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ics a
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m
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13
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1
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.
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13
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A comp
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In
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a
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su
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s.
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ip
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it
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p
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ra
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(M
Cs
)
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in
teg
ra
tes
4
-
b
it
MC
s.
Th
e
fro
n
ten
d
imp
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e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
MC
s
is
a
c
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iev
e
d
u
si
n
g
q
u
a
rt
u
s
p
rime
,
a
n
F
P
G
A
b
o
a
rd
.
Th
e
b
a
c
k
e
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
is
d
o
n
e
u
si
n
g
c
a
d
e
n
c
e
d
e
sig
n
s
y
ste
m
,
e
v
a
lu
a
ted
a
c
ro
ss
th
e
th
re
e
d
isti
n
c
t
CM
OS
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
n
o
d
e
s.
Th
e
li
tera
t
u
re
re
v
iew
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
in
flu
e
n
c
e
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
sc
a
li
n
g
o
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re
a
,
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o
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su
m
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n
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n
d
p
ro
p
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g
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ti
o
n
d
e
lay
,
a
n
a
l
y
z
in
g
v
a
rio
u
s
c
o
m
p
a
ra
to
r
d
e
sig
n
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
trad
e
-
o
ffs.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
p
r
o
v
i
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v
a
l
u
a
b
le
in
si
g
h
ts
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t
o
t
h
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e
sig
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
MC
s
fo
r
f
u
tu
re
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
ima
g
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
u
t
in
g
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
MO
S
FP
GA
Ma
g
n
itu
d
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
Pip
elin
ed
Po
wer
d
elay
p
r
o
d
u
ct
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Um
am
ah
eswar
i Ram
alin
g
am
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scie
n
ce
E
n
g
in
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r
in
g
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Sav
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th
a
E
n
g
in
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in
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lleg
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T
am
il Na
d
u
,
I
n
d
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m
ail:
u
m
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8
2
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
n
ar
ith
m
etic
s
y
s
tem
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
i
n
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
d
i
g
ital
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
p
er
a
tio
n
s
,
th
e
s
ig
n
al
ac
tiv
ity
lev
el,
an
d
th
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o
p
er
ato
r
s
tr
en
g
th
o
r
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
Desig
n
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
cir
c
u
its
(
I
C
s
)
is
r
ea
lized
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
lev
el
[1
]
,
[
2
]
,
d
e
v
ice
lev
el,
an
d
cir
cu
it
lev
el
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
s
[
3
]
,
[
4]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
a
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ato
r
(
MC)
is
to
co
m
p
ar
e
two
b
in
ar
y
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
s
tar
tin
g
with
th
e
least
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
it.
A
4
-
b
it
MC
s
p
ec
if
ically
h
an
d
les
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
4
-
b
it
b
in
ar
y
v
alu
es,
y
ield
in
g
r
esu
lts
s
u
ch
as
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
(
A
>
B
)
,
le
s
s
th
an
(
A
<
B
)
,
an
d
eq
u
al
to
(
A
=
B
)
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
its
co
m
p
a
r
ed
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
f
ac
t
o
r
s
lik
e
ar
ea
,
s
tatic
p
o
wer
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Var
i
o
u
s
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
n
o
d
es
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
ea
ch
s
u
ited
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
As tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
d
v
an
ce
s
,
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ty
p
ically
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
MC
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
ci
al
r
o
le
in
ar
ith
m
etic
u
n
its
with
in
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
,
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
an
d
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
ig
ita
l
d
esig
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
On
e
o
f
its
p
r
im
ar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
is
in
d
ec
o
d
i
n
g
with
in
co
m
p
u
ter
s
y
s
tem
s
,
as
well
as
in
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
an
d
er
r
o
r
d
et
ec
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
5
].
I
t
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ap
p
licatio
n
im
p
ac
t
in
i
m
ag
e
an
d
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[6
]
,
[
7
]
,
an
alo
g
-
to
-
d
ig
ital
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
[8
]
,
[
9]
,
an
d
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Var
io
u
s
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
s
o
f
MC
lo
g
ic,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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C
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T
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,
Vo
l.
1
5
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No
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1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
13
-
20
14
s
u
ch
as
C
MO
S
[
1
2
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,
tr
an
s
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is
s
io
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g
ate,
p
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tr
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s
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to
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[
1
3
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,
g
ate
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d
if
f
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in
p
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(
GDI
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ap
p
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1
4
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-
[
1
7
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1
8
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ed
.
W
h
ile
th
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GDI
ap
p
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m
in
im
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ll
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s
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s
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wh
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in
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e
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d
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Ad
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in
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th
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s
lo
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witch
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g
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s
u
e
is
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tial to
p
r
ev
en
t a
d
e
cr
ea
s
e
in
o
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al
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
ar
ea
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al
o
n
g
with
s
tatic
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y
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am
ic
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ig
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u
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
its
in
cr
ea
s
es,
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
ar
ea
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
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d
elay
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
leak
a
g
e
p
o
wer
in
cr
ea
s
es
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
with
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
’
s
s
ize,
wh
ich
ca
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ch
o
o
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
m
allest
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
ize
i
s
g
en
er
ally
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
.
A
k
ey
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
th
at
as
f
ea
t
u
r
e
s
ize
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
ch
an
n
el
len
g
th
s
h
o
r
ten
s
.
W
h
ile
th
is
h
elp
s
lo
wer
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e,
it
ca
n
also
lead
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
u
b
-
th
r
esh
o
ld
lea
k
ag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
MC
s
o
v
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
o
d
es
is
th
u
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
2
]
.
Alter
n
ativ
ely
,
in
liter
atu
r
e,
co
m
p
a
r
ato
r
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ea
lized
u
s
in
g
q
u
a
n
tu
m
ce
ll
au
to
m
ata
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
,
XOR
an
d
OR
g
ates
[
2
6
]
,
an
d
m
aj
o
r
ity
lo
g
ic
[
2
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
a
4
-
b
it
MC,
th
is
p
ap
er
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s
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
u
n
it o
f
co
n
s
id
er
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n
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
a
p
er
,
s
ca
lab
l
e
MC’s
o
f
4
,
8
,
1
6
,
3
2
,
a
n
d
6
4
b
its
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
ted
o
n
a
f
ield
-
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
a
b
le
g
ate
ar
r
a
y
(
FP
GA)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
at
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
lev
el,
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
1
8
0
n
m
,
9
0
n
m
,
a
n
d
4
5
n
m
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
etailed
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
a
r
ea
a
n
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
esu
lts
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
a
6
4
-
b
it two
s
ta
g
e
p
ip
elin
ed
MC.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
4
-
b
it
MC
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
wo
s
tag
e
p
ip
elin
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
6
4
-
b
it
MC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
co
mp
a
r
a
tive
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
d
esig
n
in
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
:
s
ca
la
b
le
ma
g
n
itu
d
e
c
o
mp
a
r
a
to
r
s
…
(
A
n
ith
a
Ju
liette
A
lb
ert
)
15
I
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
Qu
ar
tu
s
an
d
it
s
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
n
FP
GA.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
to
tal
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
,
s
witch
in
g
p
o
wer
,
lea
k
ag
e
p
o
wer
,
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
lo
g
ic
p
o
wer
,
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
al
lo
g
ic
p
o
wer
,
an
d
to
tal
ar
ea
u
tili
za
tio
n
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
f
o
r
ea
ch
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
d
esig
n
f
lo
w
f
o
r
th
e
s
ca
lab
le
MC
s
tar
ts
w
ith
FP
G
A
d
es
ig
n
u
s
in
g
I
n
tel
Qu
ar
tu
s
s
o
f
twar
e.
I
n
th
is
p
h
ase,
a
Ver
ilo
g
d
escr
ip
tio
n
an
d
test
b
en
c
h
ar
e
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
co
m
p
ilatio
n
,
p
in
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
m
ap
p
in
g
,
an
d
test
in
g
o
n
th
e
FP
GA
,
Alter
a
DE
1
-
So
C
b
o
ar
d
-
C
y
clo
n
e
V
-
5
C
SEM
A5
F3
1
C
6
,
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
On
ce
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
s
to
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
p
h
ase.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
h
ase,
th
e
r
e
g
is
ter
-
tr
an
s
f
er
l
ev
el
(
R
T
L
)
v
iewe
r
a
n
d
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
a
r
e
g
e
n
er
ated
u
s
in
g
C
ad
en
ce
Ncla
u
n
ch
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
d
e
s
ig
n
’
s
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
is
th
en
s
y
n
th
esized
u
s
in
g
Gen
u
s
,
with
an
r
em
o
te
co
m
m
an
d
(
RC
)
s
cr
ip
t
g
u
id
i
n
g
th
e
s
y
n
th
esis
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
C
ad
en
ce
s
o
f
twar
e
is
a
s
u
ite
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
esig
n
au
to
m
atio
n
(
E
DA)
to
o
ls
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
.
I
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
I
C
s
an
d
PC
B
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
f
twar
e
co
v
er
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
esig
n
asp
ec
ts
,
m
ain
ly
in
clu
d
in
g
s
ch
em
atic
ca
p
tu
r
e,
s
im
u
latio
n
,
s
y
n
th
esis
,
lay
o
u
t,
an
d
v
er
if
ic
atio
n
.
C
ad
en
ce
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
its
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
v
er
y
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
in
teg
r
atio
n
(
VL
SI
)
d
esig
n
an
d
cu
s
to
m
I
C
d
esig
n
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
m
p
lex
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
a
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
s
y
s
tem
(
GDS
)
f
ile
is
a
b
in
ar
y
f
o
r
m
at
th
at
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
ex
ch
a
n
g
in
g
an
d
s
to
r
in
g
IC
lay
o
u
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Stan
d
a
r
d
izin
g
g
eo
m
etr
ic
an
d
lay
er
d
ata,
it
m
ak
es
E
DA
to
o
ls
m
o
r
e
well
-
m
atch
e
d
with
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
esig
n
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
cr
ea
te
p
h
o
to
m
ask
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
a
n
u
f
a
ctu
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
GDS
f
iles
ar
e
ess
en
tial
s
in
ce
th
ey
s
p
ec
if
y
th
e
co
m
p
lex
p
atter
n
s
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
b
elo
w
o
b
jectiv
es:
−
Desig
n
s
ca
lab
le
n
o
n
-
p
i
p
elin
ed
an
d
p
i
p
elin
ed
MC
cir
cu
its
in
Qu
ar
tu
s
.
−
R
T
L
s
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
MC
s
.
−
Gen
er
ate
p
h
y
s
ical
lay
o
u
t u
s
in
g
C
ad
en
ce
.
−
C
r
ea
te
GDS
f
ile
f
o
r
1
8
0
n
m
,
9
0
n
m
,
4
5
n
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
−
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
p
o
wer
,
d
elay
a
n
d
ar
ea
ac
r
o
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
p
h
ase
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
ad
en
ce
I
n
n
o
v
u
s
,
wh
er
e
k
ey
s
tep
s
s
u
ch
as
n
etlis
tin
g
,
f
lo
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
,
p
o
w
er
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ce
ll
p
la
ce
m
en
t,
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
with
tim
in
g
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
C
lo
ck
tr
ee
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
is
i
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
ef
f
i
cien
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
clo
ck
s
ig
n
al.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
o
f
6
4
b
it
n
o
n
-
p
ip
e
lin
ed
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
,
s
y
n
th
ez
is
ed
at
9
0
n
m
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ph
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
o
f
64
-
B
it
non
-
p
i
p
elin
ed
MC
at
9
0
n
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
13
-
20
16
Af
ter
co
m
p
letin
g
th
ese
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
f
u
r
th
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ch
a
n
g
e
o
r
d
e
r
(
E
C
O)
tech
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
Nan
o
R
o
u
te.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
d
esig
n
.
V
er
if
icatio
n
s
tep
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
e
s
ig
n
r
u
le
ch
ec
k
(
DR
C
)
an
d
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
ch
ec
k
s
,
ar
e
also
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
d
esig
n
’
s
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
in
teg
r
ity
.
As
th
e
d
esig
n
n
ea
r
s
co
m
p
letio
n
,
d
esig
n
f
iles
,
n
etlis
ts
,
an
d
th
e
GDS
f
ile
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RE
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PDP
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
PDP
m
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f
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r
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n
s
ac
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s
s
tech
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d
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em
o
n
s
tr
a
te
v
er
y
lo
w
leak
a
g
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
o
th
th
e
1
8
0
n
m
an
d
9
0
n
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
h
o
w
h
ig
h
er
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
lo
g
ic
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
4
5
n
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
b
ec
a
u
s
e
s
eq
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en
tial
lo
g
ic
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c
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its
ty
p
ically
u
tili
ze
m
o
r
e
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
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th
an
co
m
b
in
atio
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al
lo
g
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cir
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its
.
T
h
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PDP
o
f
all
4
,
8,
1
6
,
3
2
,
an
d
6
4
b
it
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
p
r
esen
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a
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5
%
r
ed
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ctio
n
in
PDP
as
th
ey
tr
an
s
i
t
f
r
o
m
1
8
0
n
m
to
4
5
n
m
f
r
o
m
n
o
n
-
p
ip
elin
e
d
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
to
p
ip
elin
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
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f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
13
-
20
18
T
h
e
4
5
n
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ex
h
ib
its
h
ig
h
e
r
co
m
b
in
atio
n
al
lo
g
i
c
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
1
8
0
n
m
an
d
9
0
n
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
al
lo
g
ic
cir
cu
its
g
en
e
r
ally
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
g
ates
th
an
s
eq
u
en
tia
l
lo
g
ic
cir
c
u
its
.
Ov
er
all,
t
h
e
4
5
n
m
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
-
to
-
p
o
wer
r
atio
.
On
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
th
e
to
tal
ar
ea
m
etr
ic,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
s
p
ac
e
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
ea
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
’
s
d
esig
n
.
As
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
d
v
an
ce
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
clea
r
tr
en
d
o
f
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
a
r
ea
,
ev
id
e
n
ce
d
b
y
a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
7
5
%
f
o
r
4
,
8,
1
6
,
32
,
an
d
6
4
b
it
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
f
o
r
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
1
8
0
n
m
to
4
5
n
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
m
aller
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
wh
ich
en
ab
les
g
r
ea
ter
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
to
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
ac
t
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
e
k
ey
tak
ea
way
is
th
at,
a
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
4
5
n
m
ex
am
p
le,
a
lo
wer
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
esu
lts
in
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
s
m
aller
ar
ea
.
T
h
is
is
a
cr
u
cial
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
i
n
m
o
d
er
n
ch
ip
d
esig
n
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
r
h
ig
h
e
r
d
e
n
s
ity
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
e
co
r
e
d
esig
n
in
teg
r
ity
is
m
ain
tain
ed
d
esp
ite
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
r
ath
er
th
a
n
a
co
m
p
l
ete
o
v
er
h
a
u
l o
f
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
p
r
in
cip
les.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ex
p
l
o
r
es
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
s
ca
lab
le
MC
-
4,
8,
16,
32
,
an
d
6
4
-
b
it
n
o
n
-
p
ip
e
lin
ed
an
d
p
ip
elin
ed
u
tili
zin
g
Qu
ar
tu
s
Prim
e,
FP
GA
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
th
e
ca
d
en
ce
d
esig
n
s
y
s
tem
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
o
d
es:
1
8
0
n
m
,
9
0
n
m
,
an
d
4
5
n
m
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
clu
d
e
3
D
lay
o
u
ts
an
d
GDS
f
iles
f
o
r
ea
c
h
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
o
d
e,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
th
e
4
5
n
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
th
e
lo
west
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
ter
n
al
p
o
wer
,
s
witch
in
g
p
o
wer
,
leak
ag
e
p
o
wer
,
s
eq
u
en
tial
lo
g
ic
p
o
wer
,
a
n
d
co
m
b
in
atio
n
al
lo
g
ic
p
o
wer
,
with
th
e
4
5
n
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
h
o
win
g
a
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
-
to
-
p
o
wer
r
atio
.
T
h
e
ar
ea
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
r
ev
ea
l
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
p
h
y
s
ical
s
ize
as
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
o
d
es
ad
v
an
ce
,
w
h
ile
th
e
in
s
tan
ce
co
u
n
t
r
em
ai
n
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
r
ef
lectin
g
s
tab
le
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
d
esig
n
lo
g
ic
ac
r
o
s
s
all
n
o
d
es.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
b
etwe
en
p
o
we
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
s
ize
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
4
-
b
it
MC
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
e
r
en
t t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
n
o
d
es.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
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in
g
in
v
o
lv
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.
AUTHO
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B
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NS ST
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N
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h
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u
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C
o
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tr
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u
to
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ax
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y
(
C
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ize
in
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th
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tio
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h
ip
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an
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Srip
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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N:
2252
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8
7
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6
A
co
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19
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
N
.
V
.
K
u
mar
a
n
d
D
.
F
.
V
.
Ll
o
y
d
,
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R
e
v
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o
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p
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r
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v
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s
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e
c
h
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i
q
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e
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o
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I
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f
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rm
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o
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o
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0
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,
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p
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3
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5
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s.
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.
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4
.
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1
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.
[
2
]
Y
.
W
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e
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a
l
.
,
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s
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s,
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A
C
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.
[
3
]
B
.
V
.
V
.
S
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t
y
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a
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a
y
a
n
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a
n
d
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.
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.
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p
e
rien
c
e
.
Wi
th
a
P
h
.
D
.
fro
m
An
n
a
Un
i
v
e
rsity
fo
r
h
e
r
w
o
rk
o
n
a
sy
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
VLS
I
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s,
h
e
r
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
lo
w
-
p
o
we
r
VLS
I
d
e
si
g
n
,
si
g
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
a
n
d
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
rc
e
VL
S
I
to
o
ls.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
n
it
h
a
ju
l
iette.a@
l
ice
t.
a
c
.
in
.
Dr
.
Um
a
m
a
h
e
sw
a
r
i
Ra
m
a
li
n
g
a
m
is
a
n
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
,
S
a
v
e
e
th
a
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
C
h
e
n
n
a
i.
S
h
e
e
a
rn
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D.
i
n
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
fro
m
An
n
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
2
0
1
7
,
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
h
e
r
M
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
VLS
I
De
sig
n
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
(
2
0
1
1
)
fro
m
th
e
sa
m
e
u
n
iv
e
rsity
a
n
d
a
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
I
n
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(2
0
0
4
)
fro
m
M
a
d
ra
s
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
sp
a
n
VLS
I
d
e
sig
n
,
si
g
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
n
e
u
r
o
-
fu
z
z
y
sy
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
th
e
I
o
T.
S
h
e
is
a
ls
o
a
li
fe
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
o
r
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
IS
TE
,
IS
C,
C
S
I,
a
n
d
IAENG
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
u
m
a
e
c
e
8
2
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
As
h
li
n
Le
o
n
A.
S
.
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
o
f
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(B
.
E.
)
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(ECE
)
a
t
L
o
y
o
la
-
IC
AM
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(LI
CET
),
C
h
e
n
n
a
i.
His
m
a
in
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
i
n
c
lu
d
e
si
g
n
a
ls
a
n
d
sy
ste
m
s,
VLS
I
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
u
se
d
i
n
re
a
l
-
wo
rl
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s.
He
is
p
a
ss
io
n
a
te
a
b
o
u
t
lea
rn
in
g
n
e
w t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
a
n
d
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
n
g
t
o
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
p
r
o
jec
ts.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
sh
li
n
leo
n
.
2
5
e
c
@lice
t.
a
c
.
in
.
S
in
th
i
a
Pa
n
n
e
e
r
S
e
lv
a
m
is
wo
r
k
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Bi
o
m
e
d
ica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
S
a
v
e
e
th
a
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
Co
l
leg
e
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
B
.
Tec
h
.
i
n
b
i
o
m
e
d
ica
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
0
8
,
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
M
.
Tec
h
.
i
n
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
sy
ste
m
s
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
1
.
S
h
e
p
u
rsu
e
d
h
e
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
m
e
d
ica
l
ima
g
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
d
o
c
to
ra
te
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
7
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
re
se
n
ted
re
se
a
rc
h
a
rti
c
les
in
a
b
o
u
t
1
5
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
h
a
s
a
lso
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
2
3
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
ls.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
c
o
n
ti
n
u
i
n
g
h
e
r
re
se
a
rc
h
wo
rk
in
th
e
a
re
a
e
a
rly
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
c
a
n
c
e
r.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sin
th
iap
a
n
n
e
e
rse
lv
a
m
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
S
r
ip
r
iy
a
T
h
ia
g
a
r
a
ja
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
h
a
s
1
9
.
7
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
i
n
te
a
c
h
in
g
.
He
r
a
re
a
s
o
f
i
n
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
M
E
M
S
,
d
ig
it
a
l
sig
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
a
n
d
Io
T.
S
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
B.
E
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
0
2
(Un
iv
e
rsity
g
o
l
d
m
e
d
a
ll
ist
a
n
d
c
o
ll
e
g
e
fi
rst),
M
.
E
.
-
Ap
p
li
e
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
i
n
2
0
0
7
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
.
in
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
Ju
l
y
2
0
1
9
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
p
a
p
e
rs
i
n
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
S
h
e
h
o
l
d
s
m
o
re
t
h
a
n
3
.
2
lak
h
s
S
e
m
in
a
r
fu
n
d
in
g
fr
o
m
ICS
S
R,
NH
RC,
BRNS
,
a
n
d
CS
IR.
S
h
e
a
lso
h
o
l
d
s
6
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
id
e
a
p
a
ten
ts
a
n
d
1
g
ra
n
t
p
a
ten
t.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
wo
rk
i
n
g
i
n
Je
p
p
iaa
r
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(An
Au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
In
stit
u
t
io
n
),
Ku
n
n
a
m
S
u
n
g
u
v
a
rc
h
a
tram
,
S
rip
e
ru
m
b
u
d
u
r,
Tam
il
Na
d
u
,
I
n
d
ia.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
riy
a
sri
8
1
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Ar
u
n
k
u
m
a
r
K
u
p
p
u
sa
m
y
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
l
o
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
An
n
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
C
h
e
n
n
a
i,
T
a
m
il
n
a
d
u
,
I
n
d
ia,
in
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
1
a
n
d
m
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
a
p
p
li
e
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
fr
o
m
An
n
a
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i,
Tam
il
N
a
d
u
,
In
d
ia,
in
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
3
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
ss
istan
t
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
S
a
v
e
e
th
a
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
ll
e
g
e
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i,
Tam
il
n
a
d
u
,
In
d
ia
a
n
d
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
is
d
o
c
to
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
a
rt
-
ti
m
e
a
t
An
n
a
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i,
Tam
il
Na
d
u
,
I
n
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
a
tea
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
o
f
1
1
y
e
a
rs
(2
0
1
3
-
2
0
2
4
).
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
i
n
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
C
o
n
fe
r
e
n
c
e
s.
His
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
VLS
I
d
e
sig
n
,
M
E
M
S
,
a
n
d
ima
g
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ar
u
n
k
u
m
a
r@sa
v
e
e
th
a
.
a
c
.
in
.
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