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astewa
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C
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r
:
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s
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m
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s
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
e
as
e
d
m
as
s
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
a
r
e
a
,
l
o
n
g
e
r
r
es
i
d
e
n
c
e
t
i
m
e
,
a
n
d
l
o
w
e
r
c
o
a
l
es
c
e
n
ce
p
o
t
en
t
i
a
l
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
es
f
a
ci
l
it
a
t
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
ac
t
b
e
tw
e
e
n
p
a
r
ti
cl
e
s
a
n
d
m
i
c
r
o
b
u
b
b
l
e
s
i
n
f
l
o
ta
t
i
o
n
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
,
m
a
c
r
o
-
b
u
b
b
l
e
s
t
e
n
d
to
f
l
o
a
t
r
a
p
i
d
l
y
,
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
g
i
n
l
o
w
r
e
m
o
v
a
l
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
t
i
c
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
o
f
m
ic
r
o
b
u
b
b
l
e
s
i
n
DA
F
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
r
e
d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
a
n
d
r
is
e
v
el
o
c
i
t
y
,
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
r
e
m
o
v
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
es
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
c
r
e
as
e
i
n
b
u
b
b
l
e
s
i
z
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
es
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
a
n
g
l
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
d
h
e
s
i
o
n
f
o
r
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
[
1
9
]
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
i
t
a
l
l
o
ws
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
c
o
l
l
is
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
s
u
s
p
e
n
d
e
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
a
n
d
b
e
t
t
e
r
c
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
,
t
h
u
s
i
n
c
r
e
as
in
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
i
n
w
a
s
te
w
a
te
r
t
r
e
at
m
e
n
t
,
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
f
f
e
ct
t
h
e
MB
s
i
z
e
a
n
d
r
i
s
e
v
e
l
o
c
i
ti
es
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
u
r
f
a
c
ta
n
t
s
,
c
o
a
g
u
l
a
n
t
s
,
o
r
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
a
d
d
i
ti
v
e
s
t
h
a
t
f
a
ci
l
it
at
e
t
h
e
r
e
m
o
v
a
l
o
f
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
n
t
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
b
u
b
b
l
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
at
i
o
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
cl
e
a
n
i
n
g
i
n
w
as
t
ew
a
t
er
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
v
a
r
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
MB,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
in
tr
u
s
iv
e
t
o
n
o
n
-
in
tr
u
s
iv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wit
h
d
ig
ital
i
m
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
D
I
P)
b
ein
g
a
n
o
tab
le
ex
am
p
le
am
o
n
g
th
e
latter
[
2
7
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
etec
tin
g
MB
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
r
em
ai
n
s
a
ch
allen
g
e
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
lex
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
h
ap
e,
s
ize,
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
,
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
f
o
r
ce
s
,
th
e
p
h
y
s
ico
ch
em
ical
m
e
d
iu
m
in
wh
ich
th
ey
ar
e
co
n
tain
e
d
,
o
v
er
lap
,
an
d
MB
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
[
1
3
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
in
ce
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
les
ar
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
o
b
jects
an
d
lig
h
tin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
with
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
m
ac
h
in
es
ar
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
,
t
h
eir
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
m
ay
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
wh
ich
wo
u
l
d
p
o
s
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
b
lem
.
I
n
attem
p
tin
g
to
s
o
lv
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
,
s
u
ch
as
co
n
v
o
l
u
tio
n
al
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
C
NN)
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
ich
o
f
f
er
g
r
ea
ter
o
b
ject
d
etec
tio
n
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
[
2
8
]
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
[
2
9
]
,
b
u
b
b
les
w
er
e
d
etec
ted
as
ci
r
cu
lar
o
b
je
cts
u
s
in
g
C
NN,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
s
in
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
an
ac
cu
r
ate
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
s
lo
w,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
u
s
e.
Gu
ld
en
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
o
n
li
n
e
b
u
b
b
le
s
ize
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
ased
o
n
DI
P
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
DAF
d
ev
ic
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
u
n
d
er
i
d
ea
l
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
at
a
s
atu
r
atio
n
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
5
8
p
s
i
an
d
a
r
e
cir
cu
latio
n
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
1
0
0
L
/h
.
I
m
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
r
eli
es
o
n
b
in
ar
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
ed
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
Ho
u
g
h
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
i
s
wo
r
k
en
ab
led
t
h
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
o
v
er
la
p
p
in
g
b
u
b
b
les
b
u
t
h
a
d
lim
itatio
n
s
in
id
en
tify
in
g
s
m
all
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
b
u
b
b
les.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
co
m
p
lem
en
ted
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
with
ad
d
itio
n
al
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
.
I
n
th
is
r
e
g
ar
d
,
b
u
b
b
le
o
v
e
r
lap
p
in
g
b
ec
o
m
es
an
o
th
e
r
c
o
m
p
lex
is
s
u
e
to
ad
d
r
ess
wh
en
th
e
MB
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
h
ig
h
.
Fo
r
th
is
,
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
Ho
u
g
h
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
W
ater
s
h
ed
,
a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
s
eg
m
en
t o
v
er
lap
p
i
n
g
b
u
b
b
les
an
d
atte
m
p
t
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
eir
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
1
7
]
,
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
3
]
.
Stu
d
y
[
3
4
]
a
d
d
r
ess
es
th
e
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
b
u
b
b
les,
s
h
o
win
g
u
p
to
9
5
%
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
wh
en
o
v
er
lap
p
i
n
g
b
u
b
b
les
d
o
n
o
t
e
x
ce
ed
5
0
%
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
in
ea
ch
an
aly
ze
d
im
ag
e.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
th
e
b
u
b
b
le
id
en
tific
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
r
eq
u
i
r
es
tr
ac
k
in
g
b
u
b
b
les
f
r
am
e
b
y
f
r
am
e
in
a
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
,
allo
win
g
th
e
p
ath
o
f
ea
ch
b
u
b
b
le
to
b
e
tr
ac
ed
an
d
co
u
n
te
d
if
th
ey
ar
e
o
b
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
o
v
e
r
lap
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
d
icate
s
th
at
ea
ch
b
u
b
b
le
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
is
o
lated
at
least
o
n
ce
in
a
p
h
o
to
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
t
h
er
e
is
als
o
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
ialized
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
t
h
at
ass
is
ts
in
MB
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
,
r
an
g
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
a
wid
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
e
q
u
ip
m
en
t,
f
r
o
m
o
p
tical
m
icr
o
s
co
p
es
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
5
]
an
d
ele
ctr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
es
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
t
o
laser
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
d
ev
ices
lik
e
th
e
Sp
r
ay
tec
[
1
5
]
,
th
e
Mc
Gill
b
u
b
b
le
s
ize
an
aly
ze
r
(
MBS
A)
[
1
9
]
,
[
3
8
]
,
o
r
u
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
m
o
n
o
f
ib
e
r
o
p
tical
p
r
o
b
e
[
3
9
]
,
an
d
elec
tr
i
ca
l
r
esis
tan
ce
to
m
o
g
r
ap
h
y
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
,
ato
m
ic
f
o
r
ce
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
[
4
2
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
is
ex
p
en
s
i
v
e
an
d
lim
ited
t
o
s
p
ec
ialized
l
ab
o
r
ato
r
ies.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
v
alid
ate
a
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
p
u
ter
v
is
io
n
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ac
c
u
r
ately
c
h
ar
ac
te
r
izin
g
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
les
in
th
e
h
ig
h
ly
tu
r
b
u
len
t,
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
-
tan
k
DAF
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
o
th
at
e
n
d
,
a
lo
w
-
co
s
t
im
ag
i
n
g
p
ip
elin
e
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
a
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ca
m
er
a
ca
lib
r
ated
with
a
ch
ess
b
o
ar
d
tar
g
et
an
d
a
Ve
n
tu
r
i
-
b
ased
MB
g
en
er
ato
r
d
r
iv
en
b
y
a
P
e
d
r
o
llo
C
P
6
6
0
p
u
m
p
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
i)
ex
tr
ac
ts
f
r
am
es
at
9
6
0
f
p
s
,
ii)
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
s
eq
u
en
tial
g
r
ay
s
ca
le
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
f
ilter
in
g
,
Ots
u
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
ical
clea
n
u
p
,
an
d
iii)
r
eso
lv
es
b
u
b
b
le
o
v
er
lap
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
E
u
clid
ea
n
-
d
is
tan
ce
tr
ac
k
in
g
r
o
u
tin
e
a
n
d
cir
cu
lar
Ho
u
g
h
d
etec
tio
n
.
W
ith
th
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
r
ec
ir
cu
latio
n
f
lo
w
(
9
0
0
L
/h
)
an
d
s
atu
r
atio
n
p
r
ess
u
r
e
(
3
4
–
3
6
p
s
i)
o
n
MB
d
iam
eter
an
d
r
is
e
v
elo
city
is
q
u
an
tifie
d
:
th
e
3
6
p
s
i
/
0
.
1
L
/
m
in
co
n
d
itio
n
y
ield
s
th
e
s
m
allest
m
ea
n
d
iam
eter
(
~
9
9
µm
)
a
n
d
th
e
l
o
west
m
ea
n
v
elo
city
(
~9
.
9
×
1
0
³
µm
/s
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lo
w
-
co
s
t
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
t
h
at
o
f
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
etu
p
s
wh
ile
d
ir
ec
tly
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
b
u
b
b
le
o
v
e
r
lap
—
a
lim
itatio
n
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
—
an
d
t
h
u
s
o
f
f
e
r
s
p
r
ac
tical
p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
DAF
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
1
7
4
-
186
176
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l set
up
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
p
r
im
a
r
ily
co
m
p
r
is
es
a
lab
o
r
at
o
r
y
-
s
c
ale
DAF
s
y
s
tem
,
an
im
ag
in
g
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
th
at
in
clu
d
es
a
ca
m
e
r
a
,
an
d
a
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
DAF
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
g
lass
tan
k
with
a
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
1
cm
,
wh
ich
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
in
ter
est
o
b
jects,
a
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
le
g
e
n
er
a
to
r
d
e
v
ice,
an
d
a
Ve
n
tu
r
i
tu
b
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
in
cip
l
e
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
,
d
esig
n
ed
as
s
p
ec
if
i
ed
in
[
4
3
]
.
A
m
ax
im
u
m
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
1
6
liter
s
p
er
m
in
u
te
cir
cu
lates
th
r
o
u
g
h
it,
o
p
er
atin
g
at
a
n
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
b
etwe
en
2
5
°C
an
d
2
7
°C
.
A
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
2
HP
wa
ter
p
u
m
p
(
Ped
r
o
llo
C
P6
6
0
)
en
ab
les wa
ter
cir
cu
lat
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
y
d
r
a
u
lic
cir
cu
it,
with
f
lo
w
r
ates r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
to
1
3
0
L
/m
in
.
T
h
e
tan
k
h
as
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
5
2
cm
in
h
eig
h
t,
2
5
cm
in
wid
t
h
,
an
d
7
5
cm
i
n
len
g
th
,
with
an
in
ter
n
al
p
ar
titi
o
n
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
MB
an
d
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ics
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
etu
p
in
clu
d
es
th
e
co
n
tact,
s
ep
ar
atio
n
,
s
lu
d
g
e
co
llectio
n
,
an
d
MB
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
zo
n
es.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tact
zo
n
e,
th
e
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
le
s
s
ep
ar
ate
th
e
co
n
tam
in
atin
g
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
,
wh
ich
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
f
lo
at
to
th
e
tan
k
'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
lay
e
r
o
f
f
o
am
o
r
s
lu
d
g
e
t
h
at
is
r
em
o
v
ed
b
y
o
v
e
r
f
lo
win
g
i
n
to
th
e
s
lu
d
g
e
co
llectio
n
zo
n
e.
I
n
th
is
ar
ea
,
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
les
ar
e
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
with
r
ec
ir
cu
latio
n
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
es
o
f
3
4
an
d
3
6
p
s
i,
an
d
ai
r
in
jectio
n
r
ates
o
f
0
.
1
an
d
0
.
5
L
/m
i
n
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
a
r
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
DAF
s
y
s
tem
.
A
b
af
f
le
with
an
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
h
eig
h
t
o
f
2
0
cm
a
n
d
an
an
g
le
o
f
5
3
°
d
iv
id
es
th
e
DAF
ta
n
k
in
to
a
s
ep
ar
atio
n
z
o
n
e,
wh
er
e
th
e
wate
r
th
at
h
as
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ia
th
e
MB
is
h
eld
.
A
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
th
is
wate
r
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
ec
ir
cu
latio
n
,
wh
ile
an
o
th
er
p
o
r
tio
n
ex
its
f
o
r
o
th
e
r
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
MB
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
z
o
n
e
i
s
lin
ed
with
b
lack
p
ap
er
o
n
th
e
tan
k
'
s
s
id
e
walls
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
th
e
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
les
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
r
ef
lectio
n
s
f
r
o
m
e
x
ter
n
al
o
b
jects.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
u
s
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
lete
b
en
ch
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
t
h
e
ex
ter
n
al
wate
r
r
eser
v
o
ir
,
t
h
e
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
DAF
u
n
it
(
co
n
tact
an
d
s
ep
ar
atio
n
zo
n
es)
an
d
t
h
e
ass
o
ciate
d
p
ip
in
g
,
p
u
m
p
a
n
d
in
jecto
r
;
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
d
e
p
icts
th
e
im
ag
e
-
a
cq
u
is
itio
n
s
etu
p
:
a
Hu
awe
i
P3
0
(
E
L
E
-
L
0
4
)
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
e
f
itted
with
a
1
5
×
ex
ter
n
al
m
ac
r
o
len
s
,
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
a
tr
ip
o
d
an
d
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
v
iewin
g
win
d
o
w
o
f
t
h
e
DAF
tan
k
.
A
7
W
wh
ite
b
ac
k
lig
h
t
p
lace
d
b
e
h
in
d
th
e
ta
n
k
en
h
an
ce
s
b
u
b
b
le
co
n
tr
ast
f
o
r
r
eliab
le
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
Vid
eo
s
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
7
2
0
×1
2
8
0
p
ix
els
an
d
9
6
0
f
r
am
es
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
; th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wo
r
k
i
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
len
s
s
y
s
tem
wa
s
~7
cm
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
DAF
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
an
d
im
ag
in
g
s
y
s
tem
(
a)
f
u
ll
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
b
e
n
ch
: e
x
ter
n
al
wate
r
tan
k
,
DAF
u
n
it,
an
d
p
ip
i
n
g
an
d
(
b
)
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
-
b
ased
im
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
with
m
ac
r
o
len
s
an
d
r
ea
r
illu
m
i
n
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Micr
o
b
u
b
b
le
s
iz
e
a
n
d
r
is
e
ve
lo
city
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t in
d
is
s
o
lved
…
(
Je
immy
A
d
r
ia
n
a
Mu
ñ
o
z
A
leg
r
ía
)
177
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
to
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
esti
m
ates
th
e
d
iam
eter
an
d
ascen
t
v
elo
city
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
les
was
b
ased
o
n
a
2
×
2
f
ac
t
o
r
ial
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
,
in
w
h
ich
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
r
ec
ir
c
u
latio
n
p
r
ess
u
r
e
wer
e
v
ar
ied
t
o
3
4
p
s
i
an
d
3
6
p
s
i,
an
d
air
i
n
jectio
n
was
s
et
at
Q1
=0
.
1
L
/m
in
an
d
Q2
=0
.
5
L
/m
in
.
T
en
v
id
e
o
s
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
f
o
r
ea
ch
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t,
ea
ch
last
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
1
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
with
a
2
0
-
s
ec
o
n
d
in
ter
v
al
b
etwe
en
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
p
er
v
i
d
eo
.
A
to
tal
o
f
4
0
v
id
eo
s
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
2
×
2
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
d
e
s
ig
n
f
o
r
m
ic
r
o
b
u
b
b
les g
en
e
r
atio
n
at
a
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
9
0
0
L
/h
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
A
i
r
i
n
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
s [L
/
mi
n
]
S
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
e
s
su
r
e
[
p
s
i
]
A
0
.
1
34
B
0
.
5
34
C
0
.
1
36
D
0
.
5
36
2
.
2
.
Ca
m
er
a
ca
lib
ra
t
io
n
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ca
lib
r
atio
n
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ac
c
u
r
ate
im
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
in
v
is
io
n
-
b
ased
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
C
am
er
a
ca
lib
r
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
(
3
D
)
,
two
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
(
2
D)
,
a
n
d
o
n
e
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
ea
ch
d
if
f
e
r
in
g
in
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
s
ce
n
e
g
e
o
m
etr
y
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
ac
h
iev
ab
le
[
4
4
]
.
Fo
r
im
ag
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
in
tr
in
s
ic
an
d
e
x
tr
in
s
ic
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
,
as
well
as
len
s
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
g
eo
m
etr
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
d
eg
r
a
d
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
if
u
n
co
r
r
ec
ted
[
4
5
]
.
E
s
tim
atin
g
in
tr
in
s
ic
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
f
r
o
m
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
wo
r
l
d
p
o
in
ts
an
d
two
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
im
ag
e
p
o
in
ts
e
n
h
an
ce
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
f
id
elity
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
u
ltima
te
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
a
ca
lib
r
atio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
o
n
th
e
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
f
ea
tu
r
e
d
etec
tio
n
in
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
tar
g
et
[
4
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
ca
m
e
r
a
ca
lib
r
a
tio
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
MA
T
L
AB
u
s
in
g
th
e
“
C
am
er
a
C
alib
r
atio
n
”
ap
p
licatio
n
with
a
3
1
0
-
s
q
u
ar
e
ch
ess
b
o
ar
d
ta
r
g
et
(
5
×
5
m
m
s
q
u
ar
es).
A
to
tal
o
f
4
0
ca
lib
r
atio
n
im
ag
es
wer
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
in
s
id
e
th
e
DAF
tan
k
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
o
p
tical
p
ath
d
u
r
in
g
ca
lib
r
atio
n
m
atch
e
d
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
im
ag
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
;
th
e
ap
p
l
icatio
n
au
to
m
atica
lly
e
x
clu
d
ed
d
ef
ec
tiv
e
im
ag
es.
I
m
ag
es
wer
e
ca
p
tu
r
ed
a
t
m
u
ltip
le
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
(
tilt
an
g
l
es
<
4
5
°
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
ca
m
e
r
a
p
lan
e,
p
e
r
ap
p
licatio
n
g
u
id
a
n
ce
)
with
au
to
f
o
cu
s
d
is
ab
led
an
d
z
o
o
m
f
ix
ed
at
3
×
to
m
ain
tain
g
eo
m
etr
ic
co
n
s
is
t
en
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
v
iews.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
esti
m
ated
th
e
ca
m
er
a'
s
in
tr
in
s
ic
an
d
e
x
tr
in
s
ic
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
I
t
g
en
er
ated
a
p
ar
am
eter
f
ile,
wh
ich
we
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
t
o
o
u
r
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
ip
elin
e
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
's
'
u
n
d
is
to
r
tI
ma
g
e
'
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
r
em
o
v
e
len
s
d
is
to
r
tio
n
f
r
o
m
all
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
f
r
am
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
ca
lib
r
atio
n
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
n
o
v
er
all
m
ea
n
r
ep
r
o
jectio
n
e
r
r
o
r
o
f
1
.
8
3
p
ix
els
in
th
e
wate
r
-
f
illed
tan
k
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
wh
ich
we
d
ee
m
ed
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
o
r
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
o
f
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
le
s
ize
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
s
tim
atio
n
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
m
ea
n
er
r
o
r
in
ca
lib
r
atio
n
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
1
7
4
-
186
178
T
h
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
atr
ix
o
f
th
e
ca
m
er
a
an
d
t
h
e
f
in
al
d
is
to
r
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
(
k
)
in
th
is
ca
s
e:
=
[
0
0
0
1
]
=
[
3
.
8762
×
10
3
0
0
3
.
8944
×
10
3
0
0
1
.
8399
×
10
3
1
.
4461
×
10
3
1
]
(
1
)
=
[
0
.
3543
−
2
.
7778
]
(
2
)
T
h
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
ca
m
er
a
o
p
er
ates
with
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
q
u
ar
e
p
ix
els;
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
ep
ar
tu
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
asp
ec
t
r
atio
/
f
r
o
m
u
n
ity
wo
u
ld
im
p
ly
n
o
n
-
s
q
u
ar
e
s
am
p
lin
g
.
I
n
o
u
r
ca
lib
r
atio
n
,
/
=1
.
0
0
5
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
n
ea
r
-
s
q
u
ar
e
g
eo
m
etr
y
f
o
r
m
etr
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
Af
ter
estab
lis
h
in
g
t
h
e
g
e
o
m
etr
ic
ca
lib
r
atio
n
,
we
d
eter
m
in
e
d
th
e
p
ix
el
-
to
-
len
g
t
h
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
u
tl
in
ed
in
[
2
3
]
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
a
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
o
b
ject
o
f
k
n
o
wn
d
iam
eter
.
A
s
em
i
-
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
n
y
lo
n
f
ilam
en
t
(
n
o
m
in
al
d
iam
ete
r
6
0
0
µm
)
was m
o
u
n
ted
t
r
an
s
v
e
r
s
ely
o
v
er
a
b
lac
k
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
an
d
s
ev
er
al
tr
a
n
s
v
er
s
e
cu
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
alo
n
g
th
e
f
ilam
en
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
u
ltip
le
r
ep
ea
tab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
p
o
in
t
s
.
T
en
r
ef
er
en
c
e
im
ag
es
wer
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
with
th
e
ca
m
er
a
-
len
s
s
y
s
tem
at
a
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
o
f
3
6
4
8
×2
7
3
6
(
m
an
u
al
f
o
cu
s
,
3
×
zo
o
m
,
I
SO
2
0
0
,
1
/4
0
0
s
s
h
u
tter
s
p
ee
d
,
F/1
.
8
ap
er
tu
r
e,
3
5
m
m
f
o
ca
l
len
g
th
eq
u
iv
alen
t)
.
Fil
am
en
t
d
iam
eter
s
(
in
p
ix
els)
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
cir
cu
lar
Ho
u
g
h
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
s
p
atial
s
ca
le
f
ac
to
r
was c
o
m
p
u
te
d
as 1
p
i
x
el=
5
.
7
9
µm
.
2
.
3
.
I
ma
g
e
pro
ce
s
s
ing
a
lg
o
ri
t
hm
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
u
s
ed
to
ex
tr
ac
t
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
le
d
iam
eter
s
an
d
ce
n
tr
o
id
p
o
s
itio
n
s
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
v
id
eo
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t,
t
h
e
ca
m
er
a
was
s
et
to
9
6
0
f
p
s
,
an
d
with
in
ea
ch
v
id
eo
,
win
d
o
ws o
f
2
3
5
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
f
r
am
es we
r
e
an
aly
ze
d
t
o
co
m
p
u
te
MB d
iam
eter
an
d
r
is
e
v
elo
city
.
Star
tin
g
with
th
e
R
GB
f
r
am
e
co
n
v
er
te
d
to
g
r
ay
s
ca
le
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
(
a)
,
th
e
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
a
p
p
li
es
s
eq
u
en
tial
n
o
is
e
-
atten
u
atio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
ast
-
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
:
m
ed
ia
n
f
ilter
in
g
(
7
×
7
k
er
n
el)
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
s
alt
-
an
d
-
p
ep
p
e
r
n
o
is
e,
Gau
s
s
ian
f
ilter
in
g
(
σ
=
2
.
6
)
p
r
o
v
id
es
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
,
h
elp
in
g
to
m
itig
ate
ad
d
itiv
e
n
o
is
e.
A
lo
ca
l
L
ap
laci
an
f
ilter
t
h
en
a
m
p
lifie
s
lo
ca
l
c
o
n
tr
ast
an
d
ac
ce
n
tu
ates
MB
e
d
g
es,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
f
in
al
g
am
m
a
-
b
ased
c
o
n
tr
ast
b
o
o
s
t.
T
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
im
ag
e
is
s
eg
m
en
ted
u
s
in
g
Ots
u
’
s
m
eth
o
d
,
af
ter
wh
ic
h
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
r
e
f
in
em
en
t
—
d
ilatio
n
an
d
er
o
s
io
n
with
o
r
t
h
o
g
o
n
al
lin
ea
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
i
n
g
el
em
en
ts
p
lu
s
ed
g
e
clea
n
u
p
—
r
em
o
v
es r
esid
u
al
ar
t
ef
ac
ts
an
d
clo
s
es g
ap
s
in
MB r
eg
io
n
s
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
c
).
Alth
o
u
g
h
wate
r
s
h
ed
s
eg
m
e
n
t
atio
n
is
o
f
te
n
ap
p
lied
t
o
b
u
b
b
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
with
m
ix
ed
g
eo
m
etr
ies
[
3
2
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
,
it f
r
eq
u
en
tly
l
ea
d
s
to
o
v
er
-
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
3
1
]
an
d
en
tails
h
ig
h
er
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
s
t
[
2
5
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
Ots
u
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
;
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
b
in
ar
y
im
ag
e
is
th
en
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
cir
cu
lar
Ho
u
g
h
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
to
lo
ca
te
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
le
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
ies
an
d
ce
n
t
r
o
id
p
o
s
itio
n
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
d
)
.
T
h
ese
ce
n
tr
o
id
c
o
o
r
d
in
ates
s
er
v
e
a
s
th
e
in
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
p
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r
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4
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Fig
u
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5
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b
b
les
b
etwe
en
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
f
r
am
es
ca
n
d
is
r
u
p
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
if
n
o
t
h
an
d
le
d
ex
p
licitly
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
eir
ce
n
tr
o
id
s
m
ay
i)
o
v
er
w
r
ite
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
ates
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
tr
ac
k
e
d
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
les
o
r
ii)
b
e
o
m
itted
alto
g
eth
er
wh
e
n
ar
r
ay
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ar
e
f
ix
ed
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
th
is
,
th
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
r
o
u
tin
e
allo
ca
tes
ex
p
an
d
a
b
le
(
d
y
n
a
m
ic)
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
f
o
r
ce
n
tr
o
id
s
to
r
ag
e,
ap
p
en
d
i
n
g
n
ew
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
le
I
Ds
as
th
ey
ap
p
ea
r
r
ath
er
th
an
r
eu
s
in
g
ex
is
tin
g
i
n
d
ices.
B
ef
o
r
e
lin
k
in
g
,
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ch
ec
k
s
wh
eth
er
ca
n
d
id
at
e
m
atch
es e
x
ce
ed
a
d
is
tan
ce
g
ate;
if
s
o
,
a
n
ew
tr
ajec
to
r
y
is
in
itialized
in
s
tead
o
f
o
v
er
wr
itin
g
a
n
ex
is
tin
g
o
n
e.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
p
r
eser
v
es
estab
lis
h
ed
tr
ac
k
s
,
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ates
n
ew
ar
r
i
v
als,
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
ts
lo
s
s
o
f
ce
n
tr
o
id
d
ata
in
h
ig
h
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t seq
u
en
ce
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
T
r
ac
k
ed
m
ic
r
o
b
u
b
b
le
s
at
d
if
f
er
en
t e
x
p
er
im
en
ts
.
E
ac
h
o
n
e
is
r
elate
d
t
o
T
ab
le
1
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
P
r
o
c
e
ss
e
d
v
i
d
e
o
s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
mi
c
r
o
b
u
b
b
l
e
s
d
e
t
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
v
i
d
e
o
A
21
17
27
17
18
18
9
13
11
15
B
12
20
32
12
32
20
20
27
24
21
C
25
21
30
21
25
26
20
15
9
27
D
11
16
16
8
9
12
8
12
7
14
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Mic
r
o
b
u
b
b
le
s
ize
an
d
r
is
e
-
v
elo
city
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
q
u
an
tifie
d
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
ts
A
–
D)
th
at
co
m
b
in
ed
r
ec
ir
cu
latio
n
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
in
jecte
d
air
f
lo
w
r
ate
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
ese
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ettin
g
s
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
3
4
p
s
i/
0
.
1
L
/m
in
co
n
d
itio
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
f
ir
s
t
t
o
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
d
ata
o
u
t
p
u
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
iam
eter
an
d
r
is
e
-
v
elo
city
h
is
to
g
r
am
s
(
Fig
u
r
es
7
an
d
8
)
.
R
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
o
p
er
ati
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
th
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
tr
en
d
s
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
to
id
e
n
tify
r
a
n
g
es
th
at
f
av
o
r
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
s
m
aller
-
d
iam
eter
,
s
lo
wer
-
r
is
in
g
MBs
.
Un
d
er
3
4
p
s
i
r
ec
ir
cu
latio
n
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
an
air
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
0
.
1
L
/
m
in
(
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
A)
,
MB
d
iam
eter
s
s
p
an
n
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
0
–
2
0
0
µm
,
y
i
eld
in
g
a
m
ea
n
o
f
1
1
7
.
3
4
µm
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
2
8
.
3
0
µ
m
as
s
h
o
wn
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Micr
o
b
u
b
b
le
s
iz
e
a
n
d
r
is
e
ve
lo
city
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t in
d
is
s
o
lved
…
(
Je
immy
A
d
r
ia
n
a
Mu
ñ
o
z
A
leg
r
ía
)
181
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
r
is
e
v
elo
cities
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
×
1
0
⁴
to
3
.
5
×
1
0
⁴
µm
/
s
,
with
a
m
ea
n
o
f
1
.
3
5
×
1
0
⁴
µ
m
/s
an
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
7
.
5
8
×
1
0
³
µm
/s
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
M
o
s
t
M
B
s
in
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
clu
s
ter
ed
b
etwe
en
~8
5
a
n
d
1
4
0
µm
(
m
o
d
al
~9
0
–
1
0
5
µ
m
)
an
d
e
x
h
ib
ited
a
p
o
s
itiv
ely
s
k
ewe
d
d
iam
eter
tail
with
o
cc
asio
n
al
lar
g
e
r
b
u
b
b
les;
r
is
e
v
elo
cities
lik
ewise
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
b
elo
w
~
1
.
8
×
1
0
⁴
µm
/s
(
m
o
d
a
l
~0
.
7
–
1
.
2
×
1
0
⁴
µm
/s
)
with
s
p
ar
s
e
h
ig
h
-
v
elo
city
o
u
tlier
s
,
p
att
er
n
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
in
ter
m
itten
t
co
alescen
ce
a
n
d
lo
ca
lized
tu
r
b
u
le
n
t a
cc
eler
atio
n
in
th
e
DAF
f
lo
w.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Mic
r
o
b
u
b
b
le
d
iam
et
er
s
in
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t A
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Mic
r
o
b
u
b
b
le
r
is
e
v
el
o
city
in
e
x
p
er
im
en
t A
E
x
p
er
im
en
t
B
(
3
4
p
s
i;
0
.
5
L
/
m
in
)
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
lar
g
er
MBs
,
1
0
0
–
4
0
0
µm
in
d
iam
eter
(
m
ea
n
1
6
5
.
3
2
µm
;
SD
6
5
.
4
2
µm
)
,
with
r
is
e
v
elo
cities
o
f
0
.
5
×1
0
⁴
–
3
.
5
×1
0
⁴
µm
/s
(
m
ea
n
2
.
0
4
×1
0
⁴
µm
/s
;
S
D
6
.
7
9
×1
0
³
µm
/s
)
.
I
n
c
r
ea
s
in
g
p
r
ess
u
r
e
t
o
3
6
p
s
i
wh
i
le
h
o
ld
in
g
a
ir
f
l
o
w
at
0
.
1
L
/m
in
(
E
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
C
)
r
ed
u
ce
d
MB
d
ia
m
et
e
r
s
to
50
–
1
5
0
µm
(
m
ea
n
9
8
.
6
5
µ
m
;
SD
2
0
.
4
1
µm
)
an
d
y
ie
ld
ed
r
is
e
v
el
o
ci
ties
o
f
1
×1
0
⁴
–
2
.
5
×1
0
⁴
µ
m
/s
(
m
e
a
n
9
.
8
9
×
1
0
³
µm
/s
;
SD
4
.
9
7
×1
0
³
µm
/s
)
.
At
3
6
p
s
i
wi
th
0
.
5
L
/
m
i
n
ai
r
f
l
o
w
(
E
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
D)
,
MB
d
i
am
ete
r
s
w
e
r
e
75
–
1
6
0
µ
m
(
m
e
an
1
0
2
.
6
0
µ
m
;
SD
1
9
.
9
1
µm
)
a
n
d
r
is
e
v
e
lo
ci
ties
0
.
1
×
1
0
⁴
–
2
.
7
×
1
0
⁴
µ
m
/s
(
m
ea
n
1
.
2
8
×
1
0
⁴
µ
m
/s
;
SD
6
.
3
1
×1
0
³
µ
m
/s
)
.
Acr
o
s
s
all
f
o
u
r
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
,
m
ea
n
MB
d
iam
eter
s
r
em
ain
ed
b
elo
w
2
0
0
µm
an
d
m
ea
n
r
is
e
v
elo
cities
b
elo
w
2
.
1
×1
0
⁴
µ
m
/s
.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
3
6
p
s
i/
0
.
1
L
/m
in
co
n
d
itio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
s
m
allest
m
ea
n
d
iam
eter
s
an
d
am
o
n
g
th
e
lo
w
est
v
elo
cities
(
<
1
×1
0
⁴
µm
/s
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
3
6
p
s
i/
0
.
5
L
/m
i
n
an
d
3
4
p
s
i/
0
.
1
L
/m
i
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
also
y
ield
e
d
m
ea
n
d
iam
eter
s
<
1
2
0
µ
m
an
d
m
ea
n
v
elo
cities
<
1
.
4
×1
0
⁴
µm
/s
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
o
p
er
atin
g
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
av
o
r
ab
le
r
an
g
es,
with
in
th
o
s
e
test
ed
,
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
an
d
s
lo
w
-
r
is
in
g
MBs
.
T
h
e
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
o
f
r
esu
lt
s
was
a
s
s
e
s
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ep
ea
ted
test
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
ies.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
b
u
b
b
le
s
ize
r
esu
lts
in
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
r
is
e
v
elo
city
,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
asts
with
th
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
th
at
r
is
e
v
el
o
city
in
cr
ea
s
es
as
b
u
b
b
le
s
ize
g
r
o
ws.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
is
e
v
elo
cities
o
f
th
r
ee
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
les
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
iam
eter
s
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
le
with
a
d
iam
eter
o
f
8
3
.
6
4
µm
h
as
a
lo
wer
r
is
e
v
el
o
city
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
with
d
iam
eter
s
o
f
8
9
.
6
4
µm
an
d
1
0
2
µ
m
.
T
h
is
f
ac
t
o
cc
u
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
s
m
al
ler
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
les
co
n
tain
less
o
x
y
g
e
n
an
d
m
o
v
e
m
o
r
e
s
lo
wl
y
.
T
h
e
v
elo
cities
o
f
all
th
r
ee
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
les
s
h
o
w
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
lik
ely
d
u
e
t
o
f
lu
id
tu
r
b
u
le
n
ce
d
u
r
in
g
ascen
t,
wh
ich
m
ay
b
e
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
.
T
h
is
tu
r
b
u
le
n
ce
ca
n
lead
t
o
co
llis
io
n
s
b
etwe
en
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
les,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
1
7
4
-
186
182
s
u
d
d
en
c
h
an
g
es
i
n
tr
ajec
to
r
y
o
r
s
p
ee
d
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
p
r
io
r
wo
r
k
o
n
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
-
ca
v
i
tatio
n
s
y
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u
r
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x
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le
o
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th
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i
cr
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b
les s
p
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e
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io
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t d
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B
ased
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o
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ated
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ato
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r
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ate
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ated
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Dif
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b
b
le
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te
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n
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o
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ar
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eter
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ch
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ir
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ate
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atu
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ess
u
r
e,
o
n
b
u
b
b
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d
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ies
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ten
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m
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b
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b
b
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lo
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m
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,
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o
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h
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m
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ically
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Fo
r
ex
am
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le,
in
[
5
2
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,
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a
to
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ticle
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I
n
[
1
3
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,
h
ig
h
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s
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a
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15
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Swar
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[
5
3
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am
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ltan
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r
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tal
an
d
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c
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ates,
as
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4
6
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4
7
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.
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al
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
al
ter
n
at
iv
e
f
o
r
M
B
ch
ar
a
ct
e
r
iz
at
io
n
in
th
e
m
o
r
e
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
i
ca
lly
c
o
m
p
l
ex
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
i
al
ly
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
D
A
F
tan
k
s
,
w
ith
th
e
ad
d
ed
ad
v
an
t
ag
e
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
r
ec
i
r
cu
l
at
io
n
f
lo
w
a
n
d
tu
r
b
u
len
t o
v
e
r
l
ap
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
lo
w
-
co
s
t
co
m
p
u
ter
-
v
is
io
n
s
y
s
tem
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
M
AT
L
AB
to
q
u
an
tify
m
icr
o
b
u
b
b
le
(
MB)
d
iam
eter
an
d
r
is
e
v
elo
city
in
a
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
-
s
ca
le
DAF
tan
k
.
T
h
e
p
i
p
elin
e
c
o
m
b
in
es
g
r
ay
s
ca
le
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
,
Me
d
ian
,
Gau
s
s
ian
,
an
d
lo
c
al
-
L
ap
lacia
n
f
ilter
in
g
,
g
am
m
a
co
n
tr
ast
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t,
Ots
u
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
,
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t,
a
n
d
C
ir
cu
lar
Ho
u
g
h
d
etec
tio
n
.
MB
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
ar
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
lin
k
in
g
ce
n
tr
o
id
s
f
r
a
m
e
-
to
-
f
r
am
e
wit
h
a
E
u
cli
d
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
g
ate,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
r
eliab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
ev
e
n
wh
e
n
b
u
b
b
les
o
v
er
la
p
in
tu
r
b
u
len
t
f
lo
w.
Un
d
er
th
e
f
o
u
r
o
p
er
ati
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ex
am
in
ed
,
th
e
3
6
p
s
i/
0
.
1
L
/m
in
s
ettin
g
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
s
m
allest
m
ea
n
d
iam
eter
(
~9
9
µm
)
a
n
d
th
e
lo
west
m
ea
n
r
is
e
v
elo
city
(
~9
.
9
×
1
0
³
µm
/s
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
s
m
aller
b
u
b
b
l
es r
is
e
m
o
r
e
s
lo
wly
an
d
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
r
em
ain
av
ailab
le
lo
n
g
er
f
o
r
p
ar
ticle
ca
p
tu
r
e.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
ea
r
lier
DAF
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
r
elied
o
n
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ca
m
er
as,
Sto
k
es
-
law
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
o
r
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ly
in
ten
s
iv
e
wate
r
s
h
ed
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
-
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
ac
h
iev
es
s
im
ilar
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
an
g
es
wh
ile
r
eso
lv
in
g
b
u
b
b
le
o
v
e
r
lap
a
n
d
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
c
o
s
t
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
in
MB
s
ize
ac
r
o
s
s
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
s
u
r
f
ac
e
wettab
ilit
y
,
f
lu
id
ch
em
is
tr
y
,
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
ay
f
u
r
th
er
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
b
u
b
b
le
n
u
clea
tio
n
an
d
co
alescen
ce
.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
will
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
s
ca
le
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
f
u
ll
-
s
ize
DAF
u
n
its
to
v
alid
ate
its
p
r
ac
ticality
f
o
r
o
n
-
s
ite
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
th
a
n
k
th
e
Hy
d
r
au
lics
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
an
d
th
e
Ma
s
ter
's
Pro
g
r
am
in
Au
to
m
atio
n
at
t
h
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
C
au
ca
f
o
r
th
eir
a
s
s
is
tan
ce
in
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
r
ec
eiv
e
d
n
o
s
p
ec
if
i
c
g
r
an
t
f
r
o
m
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
ag
e
n
cie
s
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic,
c
o
m
m
er
cial,
o
r
n
o
t
-
f
o
r
-
p
r
o
f
it
s
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
wa
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
ac
i
liti
es
an
d
r
o
u
tin
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
f
th
e
H
y
d
r
a
u
lics
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
at
Un
iv
e
r
s
id
ad
d
el
C
au
ca
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
J
e
i
m
m
y
A
d
r
i
a
n
a
M
u
ñ
o
z
A
l
e
g
r
í
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
J
esú
s
E
m
ilio
Pin
to
-
L
o
p
er
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
E
len
a
Mu
ñ
o
z
-
E
s
p
añ
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
J
u
an
Fer
n
an
d
o
Fló
r
ez
-
Ma
r
u
lan
d
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
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