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ch
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~
38
I
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N:
2252
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DOI
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1
1
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v
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5
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.
pp
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38
30
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Dig
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s o
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a
ra
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ro
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g
p
o
p
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lati
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n
.
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tral
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ti
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a
re
d
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g
it
a
l
p
lat
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o
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s
a
n
d
c
l
o
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d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
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g
.
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se
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terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
tec
h
n
o
l
o
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ies
a
id
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sh
a
p
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t
h
e
f
u
tu
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lan
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sc
a
p
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s,
fo
ste
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su
sta
in
a
b
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it
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,
e
fficie
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c
y
,
a
n
d
imp
ro
v
e
d
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
li
f
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.
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it
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p
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s
se
rv
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a
s
th
e
b
a
c
k
b
o
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sm
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rt
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a
b
li
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les
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o
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v
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s
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rb
a
n
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s
a
n
d
sy
st
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m
s.
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e
sig
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ifi
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a
n
t
a
p
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c
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ti
o
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o
f
d
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g
it
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l
p
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s
in
sm
a
rt
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it
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s
is
th
e
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
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o
f
in
telli
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n
t
tran
sp
o
rtat
io
n
sy
ste
m
s
(IT
S
).
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i
n
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ra
ti
n
g
re
a
l
-
ti
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traffic
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a
ta,
p
u
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c
tran
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a
n
d
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d
e
-
sh
a
rin
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s,
th
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p
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il
it
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te
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t
tra
n
sp
o
r
tatio
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m
a
n
a
g
e
m
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t,
re
d
u
c
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c
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g
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,
a
n
d
d
e
c
re
a
se
c
a
rb
o
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e
m
issio
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s.
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u
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
se
rv
e
s a
s
a
k
e
y
e
n
a
b
ler
fo
r
m
a
n
a
g
in
g
th
e
m
a
ss
iv
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d
a
ta
flo
ws
g
e
n
e
ra
ted
b
y
s
m
a
rt
c
it
y
in
fra
stru
c
t
u
re
s.
Th
e
sc
a
lab
il
it
y
a
n
d
flex
i
b
il
it
y
o
ffe
re
d
b
y
c
l
o
u
d
-
b
a
se
d
so
lu
ti
o
n
s
a
ll
o
w
c
i
ti
e
s
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
th
e
ir
re
so
u
rc
e
s
e
fficie
n
tl
y
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
ss
c
o
m
p
u
ti
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g
p
o
we
r
o
n
d
e
m
a
n
d
with
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
e
x
ten
si
v
e
p
h
y
sic
a
l
in
fra
stru
c
tu
re
.
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o
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
sm
a
rt
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it
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d
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v
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l
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p
m
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t
b
y
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n
a
b
li
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c
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ll
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b
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ta
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c
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d
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tera
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ti
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m
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g
d
i
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rse
sta
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
rs,
fro
m
g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
a
g
e
n
c
ies
to
p
riv
a
te fi
rm
s a
n
d
re
sid
e
n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
Dig
ital p
latf
o
r
m
s
I
o
T
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
Qu
ality
o
f
life
Sm
ar
t c
ities
Su
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
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ing
A
uth
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r
:
W
illi
am
C
h
r
is
to
p
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I
m
m
a
n
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Dep
ar
tm
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lectr
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an
d
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lectr
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ics E
n
g
in
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in
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T
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h
n
o
lo
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C
h
en
n
ai,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: iwc
h
r
is
to
p
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
o
o
ts
o
f
s
m
ar
t
cities
tr
ac
e
b
ac
k
t
o
th
e
1
9
6
0
s
an
d
1
9
7
0
s
,
wh
en
t
h
e
U.
S.
C
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
An
aly
s
is
B
u
r
ea
u
p
io
n
ee
r
ed
d
ata
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
,
s
u
c
h
as
ae
r
ial
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
y
,
d
atab
ases
,
an
d
clu
s
ter
an
aly
s
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
er
v
ice
d
eliv
er
y
,
d
is
aster
r
elief
,
an
d
p
o
v
er
ty
in
te
r
v
e
n
tio
n
.
T
h
is
o
p
en
e
d
th
e
d
o
o
r
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
wav
e
o
f
s
m
ar
t
cities.
I
n
an
ef
f
o
r
t
to
s
h
o
wca
s
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
’
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
d
aily
l
if
e,
tech
co
m
p
a
n
ies
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
e
i
d
ea
o
f
ea
r
ly
s
m
ar
t
cities.
W
ith
tim
e,
th
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
wav
e
o
f
s
m
ar
t
cities,
wh
ich
lo
o
k
e
d
at
h
o
w
a
d
d
iti
o
n
al
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
an
d
s
m
a
r
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
m
ay
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
teg
r
ated
u
r
b
an
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
t
h
ir
d
wav
e
o
f
s
m
ar
t
cities
th
en
m
o
v
ed
d
e
cisi
o
n
-
m
ak
in
g
awa
y
f
r
o
m
te
ch
co
m
p
an
ies
an
d
m
u
n
icip
al
o
f
f
icials
an
d
to
w
ar
d
s
a
p
u
b
lic
p
ar
ticip
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n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
s
o
cial
in
clu
s
io
n
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
Dig
ita
l
p
la
tfo
r
ms a
n
d
clo
u
d
c
o
mp
u
tin
g
fo
r
s
ma
r
t c
itie
s
:
a
r
ev
iew
(
Wil
lia
m
C
h
r
is
to
p
h
er I
m
ma
n
u
el
)
31
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
“
s
m
ar
t
cities
”
i
s
g
ain
in
g
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
wo
r
ld
wid
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to
ad
d
r
ess
is
s
u
es
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elate
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to
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r
b
a
n
izatio
n
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
[
1
]
.
As
m
o
r
e
p
eo
p
le
liv
e
in
cities
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
elo
p
s
,
th
ese
in
v
estme
n
ts
will
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
c
r
u
cial
[
2
]
.
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
h
av
e
i
n
v
ested
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
m
o
n
ey
in
s
m
ar
t
city
p
r
o
je
cts
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
ca
teg
o
r
izes
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
d
o
m
ai
n
s
r
elev
an
t
t
o
s
m
ar
t
cities.
As
s
m
ar
t
city
in
itiativ
es
ad
v
an
ce
,
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
d
etailed
r
esear
ch
in
to
th
eir
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
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d
p
r
ac
tical
u
s
es
co
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tin
u
es
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g
r
o
w.
S
m
ar
t
cities
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co
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p
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r
ate
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e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
tech
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o
lo
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y
alo
n
g
s
id
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s
o
f
twar
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p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
u
s
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
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ter
f
ac
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d
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
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in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
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to
p
r
o
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e
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n
n
o
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ativ
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o
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tio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
g
en
er
al
p
u
b
lic
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
ec
to
r
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
o
ciet
al
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
well
-
b
ein
g
,
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
ese
d
ev
ices
is
s
to
r
ed
eith
er
o
n
s
er
v
er
s
o
r
in
t
h
e
clo
u
d
.
T
h
ese
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
g
en
er
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
liv
in
g
f
o
r
th
eir
p
o
p
u
lace
in
s
ev
er
al
ar
ea
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
er
v
ices,
u
tili
ties
,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
an
d
en
ter
tain
m
e
n
t
[
3
]
.
As p
er
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
4
]
,
s
m
ar
t c
ities
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
ese
attr
ib
u
t
es:
−
Sen
s
o
r
s
m
ak
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
an
d
Sen
s
in
g
d
at
a
is
s
en
t f
r
o
m
n
etwo
r
k
ed
d
ev
ices
to
th
e
in
ter
n
et.
−
User
s
wh
o
ar
e
o
n
th
e
m
o
v
e
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
at
a
ll
tim
e
an
d
f
r
o
m
an
y
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
eir
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
s
h
a
r
e
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
e
y
f
in
d
.
−
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
v
iewe
d
b
y
p
eo
p
le
o
n
m
o
b
ile
g
ad
g
ets
a
n
d
also
in
s
tr
ee
t
d
is
p
lay
s
as
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t h
as b
ee
n
u
p
d
ated
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
u
r
b
an
o
p
er
a
tio
n
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices,
alo
n
g
with
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
,
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
life
.
Sm
ar
t,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
city
i
s
a
f
ea
s
ib
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
lev
er
ag
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
I
C
T
s
)
to
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
s
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
s
o
cial,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
s
m
ar
t
cities
is
to
en
h
an
ce
p
eo
p
le
’
s
a
b
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
I
C
T
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
6
]
.
A
s
m
ar
t
city
is
a
s
y
s
tem
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
es
p
u
b
lic
is
s
u
es,
p
r
o
m
o
tes
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
m
ax
im
izes
h
u
m
an
a
n
d
s
o
cial
ca
p
ital
b
y
i
n
ter
ac
tin
g
with
n
at
u
r
al
an
d
e
co
n
o
m
ic
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ase
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
7
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
er
v
ices
in
en
er
g
y
,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
an
d
o
th
e
r
s
ec
to
r
s
,
it p
r
o
v
id
es a
h
ig
h
e
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
liv
i
n
g
[
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ap
p
licatio
n
d
o
m
ain
s
r
elate
d
to
s
m
ar
t c
ities
2.
DIGIT
AL
P
L
AT
F
O
R
M
S:
B
UIL
D
I
NG
T
H
E
F
O
UNDA
T
I
O
N
O
F
SM
AR
T
CI
T
I
E
S
A
s
m
ar
t
city
,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
[
9
]
,
is
an
u
r
b
an
s
e
ttin
g
th
at
m
a
k
es
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
an
d
o
t
h
er
p
er
tin
en
t
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ices
(
Qo
S)
th
at
its
r
esid
en
ts
g
et
an
d
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
r
eg
u
lar
city
o
p
er
atio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
in
it
ial
s
m
ar
t
cities
was
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
r
esid
en
ts
’
q
u
ality
o
f
life
(
Qo
L
)
b
y
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
d
em
a
n
d
i
n
s
ev
er
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
a
r
ea
s
[
1
1
]
.
Ur
b
an
izatio
n
h
as
led
t
o
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
em
an
d
s
f
o
r
Qo
L
.
T
o
m
ee
t
th
ese
n
ee
d
s
,
m
o
d
er
n
s
m
ar
t
cities
h
av
e
a
s
p
ec
ial
em
p
h
asis
o
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
in
tellig
en
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
[
1
2
]
.
2
.
1
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
ing
urba
n serv
ices t
hro
ug
h dig
it
a
l pla
t
f
o
rms
T
h
e
r
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
n
i
n
c
r
e
as
i
n
g
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
n
t
h
e
b
i
g
d
a
t
a
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
u
s
i
n
g
v
o
l
u
m
e
,
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
s
o
r
t
s
o
f
d
at
a
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
h
u
g
e
d
a
t
a
g
a
t
h
e
r
e
d
b
y
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
ti
v
e
m
e
a
n
s
,
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
i
s
d
a
t
a
is
m
a
d
e
u
p
o
f
u
n
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
ed
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
[
1
5
]
.
D
is
t
r
i
b
u
ted
f
a
u
l
t
-
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
d
a
t
a
b
as
es
li
k
e
S
Q
L
a
r
e
c
a
p
a
b
le
o
f
c
o
l
l
e
c
ti
n
g
a
n
d
s
t
o
r
i
n
g
l
a
r
g
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
s
o
f
u
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
d
a
t
a
in
c
l
o
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
o
r
d
a
t
a
c
e
n
t
e
r
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
30
-
38
32
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
o
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
b
i
g
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
t
ic
s
(
B
DA
)
i
s
s
til
l
i
n
i
ts
i
n
f
a
n
c
y
as
i
t
r
e
l
a
t
es
t
o
s
m
a
r
t
m
e
d
i
a
a
n
d
m
a
y
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
h
o
l
d
p
r
o
m
i
s
e
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
i
n
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
ti
e
s
[
1
7
]
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
g
g
re
g
a
t
io
n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
f
o
r
info
rm
ed
decisi
o
n
-
m
a
k
ing
Dig
ital
d
ata
m
u
s
t
b
e
g
ath
e
r
ed
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
to
m
ak
e
d
ec
i
s
io
n
s
th
at
will
b
en
ef
it
th
e
p
u
b
lic.
T
o
p
in
p
o
in
t
is
s
u
es,
g
au
g
e
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t,
a
n
d
d
ec
id
e
wis
ely
h
o
w
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
cities
m
u
s
t
p
lace
a
h
ig
h
p
r
io
r
ity
o
n
d
ata
g
ath
er
in
g
,
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
s
h
ar
in
g
.
An
aly
zin
g
d
ata
ca
n
h
elp
cities
r
ec
o
g
n
is
e
th
eir
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
cr
ea
te
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
o
m
in
im
ize
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
id
en
tify
ar
ea
s
o
f
h
ig
h
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
cr
ea
te
in
tellig
en
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
f
lo
w
i
n
s
m
a
r
t
cities
[
18]
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Data
f
l
o
w
in
s
m
ar
t c
ities
2
.
3
.
Ca
s
e
s
t
ud
y
:
inte
llig
ent
t
ra
ns
po
rt
a
t
io
n sy
s
t
em
s
(
I
T
S)
re
v
o
lutio
n
A
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
q
u
ality
o
f
life
,
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
s
av
e
li
v
es
ar
e
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
with
th
e
in
tellig
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
s
m
ar
t
cities
in
teg
r
ate.
T
o
elev
ate
th
e
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
s
m
ar
t
cities,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
lik
e
d
r
o
n
es,
r
o
b
o
tics
,
AI
,
an
d
I
o
T
a
r
e
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
ad
v
an
cin
g
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
er
g
y
u
s
e,
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
co
o
p
er
ati
v
e
d
r
o
n
es
an
d
th
e
I
o
T
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
m
an
y
s
m
ar
t
-
city
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
th
o
s
e
r
elate
d
to
wea
th
er
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
d
i
s
aster
m
itig
atio
n
,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
s
a
f
ety
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
An
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
n
ewe
r
id
ea
s
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
s
m
ar
t
cities
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
o
T
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
r
o
n
es
[
1
8
]
.
Als
am
h
i
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ex
p
lan
ati
o
n
s
o
f
h
o
w
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
I
T
Ss
,
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
ef
f
icie
n
t
u
s
e
o
f
u
n
m
a
n
n
ed
ae
r
ial
v
e
h
icles
(
UAVs)
f
o
r
5
G
an
d
b
e
y
o
n
d
5
G
(
B
5
G)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
an
d
s
m
ar
t h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e
s
y
s
t
em
s
with
in
s
m
ar
t c
ities
.
3.
CL
O
UD
CO
M
P
UT
I
NG
:
E
N
AB
L
I
NG
DA
T
A
-
DRI
VE
N
U
RB
AN
E
VO
L
U
T
I
O
N
As
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
an
d
s
m
ar
t
cities
g
r
o
w
i
n
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
,
c
o
m
p
an
ies
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
a
r
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
s
m
ar
t
city
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ice
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
C
lo
u
d
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
s
to
r
e
d
ata
th
at
is
co
llected
b
y
th
o
u
s
an
d
s
o
f
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ices
i
n
s
m
ar
t
cities,
h
en
ce
en
a
b
lin
g
d
ata
s
h
a
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ata
e
x
c
h
an
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
is
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
th
is
.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
g
lo
b
al
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
d
e
p
en
d
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
h
as
m
ad
e
it
a
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
city
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
ese
d
a
y
s
.
All
d
ata
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
in
an
in
ef
f
icien
t
cl
o
u
d
s
y
s
tem
,
ev
en
wh
ile
an
ef
f
icien
t c
lo
u
d
s
y
s
tem
will m
ak
e
ev
er
y
t
h
in
g
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
[
20]
.
3
.
1
.
E
m
po
wer
ing
da
t
a
ma
na
g
em
ent
a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
On
e
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
u
p
co
m
in
g
s
m
ar
t
city
ap
p
licatio
n
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
is
th
e
s
m
ar
t
city
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
(
SC
O
S).
Sp
ec
if
ically
ad
ap
ted
f
o
r
city
s
ca
le,
th
e
SC
OS
is
aim
ed
to
m
im
ic
a
co
n
t
em
p
o
r
ar
y
co
m
p
u
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
s
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
l
y
i
n
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
d
u
ties
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
an
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
o
f
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
city
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
tack
le
t
h
e
in
h
e
r
en
t
co
m
p
le
x
ity
o
f
th
ese
s
ettin
g
s
.
I
n
a
s
m
ar
t
city
,
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
(
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t,
elec
tr
icity
,
an
d
wate
r
)
o
v
er
s
ee
d
i
v
er
s
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es
th
at
ar
e
m
ai
n
tain
ed
b
y
t
h
ese
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
to
ca
t
er
to
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
ex
tr
em
ely
d
y
n
am
ic
s
ettin
g
s
in
wh
ich
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
[
2
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
Dig
ita
l
p
la
tfo
r
ms a
n
d
clo
u
d
c
o
mp
u
tin
g
fo
r
s
ma
r
t c
itie
s
:
a
r
ev
iew
(
Wil
lia
m
C
h
r
is
to
p
h
er I
m
ma
n
u
el
)
33
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t c
ity
ap
p
licatio
n
3
.
2
.
Sca
la
bil
it
y
a
nd
f
lex
ibi
lity
in re
s
o
urce
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
A
wid
er
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
o
f
s
m
ar
t
c
ity
ap
p
licatio
n
s
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
th
e
SC
OS,
wh
ich
is
a
g
o
o
d
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
o
c
r
ea
te
a
b
ase
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ates
ef
f
o
r
tles
s
ex
p
an
s
io
n
an
d
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
t
h
e
d
esig
n
ad
h
er
e
d
to
th
e
m
icr
o
-
s
er
v
ice
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
An
ex
ten
s
ib
le
an
d
ev
o
lv
in
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
with
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ic
h
p
er
m
its
a
clea
r
d
iv
is
io
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
an
d
ac
ts
as a
f
lex
ib
le
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
SC
OS c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
cr
ea
te
n
ew
s
y
n
er
g
ies
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Sm
ar
t c
ity
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
(
SC
O
S)
3
.
3
.
Co
lla
bo
r
a
t
iv
e
o
pp
o
rt
un
it
ies a
nd
s
t
a
k
eho
lder
eng
a
g
e
m
ent
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
less
o
n
s
to
b
e
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
s
m
ar
t
cities
is
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Par
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
an
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
b
etwe
en
m
an
y
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
s
u
ch
as
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
tal
b
o
d
ies,
b
u
s
in
ess
es,
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
s
m
ar
t
city
p
r
o
jects.
Pro
jects
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
d
esig
n
ed
to
b
e
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
at
all
p
a
r
ties
ar
e
wo
r
k
in
g
to
war
d
s
th
e
s
am
e
o
b
jectiv
es
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
cities
f
ac
e
ca
n
b
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
t
o
r
en
titi
es.
4.
I
O
T
SO
L
UT
I
O
NS:
I
N
T
E
R
CO
NNEC
T
I
NG
UR
B
AN
L
I
F
E
A
“
s
m
ar
t
city
”
is
an
u
r
b
an
p
latf
o
r
m
th
at
m
ak
es
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
an
d
r
elate
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
eg
u
lar
m
u
n
icip
al
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
citizen
Qo
S.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
Qo
L
f
o
r
citizen
s
b
y
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
in
m
u
ltip
le
f
u
n
cti
o
n
al
ar
ea
s
was th
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t sm
ar
t c
ities
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
30
-
38
34
4
.
1
.
T
he
I
o
T
re
v
o
lutio
n a
nd
ITS
im
pa
ct
o
n urba
n liv
ing
T
h
e
s
ee
d
id
ea
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t
cit
y
,
wh
ich
was
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
t
h
e
o
r
etica
l,
b
ec
am
e
m
o
r
e
ta
n
g
ib
le
with
th
e
ad
v
en
t
o
f
I
o
T
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
s
m
ar
t
cities
is
to
o
f
f
er
t
h
eir
r
esid
en
ts
b
etter
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
,
an
d
in
tellig
en
ce
.
Or
,
to
p
u
t
it
a
n
o
t
h
er
way
,
th
eir
g
o
al
is
to
r
aise
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
liv
in
g
.
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
I
o
T
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
b
e
th
e
g
r
ea
test
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
f
o
r
ce
in
h
u
m
an
h
is
to
r
y
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
I
o
T
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
s
ea
m
less
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
am
o
n
g
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
b
jects.
Fig
u
r
e
5
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
I
o
T
p
r
o
v
i
d
es e
s
s
en
tial c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
a
s
m
ar
t c
ity
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
o
le
o
f
I
o
T
in
s
m
ar
t
city
4
.
2
.
E
nv
iro
nm
ent
a
l
m
o
nito
r
ing
f
o
r
hea
lt
hier
cit
ie
s
UAVs
h
o
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
ten
tial
to
b
en
ef
it
s
o
ciety
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
s
m
ar
t
cities.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
tr
o
l
civ
ic
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
tr
af
f
ic,
m
o
n
ito
r
p
o
llu
ti
o
n
,
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
an
d
d
eliv
er
g
o
o
d
s
,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
t
ask
s
,
UAVs
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
s
m
ar
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
SEM
AT
)
p
r
o
ject
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
a
n
ew
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
f
o
r
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
le
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
ev
ices
[
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
s
h
o
ws ex
am
p
les o
f
I
o
T
-
b
a
s
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
o
T
b
ased
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
4
.
3
.
E
nh
a
ncing
pu
bli
c
s
er
v
ices t
hro
ug
h Io
T
in
no
v
a
t
io
n
Ma
n
ag
in
g
waste
is
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
p
ar
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
city
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Sen
s
o
r
-
eq
u
ip
p
ed
b
in
s
th
at
ar
e
clo
u
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ale
r
t
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
au
th
o
r
ities
wh
en
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
b
e
em
p
tied
,
b
u
t
th
ey
also
u
tili
ze
ar
tific
ia
l
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
u
el
-
ef
f
ici
en
t
p
ath
.
Fo
r
th
e
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
Dig
ita
l
p
la
tfo
r
ms a
n
d
clo
u
d
c
o
mp
u
tin
g
fo
r
s
ma
r
t c
itie
s
:
a
r
ev
iew
(
Wil
lia
m
C
h
r
is
to
p
h
er I
m
ma
n
u
el
)
35
r
eg
u
late
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
elec
tr
ic
al
p
o
wer
an
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ef
f
ic
ien
t
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
lo
ad
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
is
c
r
u
cial.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
o
f
[
2
7
]
h
av
e
ca
r
r
ied
it
o
u
t,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
l
o
ad
u
p
t
o
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
ah
ea
d
o
f
tim
e
u
s
in
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
d
ata
g
ath
er
ed
in
a
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
.
5.
SUST
AINA
B
L
E
D
E
V
E
L
O
P
M
E
N
T
AND
Q
UA
L
I
T
Y
O
F
L
I
F
E
W
h
en
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
ec
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
city
,
s
m
ar
t
cities
h
av
e
m
u
ltip
le
b
e
n
ef
its
[
2
8
]
(
in
ter
m
s
o
f
v
alu
e)
:
-
Ach
iev
in
g
clim
ate
g
o
als:
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t
city
is
to
m
in
im
ize
its
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
clea
n
er
liv
in
g
.
I
t
ce
n
tr
es
o
n
s
m
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
in
tellig
en
t m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
city
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
.
-
Fin
an
cial
v
alu
e:
b
y
2
0
2
5
,
th
e
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
city
p
r
o
jec
ts
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
r
ea
ch
USD
1
tr
illi
o
n
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
o
f
f
er
s
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ts
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
b
u
s
in
ess
es
alik
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
in
an
cial
in
ce
n
t
iv
e
to
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies th
at
en
a
b
le
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
s
m
ar
t c
ities
.
-
I
m
p
ac
t
o
n
s
o
ciety
:
th
e
m
ain
g
o
als
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
city
in
itiati
v
e
ar
e
to
r
aise
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
liv
in
g
f
o
r
city
d
weller
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
cr
ea
t
io
n
o
f
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
s
o
ciety
th
at
v
alu
es
d
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
s
ev
er
y
o
n
e
eq
u
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
W
ith
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ak
e
life
ea
s
ier
an
d
e
n
a
b
le
citizen
-
city
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies a
r
e
ess
en
tial to
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices in
s
m
ar
t c
ity
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
5
.
1
.
Adv
a
nce
m
ent
s
in cit
izen
well
-
being
a
nd
co
m
f
o
rt
AI
an
d
I
o
T
ar
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
e
x
ten
s
iv
ely
in
two
k
e
y
ar
ea
s
o
f
h
ea
lth
:
d
is
ea
s
e
d
iag
n
o
s
is
an
d
h
ea
lth
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
ac
tiv
ity
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
an
d
f
all
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
o
m
o
n
ito
r
a
b
r
id
g
e
’
s
h
ea
lth
u
s
in
g
v
ib
r
atio
n
d
ata
in
a
clo
u
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
Sy
ed
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
u
s
e
a
clu
s
ter
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
to
id
en
tif
y
an
o
m
alo
u
s
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
ac
ce
ler
o
m
eter
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
tak
en
f
r
o
m
a
b
r
id
g
e
,
th
ey
e
m
p
lo
y
clu
s
ter
in
g
.
Usi
n
g
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
b
u
ild
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
way
AI
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
to
I
o
T
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Utilizin
g
h
ea
t
f
lo
w
an
d
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
d
ata
with
in
a
b
u
ild
in
g
,
Prih
atm
a
n
to
et
a
l.
[
3
1
]
a
n
d
Sar
m
ad
i
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
f
o
r
ec
ast f
u
t
u
r
e
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
to
m
o
r
e
ef
f
e
c
tiv
ely
co
n
tr
o
l e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e.
5
.
2
.
Address
ing
da
t
a
et
hics
a
nd
priv
a
cy
co
ncer
ns
A
n
in
teg
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
cities
is
th
e
o
n
lin
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
v
it
al
city
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es;
an
y
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
in
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
wo
u
ld
c
au
s
e
in
h
a
b
itan
ts
d
aily
in
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
as
well
as
en
d
an
g
er
th
eir
s
af
ety
an
d
p
o
s
s
ess
io
n
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
a
k
ey
is
s
u
e
in
s
m
ar
t
citie
s
.
Sm
ar
t
cities
f
ac
e
g
r
o
win
g
th
r
ea
ts
f
r
o
m
m
alicio
u
s
cy
b
er
attac
k
s
in
th
is
d
a
y
a
n
d
ag
e
wh
en
cy
b
er
war
f
a
r
e
an
d
c
y
b
er
cr
im
e
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
to
o
ls
in
g
lo
b
al
p
o
liti
cs.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
d
ata
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
o
v
er
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
m
u
s
t
b
e
en
cr
y
p
ted
.
E
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
se
n
s
o
r
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
a
b
u
ild
in
g
ca
n
r
e
v
ea
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
o
cc
u
p
an
c
y
[
3
3
]
a
n
d
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
p
er
s
o
n
al
id
en
titi
es
[
3
4
]
.
Use
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
attac
k
in
cid
en
t
tax
o
n
o
m
y
[
3
5
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
c
o
m
p
u
ter
em
er
g
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
team
(
C
E
R
T
)
,
wh
ic
h
was
f
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
DARP
A,
to
g
iv
e
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
an
d
v
o
ca
b
u
la
r
y
f
o
r
talk
in
g
ab
o
u
t secu
r
ity
th
r
e
ats wh
ile
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
I
o
T
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
cities
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
An
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
an
d
I
oT
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
cities
i
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
A
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
in
tellig
en
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
,
al
o
n
g
with
a
d
etailed
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
s
m
ar
t
city
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
u
r
b
an
izatio
n
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
u
r
b
an
s
er
v
ices
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
i
g
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
d
ata
a
g
g
r
e
g
atio
n
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
:
en
ab
li
n
g
d
ata
-
d
r
i
v
en
u
r
b
an
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
,
an
d
I
o
T
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
:
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
u
r
b
a
n
life
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
q
u
ality
o
f
life
.
P
o
ten
tial
av
en
u
es
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
in
clu
d
e
d
ev
i
s
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
t
o
s
u
r
m
o
u
n
t
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
r
elat
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
cities
an
d
ca
lcu
latin
g
an
d
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
s
u
ch
p
r
o
jects.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
,
an
d
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
m
ay
b
e
cr
itical
to
g
ath
er
in
g
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
d
ata
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
s
m
ar
t c
ities
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
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