I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
I
nfo
rm
a
t
ics a
nd
Co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
(
I
J
-
I
CT
)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
30
2
~
31
2
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/iji
ct
.
v
1
5
i
1
.
pp
30
2
-
31
2
302
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ict.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
A surv
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on fron
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ha
ul
sig
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user
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cen
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ree
ma
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M
IM
O
net
wo
rks
Sy
ed
T
a
riq A
li,
Ana
m
ik
a
Sin
g
h
D
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p
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t
me
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o
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El
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c
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LN
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i
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i
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y
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h
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p
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M
a
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P
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h
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i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
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RAC
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A
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ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
1
5
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l 8
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
7
,
2
0
2
5
Th
e
m
a
n
d
a
te
f
o
r
h
ig
h
d
a
ta
ra
tes
i
n
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
is
in
c
re
a
sin
g
a
n
d
will
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
to
d
o
so
in
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
late
st n
e
two
rk
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
c
a
n
m
e
e
t
th
is
d
e
m
a
n
d
,
th
e
y
re
su
lt
in
m
o
re
-
d
e
n
se
n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
Ne
t
wo
rk
s
li
k
e
u
lt
ra
-
d
e
n
se
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
a
n
d
m
a
ss
iv
e
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
in
p
u
t
m
u
l
ti
p
le
-
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
e
ry
h
i
g
h
d
a
ta
ra
tes
,
b
u
t
th
e
y
c
a
n
n
o
t
m
e
e
t
th
e
fu
tu
re
d
e
m
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
issu
e
with
e
x
isti
n
g
n
e
two
r
k
s
is
in
ter
-
c
e
ll
in
terfe
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
v
a
riati
o
n
s
i
n
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
se
rv
ice
e
sp
.
a
t
t
h
e
c
e
ll
e
d
g
e
s,
lea
d
in
g
t
o
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
n
e
w
n
e
two
r
k
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
th
a
t
o
ffe
r
in
telli
g
e
n
t
c
o
o
rd
i
n
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
o
n
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
ies
a
re
b
e
in
g
re
se
a
rc
h
e
d
,
li
k
e
u
se
r
-
c
e
n
tri
c
c
e
ll
-
fre
e
(UC
-
CF
)
m
a
ss
iv
e
-
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
in
p
u
t
-
m
u
lt
i
p
le
-
o
u
t
p
u
t
(m
M
IM
O
)
.
Th
is
n
e
two
r
k
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
s
th
e
b
e
st
o
f
u
lt
ra
-
d
e
n
se
n
e
two
r
k
s
a
n
d
m
M
IM
O
a
n
d
e
li
m
in
a
tes
c
e
ll
e
d
g
e
p
ro
b
lem
s.
It
is
se
rv
e
d
b
y
a
c
c
e
ss
p
o
i
n
ts
th
a
t
c
o
o
p
e
ra
te
a
n
d
c
o
o
rd
in
a
te
wit
h
e
a
c
h
o
t
h
e
r.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
re
v
iew
s
th
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
in
p
h
y
sic
a
l
la
y
e
r
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
-
fro
n
t
h
a
u
l
si
g
n
a
li
n
g
f
o
r
UC
-
CF
m
M
IM
O.
We
d
isc
u
ss
t
h
e
b
a
sic
s
o
f
th
e
n
e
two
rk
,
t
h
e
imp
o
rta
n
c
e
o
f
fro
n
t
h
a
u
l
sig
n
a
li
n
g
,
a
n
d
p
ro
p
o
s
e
v
a
rio
u
s
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
in
t
h
e
li
tera
tu
re
t
o
a
d
d
re
ss
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
re
se
a
rc
h
g
a
p
s
a
n
d
p
ro
v
i
d
e
fu
tu
re
d
irec
ti
o
n
s.
Ou
r
a
ims
to
p
ro
v
id
e
a
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
o
v
e
rv
iew
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
sta
te
o
f
fro
n
t
h
a
u
l
sig
n
a
li
n
g
a
n
d
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
th
e
k
e
y
issu
e
s th
a
t
n
e
e
d
to
b
e
a
d
d
re
ss
e
d
t
o
re
a
li
z
e
it
s fu
ll
p
o
ten
ti
a
l.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
5
G/6
G
n
etwo
r
k
C
o
MP
-
JT
Fro
n
th
au
l sig
n
allin
g
m
MI
MO
So
f
twar
e
d
ef
in
ed
n
etwo
r
k
s
Ultr
a
-
d
en
s
e
n
etwo
r
k
User
-
ce
n
tr
ic
ce
ll
-
f
r
ee
n
etwo
r
k
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sy
ed
T
ar
iq
Ali
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ic
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
L
NC
T
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
B
h
o
p
al
Ma
d
h
y
a
Pra
d
esh
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: ta
r
iq
.
ali1
9
9
0
@
g
m
ail.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
a
s
s
ee
n
a
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
u
s
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
in
h
er
en
t
i
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ce
llu
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
On
e
s
u
ch
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
is
th
e
u
s
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
ce
ll
-
f
r
ee
(
UC
-
C
F)
n
etwo
r
k
,
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
ed
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
ts
o
r
an
ten
n
as
ar
o
u
n
d
ea
ch
u
s
er
.
B
y
r
em
o
v
in
g
f
ix
e
d
ce
ll
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies,
th
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
en
ab
les
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
te
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
co
v
e
r
ag
e
ar
e
a
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
CF
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
UC
-
C
F
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
m
itig
atin
g
in
te
r
-
ce
ll
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
r
awb
ac
k
o
f
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
ce
llu
lar
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
UC
-
C
F
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
-
m
u
ltip
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t
(
MI
MO
)
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
m
ass
iv
e
-
MI
MO
(
m
MI
MO
)
,
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
[
3
]
-
[
8
]
.
MI
MO
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
en
a
b
les
th
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
s
ig
n
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
,
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
izes
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
ig
n
al
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ch
an
n
els
[
9
]
.
MM
I
M
O
en
h
an
ce
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lar
g
er
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
ay
at
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
p
e
ctr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
h
ig
h
e
r
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t [
1
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
s
u
r
ve
y
o
n
fr
o
n
th
a
u
l sig
n
a
lin
g
o
f u
s
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
ce
ll
-
fr
ee
ma
s
s
ive
MIMO
n
etw
o
r
ks
(
S
ye
d
Ta
r
iq
A
li
)
303
I
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ce
llu
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
tili
zin
g
m
MI
MO
,
u
s
er
s
at
ce
ll
ed
g
es
o
f
ten
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
e
to
u
n
e
v
en
co
v
er
ag
e.
T
o
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
es
e
lim
itatio
n
s
,
CF
m
MI
MO
d
is
tr
ib
u
tes
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
an
ten
n
as
o
v
er
a
wid
e
ar
ea
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
u
n
if
o
r
m
co
v
er
ag
e
a
n
d
en
h
an
cin
g
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
UC
-
C
F
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
ea
ch
u
s
er
d
y
n
am
ically
estab
lis
h
es
a
s
er
v
in
g
clu
s
ter
o
f
an
ten
n
a
s
b
ased
o
n
v
a
r
io
u
s
cr
iter
ia,
th
er
eb
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
n
e
two
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
UC
-
C
F
m
MI
MO
n
etwo
r
k
s
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
in
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
with
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
s
o
f
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
CF
s
y
s
tem
h
as
a
lo
t
in
co
m
m
o
n
with
alr
ea
d
y
ex
is
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
“
n
etwo
r
k
-
MI
MO
[
1
6
]
,
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
m
u
lti
-
p
o
in
t
with
jo
in
t
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
(
C
o
MP
-
J
T
)
[
1
7
]
,
clo
u
d
r
ad
i
o
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
(
C
R
AN)
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
m
u
lti
-
ce
ll
MI
MO
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
n
etwo
r
k
[
2
0
]
,
s
m
all
-
ce
ll
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
r
e
m
o
te
r
ad
io
h
ea
d
s
(
R
R
Hs)
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
an
te
n
n
a
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
C
-
R
AN
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
”,
with
s
lig
h
t
c
h
an
g
es
t
h
at
aim
to
elim
in
ate
th
e
ce
ll
-
ed
g
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
m
in
im
ize
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
n
etwo
r
k
-
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
6
]
,
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
ts
co
o
r
d
in
ate
b
y
s
h
a
r
in
g
u
s
er
d
a
ta
an
d
ch
a
n
n
el
s
tate
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
(
C
SI)
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
jo
in
t
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
in
a
C
F
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
ac
q
u
ir
es
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
C
SI
lo
ca
lly
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
g
r
ea
ter
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
th
an
n
etwo
r
k
MI
M
O,
o
win
g
to
C
SI
’
s
lo
wer
d
ata
ex
ch
an
g
e
r
ate.
Similar
ly
,
C
R
AN
s
h
ar
es
th
e
s
am
e
n
etwo
r
k
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
as
th
e
CF
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
b
u
t
d
if
f
e
r
s
in
th
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
o
f
u
s
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
lim
itat
io
n
o
f
C
R
A
N
li
e
s
i
n
i
ts
f
u
l
l
y
c
e
n
t
r
al
i
z
e
d
b
a
s
e
b
a
n
d
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
,
w
h
ic
h
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
t
i
al
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
a
CF
m
MI
MO
n
etwo
r
k
,
s
i
n
g
le
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
its
(
C
Us)
ca
n
co
n
tr
o
l
an
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t
o
r
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
w
it
h
e
a
c
h
C
U
p
o
t
e
n
ti
al
l
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
e
n
t
r
a
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
p
r
o
c
es
s
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
,
an
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
o
a
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
i
ll
u
s
t
r
at
e
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
r
ch
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
b
o
t
h
a
c
el
l
-
c
e
n
t
r
i
c
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
a
n
d
a
UC
s
c
h
e
m
e
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
f
o
r
a
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
.
As
s
tate
d
ea
r
lier
,
th
e
ce
ll
-
ce
n
tr
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
a
h
ig
h
d
el
ay
in
s
ig
n
al
s
p
r
ea
d
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
a
UC
s
y
s
tem
[
1
3
]
,
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
g
ain
,
an
d
ar
e
u
n
ab
le
to
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
s
er
v
e
u
s
er
s
lo
ca
ted
n
ea
r
ce
ll
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies,
wh
er
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
te
n
d
s
to
b
e
lo
w
[
2
1
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Netwo
r
k
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
(
a)
ce
ll
-
ce
n
tr
ic
an
d
(
b
)
UC
n
etwo
r
k
T
h
is
s
u
r
v
ey
p
ap
er
will
s
er
v
e
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lo
a
d
o
r
ca
p
ac
ity
m
eth
o
d
s
,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
UC
-
CF
-
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
.
W
e
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
ajo
r
is
s
u
es
co
n
f
r
o
n
tin
g
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
lay
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
W
e
also
ex
p
lo
r
e
s
o
m
e
is
s
u
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
an
d
an
ticip
ate
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
th
at
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
m
ay
p
o
s
e.
W
e
also
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
th
e
UC
-
C
F
m
MI
MO
n
etwo
r
k
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
ca
n
b
en
e
f
it sp
ec
if
i
ca
lly
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t
o
f
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l lo
a
d
.
Un
lik
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es,
th
is
p
ap
er
d
elv
es
in
t
o
th
e
UC
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
its
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
i
s
tics
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
b
en
ef
its
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
clo
s
ely
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
is
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
th
o
s
e
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
co
m
b
i
n
ed
p
h
y
s
ical
lay
er
p
a
r
am
ete
r
s
o
f
co
o
r
d
in
ated
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
etu
p
s
an
d
clu
s
t
er
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Sid
d
iq
u
e
e
t
a
l.
[
2
2
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
e
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iews
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
wir
ed
a
n
d
wir
e
less
b
ac
k
h
au
l a
r
ch
itectu
r
es in
C
R
A
N,
b
u
t d
o
es n
o
t a
d
d
r
ess
UC
-
CF
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
s
u
r
v
ey
p
ap
er
f
o
cu
s
es
p
ar
ticu
lar
o
n
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
s
ig
n
alin
g
in
a
CF
-
UC
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
2
,
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
UC
-
C
F
m
MI
MO
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
an
d
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
in
s
y
s
tem
s
with
ty
p
ical
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
o
d
es.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
,
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
lo
a
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
UC
-
CF
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
I
t
also
ex
p
lo
r
es
p
o
ten
tial
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
em
er
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
aim
ed
at
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
th
is
lim
itatio
n
.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
s
u
m
m
ar
izi
n
g
s
e
v
er
al
o
p
en
-
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
s
id
en
tifie
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
ec
tio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
p
ap
e
r
,
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
th
e
m
ain
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
ess
en
tial c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
30
2
-
31
2
304
2.
T
H
E
O
RY:
N
E
T
WO
RK
A
R
CH
I
T
E
CT
URE
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
w
e
p
r
esen
t
two
co
m
m
o
n
ty
p
es
o
f
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
f
o
r
th
e
UC
-
CF
m
MI
MO
n
et
wo
r
k
,
i.e
.
,
with
a
s
in
g
le
c
o
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
(
C
U)
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
an
d
with
m
u
ltip
le
C
Us
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
s
er
v
in
g
clu
s
ter
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
ts
f
o
r
ea
ch
u
s
er
is
cr
itical
in
b
o
th
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
ef
in
es
th
e
lo
ad
a
n
d
s
ig
n
alin
g
at
ea
ch
u
s
er
.
T
h
is
s
er
v
in
g
clu
s
ter
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
ed
in
m
an
y
way
s
,
as
s
im
p
le
as
d
is
tan
ce
b
ased
o
r
p
o
wer
-
lev
el
-
b
ased
a
n
d
as
co
m
p
lex
as
m
u
ltis
tag
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
a
n
etwo
r
k
with
m
u
ltip
le
C
Us
is
b
o
th
m
o
r
e
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
th
a
n
o
n
e
with
a
s
in
g
le
C
U
[
2
3
]
.
I
t
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
C
Us;
it p
r
o
v
id
es r
elativ
ely
lo
w
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l tr
af
f
ic
f
lo
w
as we
ll a
s
lo
wer
d
elay
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
U
C
-
C
F m
MI
MO
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
(
a)
with
s
in
g
le
C
U
(
b
)
with
m
u
ltip
le
C
U
I
n
s
in
g
le
-
C
U
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
ca
p
ac
ity
is
s
ev
er
ely
lim
ited
u
n
less
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
at
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t.
A
s
er
ial
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lin
k
b
etwe
en
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
ts
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
p
r
ac
tic
ally
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
m
o
s
t r
ec
en
t r
ad
io
s
tr
ip
es sy
s
tem
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
2
4
]
,
in
w
h
ich
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
ts
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
,
r
ea
d
ily
d
ep
lo
y
a
b
le
ad
h
esiv
e
tap
e
.
Desp
ite
r
esear
ch
o
n
s
in
g
le
-
C
U
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
]
,
m
u
ltip
le
C
Us
ar
e
s
till
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
i
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
wo
r
ld
.
T
h
e
m
u
ltip
le
-
C
U
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
co
m
p
atib
le
with
th
e
alr
ea
d
y
e
x
is
tin
g
ce
llu
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
ec
a
u
s
e
at
th
e
b
ac
k
h
au
l
o
f
C
Us,
ce
lls
alr
ea
d
y
ex
is
t.
T
h
is
n
etwo
r
k
s
y
s
tem
is
g
en
er
ally
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
lik
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
SDN
[
2
5
]
to
e
n
ab
le
b
etter
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
AP
-
to
-
C
U
m
ap
p
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
a
ls
o
en
h
an
ce
s
lo
a
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
m
itig
ates
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
ts
o
f
f
ailu
r
e
[
2
6
]
.
As p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
s
tated
,
ce
l
l stru
ctu
r
e
ex
is
ts
o
n
th
e
C
U
b
ac
k
h
au
l,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
f
ew
er
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
in
a
UC
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ec
au
s
e
ea
ch
u
s
er
’
s
d
a
ta
m
u
s
t b
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
its
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
C
Us.
As
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
wee
n
a
C
U
an
d
a
n
AP.
T
h
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
s
ig
n
alin
g
d
ata
th
at
th
e
APs
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
with
th
e
C
U
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
co
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
r
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
th
er
e
is
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Sh
ar
in
g
d
ata
o
f
ten
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
ch
an
n
el
s
tatu
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
C
SI)
,
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
v
ec
to
r
s
,
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
d
ata,
m
o
b
ilit
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
a
n
y
o
th
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
is
u
s
ef
u
l o
r
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
u
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
a
lo
t o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
av
els f
r
o
m
C
U
to
AP,
it d
o
es n
o
t f
o
llo
w
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
a
v
ellin
g
in
o
th
er
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
is
ir
r
elev
an
t
.
Actu
ally
,
C
U
also
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
d
ata
to
an
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
APs
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
.
T
h
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
p
o
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ac
tu
al
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
;
it
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
an
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
APs
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
av
i
n
g
wir
eless
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
[
2
7
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
UC
-
C
F
n
etwo
r
k
lev
ies
m
u
c
h
lo
wer
weig
h
t
o
n
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
s
,
m
ain
ly
d
u
e
to
lim
ited
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
s
er
v
in
g
clu
s
ter
s
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
o
d
e
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
o
f
a
UC
-
C
F
m
MI
MO
n
etwo
r
k
is
ty
p
ically
d
ef
i
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
C
o
MP
s
tan
d
ar
d
[
1
7
]
.
W
ith
in
jo
in
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
J
P),
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates
in
eith
er
jo
in
t
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
(
J
T
)
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
in
t
s
elec
tio
n
(
DPS)
m
o
d
e,
with
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
a
n
d
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
(
C
S/C
B
)
als
o
b
ein
g
ap
p
lied
.
I
n
J
T
,
u
s
er
d
ata
is
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
l
y
av
ailab
le
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ev
er
al
co
o
p
er
atin
g
APs
f
o
r
co
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
I
n
DPS,
alth
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltip
le
APs
with
in
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
d
ata,
o
n
ly
o
n
e
—
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
as
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
in
t
(
T
P)
—
ac
ti
v
ely
tr
an
s
m
its
at
an
y
g
iv
e
n
ti
m
e.
As
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
ch
a
n
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ch
an
g
e
,
th
e
T
P a
ls
o
ch
an
g
es f
r
o
m
o
n
e
s
u
b
-
f
r
am
e
to
an
o
t
h
er
[
1
7
]
.
B
o
th
o
f
th
ese
m
o
d
es a
r
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
to
s
elec
t m
u
ltip
le
APs
f
r
o
m
s
er
v
in
g
clu
s
ter
s
f
o
r
d
ata
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
I
n
C
S/C
B
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
a
s
in
g
le
AP
h
an
d
les
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
wh
ile
co
o
r
d
in
ati
o
n
f
o
r
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
an
d
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
in
v
o
lv
es
all
APs
with
in
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
clu
s
ter
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
d
ata
to
b
e
p
r
esen
t
at
ju
s
t
o
n
e
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
AP,
th
e
r
eb
y
l
o
wer
in
g
th
e
lo
ad
o
n
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
s
u
r
ve
y
o
n
fr
o
n
th
a
u
l sig
n
a
lin
g
o
f u
s
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
ce
ll
-
fr
ee
ma
s
s
ive
MIMO
n
etw
o
r
ks
(
S
ye
d
Ta
r
iq
A
li
)
305
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Flo
w
ch
a
r
t o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
o
d
e
I
n
J
T
m
o
d
e
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
two
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
o
d
es,
n
a
m
ely
c
o
h
e
r
en
t
an
d
n
o
n
-
co
h
e
r
en
t
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
th
at
d
eliv
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ac
h
iev
a
b
le
d
ata
r
ates
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
er
.
I
n
co
h
er
en
t
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
o
d
e,
ea
ch
s
er
v
in
g
AP
co
h
er
en
tly
p
r
e
-
co
d
es
d
ata
an
d
s
en
d
s
it
f
o
r
ea
ch
u
s
er
,
an
d
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
tr
ict
p
h
ase
-
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
am
o
n
g
APs
,
wh
ich
is
cr
itical,
esp
ec
ially
in
m
u
lti
-
C
U
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
er
e
th
e
APs
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
u
s
er
ar
e
m
an
ag
ed
b
y
m
u
ltip
le
C
Us.
E
ac
h
u
s
er
o
f
th
e
UC
-
C
F
s
y
s
tem
is
tech
n
ically
at
th
e
ce
n
tr
e
o
f
th
e
s
er
v
in
g
clu
s
ter
in
th
is
m
o
d
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
s
m
aller
s
er
v
in
g
d
is
tan
ce
th
an
a
ce
ll
-
ed
g
e
u
s
er
in
a
n
ex
is
tin
g
ce
ll
-
ce
n
tr
ic
s
y
s
tem
an
d
,
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
a
m
u
ch
s
m
aller
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
s
ig
n
al
d
ela
y
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
g
iv
es
th
e
UC
-
C
F
s
y
s
tem
a
n
o
tab
le
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
v
er
th
e
c
ell
-
ce
n
tr
ic
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
n
o
n
-
c
o
h
er
en
t
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
v
o
lv
e
s
ea
ch
AP
s
en
d
in
g
d
is
tin
ct
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
to
th
e
u
s
er
,
ea
ch
u
s
in
g
its
o
wn
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
p
o
w
er
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
is
th
e
ag
g
r
eg
ate
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
AP
r
ates,
alth
o
u
g
h
it
ty
p
ically
f
alls
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
h
iev
ed
with
co
h
er
en
t
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
1
4
]
,
m
ain
l
y
d
u
e
to
s
u
c
ce
s
s
iv
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
(
SIC),
wh
ich
r
e
q
u
ir
es
th
e
u
s
er
to
d
ec
o
d
e
d
ata.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
s
ev
er
e
p
h
ase
-
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
en
d
ea
s
ier
b
u
t
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
en
d
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
d
u
e
to
SIC.
B
u
t
in
a
UC
s
y
s
tem
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
m
aller
clu
s
ter
s
ize,
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
SIC
ca
n
b
e
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
ea
ch
o
f
th
ese
m
o
d
es n
ec
ess
itated
a
d
if
f
er
en
t f
r
o
n
th
au
l c
ap
ac
ity
a
n
d
m
o
d
el.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D:
F
RO
NT
H
AU
L
I
SS
UE
S
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
a
d
v
an
ce
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
s
ch
em
es
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
CF
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
;
m
an
y
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
also
ap
p
licab
le
to
UC
-
C
F
m
MI
MO
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
All
th
ese
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
im
p
le
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
an
er
r
o
r
-
less
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lin
k
s
an
d
p
e
r
f
ec
t
h
ar
d
war
e.
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
all
th
ese
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
u
n
lik
ely
to
h
o
ld
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e
,
we
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
UC
-
C
F
s
y
s
tem
h
as
to
en
co
u
n
ter
in
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
an
d
th
en
r
ev
iew
ex
is
tin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
tack
le
t
h
e
m
.
T
h
e
i
n
ad
eq
u
ate
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
s
b
etwe
en
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
ts
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
its
is
th
e
m
ain
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
a
UC
-
CF
s
y
s
tem
[
2
9
]
.
W
h
en
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
ca
b
le
is
u
s
ed
as
a
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
lin
k
[
3
0
]
,
it
ca
u
s
es
h
u
g
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
(
e.
g
.
,
0
.
2
5
W
/Gb
p
s
)
,
an
d
s
in
ce
ea
ch
AP
h
o
s
ts
m
an
y
a
n
ten
n
as,
t
h
is
r
e
s
u
lts
in
a
h
i
g
h
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
s
ig
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
W
h
en
a
s
ig
n
al
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
,
a
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lin
k
’
s
ca
p
ac
ity
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
m
u
ltip
lied
to
m
atch
u
s
er
d
ata
r
ates,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
u
p
lin
k
,
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
s
ig
n
al
is
tr
an
s
m
it
ted
ac
cu
r
ately
.
R
ed
u
cin
g
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
s
ig
n
alin
g
r
em
ain
s
a
m
ajo
r
h
u
r
d
le
in
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
UC
-
C
F
m
MI
MO
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tr
ateg
ies ca
n
b
e
em
p
l
o
y
ed
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
p
o
s
ed
b
y
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
f
r
o
n
t
h
a
u
l c
ap
ac
ity
.
3
.
1
.
So
f
t
wa
re
def
ined net
wo
rk
s
I
n
th
is
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
t
o
allev
iate
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
l
o
ad
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
s
o
f
t
war
e
d
ef
in
ed
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
SDN
)
[
2
5
]
ca
n
also
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
C
Us.
T
y
p
ically
,
SDN
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
in
clu
d
es
3
-
lay
er
s
:
ap
p
licatio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
(
o
r
d
ata)
.
I
t is su
ited
f
o
r
h
an
d
lin
g
co
m
p
lex
n
etwo
r
k
s
c
en
ar
io
s
.
On
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
Op
en
Flo
w
[
3
2
]
,
wh
ich
f
ac
ilit
ates
r
em
o
te
co
n
tr
o
l,
is
o
n
e
o
f
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
e
s
et
p
r
o
to
co
ls
th
at
it
u
s
es
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
its
r
o
le.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
s
o
u
th
b
o
u
n
d
in
te
r
f
ac
e
co
n
n
e
cts
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
la
y
er
s
f
o
r
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
n
o
r
th
b
o
u
n
d
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
o
f
f
er
s
API
s
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
-
lev
el
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
SDN
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
also
is
s
u
e
d
ir
ec
ti
v
es
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
elem
en
ts
th
ey
m
an
ag
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
30
2
-
31
2
306
I
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
SDN,
we
ca
n
av
o
id
p
o
te
n
tial
s
in
g
le
-
p
o
in
t
f
ailu
r
es
b
y
lo
g
ically
ce
n
tr
a
lizin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
p
h
y
s
ically
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
I
f
a
co
n
t
r
o
ller
b
ec
o
m
es
n
o
n
-
o
p
er
atio
n
al
,
o
t
h
er
s
ca
n
s
ea
m
less
ly
ass
u
m
e
its
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
Dep
lo
y
in
g
SDN
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
—
s
u
ch
as
th
e
Flo
o
d
lig
h
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
33]
—
at
th
e
C
Us,
SDN
ca
n
in
teg
r
ate
in
to
th
e
U
C
-
C
F
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
.
As
in
d
icate
d
ea
r
lier
,
it
will
e
n
ab
le
APs
to
o
p
er
ate
th
e
SDN
s
o
u
th
b
o
u
n
d
in
ter
f
ac
e.
SDN
will e
n
ab
le
d
y
n
am
ic
ass
ig
n
m
en
t o
f
C
Us an
d
APs
in
a
U
C
-
C
F
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
will
r
esu
lt
in
au
to
m
atic
m
ig
r
at
io
n
o
f
AP
f
r
o
m
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
ed
C
Us
to
u
n
d
er
lo
ad
e
d
o
n
es.
T
h
is
au
to
m
atic
m
ig
r
atio
n
will
h
an
d
le
C
U
f
ailu
r
e
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
ig
n
al
in
g
o
n
s
o
m
e
o
v
er
lo
ad
e
d
f
r
o
n
th
au
ls
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
SDN
is
g
en
er
ally
u
s
ed
in
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
n
etwo
r
k
b
u
t c
an
also
b
e
a
p
p
lied
to
UC
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
3
-
lay
er
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
SDN
[
2
5
]
3
.
2
.
Q
ua
ntiz
ing
Min
im
izin
g
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
s
ig
n
al
in
g
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
u
r
ce
c
o
d
in
g
an
d
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
d
at
a
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
c
o
m
p
r
ess
io
n
is
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
q
u
an
tizin
g
th
e
d
ata
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lo
a
d
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
o
f
c
en
tr
alize
d
C
Us
is
also
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
q
u
a
n
t
izatio
n
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
s
e,
q
u
an
tized
C
SI
an
d
d
ata
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
f
o
r
war
d
ed
,
w
h
ile
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
,
o
n
ly
th
e
q
u
an
tized
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
weig
h
ted
s
ig
n
als ar
e
f
o
r
wa
r
d
ed
.
B
ash
ar
et
a
l.
[
3
5
]
co
m
p
a
r
es th
ese
s
ch
em
es u
s
in
g
th
e
“
u
s
e
-
an
d
-
t
h
en
-
f
o
r
g
et
(
UatF)
b
o
u
n
d
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
”
,
wh
ich
co
n
cl
u
d
in
g
th
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ch
em
e
y
ield
s
s
lig
h
tly
b
etter
u
p
lin
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
T
h
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
u
s
er
co
u
n
t
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
a
n
ten
n
as
p
er
AP,
b
u
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
g
ap
n
ar
r
o
ws
as
an
ten
n
a
co
u
n
t
g
r
o
ws.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
in
d
icate
th
at
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ec
o
m
e
s
clo
s
e
to
p
er
f
ec
t
if
q
u
an
tizatio
n
b
its
ex
ce
ed
s
ev
en
.
Ma
r
y
o
p
i
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
,
B
ash
ar
et
a
l.
[
3
7
]
s
tu
d
y
B
u
s
s
g
an
g
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
t
o
m
o
d
el
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
q
u
an
tizati
o
n
wh
er
e
m
id
-
r
is
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
q
u
an
tizer
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
u
s
ed
a
n
d
B
ash
ar
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
u
p
lin
k
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
o
f
c
h
an
n
el
es
tim
atio
n
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
en
t
b
ac
k
to
C
U
with
o
p
tim
al
u
n
if
o
r
m
q
u
an
tizatio
n
.
Als
o
,
co
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
o
p
tim
u
m
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
q
u
an
tizatio
n
[
3
9
]
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
m
MI
MO
n
e
two
r
k
.
T
h
e
l
o
w
-
r
es
o
l
u
ti
o
n
A
DC
s
[
4
0
]
c
a
n
b
e
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
at
APs
f
o
r
a
p
r
ac
tic
al
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
t
o
wa
r
d
s
m
i
n
im
izi
n
g
lo
a
d
,
an
d
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
l
o
ca
t
io
n
o
f
c
h
an
n
el
esti
m
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
C
Us
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
,
t
h
e
y
c
an
b
e
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
cl
ass
i
f
ie
d
as:
−
C
o
m
p
r
ess
-
f
o
r
war
d
-
esti
m
ate
(
C
FE)
[
7
]
:
i
n
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
,
ea
ch
AP
co
m
p
r
ess
es
b
o
th
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
ilo
t
an
d
d
ata
s
ig
n
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
q
u
an
tizin
g
an
d
th
en
f
o
r
war
d
s
it
to
C
U
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lin
k
.
T
h
e
C
Us
th
en
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
ch
an
n
el
esti
m
atio
n
,
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
m
b
in
in
g
weig
h
ts
,
an
d
d
ec
o
d
e
th
e
d
ata.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ce
n
tr
alize
d
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
ev
en
with
lim
ited
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
ca
p
ac
ity
l
in
k
,
b
y
s
h
if
tin
g
th
e
q
u
an
tizatio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
to
th
e
APs
.
−
E
s
tim
ate
-
co
m
p
r
ess
-
f
o
r
war
d
(
E
C
F)
[
7
]
:
i
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
,
b
e
g
in
s
with
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
esti
m
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
lo
ca
lly
at
ea
ch
APs
,
af
ter
wh
ich
ea
ch
AP
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
q
u
an
tized
esti
m
ated
ch
an
n
els
an
d
d
ata
s
ig
n
als
a
n
d
s
en
t
th
is
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
d
ata
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
U.
T
h
e
C
U
r
ec
o
v
e
r
s
th
e
C
SI
af
te
r
r
ec
eiv
in
g
it
a
n
d
u
s
es
ce
n
tr
alize
d
co
m
b
in
in
g
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
d
ata
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
s
ig
n
alin
g
in
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
m
an
n
er
b
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
q
u
an
tizatio
n
at
th
e
APs
.
−
E
s
tim
ate
-
m
u
ltip
ly
-
co
m
p
r
ess
-
f
o
r
war
d
(
E
MCF
)
[
4
1
]
:
i
n
th
i
s
s
ch
em
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
c)
,
th
e
AP
in
itially
esti
m
ate
s
th
e
ch
an
n
els,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
m
u
ltip
ly
in
g
th
e
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
with
th
e
lo
ca
l
v
ec
to
r
co
m
p
u
te
d
f
r
o
m
l
o
ca
l
ch
an
n
el
esti
m
atio
n
at
ea
ch
AP.
Af
ter
m
u
ltip
ly
,
d
ata
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
q
u
a
n
ti
zin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
th
em
to
C
U,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
d
ata
d
etec
tio
n
at
C
U.
I
n
th
is
s
ch
em
e,
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
v
ec
t
o
r
s
is
d
esig
n
,
as we
ll a
s
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
APs
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
s
u
r
ve
y
o
n
fr
o
n
th
a
u
l sig
n
a
lin
g
o
f u
s
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
ce
ll
-
fr
ee
ma
s
s
ive
MIMO
n
etw
o
r
ks
(
S
ye
d
Ta
r
iq
A
li
)
307
−
E
s
tim
ate
–
m
u
ltip
ly
-
co
m
p
r
ess
-
f
o
r
war
d
-
weig
h
t
(
E
MCF
W
)
[
4
1
]
:
t
h
is
s
ch
em
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5(
d
)
,
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
en
tio
n
e
d
E
MCF
s
ch
em
e
ex
ce
p
t
a
f
ilt
er
is
u
s
ed
at
C
U
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
etec
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
is
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
r
ec
eiv
er
f
ilter
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
at
th
e
C
U,
an
d
all
o
th
er
s
tep
s
s
im
ila
r
to
E
MCF
,
s
u
ch
as c
o
m
b
in
in
g
v
ec
to
r
an
d
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
,
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
at
APs
in
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
ed
m
an
n
e
r
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sig
n
al
c
o
m
p
r
ess
io
n
o
n
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
q
u
a
n
tizin
g
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
u
p
lin
k
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
:
(
a)
C
FE
, (
b
)
E
C
F
, (
c)
E
MCF
,
an
d
(
d
)
E
MCF
W
I
n
d
o
w
n
l
in
k
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
two
-
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es a
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
:
−
C
o
m
p
r
ess
-
af
ter
-
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
(
C
AP)
[
4
2
]
:
t
h
is
s
ch
em
e
is
e
s
p
ec
ially
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
d
o
wn
lin
k
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
d
ata
in
ce
n
tr
alize
d
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
.
I
n
th
is
s
ch
em
e,
th
e
C
U
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
lies
th
e
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
ata
s
ig
n
al
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
co
m
p
r
ess
es it b
ef
o
r
e
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
al
t
o
t
h
e
APs
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
−
Pre
co
d
in
g
-
a
f
ter
-
co
m
p
r
ess
(
PAC
)
[
4
3
]
:
u
n
lik
e
th
e
C
AP
th
is
s
ch
em
e
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
q
u
an
tizes
th
e
s
ig
n
al
at
th
e
C
U
le
v
el
f
o
r
ea
c
h
UE
in
d
i
v
id
u
ally
to
co
m
p
r
ess
it.
Af
ter
th
at,
ea
ch
APs
th
en
r
ec
eiv
es
th
ese
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
s
y
m
b
o
ls
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
g
en
er
ate
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
v
ec
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
ea
c
h
u
s
er
o
n
th
eir
o
wn
.
As
it
i
s
clea
r
,
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
q
u
an
tizatio
n
is
a
d
ir
e
ct
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
m
eth
o
d
to
m
i
n
im
ize
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
lo
ad
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
q
u
an
tizatio
n
(
esp
ec
ially
u
n
if
o
r
m
)
ca
u
s
es
th
e
q
u
an
tizatio
n
er
r
o
r
to
b
e
im
m
u
n
ized
a
n
d
ca
u
s
es
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
lo
s
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
ch
em
es
h
av
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
r
ate
allo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
t
h
ese
s
ix
u
p
lin
k
a
n
d
d
o
wn
lin
k
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
ch
em
es
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
at
AP a
n
d
C
U,
s
ee
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
q
u
an
tiz
atio
n
s
ch
em
es
S
c
h
e
me
P
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
a
t
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
A
P
s
CU
C
F
E
B
o
t
h
C
S
I
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
q
u
a
n
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
e
st
i
ma
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
si
g
n
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
-
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
EC
F
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
e
st
i
ma
t
i
o
n
,
b
o
t
h
C
S
I
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
q
u
a
n
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
D
e
si
g
n
c
o
mb
i
n
i
n
g
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
-
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
EM
C
F
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
e
st
i
ma
t
i
o
n
,
d
e
s
i
g
n
c
o
mb
i
n
i
n
g
-
D
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
-
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
EM
-
C
F
W
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
e
st
i
ma
t
i
o
n
,
d
e
s
i
g
n
c
o
mb
i
n
i
n
g
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
f
i
l
t
e
r
d
e
s
i
g
n
D
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
-
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
C
A
P
Pre
-
c
o
d
i
n
g
d
e
si
g
n
q
u
a
n
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
-
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
-
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
P
A
C
Q
u
a
n
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Pre
-
c
o
d
i
n
g
d
e
si
g
n
D
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
-
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
3
.
3
.
Co
m
pu
t
e
a
nd
f
o
rwa
rd
An
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
b
u
r
d
en
is
th
e
co
m
p
u
te
-
an
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
(
C
&
F)
s
ch
em
e
[
4
4
]
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
ca
r
d
in
ality
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
y
m
b
o
l
is
r
ed
u
c
ed
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
UE
s
with
th
e
s
am
e
ca
r
d
in
ality
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
in
teg
e
r
th
at
is
f
o
r
war
d
ed
b
y
ea
c
h
AP.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
u
tati
o
n
r
ate
d
eter
m
in
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
30
2
-
31
2
308
h
o
w
q
u
ick
ly
UE
s
ca
n
b
e
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
v
ec
to
r
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
th
is
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
u
l
f
ils
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t
f
o
r
a
C
F
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
l
o
s
s
les
s
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
h
o
wev
er
it
is
o
n
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wh
en
th
e
UE
s
tr
a
n
s
m
it
with
id
en
tical
p
o
wer
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
s
c
en
ar
io
s
,
ea
ch
UE
tr
an
s
m
its
v
a
r
y
in
g
p
o
wer
le
v
els
to
co
u
n
ter
a
ct
p
ath
lo
s
s
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
th
e
ex
p
an
d
ed
co
m
p
u
te
-
a
n
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
(
E
-
C
&
F)
s
ch
em
e
[
4
5
]
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
I
t
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
u
n
eq
u
al
p
o
we
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
UE
s
an
d
also
to
ler
ates
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
n
o
is
e
at
th
e
AP
to
en
s
u
r
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
l
o
s
s
in
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
,
u
ltima
tely
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
g
ain
o
v
er
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
C
&
F sch
em
e.
3
.
4
.
B
ea
m
f
o
r
m
ing
T
h
e
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
ca
n
also
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
in
im
i
z
e
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
lo
ad
,
esp
ec
ially
u
n
d
er
th
e
p
r
eset
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
ca
p
ac
ity
[
4
6
]
co
n
d
it
io
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
ch
em
e,
t
h
e
to
tal
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
AP
s
is
m
in
im
ized
—
o
f
ten
v
ia
o
p
tical
f
i
b
er
lin
k
s
—
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
q
u
ality
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
(
Qo
S)
an
d
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Similar
ly
,
f
o
r
C
F
-
m
MI
MO
n
etwo
r
k
s
wi
th
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
with
g
r
o
u
p
s
p
ar
s
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
’
s
s
p
ar
s
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
ze
r
o
-
f
o
r
ci
n
g
(
Z
F)
p
r
ec
o
d
i
n
g
s
ch
em
es
wh
ich
is
s
o
m
e
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
its
elf
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
o
r
s
tatis
tical
C
SI
in
s
tead
o
f
s
h
ar
in
g
ac
tu
al
C
SI
b
etwe
en
APs
an
d
C
Us
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
tr
a
f
f
ic
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
.
I
n
ter
d
o
n
ato
et
a
l.
[
4
7
]
,
two
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
at
av
o
id
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
C
SI
ex
c
h
an
g
e,
wh
ile
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
r
e
m
ain
s
ce
n
tr
alize
d
a
n
d
is
o
p
tim
ized
b
ased
o
n
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ch
an
n
el
s
tatis
tics
.
3
.
5
.
L
ev
el
o
f
co
o
pera
t
io
n o
r
co
o
rdina
t
io
n
T
h
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
APs
an
d
th
eir
r
esp
e
ctiv
e
C
Us
also
d
ef
in
ed
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lo
a
d
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
le
v
els
o
f
co
o
p
er
atio
n
in
a
C
F
m
MI
M
O
n
etwo
r
k
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
]
.
W
e
will
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
is
f
r
o
m
th
e
UC
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
I
t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
as
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
o
p
er
ati
o
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
an
d
it
lead
to
lo
wer
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
s
ig
n
alin
g
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
APs
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
in
clu
d
e
as m
an
y
b
aseb
a
n
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as p
o
s
s
ib
le,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
less
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
y
s
tem
.
B
jo
r
n
s
o
n
a
n
d
San
g
u
in
etti
[1
]
,
B
u
zz
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
]
ca
teg
o
r
ize
th
ese
co
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
to
f
o
u
r
d
is
tin
ct
l
ev
els,
ass
u
m
in
g
o
n
e
C
U
p
er
n
etwo
r
k
:
i
)
f
u
lly
ce
n
tr
alize
d
—
all
est
im
atio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
C
U.
ii
)
T
wo
-
s
tag
e,
p
ar
tially
ce
n
tr
alize
d
,
with
C
SI
esti
m
ated
lo
ca
lly
at
ea
ch
A
P.
iii
)
T
h
e
s
am
e
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
,
ex
ce
p
t
th
at
C
U
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
d
etec
tio
n
.
iv
)
A
f
u
ll
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
m
all
ce
ll
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
ese
s
ch
em
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
to
lo
west
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
u
s
ag
e,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ty
p
ically
ac
h
i
ev
ed
u
n
d
er
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
o
p
er
ati
o
n
lev
el,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
west
is
s
ee
n
in
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ex
ce
p
tio
n
s
ex
is
t;
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
AP
d
en
s
ity
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
s
c
h
em
e
m
ay
s
u
r
p
ass
th
e
th
ir
d
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
3
.
6
.
Usi
ng
deep
co
nv
o
lutio
n
neura
l net
w
o
rk
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
wh
ich
a
d
ee
p
co
n
v
o
l
u
tio
n
al
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
DC
NN)
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
[
4
8
]
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
Usi
n
g
DC
NN,
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
f
ad
in
g
(
L
SF
)
is
m
ap
p
ed
t
o
th
e
ass
ig
n
ed
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
At
APs
,
th
e
co
m
b
in
e
-
q
u
a
n
tize
-
an
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
eliv
e
r
q
u
an
tized
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
s
ig
n
al
d
ata
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
th
e
ch
an
n
el
co
n
ju
g
a
te
to
th
e
C
U.
I
n
o
th
er
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
c
h
q
u
an
t
ize
-
an
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
,
APs
ca
n
s
en
d
q
u
a
n
tized
d
ata
to
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
u
n
it,
wh
ich
will
th
en
esti
m
ate
r
ec
eiv
e
d
ata
a
n
d
a
ch
an
n
el
Similar
ly
,
ZF
d
etec
tio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
th
e
C
PU,
an
d
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
a
h
eu
r
is
tic
s
u
b
-
o
p
tim
al
m
eth
o
d
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
lev
er
ag
es
DC
NN
to
co
n
v
er
t
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
in
to
a
g
eo
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l lo
a
d
wh
ile
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
ity
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
DL
-
b
ased
p
o
we
r
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
CF
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
t
em
u
s
in
g
DC
NN
[
4
8
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
s
u
r
ve
y
o
n
fr
o
n
th
a
u
l sig
n
a
lin
g
o
f u
s
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
ce
ll
-
fr
ee
ma
s
s
ive
MIMO
n
etw
o
r
ks
(
S
ye
d
Ta
r
iq
A
li
)
309
3
.
7
.
Wired
a
nd
wire
less
f
ro
ntha
ul
On
e
m
o
r
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
allev
i
ate
th
e
lo
a
d
o
n
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
is
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
s
er
ial
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
APs
ar
e
al
lo
wed
to
r
elay
d
ata
b
etwe
en
o
th
er
APs
,
esp
ec
ia
lly
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
wh
er
e
s
o
m
e
APs
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
p
r
o
x
y
f
o
r
a
C
Us.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
u
n
til
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
wir
ed
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
th
is
is
n
o
t
a
s
ca
lab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
ac
tu
al
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
wir
ed
b
u
s
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
APs
ar
e
s
u
ch
th
at
AP
s
d
o
n
o
t
in
ter
v
en
e
in
r
elay
i
n
g
s
ig
n
als
to
o
th
er
APs
.
T
h
e
r
ad
io
-
s
tr
ip
e
s
y
s
tem
[
2
4
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
ac
tu
ally
f
u
lf
il
all
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
y
s
tem
,
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
elem
e
n
ts
ar
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
alo
n
g
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
e
d
iu
m
,
wh
ile
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
task
s
ar
e
ex
ec
u
ted
d
ir
ec
tly
with
in
th
e
c
ab
le
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
th
is
is
th
at
it
ca
n
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
ea
s
ily
with
n
o
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
o
r
an
e
x
is
tin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
wir
eles
s
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
d
e
p
lo
y
in
g
t
h
e
APs
;
its
lo
ca
tio
n
also
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
in
m
ax
im
izin
g
t
h
e
d
ata
r
ate
[
2
7
]
.
On
e
m
o
r
e
m
eth
o
d
e
x
is
ts
f
o
r
wir
eless
b
ac
k
h
a
u
l:
“i
n
teg
r
ated
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
b
ac
k
h
au
l
(
I
AB
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
”.
I
t a
llo
ws u
s
in
g
wir
eless
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
f
o
r
b
ac
k
h
au
l o
r
f
r
o
n
th
au
l.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
u
p
lin
k
f
o
r
C
F
-
m
MI
MO
as
well
as
C
F
m
MI
MO
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
[
5
0
]
,
wh
er
e
a
two
-
le
v
el
d
esig
n
f
o
r
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
is
u
s
ed
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Du
e
to
lo
w
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
UC
m
eth
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
b
etter
th
an
t
h
e
CF
s
c
h
em
e,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
u
m
SE.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
Ou
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
r
ev
ea
led
th
a
t
v
ar
io
u
s
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
SDN
-
b
ased
d
y
n
am
ic
C
U
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
an
d
q
u
a
n
tizatio
n
-
b
ased
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lo
ad
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
o
f
f
er
v
ia
b
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
m
itig
ate
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
lim
itatio
n
s
in
UC
-
C
F
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
y
d
y
n
am
ically
ass
ig
n
in
g
C
Us
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
AP
-
C
U
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
SDN
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
en
h
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
to
f
ailu
r
es
[
2
5
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
Qu
an
tizatio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
C
FE
an
d
E
MCF
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lo
a
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
alb
eit
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
s
[
3
5
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
C
&
F
s
ch
em
es
a
n
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
ef
f
icien
t
m
ea
n
s
to
m
in
im
ize
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lo
ad
wh
i
le
p
r
eser
v
in
g
Qo
S
f
ac
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
L
ev
er
a
g
in
g
DC
NN
s
f
o
r
p
o
wer
co
n
t
r
o
l
en
ab
les
s
o
p
h
is
ticat
ed
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
en
h
an
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
co
m
p
lex
ity
[
4
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
b
o
th
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n
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l
s
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lu
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s
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u
ch
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f
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th
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l
n
etwo
r
k
s
lik
e
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ad
i
o
s
tr
ip
es
an
d
I
AB
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies,
p
r
esen
ts
s
ca
lab
le
alter
n
ativ
es
f
o
r
m
itig
atin
g
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
co
n
g
esti
o
n
[
2
4
]
.
T
ab
le
2
lis
t
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t
ad
v
an
tag
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d
d
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k
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l lo
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me
A
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a
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DN
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h
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p
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&F
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e
d
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c
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e
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mf
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m
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f
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c
y
.
−
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n
c
r
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a
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d
s
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st
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m c
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p
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mes
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W
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−
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c
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−
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h
a
n
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e
d
sy
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t
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m
r
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l
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n
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e
.
−
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l
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x
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p
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me
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.
−
Li
mi
t
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c
a
l
a
b
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l
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t
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
30
2
-
31
2
310
E
ac
h
o
f
a
b
o
v
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
u
n
iq
u
e
a
d
v
an
tag
es
a
n
d
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
r
e
d
u
cin
g
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
lo
ad
i
n
UC
-
CF
-
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
co
s
t
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
e
f
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
n
ee
d
e
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
ese
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Ov
er
all,
o
u
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
th
e
c
r
itical
r
o
le
o
f
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
o
p
tim
izatio
n
in
r
ea
liz
in
g
th
e
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
UC
-
CF
-
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
s
tr
ateg
ies an
d
ad
d
r
ess
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
ch
allen
g
es.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
AND
F
U
T
U
RE
SCO
P
E
I
n
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
,
o
u
r
s
u
r
v
e
y
elu
cid
ate
s
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
l
im
itatio
n
s
in
UC
-
CF
-
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
r
esen
ts
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
to
m
itig
ate
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
C
U
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
q
u
an
tizatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
co
m
p
u
te
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
s
ch
em
es,
a
d
v
an
ce
d
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
a
n
d
DC
NN
s
,
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
co
n
g
esti
o
n
ca
n
b
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
allev
iate
d
wh
ile
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
w
ir
ed
an
d
wir
eless
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
f
er
s
s
ca
lab
le
alter
n
ativ
es
f
o
r
m
itig
atin
g
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lim
it
atio
n
s
an
d
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
s
y
s
tem
r
es
ilien
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
ese
ar
ch
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ad
d
r
ess
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
p
r
ac
tical
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
UC
-
CF
-
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
o
u
r
s
u
r
v
ey
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
o
p
tim
izatio
n
i
n
r
ea
lizin
g
th
e
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial o
f
UC
-
C
F m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
r
esear
c
h
er
s
an
d
p
r
ac
ti
tio
n
er
s
in
th
e
f
ield
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
is
,
we
o
u
tlin
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
is
s
u
es a
n
d
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
eso
lv
e
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ity
is
s
u
e
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
ca
n
lo
o
k
in
t
o
h
o
w
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
q
u
a
n
tizer
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
lim
ited
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
p
r
o
b
lem
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
UC
-
CF
-
m
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
f
o
r
m
u
l
ate
is
s
u
e
s
tatem
en
ts
f
o
r
lim
ited
ca
p
ac
ity
f
r
o
n
th
au
l,
an
d
m
illi
m
eter
w
av
e
is
s
t
ill
an
u
n
ch
ar
ted
ter
r
ito
r
y
th
at
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
in
v
esti
g
ate
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Fin
al
ly
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
is
m
u
ltip
le
-
C
U
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
f
o
r
UC
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
n
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
is
cr
u
cial;
h
en
ce
,
m
o
r
e
r
esear
ch
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
i
ng
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
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th
e
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o
n
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r
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to
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