r
o
n
o
l
o
gi
c
a
l
s
e
que
n
c
e
il
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
h
o
w
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
ha
s
c
h
a
n
ge
d
o
v
e
r
t
i
m
e
.
An
i
nn
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
m
e
c
h
a
ni
s
m
o
pe
r
a
t
e
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
F
a
r
a
da
y
’
s
l
a
w
o
f
i
nduc
t
i
o
n
.
I
t
e
m
p
l
o
ys
m
ut
ua
l
i
n
du
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
ds
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
h
e
c
o
i
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
mi
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
to
tr
a
n
s
mi
t
po
we
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
ly
.
T
he
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
vi
ng
c
o
i
l
i
n
du
c
e
d
by
t
h
e
A
C
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
ld
o
f
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8776
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
N
o.
1
,
M
a
r
c
h
20
26
:
102
-
110
104
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
c
o
i
l
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
s
A
C
po
we
r
.
T
hi
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
,
upo
n
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
il
t
e
r
i
ng,
c
h
a
r
ge
s
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
ge
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
o
f
E
Vs
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
a
m
o
u
nt
o
f
po
we
r
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
e
d
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
ly
d
e
pe
n
d
o
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
s
uc
h
a
s
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
,
m
ut
ua
l
i
n
duc
t
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
mi
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
c
o
i
l
s
.
T
y
p
i
c
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
s
e
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
ns
o
c
c
ur
wi
t
hi
n
a
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
r
a
n
ge
o
f
19
to
50
kHz
.
3.
4
.
M
icr
owave
/
r
ad
io
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
ar
gi
n
g
C
r
e
a
t
e
d
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
f
a
r
-
f
i
e
l
d
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
powe
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
,
o
r
W
P
T
,
h
a
s
a
r
i
c
h
hi
s
t
o
r
y
.
N
i
ko
l
a
T
e
s
l
a
’
s
1904
r
a
d
i
o
wa
v
e
po
we
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
wa
s
p
i
v
o
ta
l
.
B
y
1964,
B
r
o
wn
’
s
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
h
e
li
c
o
pt
e
r
a
n
d
D
i
c
k
i
n
s
o
n
’
s
2.
45
GH
z
M
P
T
b
r
e
a
kt
h
r
o
ugh
a
dv
a
n
c
e
d
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d.
J
a
pa
n
,
e
s
pe
c
i
a
l
ly
Ky
o
t
o
Uni
ve
r
s
i
t
y
,
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
e
d
to
W
P
T
’
s
gr
o
w
t
h
i
n
S
o
l
a
r
P
o
we
r
S
a
t
e
l
li
t
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
S
hi
n
o
h
a
r
a
’
s
[
21]
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
N
i
s
s
a
n
y
i
e
l
de
d
a
76%
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
W
P
T
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
EV
s
,
whi
l
e
M
i
t
s
ubi
s
h
i
l
a
t
e
r
l
e
d
a
n
M
P
T
pr
o
j
e
c
t
f
o
r
E
Vs
.
T
h
e
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
na
t
ur
e
o
f
mi
c
r
o
wa
v
e
s
e
n
a
bl
e
s
l
o
n
g
-
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
po
we
r
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
.
F
a
r
-
f
i
e
l
d
W
P
T
h
a
s
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
a
pp
li
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
s
o
l
a
r
s
a
t
e
l
li
t
e
s
a
n
d
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
E
V
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g.
3.
5
.
Wir
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
gin
g
u
s
in
g
l
as
e
r
s
P
o
we
r
b
e
a
m
i
ng
o
r
wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
po
we
r
tr
a
n
s
mi
s
s
i
o
n
(
W
P
T
)
w
i
t
h
l
a
s
e
r
s
,
i
s
a
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
mi
t
t
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
c
r
o
s
s
l
o
n
g
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
b
ut
h
a
s
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
I
t
i
nc
l
ude
s
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
i
ng
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
ur
r
e
n
t
i
n
t
o
a
l
a
s
e
r
b
e
a
m
t
h
a
t
i
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
d
to
wa
r
d
a
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
.
M
o
n
o
c
h
r
o
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
g
h
t
-
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
d
s
pe
c
i
a
l
i
z
e
d
ph
o
to
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
(
P
V)
l
a
s
e
r
po
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
a
r
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d.
B
e
c
a
us
e
o
f
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
l
o
s
s
i
s
s
ue
s
,
pr
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
i
s
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
ke
s
i
t
l
e
s
s
a
ppr
o
pr
i
a
t
e
f
o
r
r
e
f
ue
l
i
ng
EV
s.
4.
B
L
OCK
DI
AGRA
M
AN
D
I
T
S
DE
S
CR
I
P
T
I
ON
4.
1.
S
ol
ar
r
oad
s
T
h
e
S
o
l
a
r
pa
n
e
l
s
a
r
e
de
s
i
g
n
e
d
s
pe
c
if
i
c
a
ll
y
f
o
r
s
i
de
wa
l
k
s
a
n
d
r
o
a
ds
a
r
e
kn
o
wn
a
s
s
o
l
a
r
r
o
a
ds
.
T
h
e
i
r
m
a
i
n
o
bj
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
s
t
o
i
ns
t
a
l
l
s
o
l
a
r
pa
n
e
l
s
i
n
p
l
a
c
e
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
s
p
ha
l
t
r
o
a
dwa
y
s
to
pr
o
vi
de
l
o
c
a
l
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
b
us
i
ne
s
s
e
s
w
i
t
h
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
vi
a
dr
i
v
e
w
a
y
s
o
r
pa
r
k
i
n
g
l
o
t
s
.
4.
2.
B
at
t
e
r
y
c
h
ar
gi
n
g
c
ir
c
u
it
T
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
ha
r
g
i
n
g
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
ut
i
li
z
e
s
a
p
-
n
-
p
t
r
a
n
s
i
s
t
o
r
i
n
a
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
-
bi
a
s
e
d
s
t
a
t
e
,
e
n
a
bli
ng
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
f
r
o
m
a
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
ge
ne
r
a
to
r
.
On
c
e
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
r
e
a
c
h
e
s
f
u
ll
c
h
a
r
ge
,
i
t
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
f
o
r
wa
r
d
-
bi
a
s
e
d,
a
uto
m
a
t
i
c
a
ll
y
c
ut
t
i
n
g
o
f
f
t
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
.
4.
3.
I
n
ve
r
t
e
r
c
irc
u
it
I
nv
e
r
t
e
r
s
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
w
h
e
r
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
ng
A
C
po
we
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
a
i
ns
i
s
i
m
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
.
T
wo
m
a
i
n
t
y
p
e
s
e
xi
s
t
:
T
r
ue
/pur
e
s
i
n
e
wa
v
e
i
nv
e
r
t
e
r
s
,
c
o
s
t
l
y
b
ut
s
u
i
t
a
bl
e
f
o
r
de
l
i
c
a
t
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
s
;
a
n
d
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
(
qua
s
i
)
i
nve
r
t
e
r
s
,
i
n
e
x
pe
ns
i
ve
b
ut
pr
o
duc
i
n
g
s
qua
r
e
wa
ve
s
uns
u
i
t
a
bl
e
f
o
r
s
uc
h
de
vi
c
e
s
.
A
s
i
m
p
l
e
i
nve
r
t
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
us
i
n
g
po
we
r
t
r
a
n
s
i
s
t
or
s
t
h
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
12
v
o
l
t
s
o
f
d
i
r
e
c
t
c
ur
r
e
n
t
i
n
t
o
220
v
o
l
t
s
o
f
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
n
g
c
ur
r
e
n
t
t
h
r
o
ugh
v
o
l
t
a
ge
m
a
ni
pu
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
4.
4.
M
u
l
t
ivi
b
r
at
or
s
M
u
l
t
i
vi
br
a
t
or
s
,
f
u
n
da
m
e
n
t
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
f
o
r
v
a
r
i
o
us
a
pp
li
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
we
r
e
i
nve
n
t
e
d
dur
i
n
g
W
o
r
l
d
W
a
r
I
by
He
n
r
i
Ab
r
a
h
a
m
a
n
d
E
uge
n
e
B
l
o
c
h
.
T
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
t
y
pe
s
a
r
e
:
A
s
t
a
bl
e
M
u
l
t
i
vi
br
a
t
o
r
:
Un
s
t
a
bl
e
i
n
e
i
t
he
r
s
t
a
t
e
,
i
t
c
o
n
t
i
n
uo
us
ly
s
w
i
t
c
h
e
s
,
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
ni
ng
a
s
a
r
e
l
a
x
a
t
i
o
n
o
s
c
i
ll
a
t
o
r
;
M
o
n
o
s
t
a
bl
e
M
u
l
t
i
vi
br
a
t
o
r
(
O
n
e
S
h
o
t)
:
On
e
s
t
a
t
e
i
s
s
t
a
bl
e
,
t
h
e
ot
h
e
r
un
s
t
a
bl
e
.
T
r
i
gge
r
pu
l
s
e
i
ni
t
i
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
un
s
t
a
bl
e
s
t
a
t
e
,
a
n
d
i
t
r
e
t
u
r
n
s
to
s
t
a
bi
li
t
y
a
f
t
e
r
a
s
e
t
t
i
m
e
;
B
i
s
t
a
bl
e
M
u
l
t
i
vi
br
a
t
o
r
(
F
l
i
p
F
l
o
p)
:
S
t
a
b
l
e
i
n
e
i
t
h
e
r
s
t
a
t
e
,
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
t
r
i
gge
r
f
l
i
p
s
i
t
f
r
e
que
n
t
l
y
u
t
i
li
z
e
d
i
n
c
o
m
put
e
r
m
e
m
o
r
y
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
o
g
i
c
.
T
h
e
s
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
,
c
r
uc
i
a
l
b
e
f
o
r
e
l
o
w
-
c
o
s
t
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
,
s
e
r
v
e
d
a
s
f
r
e
qu
e
n
c
y
d
i
v
i
de
r
s
i
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
l
i
ke
e
a
r
ly
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
o
r
ga
n
s
a
n
d
t
e
l
e
vi
s
i
o
n
,
e
ns
ur
i
n
g
s
y
nc
h
r
o
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
4.
5.
Re
c
t
if
ier
c
i
r
c
u
it
I
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
s
a
n
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
n
g
c
ur
r
e
n
t
i
n
t
o
a
di
r
e
c
t
c
ur
r
e
n
t
,
e
n
s
ur
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
l
o
w
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
i
n
a
s
i
ng
l
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
R
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
s
e
xi
s
t
i
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
t
y
pe
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
v
a
c
uu
m
t
ub
e
d
i
o
de
s
,
s
e
m
i
c
o
n
du
c
to
r
de
vi
c
e
s
l
i
ke
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
-
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
o
l
de
r
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
l
i
ke
m
e
r
c
ur
y
-
a
r
c
v
a
l
ve
s
.
T
h
e
i
r
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
c
e
l
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
p
i
v
o
t
a
l
r
o
l
e
s
in
pr
o
duc
i
n
g
DC
f
o
r
p
o
we
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
n
d
hi
g
h
-
v
o
l
t
a
ge
DC
tr
a
n
s
mi
s
s
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
R
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
s
s
e
r
v
e
di
ve
r
s
e
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
,
s
uc
h
a
s
pr
o
vi
d
i
n
g
s
t
e
a
d
y
D
C
po
we
r
f
o
r
r
a
di
o
,
t
e
l
e
vi
s
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
put
e
r
e
q
ui
p
m
e
n
t
.
A
dd
i
t
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
y
f
u
nc
t
i
o
n
a
s
de
t
e
c
tor
s
i
n
r
a
d
i
o
s
i
g
n
a
l
r
e
c
e
pt
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
l
a
m
e
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
ga
s
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
De
pe
n
d
i
ng
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
a
n
d
A
C
s
upp
ly
,
t
h
e
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
m
a
y
n
e
e
d
s
m
o
ot
hi
n
g
f
o
r
a
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
D
C
o
u
t
pu
t.
T
hi
s
s
m
o
ot
hi
n
g
i
s
a
c
hi
e
v
e
d
t
h
r
o
ugh
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
f
i
l
t
e
r
s
,
o
f
t
e
n
i
nv
o
l
vi
ng
c
a
pa
c
i
t
o
r
s
,
c
h
o
ke
s
,
r
e
s
i
s
t
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
v
o
l
t
a
ge
r
e
gu
l
a
t
o
r
s
to
e
n
s
ur
e
a
s
t
a
bl
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
o
u
t
pu
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
E
lec
tr
if
y
ing
the
r
oads
us
ing
w
ir
e
le
s
s
c
har
ging
s
olu
ti
on
s
f
or
…
(
V
e
nk
ates
h
K
umar
C
handr
a
s
e
k
a
r
an
)
105
4.
6.
F
il
t
e
r
F
il
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
tt
e
n
ua
t
e
s
un
de
s
i
r
e
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
s
o
r
i
s
o
l
a
t
e
s
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
po
r
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
ha
p
i
ng.
T
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
i
ll
us
t
r
a
t
e
s
a
F
i
l
t
e
r
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
f
o
r
t
hi
s
pur
po
s
e
.
F
i
l
t
e
r
s
,
i
n
t
e
gr
a
l
i
n
t
hi
s
pr
o
c
e
s
s
,
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ly
e
li
mi
na
t
e
un
wa
n
t
e
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
e
g
m
e
n
t
s
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
put
,
a
ph
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
k
n
o
wn
a
s
a
t
t
e
n
ua
t
i
o
n
.
T
he
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
wo
r
ki
n
g
pr
otot
y
pe
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
1.
F
i
gur
e
1.
B
l
o
c
k
d
i
a
gr
a
m
4.
7.
Wir
e
l
e
s
s
p
owe
r
t
r
an
s
f
e
r
c
oil
W
P
T
e
m
p
l
o
y
s
mi
c
r
o
wa
v
e
s
,
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
,
a
n
d
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
.
T
hi
s
i
nc
l
ude
s
a
n
AC
-
po
we
r
e
d
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
c
o
il
to
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
t
h
a
t
c
a
us
e
s
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
vi
ng
c
o
i
l
t
o
pr
o
duc
e
a
v
o
l
t
a
ge
.
T
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
pr
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
i
s
i
n
duc
t
i
v
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
r
a
n
s
mi
s
s
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
ugh
a
n
o
s
c
i
ll
a
t
i
n
g
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d.
T
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
’
s
s
pe
c
i
a
l
ly
b
u
i
l
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
m
DC
i
n
t
o
hi
g
h
-
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
A
C
.
A
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
pr
o
duc
e
d
by
A
C
c
ur
r
e
n
t
i
n
a
c
o
ppe
r
w
i
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
mi
t
t
e
r
pa
r
t
c
a
us
e
s
a
n
A
C
c
ur
r
e
n
t
to
f
l
o
w
t
h
r
o
ugh
a
n
e
ighb
o
r
i
n
g
r
e
c
e
pt
i
o
n
c
o
i
l
.
T
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
ng
de
vi
ce
’
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
A
C
ba
c
k
to
DC
,
pr
o
vi
d
i
ng
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
po
we
r
.
5.
WORK
I
NG
P
RI
NC
I
P
L
E
T
h
e
pr
o
c
e
s
s
b
e
g
i
ns
w
i
t
h
s
o
l
a
r
r
o
a
dwa
y
s
ha
r
n
e
s
s
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
n
g
i
t
to
a
p
o
we
r
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
ugh
a
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
ha
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
An
i
nve
r
t
e
r
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
’
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
c
ur
r
e
n
t
i
n
t
o
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
ng
c
ur
r
e
n
t,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
vi
a
pu
l
s
e
w
i
dt
h
m
o
dul
a
t
i
o
n
to
r
e
gul
a
t
e
A
C
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
.
T
hi
s
i
nv
e
r
t
e
d
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
s
to
a
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
po
we
r
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
c
o
i
l
,
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d.
E
qu
i
ppe
d
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
po
s
s
e
s
s
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
ng
c
o
i
l
s
t
o
c
a
p
t
ur
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
ly
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
e
d
po
we
r
.
Up
o
n
r
e
c
e
pt
i
o
n
,
t
hi
s
po
we
r
i
s
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
d,
r
e
f
i
ne
d
i
n
t
o
pur
e
DC
t
h
r
o
ugh
a
wa
v
e
-
s
h
a
pi
n
g
c
i
r
c
ui
t,
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
di
r
e
c
te
d
to
th
e
l
o
a
d
.
R
e
m
ot
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
s
o
l
a
r
-
r
i
c
h
a
r
e
a
s
,
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
de
d
du
e
to
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
gy
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
wi
t
h
i
n
th
e
i
nf
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
,
s
e
r
vi
n
g
a
s
a
n
a
u
ton
o
m
o
us
p
owe
r
s
ou
r
c
e
.
EV
s
r
e
qui
r
e
t
w
o
t
y
pe
s
o
f
ba
tt
e
r
i
e
s
,
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
a
n
d
s
e
r
i
a
l
,
f
o
r
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
ng
a
m
pe
r
e
s
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
.
On
e
s
uc
h
il
l
us
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
n
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
o
r
l
i
nke
d
t
o
t
h
e
b
a
c
k
wh
e
e
l
s
ha
f
t
,
i
n
t
e
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
wi
t
h
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
t
or
t
h
r
o
ugh
a
s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
na
l
c
ha
r
g
i
n
g
i
s
s
ue
s
vi
a
r
e
m
o
te
po
we
r
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
,
f
o
c
us
i
ng
o
n
s
o
l
a
r
-
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
S
o
l
a
r
pa
n
e
l
s
c
o
nv
e
r
t
s
unli
g
h
t
i
n
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
’
s
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
us
i
ng
r
e
m
o
t
e
p
o
we
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
.
A
s
o
l
a
r
-
po
we
r
e
d
c
h
a
r
ge
r
e
gu
l
a
t
or
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
u
t
pu
t
o
f
PV
c
e
l
ls
,
r
e
duc
i
n
g
r
e
l
i
a
n
c
e
o
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
ur
c
e
s
.
T
h
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
’
s
t
r
a
n
s
mi
t
t
i
n
g
l
o
o
p
u
t
i
li
z
e
s
DC
po
we
r
f
r
o
m
s
o
ur
c
e
s
i
de
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
,
c
o
nv
e
r
t
i
ng
i
t
i
n
t
o
hi
g
h
-
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
AC
w
i
t
hi
n
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
mi
t
t
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
.
T
hi
s
A
C
po
we
r
i
s
tr
a
n
s
mi
t
t
e
d
a
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
ne
t
i
c
wa
v
e
s
to
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
s
i
de
.
A
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
or
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
i
n
t
h
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
’
s
c
o
i
l
de
c
o
de
s
t
h
e
s
e
wa
v
e
s
,
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
DC
o
ut
pu
t
to
c
h
a
r
ge
t
h
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
’
s
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
.
T
hi
s
s
t
r
e
a
m
li
ne
d
de
s
i
g
n
m
i
nim
i
z
e
s
s
pa
c
e
r
e
qu
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
e
n
a
bli
ng
s
t
r
a
i
g
h
t
f
o
r
wa
r
d
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
nc
e
.
T
h
e
qua
dr
up
l
e
U
a
uxi
li
a
r
y
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
e
d
b
e
ne
a
t
h
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
mi
t
t
i
n
g
c
o
i
l
h
e
l
ps
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
a
l
i
g
nm
e
n
t
.
M
i
s
a
l
i
g
nm
e
n
t
a
l
t
e
r
s
m
ut
ua
l
i
n
duc
t
a
nc
e
s
,
l
e
a
d
i
ng
to
uni
que
l
o
a
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
a
n
d
e
s
t
a
bli
s
hi
ng
a
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
t
r
a
j
e
c
t
o
r
y
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
z
i
ng
a
ll
po
s
s
i
b
l
e
m
i
s
a
li
gnm
e
n
t
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
vi
ng
c
o
i
l
.
T
hi
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
u
t
i
li
z
e
s
t
h
e
o
pp
o
s
i
n
g
l
a
n
e
to
p
r
o
vi
d
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
E
Vs
wi
t
h
o
ut
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
’
s
s
pe
e
d
s
i
n
b
o
t
h
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
udy
a
l
s
o
de
t
a
i
l
s
t
h
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
de
p
l
o
ym
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
t
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
EV
s
o
n
r
o
a
ds
e
qu
i
pp
e
d
w
i
t
h
d
y
n
a
mi
c
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
l
a
n
e
s
[
22]
.
F
i
n
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
or
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
i
m
pa
c
t
s
i
t
s
y
i
e
l
d.
Or
i
e
n
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
a
t
i
l
t
o
f
51°
m
a
xim
i
z
e
s
a
nn
ua
l
yi
e
l
d,
wh
e
r
e
a
s
e
x
t
r
e
m
e
s
l
i
ke
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
th
e
t
i
l
t
to
65°
r
e
duc
e
t
h
e
a
nn
ua
l
y
i
e
l
d
by
up
to
20%
[
23]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8776
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
N
o.
1
,
M
a
r
c
h
20
26
:
102
-
110
106
6.
S
OF
T
WAR
E
DE
S
CR
I
P
T
I
ON
De
s
i
g
ni
ng
a
v
e
r
s
a
t
i
l
e
s
o
l
a
r
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
nv
o
l
v
e
s
a
dy
n
a
mi
c
i
n
t
e
r
p
l
a
y
o
f
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
s
,
o
r
c
h
e
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
s
e
a
ml
e
s
s
ly
t
h
r
o
ugh
NI
M
u
l
t
i
s
im
.
E
l
e
v
a
t
e
y
o
ur
de
s
i
g
ns
w
i
t
h
c
us
t
o
m
i
ns
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
s
e
s
f
r
o
m
L
a
b
VI
E
W
,
e
nh
a
n
c
i
ng
M
u
l
t
i
s
im
’
s
s
im
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
pa
bil
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
pr
e
c
i
s
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
a
ud
i
o
pr
o
c
e
s
s
i
ng,
n
o
i
s
e
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
,
a
n
d
po
we
r
de
s
i
g
n
.
Unl
e
a
s
h
t
h
e
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
o
f
y
o
ur
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
r
y
w
i
t
h
M
u
l
t
i
s
im
w
h
e
r
e
i
nn
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
e
t
s
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2.
T
h
e
M
P
P
T
e
m
p
l
o
y
s
M
OS
F
E
T
a
n
d
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
d
i
o
de
t
h
a
t
r
un
s
a
l
o
n
g
s
i
de
a
n
R
C
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
,
i
n
t
r
o
duc
i
n
g
a
n
i
nn
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
e
a
t
ur
i
n
g
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
o
f
1
×
1
0
2
o
hm
s
a
n
d
2×
10
2
o
hm
s
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
.
T
hi
s
s
o
l
a
r
-
p
o
we
r
e
d
M
P
P
T
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
c
h
a
r
ge
s
a
L
e
a
d
A
c
i
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
w
i
t
h
r
e
m
a
r
ka
bl
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
,
o
pe
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
t
a
dut
y
c
y
c
l
e
o
f
1×
e
6
a
n
d
a
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
o
f
1
,
000
Hz
.
E
x
pe
r
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
e
nha
nc
e
d
EV
j
o
ur
n
e
y
i
n
f
us
e
d
w
i
t
h
gr
o
un
db
r
e
a
k
i
ng
i
nn
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
.
F
i
gur
e
2.
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
6.
1.
S
ol
ar
p
an
e
l
t
o
b
at
t
e
r
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
R
e
v
o
l
ut
i
o
ni
z
i
ng
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng,
o
ur
m
e
t
h
o
d
e
m
p
lo
y
s
i
nduc
t
i
v
e
c
o
upl
i
ng
f
o
r
r
e
m
o
t
e
tr
a
n
s
mi
s
s
i
o
n
.
Unli
ke
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
na
l
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g,
M
P
P
T
d
y
na
m
i
c
a
ll
y
m
a
n
a
ge
s
po
we
r
,
e
n
ha
n
c
i
ng
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
n
d
s
p
e
e
d.
I
n
o
ur
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
e
n
s
ur
e
s
a
19V
c
h
a
r
ge
,
u
t
i
li
z
i
ng
e
x
c
e
s
s
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
s
a
s
to
r
a
ge
r
e
s
e
r
v
o
i
r
.
6.
2.
On
-
r
oad
c
h
ar
gin
g
s
im
u
l
at
e
d
ou
t
p
u
t
Us
i
n
g
M
u
l
t
i
s
i
m
,
o
ur
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
pt
i
m
i
z
e
s
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
w
i
t
h
a
1.
5
A
s
upp
ly
(
P
V
1)
.
T
h
e
T
I
P
127G
Da
r
l
i
ngt
o
n
t
r
a
n
s
i
s
t
o
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ly
dr
i
ve
s
c
ur
r
e
n
t
to
c
h
a
r
ge
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
,
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
ni
ng
a
s
a
n
a
uto
m
a
t
e
d
c
uto
f
f
upo
n
a
tt
a
i
ni
ng
f
u
ll
c
h
a
r
ge
,
w
hil
e
a
we
ll
-
po
s
i
t
i
o
ne
d
d
i
o
de
i
nhi
b
i
t
s
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
c
ur
r
e
n
t
.
T
h
i
s
i
nn
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
de
s
i
g
n
gua
r
a
n
t
e
e
s
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng,
pr
e
s
e
n
t
i
n
g
a
s
t
r
e
a
m
li
ne
d
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
.
E
n
e
r
g
i
z
e
y
o
ur
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
i
t
h
t
hi
s
c
o
n
c
i
s
e
a
n
d
im
pa
c
t
f
u
l
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
o
ur
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
i
s
c
o
m
put
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
di
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
s
ubs
e
que
n
t
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
.
T
h
e
o
n
-
r
o
a
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
o
ut
pu
t
i
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3.
C
ha
r
g
i
n
g
c
a
pa
c
i
t
o
r
=
C
3
2
=
7
×
3
(
1)
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
c
a
pa
c
i
t
o
r
,
C
2
1
=
5
×
2
(
2)
T
h
e
c
ur
r
e
n
t
de
l
a
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
e
x
po
n
e
n
t
i
a
ll
y
a
s
R
5
C
2
’
s
t
i
m
e
c
o
ns
t
a
n
t
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
I
t
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
a
s
,
I
c
1
=
+
5
(
3)
2
=
–
2
×
×
−
5
×
2
(
4)
0
=
–
2
×
×
−
5
×
2
(
5)
1
=
2
×
−
5
×
2
(
6)
He
n
c
e
,
1
=
5
×
2
×
(
2
)
2
=
7
×
3
×
(
2
)
(
7)
T
h
e
tot
a
l
t
i
m
e
pe
r
i
o
d
i
s
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d
by
,
=
1
+
2
=
(
5
2
+
7
3
)
(
2
)
(
8)
R
e
n
a
mi
ng
t
h
e
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
s
,
7
,
5
=
,
2
,
3
=
,
ℎ
=
1
.
4
(
9)
F
r
e
que
n
c
y
,
=
0
.
7
(
10)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
E
lec
tr
if
y
ing
the
r
oads
us
ing
w
ir
e
le
s
s
c
har
ging
s
olu
ti
on
s
f
or
…
(
V
e
nk
ates
h
K
umar
C
handr
a
s
e
k
a
r
an
)
107
F
i
gur
e
3.
On
-
r
o
a
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
o
ut
pu
t
B
y
us
i
ng
a
m
u
l
t
i
v
i
b
r
a
to
r
to
de
t
e
c
t
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
(
E
M
F
)
pr
o
duc
e
d
by
a
n
i
n
duc
t
i
o
n
c
o
il
a
n
d
i
t
dr
a
ws
to
wa
r
ds
a
n
ot
h
e
r
c
o
i
l
n
e
a
r
by
,
a
vo
l
t
a
ge
i
s
pr
o
duc
e
d.
T
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
a
d
h
e
r
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
a
s
s
e
r
t
e
d
wa
v
e
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
pu
l
s
e
w
i
dt
h
wa
ve
f
o
r
m
ge
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
by
t
h
e
m
u
l
t
i
v
i
br
a
t
o
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
ly
go
ve
r
ns
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
h
e
c
ur
r
e
n
t
f
l
o
w
w
i
t
hi
n
t
h
e
M
OSF
E
T
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
u
tpu
t
i
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
i
gur
e
4.
F
i
gur
e
4.
Ou
t
pu
t
wa
v
e
f
o
r
m
7.
HARD
WAR
E
DE
S
CR
I
P
T
I
ON
T
h
e
s
t
ud
y
pr
o
vi
de
s
i
ns
i
g
h
t
i
n
to
h
o
w
v
a
r
i
o
us
s
o
l
a
r
pa
n
e
l
de
s
i
g
ns
a
n
d
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
wo
r
k
to
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
c
o
n
ve
r
t
s
unl
i
g
h
t
i
n
t
o
e
n
e
r
g
y
[
24]
.
PV
,
a
pt
l
y
n
a
m
e
d
f
r
o
m
“
p
h
o
to
”
(
Gr
e
e
k
f
o
r
l
i
g
h
t
)
a
n
d
a
n
o
d
to
Al
e
s
s
a
n
dr
o
V
o
l
t
a
,
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
s
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
t
h
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ph
o
to
n
s
i
n
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s
,
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
ly
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
s
in
s
o
l
a
r
pa
n
e
l
s
.
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
m
o
bil
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
E
V
s
pa
c
e
.
W
i
t
h
t
h
e
h
e
l
p
o
f
a
n
E
V
’
s
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
c
o
i
l
a
n
d
a
gr
o
un
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
pa
d
t
h
a
t
us
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
ne
t
i
c
i
n
du
c
t
i
o
n
,
phy
s
i
c
a
l
p
l
ug
-
i
n
c
o
nne
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
no
l
o
n
ge
r
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
.
As
t
h
e
E
V
n
e
a
r
s
t
h
e
pa
d,
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
n
g
c
ur
r
e
n
t
i
n
duc
e
s
a
m
a
g
ne
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d,
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
i
n
g
t
o
di
r
e
c
t
c
ur
r
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
’
s
po
we
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
s
.
B
y
o
p
t
i
mi
z
in
g
t
h
e
us
e
o
f
r
e
n
e
wa
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
s
m
a
r
t
gr
i
d
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
im
pr
o
v
e
s
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
bil
i
t
y
w
i
t
hi
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
po
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
e
c
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
Dr
a
w
i
ng
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
s
to
Ni
ko
l
a
T
e
s
l
a
’
s
vi
s
i
o
n
a
r
y
wo
r
k
i
n
t
h
e
l
a
t
e
1800s
,
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
i
n
duc
t
i
v
e
c
o
upl
in
g
pr
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
un
de
r
li
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
i
n
E
Vs
.
W
i
t
h
t
h
e
us
e
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
c
o
i
l
s
,
hi
s
i
nv
e
n
t
i
o
n
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
m
a
j
o
r
a
dv
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
to
wa
r
d
a
c
hi
e
vi
ng
N
i
ko
l
a
T
e
s
l
a
’
s
go
a
l
o
f
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
r
a
n
s
mi
s
s
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
e
v
o
l
ut
i
o
n
o
f
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng,
n
o
w
un
de
r
uni
f
i
e
d
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
ds
l
i
ke
Q
i
,
s
h
o
wc
a
s
e
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
s
pe
e
d
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
pa
t
i
bil
i
t
y
,
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
i
ng
t
h
e
l
a
n
d
s
c
a
p
e
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
m
o
bil
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
m
pr
i
s
e
s
t
wo
m
a
i
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
—
o
n
e
u
n
de
r
ne
a
t
h
t
h
e
r
o
a
d
s
ur
f
a
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
ot
h
e
r
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d
i
n
to
t
h
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
’
s
un
d
e
r
b
o
d
y
[
25]
a
n
d
t
h
e
h
a
r
dwa
r
e
wo
r
ki
n
g
m
o
de
l
i
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
i
gur
e
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8776
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
N
o.
1
,
M
a
r
c
h
20
26
:
102
-
110
108
F
i
gur
e
5.
Ha
r
dwa
r
e
p
r
otot
y
pe
8.
CONC
L
USI
ON
Al
go
r
i
t
hm
s
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ly
ge
n
e
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
pr
o
duc
t
i
o
n
c
o
s
t
a
n
d
s
t
a
r
t
up
Our
r
e
v
o
l
ut
i
o
n
a
r
y
s
o
l
a
r
-
po
we
r
e
d
r
o
a
ds
,
e
q
u
i
ppe
d
w
i
t
h
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
g
i
n
g
f
o
r
EV
s
,
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
r
e
de
f
i
n
e
t
h
e
l
a
n
ds
c
a
pe
o
f
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
bl
e
t
r
a
n
s
po
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
hi
s
c
utt
i
n
g
-
e
dge
s
y
s
t
e
m
e
x
c
e
l
s
i
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
e
na
bl
i
ng
o
n
-
t
h
e
-
go
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
a
n
d
e
l
im
i
na
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
f
i
x
e
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
ns
.
T
h
r
o
ugh
i
n
du
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
i
l
s
t
h
a
t
f
a
c
il
i
t
a
t
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng,
t
hi
s
i
ni
t
i
a
t
i
v
e
gua
r
a
n
t
e
e
s
s
w
i
f
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
ve
ni
e
n
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
r
e
n
e
w
a
l
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
po
we
r
ga
t
h
e
r
e
d
do
e
s
n
’
t
j
u
s
t
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
EV
s
;
i
t
a
l
s
o
f
e
e
ds
i
n
t
o
h
o
us
e
ho
l
d
a
n
d
i
ndus
t
r
i
a
l
po
w
e
r
gr
i
d
s
,
pr
e
s
e
n
t
i
n
g
a
c
o
m
pr
e
h
e
ns
i
ve
a
n
d
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
a
l
l
y
f
r
i
e
n
d
ly
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
.
T
hi
s
gr
o
un
db
r
e
a
k
i
ng
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
e
duc
e
s
wa
i
t
ti
m
e
s
b
ut
a
l
s
o
c
ur
t
a
i
l
s
po
we
r
wa
s
t
a
ge
,
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
i
n
g
a
s
i
g
ni
f
ica
n
t
s
t
r
i
de
t
o
wa
r
ds
a
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
n
d
e
c
o
-
c
o
n
s
c
i
o
us
f
ut
ur
e
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
a
l
m
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
m
o
bi
li
t
y
.
E
m
b
r
a
c
e
t
hi
s
j
o
ur
n
e
y
w
i
t
h
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
t
h
a
t
n
ot
o
nl
y
pr
o
pe
l
s
us
f
o
r
wa
r
d
b
ut
do
e
s
s
o
wi
t
h
u
nm
a
t
c
h
e
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
a
l
m
i
nd
f
u
l
ne
s
s
.
AC
K
NOWL
E
DGE
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
a
ut
h
o
r
s
s
i
n
c
e
r
e
ly
a
ppr
e
c
i
a
t
e
t
h
e
s
uppor
t
pr
o
vi
de
d
by
t
h
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
S
t
.
J
o
s
e
ph
’
s
C
o
l
l
e
ge
o
f
E
n
g
i
ne
e
r
i
n
g.
F
UN
DI
NG
I
N
F
ORM
AT
I
ON
A
ut
h
o
r
s
s
t
a
t
e
n
o
f
u
n
d
i
ng
i
nv
o
l
v
e
d.
AU
T
HO
R
CONT
RI
B
UT
I
ONS
S
T
AT
E
M
E
NT
T
hi
s
j
o
ur
n
a
l
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
or
R
o
l
e
s
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
e
d
i
T
)
to
r
e
c
o
gni
z
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
a
ut
h
o
r
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
ns
,
r
e
duc
e
a
ut
h
or
s
hi
p
d
i
s
put
e
s
,
a
n
d
f
a
c
il
i
t
a
t
e
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
Nam
e
of
Aut
h
or
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ve
n
ka
t
e
s
h
K
u
m
a
r
C
ha
n
dr
a
s
e
ka
r
a
n
R
a
m
e
s
h
B
a
b
u
M
ut
h
u
L
e
k
h
a
S
h
r
i
S
a
s
i
da
r
M
a
l
a
t
hi
M
a
ni
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
pt
ua
li
z
a
ti
o
n
M
:
M
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
twa
r
e
Va
:
Va
li
da
ti
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
ma
l
a
na
l
y
s
is
I
:
I
nve
s
ti
ga
ti
o
n
R
:
R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
ta
C
ur
a
ti
o
n
O
:
W
r
it
in
g
-
O
r
ig
in
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
it
in
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
di
ti
ng
Vi
:
Vi
s
ua
li
z
a
ti
o
n
Su
:
Su
pe
r
v
is
io
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
dmi
ni
s
tr
a
ti
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
ndi
ng a
c
qui
s
it
i
o
n
CONF
L
I
CT
OF
I
NT
E
RE
S
T
S
T
AT
E
M
E
NT
A
ut
h
o
r
s
s
t
a
t
e
n
o
c
o
nf
li
c
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
E
lec
tr
if
y
ing
the
r
oads
us
ing
w
ir
e
le
s
s
c
har
ging
s
olu
ti
on
s
f
or
…
(
V
e
nk
ates
h
K
umar
C
handr
a
s
e
k
a
r
an
)
109
DA
T
A
AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Da
t
a
a
v
a
il
a
bil
i
t
y
i
s
n
o
t
a
ppl
i
c
a
bl
e
to
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r
a
s
n
o
n
e
w
da
t
a
we
r
e
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
in
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1]
F
.
A
la
na
z
i,
“
E
le
c
t
r
ic
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
:
be
n
e
f
it
s
,
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
,
a
nd
po
t
e
nt
ia
l
s
o
lu
ti
o
ns
f
or
w
id
e
s
pr
e
a
d
a
da
pt
a
ti
o
n,”
A
ppl
ie
d
Sc
ie
nc
e
s
(
Sw
it
z
e
r
la
nd)
,
vo
l.
13, n
o
. 10, p. 6016, M
a
y
2023, d
o
i:
10.3390/
a
pp13106016.
[
2]
E
.
P
ie
d
e
l,
E
.
L
a
ut
h,
A
.
G
r
a
hl
e
,
a
nd
D
.
G
öhl
ic
h,
“
R
e
v
i
e
w
a
nd
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
of
a
ut
o
ma
te
d
c
ha
r
gi
ng
te
c
hn
o
l
o
gi
e
s
f
o
r
he
a
vy
-
d
ut
y
ve
hi
c
le
s
,”
W
or
ld
E
le
c
tr
ic
V
e
hi
c
le
J
our
nal
, vo
l.
15, n
o
. 6, Apr
. 2
024, do
i:
10.3390/w
e
v
j1
5060235.
[
3]
W
.
L
i,
Y
.
H
e
,
S
.
H
u,
Z
.
H
e
,
a
nd
C
.
R
a
tt
i,
“
P
la
nni
ng
dy
na
mi
c
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
f
o
r
ba
tt
e
r
y
e
le
c
tr
ic
bus
s
y
s
te
ms
w
it
h
th
e
j
oi
nt
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
ti
o
n
of
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
c
h
e
dul
in
g,”
T
r
ans
por
ta
ti
on
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
P
ar
t
C
:
E
m
e
r
gi
ng
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
vo
l.
159,
p.
104
469,
F
e
b. 2024, d
o
i:
10.1016/j
.
tr
c
.2023.104469.
[
4]
A
.
A
hma
d,
M
.
S
.
A
la
m,
a
nd
R
.
C
ha
ba
a
n,
“
A
c
o
mpr
e
h
e
ns
iv
e
r
e
vi
e
w
of
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
gi
e
s
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
ve
hi
c
le
s
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on
T
r
ans
por
ta
ti
on
E
le
c
tr
if
ic
at
io
n
,
v
o
l.
4,
n
o
.
1,
pp.
38
–
63,
M
a
r
.
2017,
do
i:
10.1109/
T
T
E
.2017.2771619.
[
5]
S
. G
ha
z
i
z
a
de
h,
K
. A
hm
e
d, M
. S
e
y
e
dma
hm
o
udi
a
n, S
. M
e
khi
l
e
f
,
J
. C
ha
ndr
a
n, a
nd A
. S
t
o
j
c
e
v
s
ki
, “
C
r
it
i
c
a
l
a
na
l
y
s
is
of
s
im
ul
a
ti
on of
mi
s
a
li
gnme
nt
in
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
of
e
le
c
tr
ic
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
b
a
tt
e
r
i
e
s
,”
B
at
te
r
ie
s
,
vo
l.
9,
n
o
.
2,
p.
106,
F
e
b.
2023,
do
i:
10.3390/batte
r
i
e
s
9020106.
[
6]
F
.
Z
ha
o
,
H
.
Y
.
S
ha
ng,
a
nd
J
.
H
.
C
ui
,
“
R
o
l
e
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
v
e
hi
c
l
e
d
r
i
v
in
g
b
e
ha
v
i
o
r
o
n
o
pt
i
ma
l
s
e
tt
in
g
of
w
ir
e
le
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
la
ne
,”
P
hy
s
ic
a
A
:
St
at
is
ti
c
al
M
e
c
hani
c
s
and
it
s
A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
,
vo
l.
618,
p.
128655,
M
a
y
2023,
doi
:
10.1016/j
.ph
y
s
a
.2023.128655.
[
7]
A
.
K
ha
r
pude
,
N
.
K
ha
n,
N
.
K
a
tk
a
r
,
a
nd
N
.
K
o
ki
tk
a
r
,
“
S
ta
ti
c
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
ta
ti
o
n
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
ve
hi
c
le
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
C
r
e
at
iv
e
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h T
houghts
, v
o
l.
11, n
o
. 5, 2023.
[
8]
Y
.
B
a
v
is
ka
r
,
M
.
P
a
ti
l,
a
nd
S
.
U
s
hke
w
a
r
,
“
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
w
ir
e
le
s
s
c
h
a
r
gi
ng
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
hi
c
l
e
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
o
f
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
and
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
, vo
l.
9, n
o
. 10, 2020.
[
9]
N
.
S
hi
no
ha
r
a
,
“
W
ir
e
l
e
s
s
po
w
e
r
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
io
n
pr
o
gr
e
s
s
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
v
e
h
ic
l
e
in
J
a
pa
n,”
in
I
E
E
E
R
adi
o
and
W
ir
e
le
s
s
S
y
m
pos
i
um
,
R
W
S
, J
a
n. 2013, pp. 109
–
111, do
i:
10.1109/R
W
S
.2013.648665
7.
[
10]
D
.
M
a
r
t
in
i,
M
.
A
im
a
r
,
F
.
B
o
r
gh
e
tt
i,
M
.
L
o
ng
o
,
a
nd
F
.
F
o
ia
d
e
ll
i,
“
I
nn
ov
a
ti
ve
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
f
or
de
s
ig
n
a
nd
s
iz
in
g
of
e
le
c
tr
ic
ve
hi
c
l
e
c
ha
r
gi
ng
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
,”
I
nf
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
s
,
v
o
l.
9,
n
o
.
1,
p.
15,
J
a
n.
2024,
do
i:
10.3390/i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
s
9010015.
[
11]
N
.
S
hi
no
ha
r
a
,
“
B
e
a
m
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
of
w
ir
e
le
s
s
po
w
e
r
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
io
n
v
ia
r
a
di
o
w
a
v
e
s
f
r
o
m
s
ho
r
t
r
a
nge
t
o
l
o
ng
r
a
n
ge
,”
J
our
nal
of
e
le
c
tr
o
m
agne
ti
c
e
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g and s
c
i
e
nc
e
, v
o
l.
10, n
o. 4, pp. 224
–
230, De
c
. 2010, d
oi
:
10.5515/j
ki
e
e
s
.2010.10.4.224.
[
12]
S
.
G
na
na
v
e
nda
n
e
t
al
.
,
“
C
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
,
s
o
lu
ti
o
ns
a
nd
f
ut
u
r
e
tr
e
nds
in
E
V
-
te
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
v
o
l.
12,
pp. 17242
–
17260, 2024, do
i:
10.1109/AC
C
E
S
S
.2024.3353378.
[
13]
M
.
B
o
ur
z
ik
,
H
.
E
lb
a
z
,
Y
.
B
o
ul
e
f
t,
a
nd
A
.
E
.
H
.
A
la
o
ui
,
“
R
o
u
nd
-
tr
ip
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
f
o
r
he
t
e
r
o
ge
n
e
o
us
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
ve
hi
c
le
s
o
n
h
ig
hw
a
y
s
:
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
nd
o
p
ti
mi
z
a
ti
o
n,”
W
or
ld
E
le
c
tr
ic
V
e
hi
c
le
J
our
nal
,
vo
l.
14,
n
o
.
6,
p.
160,
J
un.
20
23,
do
i:
10.3390/w
e
v
j1
4060160.
[
14]
K
.
S
o
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
r
e
v
ie
w
o
n
in
t
e
r
o
pe
r
a
bi
li
t
y
of
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
y
s
te
ms
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
ve
hi
c
le
s
,”
E
ne
r
gi
e
s
,
vo
l.
16,
n
o
.
4,
p.
1
653,
F
e
b. 2023, d
o
i:
10.3390/
e
n16041653.
[
15]
K
.
D
im
it
r
ia
d
o
u,
N
.
R
ig
o
gi
a
nni
s
,
S
.
F
o
unt
o
uki
di
s
,
F
.
K
ot
a
r
e
l
a
,
A
.
K
y
r
i
ts
is
,
a
nd
N
.
P
a
p
a
ni
ko
la
o
u,
“
C
ur
r
e
nt
tr
e
nds
in
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
ve
hi
c
le
c
ha
r
gi
ng
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
;
o
p
p
or
tu
ni
ti
e
s
a
nd
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
in
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
in
te
g
r
a
ti
o
n,”
E
ne
r
gi
e
s
,
v
o
l.
16,
n
o
.
4,
p.
2057,
F
e
b. 2023, d
o
i:
10.3390/
e
n16042057.
[
16]
Y
.
Z
ha
ng,
H
.
W
a
ng,
Z
.
S
he
n,
Y
.
W
u,
a
nd
X
.
M
a
o
,
“
A
me
ta
l
o
bj
e
c
t
de
te
c
ti
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
or
e
le
c
t
r
ic
ve
hi
c
l
e
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
w
it
h
qua
dr
upo
l
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n c
o
i
ls
,”
E
ne
r
gy
R
e
por
ts
, v
o
l.
9, pp. 601
–
60
7, A
pr
. 2023, do
i:
10.1016
/j
.e
g
y
r
.2023.03.068.
[
17]
N
.
M
o
ha
me
d
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
ne
w
w
ir
e
le
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
us
in
g
two
r
e
c
e
i
ve
r
c
oi
ls
,”
A
in
Shams
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
J
our
nal
, v
ol
.
13, n
o
. 2, p. 101569, M
a
r
. 2022, do
i:
10.1016
/j
.a
s
e
j.
2021.08.012.
[
18]
W
.
M
a
th
is
,
“
100
y
e
a
r
s
mul
ti
v
ib
r
a
to
r
-
hi
s
t
o
r
y
,
c
ir
c
ui
ts
a
nd
m
a
th
e
ma
ti
c
a
l
a
na
l
y
s
is
,”
C
O
M
P
E
L
-
T
he
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
f
o
r
C
om
put
at
io
n
and
M
at
he
m
at
ic
s
in
E
le
c
tr
ic
al
and
E
le
c
tr
oni
c
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
,
vo
l.
39,
n
o
.
3,
pp.
725
–
737,
J
a
n.
2020,
do
i:
10.1108/C
O
M
P
E
L
-
10
-
2019
-
0411.
[
19]
G
.
P
a
la
ni
,
U
.
S
e
nga
ma
la
i,
P
.
V
is
hnur
a
m,
a
nd
B
.
N
a
s
ta
s
i,
“
C
h
a
ll
e
nge
s
a
nd
ba
r
r
i
e
r
s
of
w
ir
e
le
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
gi
e
s
f
or
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
ve
hi
c
le
s
,”
E
ne
r
gi
e
s
, vo
l.
16, n
o
. 5,
p. 2138, F
e
b. 2023, d
o
i:
10.
3390/e
n16052138.
[
20]
M
.
W
.
R
a
hma
n,
M
.
S
.
M
a
hmud,
R
.
A
hme
d,
M
.
S
.
R
a
hma
n,
a
nd
M
.
Z
.
A
r
i
f
,
“
S
o
la
r
la
n
e
s
a
nd
f
l
o
a
ti
ng
s
o
la
r
P
V
:
N
e
w
p
o
s
s
ib
il
i
ti
e
s
f
or
s
o
ur
c
e
of
e
n
e
r
g
y
g
e
ne
r
a
ti
o
n
in
B
a
ngl
a
d
e
s
h,”
in
2017
I
nnov
at
io
ns
in
P
o
w
e
r
and
A
d
v
anc
e
d
C
om
put
in
g
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
i
-
P
A
C
T
2017
, A
pr
. 2017, vo
l.
2017
-
J
a
nua
r
y
, pp. 1
–
6, d
o
i:
10.1109/
I
P
A
C
T
.2017.8244878.
[
21]
C
. L
i,
Y
. Y
a
ng, a
nd
G
. C
a
o
, “
Q
ua
dr
upl
e
-
U
a
u
x
il
ia
r
y
s
t
r
uc
tu
r
e
-
ba
s
e
d r
e
c
e
i
v
in
g
c
o
i
l
p
o
s
it
i
o
ni
ng s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
v
e
hi
c
l
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
g
e
r
,”
W
or
ld
E
le
c
tr
ic
V
e
hi
c
le
J
our
nal
, vo
l.
14, n
o
. 5, p. 115,
A
pr
. 2023, do
i:
10.3390
/we
v
j1
4050115.
[
22]
T
.
W
a
ng,
J
.
Z
ha
ng,
a
nd
J
.
H
e
,
“
D
y
na
mi
c
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
la
ne
r
e
v
e
r
s
a
l
f
or
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d
a
nd
a
ut
o
ma
t
e
d
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
ve
hi
c
le
s
in
hi
ghw
a
y
,”
Sus
ta
in
abl
e
E
ne
r
gy
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
and
A
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
,
v
o
l.
57,
p.
103206,
J
un.
2023,
do
i:
10.1016/j
.s
e
ta
.2023.103206.
[
23]
G
.
R
.
C
.
M
o
ul
i,
P
.
V
a
n
D
ui
js
e
n,
F
.
G
r
a
z
ia
n,
A
.
J
a
m
o
dka
r
,
P
.
B
a
u
e
r
,
a
nd
O
.
I
s
a
be
ll
a
,
“
S
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
e
-
bi
k
e
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
ta
ti
o
n
th
a
t
e
na
bl
e
s
a
c
,
dc
a
ndw
ir
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
f
r
o
m
s
o
la
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
,”
E
ne
r
gi
e
s
,
v
o
l.
13,
no
.
14,
p.
3549,
J
ul
.
2020,
do
i:
10.3390/e
n13143549.
[
24]
P
.
M
a
c
hur
a
a
nd
Q
.
L
i,
“
A
c
r
it
i
c
a
l
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
w
ir
e
le
s
s
c
ha
r
gi
ng
f
or
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
ve
hi
c
le
s
,”
R
e
ne
w
abl
e
and
Sus
ta
in
abl
e
E
ne
r
gy
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
vo
l.
104, pp. 209
–
234, Apr
. 2019, d
o
i
:
10.1016/j
.r
s
e
r
.2019.01.0
27.
[
25]
J
.
R
a
hul
kuma
r
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
n
e
mpi
r
ic
a
l
s
ur
ve
y
o
n
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
in
duc
t
iv
e
p
o
w
e
r
pa
d
a
nd
r
e
s
o
na
nt
ma
gne
ti
c
f
i
e
ld
c
o
upl
in
g
f
or
in
-
m
ot
io
n
e
v
c
ha
r
gi
ng s
y
s
t
e
m,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, v
o
l.
11, pp. 4
660
–
4693, 202
3, do
i:
10.1109/AC
C
E
S
S
.2022.3232852.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8776
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
N
o.
1
,
M
a
r
c
h
20
26
:
102
-
110
110
B
I
OG
RA
P
HI
E
S
OF
AU
T
HO
RS
V
enk
a
tes
h
Kum
a
r
C
h
a
n
dra
s
ek
a
ra
n
rece
i
v
e
d
h
i
s
b
ac
h
el
o
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
i
n
E
l
ec
t
ri
c
a
l
an
d
E
l
ec
t
ro
n
i
c
s
E
n
g
i
n
ee
ri
n
g
an
d
Mas
t
e
rs
i
n
P
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
em
s
e
n
g
i
n
ee
ri
n
g
fro
m
A
n
n
a
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
,
Ch
en
n
a
i
i
n
t
h
e
y
ears
2
0
0
6
an
d
2
0
1
0
.
H
e
r
ece
i
v
e
d
Ph
.
D
.
i
n
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
e
n
g
i
n
ee
ri
n
g
fr
o
m
A
n
n
a
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
i
n
2
0
2
3
.
H
e
i
s
cu
rr
e
n
t
l
y
an
A
s
s
i
s
t
an
t
Pro
fe
s
s
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
D
e
p
art
men
t
o
f
E
l
ec
t
ri
c
al
an
d
E
l
ec
t
ro
n
i
c
s
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
St
.
J
o
s
e
p
h
’
s
Co
l
l
eg
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
ri
n
g
,
C
h
e
n
n
ai
.
H
i
s
f
i
e
l
d
s
o
f
i
n
t
e
re
s
t
i
n
cl
u
d
e
S
m
art
g
r
i
d
an
d
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
t
e
m
P
l
an
n
i
n
g
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
ac
t
ed
at
e
m
ai
l
:
v
en
k
at
e
s
h
k
u
m
ar
c
@
s
t
j
o
s
e
p
h
s
.
ac
.
i
n
.
R
a
m
es
h
Ba
b
u
M
u
t
hu
rece
i
v
e
d
a
B.
E
.
d
eg
r
ee
i
n
E
l
ec
t
ri
c
a
l
an
d
E
l
ec
t
ro
n
i
c
s
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
fr
o
m
Ma
d
ras
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
,
Ch
en
n
a
i
,
In
d
i
a,
i
n
1
9
9
8
,
an
d
an
M
.
E
.
d
eg
r
ee
i
n
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
t
em
s
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
fro
m
T
h
i
ag
ara
j
ar
Co
l
l
eg
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
ri
n
g
,
Mad
u
rai
,
I
n
d
i
a,
i
n
2
0
0
0
.
H
e
r
ecei
v
e
d
P
h
.
D
.
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
em
e
n
g
i
n
ee
ri
n
g
fro
m
A
n
n
a
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
i
n
2
0
1
3
.
H
e
i
s
cu
rr
e
n
t
l
y
a
Pro
fe
s
s
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
D
e
p
art
me
n
t
o
f
E
l
ec
t
ri
c
a
l
an
d
E
l
ec
t
ro
n
i
c
s
E
n
g
i
n
ee
ri
n
g
,
St
.
J
o
s
e
p
h
’
s
Co
l
l
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Ch
en
n
a
i
.
H
i
s
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
t
at
i
o
n
al
i
n
t
el
l
i
g
en
c
e
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
t
o
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
em
s
a
n
d
S
m
art
g
ri
d
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
ac
t
e
d
at
em
ai
l
:
rame
s
h
b
ab
u
m@
s
t
j
o
s
e
p
h
s
.
a
c
.
i
n
.
Lekh
a
S
h
ri
Sa
s
i
da
r
h
as
co
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
h
e
r
u
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
at
e
d
eg
ree
i
n
E
l
ec
t
ri
c
al
a
n
d
E
l
ec
t
ro
n
i
c
s
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
fro
m
St
.
J
o
s
e
p
h
’
s
Co
l
l
eg
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
ri
n
g
i
n
Ch
en
n
a
i
i
n
2
0
2
4
.
Fo
r
h
e
r
p
ro
j
ec
t
,
s
h
e
w
o
r
k
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
en
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
e
l
ec
t
ri
c
v
eh
i
cl
e
ra
n
g
e
p
red
i
c
t
i
o
n
t
h
ro
u
g
h
m
a
ch
i
n
e
l
e
ar
n
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
s
.
H
e
r
p
ro
j
ec
t
fo
cu
s
e
d
o
n
el
ec
t
ri
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
ro
a
d
s
:
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
ch
arg
i
n
g
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
fo
r
n
e
x
t
-
g
en
el
ec
t
ri
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
.
Sh
e
i
s
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
ed
i
n
m
a
ch
i
n
e
l
e
arn
i
n
g
,
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
r
en
ew
ab
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
an
d
el
ec
t
ri
c
v
eh
i
cl
e
s
.
Sh
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
ac
t
e
d
at
emai
l
:
l
s
4
4
l
ek
h
as
h
r
i
@
g
m
ai
l
.
c
o
m.
M
a
l
a
th
i
M
a
ni
h
as
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
h
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
g
rad
u
at
e
d
eg
r
ee
i
n
E
l
ec
t
ri
c
al
an
d
E
l
ec
t
ro
n
i
c
s
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
fro
m
St
.
J
o
s
e
p
h
’
s
Co
l
l
eg
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
ri
n
g
i
n
Ch
en
n
a
i
i
n
2
0
2
4
.
Fo
r
h
e
r
m
aj
o
r
p
ro
j
ec
t
,
s
h
e
w
o
r
k
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
el
ec
t
ri
c
v
e
h
i
cl
e
ran
g
e
p
re
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
t
h
ro
u
g
h
m
a
ch
i
n
e
l
e
ar
n
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
s
.
H
e
r
p
ro
j
ec
t
fo
cu
s
e
d
o
n
el
ec
t
ri
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
ro
a
d
s
:
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
ch
arg
i
n
g
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
fo
r
n
e
x
t
-
g
en
e
l
ec
t
ri
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
.
S
h
e
i
s
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
ed
i
n
r
e
n
ew
ab
l
e
en
e
rg
y
,
a
n
d
el
ec
t
ri
c
v
eh
i
c
l
e
s
.
Sh
e
c
an
b
e
co
n
t
a
c
t
ed
at
em
ai
l
:
m
a
l
at
h
i
m
1
7
0
1
@
g
m
a
i
l
.
co
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.