I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
6
,
p
p
.
784
~
794
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
15
i
1
.
3
5
3
5
5
784
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Exper
t
ev
a
lua
tion
of a web
-
ba
sed g
ra
mm
a
tical co
mpetence
mo
dule:
F
uzzy
D
elphi me
thod
Nur
H
ida
y
a
h M
d Ya
zid
1,
2
,
N
ur
Ainil
S
ula
im
a
n
1
,
H
a
rwa
t
i
H
a
s
him
1,
3
1
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
K
e
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
B
a
n
g
i
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
2
C
e
n
t
r
e
o
f
F
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
u
d
i
e
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
A
R
A
,
D
e
n
g
k
i
l
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
3
Ed
u
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
c
e
:
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
C
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
a
n
d
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
G
r
o
u
p
,
B
a
n
g
i
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ap
r
1
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Au
g
15
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
1
,
2
0
2
5
Web
-
b
a
se
d
lea
rn
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
les
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
c
o
n
si
d
e
re
d
i
n
d
is
p
e
n
sa
b
le
fo
r
En
g
li
s
h
a
s
a
se
c
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
(
ES
L
)
lea
rn
e
rs
t
o
u
ti
li
z
e
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
sly
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
t
h
e
re
a
re
stil
l
n
o
t
m
a
n
y
re
p
u
tab
le
g
ra
m
m
a
ti
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
m
o
d
u
les
d
e
sig
n
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
tran
siti
o
n
b
e
twe
e
n
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
te
lev
e
ls.
Th
u
s,
th
is
stu
d
y
a
ime
d
to
a
sc
e
rtain
e
x
p
e
rt
c
o
n
se
n
su
s
o
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
we
b
-
b
a
se
d
g
r
a
m
m
a
ti
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
m
o
d
u
le
fo
r
p
re
-
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
ES
L
lea
rn
e
rs
.
T
h
e
F
u
z
z
y
De
lp
h
i
m
e
th
o
d
(F
DM)
wa
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
i
n
th
is
st
u
d
y
to
c
re
a
te
th
e
m
o
d
u
le.
F
o
u
r
b
r
o
a
d
c
o
n
str
u
c
ts,
w
h
ich
a
re
t
h
e
d
e
si
g
n
,
tec
h
n
ica
l
a
sp
e
c
ts,
c
o
n
ten
t,
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
o
f
th
e
we
b
site
we
re
u
se
d
a
s
re
fe
re
n
c
e
s
in
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
su
r
v
e
y
a
s
th
e
in
stru
m
e
n
t
fo
r
t
h
e
stu
d
y
.
Th
e
fe
a
t
u
re
s
in
th
e
su
rv
e
y
we
re
e
v
a
lu
a
ted
b
y
six
se
lec
ted
e
x
p
e
rts
b
a
se
d
o
n
e
sta
b
li
sh
e
d
c
rit
e
ria
fo
r
h
ig
h
-
q
u
a
li
ty
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
we
b
sites
.
Da
ta
a
n
a
ly
sis
wa
s
u
n
d
e
rtak
e
n
u
sin
g
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
f
u
z
z
y
sc
a
le
a
n
d
t
h
e
F
u
z
z
y
De
lp
h
i
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
L
o
g
ic
S
o
f
twa
re
(F
UD
EL
O 1
.
0
).
S
u
p
p
o
rted
b
y
th
e
fin
d
i
n
g
s a
n
d
a
c
o
n
se
n
su
s rate
o
f
o
v
e
r
7
5
%
,
a
c
u
t
-
o
ff
v
a
l
u
e
(d
)
o
f
≤0
.
2
,
a
n
d
a
fu
z
z
y
sc
o
re
(A)
o
f
≥α
-
c
u
t
v
a
lu
e
=
0
.
5
,
e
x
p
e
r
t
c
o
n
se
n
su
s
wa
s
re
a
c
h
e
d
fo
r
th
e
fo
u
r
c
o
n
str
u
c
ts.
Th
e
fin
d
in
g
s
su
p
p
o
rt
th
a
t
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
is
fit
t
in
g
fo
r
p
re
-
u
n
i
v
e
r
sity
E
S
L
lea
rn
e
rs
a
n
d
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
a
s
a
su
p
p
lem
e
n
tary
g
ra
m
m
a
r
lea
rn
in
g
m
o
d
u
le.
Em
p
iri
c
a
l
stu
d
ies
r
e
late
d
to
lea
rn
e
r
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
u
tco
m
e
s
in
t
h
e
fu
t
u
re
m
u
st
c
o
n
t
in
u
e
a
ss
e
ss
in
g
th
e
lo
n
g
-
term
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
re
it
s
lo
n
g
-
term
e
ffica
c
y
in
ES
L
lea
rn
in
g
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
SL
E
x
p
er
t e
v
al
u
atio
n
Fu
zz
y
Delp
h
i m
eth
o
d
Gr
am
m
atica
l c
o
m
p
eten
ce
W
eb
-
b
ased
m
o
d
u
le
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nu
r
Hid
ay
ah
M
d
Yaz
id
C
en
tr
e
o
f
Fo
u
n
d
atio
n
Stu
d
ies,
Un
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
AR
A
Den
g
k
il,
Selan
g
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
n
u
r
h
id
a
y
ah
7
9
4
5
@
u
itm
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
ar
ad
ig
m
,
web
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
h
av
e
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
as
ess
en
tial
to
o
ls
f
o
r
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
g
r
am
m
atica
l
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
No
n
e
th
eless
,
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
to
p
o
s
t
-
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
tr
an
s
itio
n
c
r
ea
tes
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
Ma
lay
s
i
an
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
lear
n
er
s
in
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
E
SL
)
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
ch
al
len
g
e
is
to
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
g
r
am
m
ar
th
at
f
ail
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
au
th
en
tic
an
d
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
w
eb
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
g
r
am
m
ar
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
ity
E
SL
lear
n
er
s
,
r
em
ain
s
lack
in
g
as
a
lo
t
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
m
a
in
ly
o
n
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
t
s
[
3
]
–
[
5
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
g
r
am
m
atica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
6
]
,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
(
L
2
)
wr
itin
g
[
7
]
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
8
]
at
th
e
ter
tiar
y
lev
el,
is
lim
ited
in
m
an
y
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
E
SL
lear
n
er
s
.
Prio
r
s
tu
d
ies
also
in
d
icate
d
th
at
m
an
y
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
f
ac
ed
d
if
f
icu
ltie
s
in
wr
itin
g
d
u
e
to
wea
k
n
ess
es
in
g
r
am
m
ar
an
d
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
as
well
as
a
lack
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
ert ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
w
eb
-
b
a
s
ed
g
r
a
mma
tica
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
mo
d
u
le:
F
u
z
z
y
…
(
N
u
r
Hid
a
y
a
h
Md
Ya
z
id
)
785
R
esear
ch
in
L2
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ex
p
licit
g
r
a
m
m
ar
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
p
r
ac
tice.
Kr
as
h
en
in
p
u
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
[
1
1
]
p
o
s
ited
th
at
lear
n
er
s
also
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
n
o
ticin
g
an
d
co
n
s
cio
u
s
ly
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
g
r
a
m
m
atica
l
f
o
r
m
s
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
ti
m
e,
as
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
Sch
m
id
t
n
o
ticin
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
[
1
2
]
,
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
ib
le
in
p
u
t
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
A
web
-
b
ased
m
o
d
u
le
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
r
d
er
l
y
d
o
m
ain
f
o
r
lear
n
er
s
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
g
r
am
m
ati
ca
l
f
o
r
m
s
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
wh
ile
th
ey
en
g
ag
e
in
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
tak
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
eir
o
wn
lear
n
in
g
p
ac
e,
w
h
ich
will
u
ltima
tely
b
o
o
s
t th
eir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
ea
d
in
ess
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
As
th
e
g
lo
b
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
co
n
tin
u
e
to
e
v
o
lv
e,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
an
o
b
s
er
v
ab
l
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
war
d
s
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
n
et
-
b
ased
lan
g
u
a
g
e
teac
h
in
g
in
t
h
e
class
r
o
o
m
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
web
s
ites
h
as
b
ee
n
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ELL
)
[
1
]
.
Stre
n
g
th
en
in
g
s
u
ch
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
will
en
ab
le
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
to
b
len
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
ac
tices,
in
s
tan
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
e
atu
r
es,
an
d
m
u
ltime
d
ia
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
f
u
lf
il
v
ar
io
u
s
lear
n
i
n
g
n
ee
d
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
g
ap
ca
n
b
e
n
ar
r
o
wed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
web
-
b
ased
g
r
am
m
atica
l
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
m
o
d
u
le
b
y
g
iv
i
n
g
lear
n
er
s
s
y
s
tem
atic,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
a
n
d
s
elf
-
p
ac
e
d
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
.
C
o
n
te
x
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
ar
e
f
o
s
ter
ed
b
y
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
lear
n
i
n
g
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
o
te
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
a
b
le
to
i
n
ter
n
alize
g
r
am
m
atica
l
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
h
as
b
ee
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
u
e
to
r
is
in
g
n
ew
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
la
n
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
8
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
to
ass
is
t
E
SL
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
eir
lan
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
wr
itin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
iPad
s
am
o
n
g
ad
o
les
ce
n
ts
with
au
tis
m
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
[
1
9
]
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
E
n
g
l
is
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
am
if
icatio
n
[
2
0
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
th
at
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
aid
Ma
lay
s
ian
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
E
SL
lear
n
er
s
with
th
ei
r
g
r
am
m
atica
l
co
m
p
eten
cy
h
av
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
lim
ited
atten
tio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
alth
o
u
g
h
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
in
clu
d
e
d
i
n
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
wh
en
ass
ess
in
g
E
L
L
web
s
ites
an
d
o
n
lin
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
,
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
’
im
p
o
r
tan
t
v
iewp
o
in
t
at
e
v
er
y
s
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
th
e
we
b
s
ite
an
d
g
r
o
wth
is
s
o
m
etim
es
d
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
.
Field
ex
p
er
ts
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
web
s
ites
s
in
ce
th
ey
ar
e
ab
le
to
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
[
2
4
]
.
Hen
ce
,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
ls
m
u
s
t
b
e
e
v
alu
ated
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
u
tili
za
tio
n
b
y
ac
tu
al
u
s
er
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
q
u
alit
y
.
Kar
tal
an
d
Uzu
n
[
2
5
]
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
th
r
ee
cr
iter
ia
o
f
an
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
web
s
ite
f
o
r
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
cq
u
is
itio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
cr
iter
io
n
is
p
h
y
s
ical
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
f
o
r
esh
ad
o
w
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
d
esig
n
a
n
d
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
e
web
s
ite
(
s
u
ch
as
ea
s
y
ac
ce
s
s
to
m
u
ltime
d
ia
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
ea
m
less
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
n
o
ey
e
s
tr
ain
f
r
o
m
co
lo
r
u
s
e,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
v
ir
tu
al
m
ater
ials
an
d
o
th
er
to
o
ls
)
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
cr
iter
i
o
n
i
s
co
n
tex
tu
al
f
ea
tu
r
es
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
s
ite.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
au
th
en
tic
an
d
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
m
ater
ials
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
ats
an
d
ty
p
es
th
at
ar
e
ap
p
o
s
ite
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
ject,
lear
n
er
s
’
lev
el
an
d
ty
p
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
av
ailab
le.
T
h
e
ex
er
cises
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
ad
ap
tab
le
to
allo
w
u
s
er
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
co
n
ten
t sh
o
u
ld
c
o
m
p
r
is
e
p
r
a
ctica
l e
x
er
cise to
o
ls
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
lev
els.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
cr
iter
io
n
is
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical,
wh
ich
r
elate
s
to
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
lear
n
in
g
(
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
m
ater
ials
th
at
ar
e
s
im
p
le
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
clea
r
elu
ci
d
atio
n
an
d
d
ir
e
ctio
n
o
n
ac
tiv
i
ties
an
d
ex
er
cises
,
in
f
o
r
m
ativ
e,
h
elp
f
u
l,
u
s
ef
u
l
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
,
alig
n
i
n
g
with
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
lev
el
an
d
p
er
tin
e
n
t
with
r
eg
ar
d
s
to
a
web
s
ite’
s
s
c
o
p
e,
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e)
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fu
en
tes
an
d
Ma
r
tín
ez
[
2
6
]
,
th
ese
th
r
e
e
tr
aits
alig
n
with
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tals
o
f
a
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
web
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
Fu
zz
y
Delp
h
i
m
eth
o
d
(
F
DM
)
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
in
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
to
estab
li
s
h
ex
p
er
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
ess
en
tial
elem
en
ts
f
o
r
d
e
s
ig
n
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
o
d
u
les
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
e
r
s
e
d
is
cip
lin
es.
Mo
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
id
en
tif
y
in
g
c
r
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
o
n
li
n
e
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
-
en
h
an
ce
d
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
i
es
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
em
p
h
asized
in
te
g
r
atin
g
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
b
y
u
s
in
g
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
to
r
e
f
in
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
-
b
ased
an
d
p
r
o
b
l
em
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
les,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
b
ased
o
n
e
x
p
er
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
in
f
o
u
r
k
ey
a
r
ea
s
:
o
b
jectiv
es,
co
n
ten
t,
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
L
u
o
et
a
l
.
[
29
]
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
a
tech
n
ical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
o
d
u
le.
Desp
ite
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
u
tili
z
in
g
FDM
to
test
m
o
d
u
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
les
d
if
f
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
is
cip
lin
es
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
e
n
ab
led
lear
n
in
g
[
2
8
]
,
[
30
]
.
L
im
an
d
Ka
m
in
[
30
]
u
tili
ze
d
m
o
b
ile
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
f
o
r
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
,
wh
er
ea
s
Yu
s
o
f
f
et
a
l
.
[
2
8
]
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
in
an
I
s
lam
ic
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
r
s
e
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
29
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
eir
m
o
d
u
les
b
ased
o
n
c
o
n
cr
ete
s
k
ill
-
b
ased
co
m
p
eten
cies
s
u
ch
as
f
r
o
n
t
-
o
f
f
ice
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
tech
n
ical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
B
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
FDM
in
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
h
ases
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
er
s
,
Kr
is
h
n
an
et
a
l
.
[
31
]
wer
e
d
is
tin
ct
in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
g
am
if
icatio
n
with
C
lass
cr
af
t.
Desp
ite
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
,
all
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
ex
p
er
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
cr
itical
m
o
d
u
le
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
i
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
FDM
to
v
alid
ate
in
s
t
r
u
ctio
n
al
d
esig
n
in
d
iv
e
r
s
e
lear
n
in
g
s
ettin
g
s
.
W
ith
all
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
an
d
b
en
ef
its
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ical
to
o
ls
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
web
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
th
e
n
ee
d
to
f
ill
in
th
e
t
r
an
s
itio
n
g
ap
b
etwe
en
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
le
v
el
s
with
a
r
e
p
u
tab
le
g
r
am
m
atica
l
co
m
p
eten
ce
m
o
d
u
le,
as
well
a
s
th
e
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
en
ted
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
FDM
in
m
o
d
u
le
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
m
ain
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
26
:
784
-
794
786
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
wh
ich
was
to
ass
ess
ex
p
er
ts
’
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
a
web
-
b
ased
g
r
am
m
atica
l
co
m
p
eten
ce
m
o
d
u
le
was
estab
lis
h
ed
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
was
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
:
wh
at
is
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
’
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
,
tech
n
ical
asp
ec
ts
,
co
n
ten
t,
a
n
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
o
f
th
e
web
-
b
ased
g
r
am
m
atica
l
m
o
d
u
le
(
MO
DUGRAM)
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
E
SL
lear
n
er
s
?
T
h
is
m
o
d
u
le
h
ad
b
ee
n
d
esi
g
n
ed
as
a
f
r
ag
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
tal
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
an
d
was
ex
am
in
ed
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
p
r
e
-
estab
lis
h
ed
cr
iter
ia
b
y
u
s
in
g
FD
M
to
d
eter
m
in
e
its
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
e
s
s
an
d
r
elev
a
n
ce
in
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
E
SL
lear
n
er
s
’
ac
ad
em
ic
g
r
am
m
atica
l
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
le
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
t
o
a
t
t
a
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
i
t
e
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
s
t
h
at
u
n
d
e
r
p
i
n
t
h
e
w
e
b
-
b
a
s
e
d
g
r
a
m
m
a
t
i
ca
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
ca
l
l
e
d
MO
D
U
GR
A
M
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
E
S
L
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
o
u
l
d
g
r
e
a
t
l
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
t
o
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
in
t
h
e
e
s
ta
b
l
is
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
q
u
a
li
ty
w
e
b
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
o
d
u
l
e
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
o
l
i
c
y
m
a
k
e
r
s
a
n
d
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
o
f
d
esig
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
(
DDR)
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
(
p
h
ase
1
)
,
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
(
p
h
a
s
e
2
)
,
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
(
p
h
ase
3
)
[
32
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
ass
ess
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
u
s
e
th
e
web
-
b
ased
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
i
n
p
h
ase
2
as
it
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
g
ettin
g
ex
p
e
r
ts
’
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
a
MO
DUGRAM
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
E
SL
lear
n
er
s
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
FDM
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
th
e
FDM
as
ex
p
er
t
o
p
in
io
n
is
n
ee
d
e
d
to
ar
r
iv
e
at
a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
[
33
]
.
R
esear
ch
by
C
ip
to
n
o
et
a
l
.
[
34
]
s
tated
th
at
th
e
FDM
h
elp
s
g
ath
e
r
ex
p
er
ts
’
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
r
ea
ch
a
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
,
id
en
tify
p
o
ten
tial
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
,
p
r
ed
ict
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
en
d
s
,
an
d
en
g
a
g
e
u
s
er
s
with
o
u
t
tim
e
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
lim
its
.
T
h
e
FDM
also
h
elp
ed
id
en
tify
th
e
lev
el
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
,
s
o
lv
e
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
,
an
d
r
ea
ch
a
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
L
atif
et
a
l
.
[
35
]
s
tated
th
at
th
e
FDM
was
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
s
u
r
v
ey
s
.
Yu
s
o
f
f
et
a
l
.
[
2
8
]
m
en
tio
n
ed
t
h
at
th
e
FDM
h
as
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
th
a
n
th
e
Del
p
h
i
m
eth
o
d
as
it
allo
ws
ex
p
er
ts
to
g
iv
e
o
p
i
n
io
n
s
,
o
r
g
an
ize
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
s
av
e
tim
e
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
2
.
1
.
F
DM
in
s
t
rum
ent
co
ns
t
ruct
io
n
A
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
s
er
v
ed
as
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
cr
ea
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
Fu
zz
y
Delp
h
i
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
co
u
ld
b
ase
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
o
n
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
ies,
a
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew,
an
d
/o
r
p
r
io
r
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
2
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
Mo
k
h
tar
an
d
Yasin
[
36
]
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
as
g
u
id
elin
es
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
item
s
an
d
co
n
ten
t
p
ar
ts
o
f
a
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
s
u
r
v
e
y
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
two
p
h
ases
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
item
s
wer
e
a
d
ap
ted
an
d
in
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
1
]
,
[
37
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
also
ad
d
ed
a
f
ew
item
s
to
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
t
o
s
u
it
th
e
co
n
ten
ts
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
item
s
.
T
h
ese
item
s
wer
e
d
iv
id
e
d
with
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
in
t
o
f
o
u
r
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts:
d
esig
n
,
tech
n
ical
a
s
p
ec
ts
,
co
n
ten
t,
a
n
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
wh
ic
h
ad
a
p
ted
f
r
o
m
Fis
al
et
a
l
.
s
tu
d
y
[
1
]
,
an
d
b
a
s
ed
o
n
Kar
tal
an
d
Uzu
n
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
item
s
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
wer
e
test
ed
f
o
r
v
alid
it
y
w
ith
th
e
aid
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ac
ad
e
m
ics
in
th
e
teac
h
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
(
T
E
SL)
an
d
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
f
ield
s
.
So
m
e
r
e
v
is
io
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
e
g
ar
d
t
o
th
e
c
h
o
ice
o
f
wo
r
d
s
an
d
th
e
s
en
te
n
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
to
f
ix
d
o
u
b
le
-
b
ar
r
el
s
tatem
en
ts
an
d
s
im
p
lify
th
em
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
f
in
alize
d
th
e
item
s
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
a
n
d
s
en
t
it
to
s
ix
s
elec
ted
ex
p
er
ts
v
ia
em
ail
to
ev
alu
at
e
MO
DUG
R
AM
.
T
h
e
lab
els
an
d
d
etailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
item
s
in
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ar
e
ex
h
ib
ited
in
T
ab
l
e
1
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple e
x
pert
cr
it
er
ia
a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
Pu
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
elec
t
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
eir
lev
el
o
f
ex
p
er
tis
e
an
d
r
esear
ch
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
wer
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ex
p
e
r
t c
r
iter
ia.
Pu
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
li
n
g
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
o
s
ite
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
am
p
lin
g
in
FDM
[
36
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
s
ix
s
elec
te
d
ex
p
e
r
ts
ass
ess
ed
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
ts
m
u
s
t
p
o
s
s
ess
at
least
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
ir
ar
ea
o
f
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
,
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
h
av
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
wo
r
k
in
g
ex
p
e
r
i
en
ce
with
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
i
eld
[
36
]
.
I
s
m
ail
et
a
l
.
[
38
]
af
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
FDM
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
an
d
ex
p
er
t
o
p
in
io
n
in
a
n
attem
p
t
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
m
o
d
u
le.
Fiv
e
to
ten
ex
p
er
ts
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
wh
ile
s
elec
tin
g
ex
p
er
ts
with
s
im
ilar
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
[
39
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
s
ix
ex
p
er
ts
ar
e
ad
eq
u
ate
to
g
ath
er
d
ata
a
n
d
o
b
tain
a
n
ex
p
er
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
T
h
e
lis
t
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
cr
iter
i
a
in
ap
p
o
in
tin
g
t
h
e
ex
p
er
ts
:
i)
a
Ph
.
D.
h
o
ld
er
in
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
lin
g
u
is
tics
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
/o
r
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
a
n
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
;
ii
)
h
as
at
least
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
u
s
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
;
an
d
iii)
c
u
r
r
en
tly
wo
r
k
in
g
as a
n
in
-
s
er
v
ice
lectu
r
e
r
at
a
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
in
s
titu
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
ert ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
w
eb
-
b
a
s
ed
g
r
a
mma
tica
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
mo
d
u
le:
F
u
z
z
y
…
(
N
u
r
Hid
a
y
a
h
Md
Ya
z
id
)
787
T
ab
le
1
.
L
a
b
els an
d
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
o
f
item
s
f
o
r
ea
c
h
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
th
e
FDM
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
I
t
e
m
l
a
b
e
l
I
t
e
m d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
D
e
si
g
n
D
I
1
D
I
2
D
I
3
D
I
4
D
I
5
D
I
6
D
I
7
D
I
8
D
I
9
D
I
1
0
Th
e
l
a
y
o
u
t
o
f
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
i
s
su
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
ES
L
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
g
r
a
mm
a
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
.
Th
e
i
m
a
g
e
s
u
se
d
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
su
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s.
Th
e
c
o
l
o
r
s
u
se
d
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
su
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
Th
e
t
e
x
t
f
o
r
m
a
t
s
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
l
y
u
s
e
d
a
c
r
o
ss
a
l
l
p
a
g
e
s
.
Th
e
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
s
u
se
d
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s a
c
r
o
ss
a
l
l
p
a
g
e
s
.
Th
e
v
i
d
e
o
s
u
se
d
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s a
c
r
o
ss
a
l
l
p
a
g
e
s.
Th
e
a
n
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
e
a
s
y
f
o
r
u
s
e
r
s t
o
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
z
e
,
ma
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
f
e
e
l
s
mo
o
t
h
a
n
d
i
n
t
u
i
t
i
v
e
.
Th
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
f
o
n
t
s
u
se
d
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
e
a
sy
t
o
b
e
r
e
a
d
.
Th
e
si
z
e
s
o
f
f
o
n
t
s
u
se
d
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
e
a
sy
t
o
b
e
r
e
a
d
.
Th
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
i
s a
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
.
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
sp
e
c
t
s
TI
1
TI
2
TI
3
TI
4
TI
5
TI
6
TI
7
TI
8
TI
9
TI
1
0
Th
e
l
a
y
o
u
t
o
f
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
i
s
e
a
s
y
t
o
f
o
l
l
o
w
.
Th
e
mo
d
u
l
e
i
s we
l
l
-
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
d
.
Th
e
mo
d
u
l
e
i
s e
a
sy
f
o
r
u
sers
t
o
l
o
o
k
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
n
e
e
d
e
d
.
Th
e
w
e
b
p
a
g
e
f
o
r
u
sers
t
o
se
n
d
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
e
r
i
s
d
i
sp
l
a
y
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
c
l
i
c
k
o
n
t
h
e
se
n
d
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
b
u
t
t
o
n
.
Th
e
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
o
n
t
h
e
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
m
e
n
u
a
r
e
d
i
sp
l
a
y
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
si
n
g
l
e
c
l
i
c
k
.
Th
e
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
w
e
b
s
i
t
e
s a
r
e
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
e
d
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
l
i
n
k
s
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
c
l
i
c
k
e
d
.
C
l
i
c
k
i
n
g
t
o
b
r
o
w
s
e
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
t
r
a
n
si
t
i
o
n
s sm
o
o
t
h
l
y
.
Th
e
a
u
d
i
o
s
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
p
l
a
y
s
mo
o
t
h
l
y
w
i
t
h
a
si
n
g
l
e
c
l
i
c
k
.
Th
e
v
i
d
e
o
s
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
p
l
a
y
s
mo
o
t
h
l
y
w
i
t
h
a
si
n
g
l
e
c
l
i
c
k
.
Th
e
u
s
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
i
s
u
ser
-
f
r
i
e
n
d
l
y
.
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
C
I
1
C
I
2
C
I
3
C
I
4
C
I
5
C
I
6
C
I
7
C
I
8
C
I
9
C
I
1
0
C
I
1
1
C
I
1
2
Th
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
u
se
d
a
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
f
o
r
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
Th
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
u
se
d
a
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
t
o
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s.
Th
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
u
se
d
a
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
ESL s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
l
e
v
e
l
.
Th
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
u
se
d
a
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
ESL s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
sc
h
e
m
a
t
a
.
Th
e
r
e
a
r
e
n
o
t
y
p
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
e
r
r
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
u
l
d
l
e
a
d
t
o
m
i
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
.
Th
e
r
e
a
r
e
n
o
sp
e
l
l
i
n
g
e
r
r
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
u
l
d
c
a
u
se
mi
s
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
.
Th
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
g
r
a
mm
a
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s.
Th
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
se
c
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
e
s
t
i
n
g
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s’
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
.
Th
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
a
r
i
o
u
s t
y
p
e
s
o
f
me
d
i
a
.
Th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
i
s
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
.
Th
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
o
f
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
t
e
n
d
e
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s.
Th
e
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
l
i
n
k
s
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
c
r
e
d
i
b
l
e
.
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
P
I
1
P
I
2
P
I
3
P
I
4
P
I
5
P
I
6
P
I
7
P
I
8
P
I
9
P
I
1
0
P
I
1
1
Th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
e
d
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
i
s
e
a
s
y
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
g
r
a
m
m
a
r
e
x
e
r
c
i
s
e
s
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
E
S
L
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
Th
e
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
.
Th
e
g
r
a
mm
a
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
r
e
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
g
u
i
d
e
d
.
Th
e
g
r
a
mm
a
r
a
ssess
me
n
t
s
o
n
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
.
Th
e
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
d
e
si
g
n
e
d
a
r
e
i
n
l
i
n
e
w
i
t
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
t
o
o
l
s f
o
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
Th
e
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
s
t
i
mu
l
u
s t
o
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
m
e
mo
r
y
r
e
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
.
Th
e
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
t
h
e
sc
o
p
e
o
f
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
.
Th
e
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
l
i
g
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
g
o
a
l
o
f
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
.
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
i
s
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
g
t
o
b
e
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
a
s
a
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
f
o
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
g
r
a
m
mar t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
y
.
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
a
l
l
o
w
s st
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
o
b
e
s
e
l
f
-
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
a
b
se
n
c
e
o
f
a
n
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
o
r
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n pro
ce
du
re
T
h
r
ee
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
wer
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
i
n
p
er
s
o
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
th
r
ee
wer
e
c
o
n
tacte
d
v
ia
em
ail.
All
ex
p
er
ts
wer
e
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
s
en
t
a
f
o
r
m
al
e
m
ail
r
e
q
u
est,
an
a
p
p
o
in
tm
e
n
t
letter
,
an
d
th
e
lin
k
to
th
e
we
b
-
b
ased
m
o
d
u
le
(
www.
m
o
d
u
g
r
am
.
co
m
)
o
n
ce
th
e
y
ag
r
ee
d
t
o
b
ec
o
m
e
an
ex
p
er
t
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
d
etails o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
ts
in
v
o
lv
e
d
.
T
ab
le
2
.
L
is
t o
f
e
x
p
er
ts
Ex
p
e
r
t
D
e
si
g
n
a
t
i
o
n
A
r
e
a
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
t
i
se
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
(
y
e
a
r
s)
1
A
sso
c
i
a
t
e
p
r
o
f
e
sso
r
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
l
i
n
g
u
i
st
i
c
s
,
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
t
o
sp
e
a
k
e
r
s o
f
o
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
(
TESO
L)
R
y
u
k
o
k
u
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
J
a
p
a
n
15
2
A
ssi
st
a
n
t
p
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m s
o
l
v
i
n
g
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
N
o
t
t
i
n
g
h
a
m
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
5
3
Le
c
t
u
r
e
r
Li
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
s
K
o
l
e
j
T
i
n
g
k
a
t
a
n
En
a
m S
h
a
h
A
l
a
m,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
13
4
S
e
n
i
o
r
l
e
c
t
u
r
e
r
TESL,
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
(
TE
LL)
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
P
o
l
y
-
T
e
c
h
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
15
5
S
e
n
i
o
r
l
e
c
t
u
r
e
r
TESL,
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
D
D
R
,
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
A
R
A
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
29
6
A
sso
c
i
a
t
e
p
r
o
f
e
sso
r
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
En
g
l
i
s
h
V
a
n
La
n
g
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
24
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
26
:
784
-
794
788
2
.
4
.
D
a
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
pro
ce
du
re
A
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
was
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
er
ies
o
f
ex
p
e
r
t
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
o
llo
win
g
ex
ten
s
iv
e
s
ess
io
n
s
with
a
p
a
n
el
o
f
e
x
p
er
ts
an
d
an
in
-
d
e
p
th
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
r
elev
an
t
lit
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
n
u
m
b
er
s
with
a
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
to
5
wer
e
ass
ig
n
ed
an
d
lab
elled
as
m
1
,
m
2
,
an
d
m
3
[
40
]
,
wh
ile
th
e
f
u
zz
y
v
alu
es
wer
e
allo
ca
ted
b
y
th
e
Fu
zz
y
Delp
h
i
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
L
o
g
ic
So
f
twar
e
(
FUDE
L
O
1
.
0
)
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
f
iv
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
ia
b
les
to
f
ac
i
litate
th
e
ex
p
er
t’
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
as
in
d
icate
d
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
h
e
g
at
h
er
e
d
d
ata
was
ex
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
FD
M
th
r
o
u
g
h
FUDE
L
O
1
.
0
.
T
a
b
le
4
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
s
tep
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
in
th
e
FDM
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
3
.
A
5
-
p
o
i
n
t scale
lin
g
u
i
s
tic
v
ar
iab
les
Li
k
e
r
t
s
c
a
l
e
Li
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
F
u
z
z
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
s (m
1
, m
2
, m
3
)
F
U
D
ELO
1
.
0
’
s f
u
z
z
y
v
a
l
u
e
1
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
0
.
0
,
0
.
0
,
0
.
2
0
.
1
2
D
i
sag
r
e
e
0
.
0
,
0
.
2
,
0
.
4
0
.
2
3
S
o
mew
h
a
t
a
g
r
e
e
0
.
2
,
0
.
4
,
0
.
6
0
.
4
4
A
g
r
e
e
0
.
4
,
0
.
6
,
0
.
8
0
.
6
5
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
0
.
6
,
0
.
8
,
1
.
0
0
.
8
T
ab
le
4
.
Data
co
llectio
n
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
tep
s
u
tili
ze
d
in
FDM
S
t
e
p
F
o
r
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
:
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
S
i
x
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
w
e
r
e
a
p
p
o
i
n
t
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
t
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
M
O
D
U
G
R
A
M
b
a
se
d
o
n
f
o
u
r
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
s
(
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
s
p
e
c
t
s
,
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
)
t
h
a
t
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
d
b
y
l
i
n
g
u
i
st
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s,
a
s
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
3
.
2
:
Th
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
s
c
a
l
e
Tr
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
n
g
a
l
l
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
i
n
t
o
f
u
z
z
y
t
r
i
a
n
g
l
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
m
a
n
d
a
t
o
r
y
.
F
u
z
z
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
a
r
e
a
d
d
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
[4
1
]
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
t
r
i
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
f
u
z
z
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
t
h
a
t
e
p
i
t
o
m
i
z
e
s
a
n
d
i
s
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
a
s
m
1
(
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
s
t
v
a
l
u
e
)
,
m
2
(
t
h
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
)
,
a
n
d
m
3
(
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
v
a
l
u
e
)
.
C
o
n
t
r
a
r
i
l
y
,
t
h
e
t
r
i
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
f
u
z
z
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
a
f
u
z
z
y
s
c
a
l
e
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
s
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
i
n
t
o
f
u
z
z
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
s.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
Tr
i
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
f
u
z
z
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
3
:
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
i
n
g
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
a
n
d
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
A
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
r
e
sea
r
c
h
e
r
o
b
t
a
i
n
s
r
e
sp
o
n
s
e
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
e
si
g
n
a
t
e
d
e
x
p
e
r
t
s,
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
L
i
k
e
r
t
sca
l
e
m
u
st
b
e
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
me
d
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
f
u
z
z
y
sc
a
l
e
.
Th
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
s
a
l
so
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
o
o
d
a
s
e
n
u
m
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
v
e
r
y
f
u
z
z
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
[4
2
]
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
:
=
∑
=
1
4
:
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
i
n
g
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
v
a
l
u
e
“
d
”
Ex
p
e
r
t
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
i
s s
u
b
j
e
c
t
t
o
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
sh
o
l
d
v
a
l
u
e
[4
3
]
.
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s f
o
r
f
u
z
z
y
i
n
t
e
g
e
r
s m
=
(
m
1
, m
2
, m
3
)
a
n
d
n
=
(
m
1
,
m
2
,
m
3
)
a
r
e
me
a
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
mea
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
:
(
,
)
=
√
1
3
[
(
1
−
1
)
2
+
(
2
−
2
)
2
+
(
3
−
3
)
2
]
5
:
D
i
st
i
n
g
u
i
s
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
l
p
h
a
-
c
u
t
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
t
h
e
F
u
z
z
y
a
ssessm
e
n
t
A
f
u
z
z
y
v
a
l
u
e
i
s
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
i
f
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
a
g
r
e
e
.
Th
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
me
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
z
z
y
v
a
l
u
e
a
r
e
:
A
m
a
x
=
(
1
)
/
4
(
m
1
+
2
m
2
+
m
3
).
6
:
Th
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
o
f
d
e
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Th
i
s
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
s
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
A
max
=
1
⁄
4
*
(
a
1
+
2
a
m+
a
3
)
.
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
f
u
z
z
y
n
u
mb
e
r
s
o
r
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
r
e
sp
o
n
s
e
s
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
t
o
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
a
s
c
o
r
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
0
a
n
d
1
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
o
c
e
ss e
m
p
l
o
y
s t
h
r
e
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
s:
A
=
1
/
3
*
(
m
1
+m
2
+m
3
)
o
r
;
A
=
1
/
4
*
(
m
1
+
2
m
2
+m
3
)
o
r
;
A
=
1
/
6
*
(
m
1
+
4
m
2
+m
3
).
Th
e
A
-
c
u
t
v
a
l
u
e
e
q
u
a
l
s
t
h
e
'
0
'
a
n
d
'
1
'
med
i
a
n
w
i
t
h
α
-
c
u
t
=
0
.
5
(
(
0
+
1
)
/
2
)
.
T
h
e
i
t
e
m i
s
r
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
i
f
t
h
e
A
v
a
l
u
e
d
o
e
s n
o
t
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
t
h
e
α
-
c
u
t
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
0
.
5
s
i
n
c
e
i
t
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
se
n
su
s o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
.
H
e
n
c
e
,
i
t
i
s
r
e
c
o
m
me
n
d
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
A
l
p
h
a
-
c
u
t
v
a
l
u
e
,
o
r
α
-
c
u
t
v
a
l
u
e
,
i
s
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
0
.
5
[4
4
]
.
7
:
Th
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
o
f
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
Th
e
l
a
s
t
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
s
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
o
r
s
u
b
-
p
h
a
se
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
mo
d
e
l
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
b
y
S
a
i
d
o
e
t
a
l
.
[4
5
]
.
U
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
met
h
o
d
,
t
h
e
mo
d
e
l
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
t
o
b
e
p
l
a
c
e
d
i
s
d
e
c
i
d
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
d
e
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
t
s.
T
h
e
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
mo
d
e
l
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
v
a
l
u
e
p
o
s
si
b
l
e
f
o
r
w
h
a
t
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
t
o
b
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
ert ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
w
eb
-
b
a
s
ed
g
r
a
mma
tica
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
mo
d
u
le:
F
u
z
z
y
…
(
N
u
r
Hid
a
y
a
h
Md
Ya
z
id
)
789
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ar
t,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
ts
’
o
v
er
all
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
s
tep
s
o
f
th
e
FDM.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
c
o
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ix
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
eir
f
ield
wh
o
p
r
o
v
id
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
ab
les
5
-
8
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
ab
le
5
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
es
o
f
item
s
f
r
o
m
DI
1
to
DI
1
0
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
wer
e
less
th
an
0
.
2
.
T
h
e
d
ef
u
z
zif
icatio
n
v
alu
e
f
o
r
all
item
s
was
al
s
o
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
5
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
v
alu
es
ar
e:
DI
1
(
0
.
7
)
,
DI
2
(
0
.
6
3
3
)
,
DI
3
(
0
.
5
3
3
)
,
DI
4
(
0
.
7
)
,
DI
5
(
0
.
6
3
3
)
,
DI
6
(
0
.
7
)
,
DI
7
(
0
.
6
3
3
)
,
DI
8
(
0
.
7
)
,
DI
9
:
(
0
.
6
6
7
)
,
DI
1
0
(
0
.
6
3
3
)
,
all
o
f
w
h
ich
in
d
icate
th
at
all
1
0
item
s
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
d
esig
n
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
MO
DUGRAM
wer
e
ac
ce
p
ted
.
T
ab
le
6
e
x
h
ib
its
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
es
o
f
item
s
f
r
o
m
T
I
1
to
T
I
1
0
,
w
h
ich
wer
e
less
th
an
0
.
2
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
T
I
4
(
0
.
2
6
9
)
,
as
e
x
p
e
r
t
3
s
h
o
w
ed
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
item
:
“
t
h
e
web
p
ag
e
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
to
s
en
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
t
o
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
with
a
s
in
g
le
click
o
n
th
e
s
en
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
b
u
tto
n
.
”
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
all
o
f
th
e
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
v
alu
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
1
0
item
s
wer
e
s
till
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
0
.
5
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ef
u
zz
i
f
icatio
n
v
alu
es
a
r
e:
T
I
1
(
0
.
7
3
3
)
,
T
I
2
(
0
.
7
6
7
)
,
T
I
3
(
0
.
6
3
3
)
,
T
I
4
(
0
.
6
6
7
)
,
T
I
5
(
0
.
7
6
7
)
,
T
I
6
(
0
.
7
3
3
)
,
T
I
7
(
0
.
6
6
7
)
,
T
I
8
(
0
.
7
3
3
)
,
T
I
9
:
(
0
.
7
3
3
)
,
T
I
1
0
(
0
.
6
3
3
)
,
wh
ic
h
i
n
d
icate
th
at
all
1
0
item
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
tech
n
ical
a
s
p
ec
ts
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
MO
DUG
R
AM
wer
e
ac
ce
p
ted
.
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
t c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
MO
DUGRAM
’
s
d
esig
n
Ex
p
e
r
t
D
I
1
D
I
2
D
I
3
D
I
4
D
I
5
D
I
6
D
I
7
D
I
8
D
I
9
D
I
1
0
1
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
9
6
2
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
1
3
5
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
1
3
5
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
1
9
3
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
1
3
5
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
1
5
4
0
.
1
3
5
4
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
1
9
5
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
1
5
4
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
9
6
6
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
1
9
V
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
t
e
m
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
6
4
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
2
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
6
4
V
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
0
.
0
6
4
i
t
e
m <
0
.
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
%
o
f
i
t
e
m
<
0
.
2
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
o
f
%
c
o
n
se
n
s
u
s
1
0
0
D
e
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
7
0
.
6
3
3
0
.
5
3
3
0
.
7
0
.
6
3
3
0
.
7
0
.
6
3
3
0
.
7
0
.
6
6
7
0
.
6
3
3
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
1
3
4
1
3
1
3
1
2
3
S
t
a
t
u
s
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
T
ab
le
6
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
t c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
MO
DUGRAM
’
s
tech
n
ical
asp
ec
ts
Ex
p
e
r
t
TI
1
TI
2
TI
3
TI
4
TI
5
TI
6
TI
7
TI
8
TI
9
TI
1
0
1
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
1
9
2
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
9
6
3
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
1
3
5
0
.
2
6
9
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
1
9
4
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
1
9
5
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
1
9
6
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
1
9
V
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
t
e
m
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
3
2
0
.
0
6
4
0
.
1
0
3
0
.
0
3
2
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
3
2
V
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
0
.
0
5
2
i
t
e
m <
0
.
2
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
%
o
f
i
t
e
m
<
0
.
2
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
8
3
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
o
f
%
c
o
n
se
n
s
u
s
98
D
e
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
7
3
3
0
.
7
6
7
0
.
6
3
3
0
.
6
6
7
0
.
7
6
7
0
.
7
3
3
0
.
6
6
7
0
.
7
3
3
0
.
7
3
3
0
.
6
3
3
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
2
1
4
3
1
2
3
2
2
4
S
t
a
t
u
s
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
T
ab
le
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
es
o
f
item
s
f
r
o
m
C
I
1
to
C
I
1
2
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
wer
e
less
th
an
0
.
2
.
T
h
e
d
ef
u
zz
i
f
icatio
n
v
alu
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
item
was
also
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
5
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
e
f
u
zz
i
f
icatio
n
v
alu
es
ar
e:
C
I
1
(
0
.
7
)
,
C
I
2
(
0
.
7
3
3
)
,
C
I
3
(
0
.
7
)
,
C
I
4
(
0
.
6
6
7
)
,
C
I
5
(
0
.
6
)
,
C
I
6
(
0
.
7
3
3
)
,
C
I
7
(
0
.
7
3
3
)
,
C
I
8
(
0
.
7
3
3
)
,
C
I
9
:
(
0
.
7
)
,
C
I
1
0
(
0
.
7
)
,
C
I
1
1
(
0
.
6
6
7
)
,
C
I
1
2
(
0
.
7
3
3
)
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
in
d
icate
th
at
all
1
2
item
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
MO
DUGR
AM
wer
e
ac
ce
p
ted
.
T
ab
le
8
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
es
o
f
item
s
f
r
o
m
PI1
to
PI1
1
,
w
h
ich
wer
e
less
th
an
0
.
2
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
PI4
(
0
.
2
3
1
)
an
d
PI7
(
0
.
2
1
2
)
,
as
ex
p
er
t
2
s
h
o
wed
d
is
ag
r
e
em
en
t
o
n
t
h
e
item
s
:
“
th
e
g
r
a
m
m
ar
ac
tiv
ities
o
n
MO
DUGR
AM
ar
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
g
u
id
ed
”
an
d
“
th
e
m
ater
ials
p
r
o
v
id
e
en
o
u
g
h
s
tim
u
lu
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
m
em
o
r
y
r
eten
tio
n
.
”
No
n
eth
eless
,
all
o
f
th
e
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
1
2
item
s
wer
e
s
ti
ll
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
5
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
v
alu
es
ar
e:
PI1
(
0
.
6
6
7
)
,
PI2
(
0
.
7
3
3
)
,
PI3
(
0
.
6
6
7
)
,
PI4
(
0
.
6
)
,
PI
5
(
0
.
7
6
7
)
,
PI6
(
0
.
6
6
7
)
,
PI7
(
0
.
5
6
7
)
,
PI8
(
0
.
6
6
7
)
,
PI9
:
(
0
.
7
)
,
PI1
0
(
0
.
6
6
7
)
,
PI1
1
(
0
.
7
)
,
w
h
ich
in
d
icate
th
at
all
1
1
item
s
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
MO
DUGRAM
wer
e
ac
ce
p
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
26
:
784
-
794
790
T
ab
le
7
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
t c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
MO
DUGRAM
’
s
co
n
ten
t
Ex
p
e
r
t
C
I
1
C
I
2
C
I
3
C
I
4
C
I
5
C
I
6
C
I
7
C
I
8
C
I
9
C
I
1
0
C
I
1
1
C
I
1
2
1
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
1
1
5
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
3
8
2
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
1
9
2
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
1
5
4
0
.
0
7
7
3
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
1
5
4
0
.
1
1
5
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
7
7
4
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
1
1
5
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
3
8
5
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
1
1
5
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
3
8
6
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
V
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
t
e
m
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
6
4
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
5
1
V
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
0
.
0
6
1
i
t
e
m <
0
.
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
%
o
f
i
t
e
m
<
0
.
2
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
o
f
%
c
o
n
se
n
s
u
s
1
0
0
D
e
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
7
0
.
7
3
3
0
.
7
0
.
6
6
7
0
.
6
0
.
7
3
3
0
.
7
3
3
0
.
7
3
3
0
.
7
0
.
7
0
.
6
6
7
0
.
7
3
3
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
2
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
S
t
a
t
u
s
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
T
ab
le
8
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
t c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
MO
DUGRAM
’
s
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
Ex
p
e
r
t
P
I
1
P
I
2
P
I
3
P
I
4
P
I
5
P
I
6
P
I
7
P
I
8
P
I
9
P
I
1
0
P
I
1
1
1
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
2
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
2
3
1
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
2
1
2
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
1
7
3
3
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
1
1
5
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
5
8
4
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
1
1
5
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
1
3
5
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
5
8
5
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
1
5
4
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
6
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
5
8
V
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
t
e
m
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
3
2
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
7
1
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
5
8
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
7
7
V
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
0
.
0
5
9
i
t
e
m <
0
.
2
6
6
6
5
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
%
o
f
i
t
e
m
<
0
.
2
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
8
3
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
8
3
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
o
f
%
c
o
n
se
n
s
u
s
96
D
e
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
6
6
7
0
.
7
3
3
0
.
6
6
7
0
.
6
0
.
7
6
7
0
.
6
6
7
0
.
5
6
7
0
.
6
6
7
0
.
7
0
.
6
6
7
0
.
7
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
4
2
4
5
1
4
6
4
3
4
3
S
t
a
t
u
s
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
A
c
c
e
p
t
T
h
e
d
ar
k
en
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
al
u
e
th
at
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
2
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
at
th
e
v
alu
e
i
s
ab
o
v
e
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
(
T
ab
les
6
an
d
8
)
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
es
im
p
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
o
r
a
lack
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
ex
p
er
ts
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
atter
s
in
th
e
tec
h
n
ical
asp
ec
ts
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
o
f
MO
DUGRAM.
All
item
s
’
av
er
a
g
e
v
al
u
e
in
T
ab
le
s
5
-
8
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
(
d
)
is
less
th
an
0
.
2
,
d
esp
ite
v
ar
y
in
g
ex
p
er
t
o
p
i
n
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
at
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
ac
h
iev
ed
a
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ex
p
er
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
[
3
3
]
,
[4
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
is
ab
o
v
e
7
5
%.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
ex
p
e
r
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
t
h
ese
m
atter
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
atis
f
ied
[
2
8
]
.
Similar
ly
,
it
was
s
h
o
wn
th
at
with
th
e
α
-
cu
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
all
o
f
th
e
alp
h
a
-
c
u
t d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
v
alu
es
(
also
ca
lled
th
e
f
u
zz
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
av
er
ag
e)
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
0
.
5
.
T
h
e
item
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
r
ejec
ted
if
th
e
α
-
cu
t
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
v
alu
e
is
less
th
an
0
.
5
s
in
ce
th
e
v
alu
e
s
ig
n
als
th
at
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
wo
u
ld
a
g
r
ee
t
o
r
ejec
t
th
e
u
s
ed
item
s
[
38
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
e
v
er
y
al
p
h
a
cu
t
v
alu
e
e
x
ce
ed
s
0
.
5
,
an
d
all
item
s
ac
q
u
ir
ed
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
t c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
all
4
3
item
s
wer
e
ac
ce
p
ted
as r
eliab
le
an
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
co
n
tex
ts
.
L
astl
y
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
(
T
ab
l
es
5
-
8
)
,
ev
e
r
y
item
was
ca
teg
o
r
ized
an
d
r
an
k
e
d
b
ased
o
n
p
r
io
r
ity
.
F
o
r
t
h
e
w
e
b
-
b
a
s
e
d
g
r
a
m
m
a
ti
ca
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
E
S
L
le
a
r
n
e
r
s
,
c
o
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
w
as
r
e
a
c
h
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
an
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
M
O
DU
GR
A
M
b
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
t
e
v
a
l
u
ati
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
F
D
M
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
d
e
n
o
t
e
t
h
e
r
el
e
v
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
i
ts
v
a
l
i
d
it
y
f
o
r
i
ts
i
n
t
e
n
d
e
d
a
u
d
i
en
c
e
d
e
s
p
it
e
s
e
v
e
r
al
i
n
i
t
i
al
d
i
s
a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
e
c
h
n
ic
a
l
a
n
d
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
as
p
e
c
ts
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
a
r
e
i
n
l
i
n
e
w
i
t
h
p
r
i
o
r
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
w
h
i
c
h
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
FD
M
t
o
v
a
l
i
d
at
e
w
e
b
-
b
a
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
i
n
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
i
e
l
d
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
a
l
p
h
a
-
c
u
t
d
e
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
v
a
l
u
e
s
a
b
o
v
e
0
.
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
r
o
n
g
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
t
h
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
il
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
.
H
en
c
e
,
t
h
e
y
f
u
l
f
i
l
t
h
e
c
r
i
t
i
ca
l
c
r
it
er
i
a
f
o
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
we
b
-
b
a
s
e
d
g
r
am
m
a
r
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
ti
o
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
as
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
e
m
p
h
asize
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
th
at
ca
n
h
elp
n
ar
r
o
w
th
e
g
ap
in
th
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
o
f
g
r
am
m
a
r
am
o
n
g
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
E
SL
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
p
in
n
in
g
s
r
elate
d
to
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
a
L2
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
Kr
ash
en
’
s
in
p
u
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
[
1
1
]
an
d
Sch
m
i
d
t
n
o
ticin
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
[
1
2
]
,
s
tr
ess
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
m
etalin
g
u
is
tic
awa
r
en
ess
in
g
r
am
m
ar
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
s
tated
ea
r
lier
alig
n
s
with
th
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
eo
r
ies.
As
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
alig
n
s
with
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
K
ar
tal
an
d
Uzu
n
[
2
5
]
,
wh
ic
h
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical,
co
n
tex
tu
al,
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
f
ea
tu
r
es,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
is
f
u
r
th
er
v
alid
ated
.
T
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
as
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
o
r
d
er
e
d
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
p
r
ac
tice,
a
n
d
i
m
m
ed
iate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
ert ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
w
eb
-
b
a
s
ed
g
r
a
mma
tica
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
mo
d
u
le:
F
u
z
z
y
…
(
N
u
r
Hid
a
y
a
h
Md
Ya
z
id
)
791
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
web
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
elf
-
d
ir
ec
ted
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
is
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
less
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
c
es
in
th
e
tech
n
ical
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
asp
ec
ts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
M
ODUG
R
AM
attain
ed
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t.
Oth
er
ex
p
er
ts
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
o
f
f
u
r
th
e
r
e
n
h
an
cin
g
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
elem
en
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
eten
tio
n
to
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
le
v
el.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
web
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
to
o
ls
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
u
p
g
r
a
d
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
to
s
tay
u
p
d
ated
with
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
s
[4
7
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
e
was
to
attain
th
e
ex
p
e
r
ts
’
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
,
tech
n
ical
asp
ec
ts
,
co
n
ten
t,
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
o
f
th
e
web
-
b
as
ed
g
r
am
m
atica
l
co
m
p
eten
ce
m
o
d
u
le
(
MO
DUGRAM)
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
FDM
an
aly
s
is
,
MO
DUGR
AM
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
E
SL
le
ar
n
er
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
o
b
e
th
eo
r
etica
lly
s
o
u
n
d
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ically
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
all
f
o
u
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
th
e
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
ex
p
er
t
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
as
all
4
3
item
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
u
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
ac
ce
p
ted
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
le’
s
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
g
r
am
m
atica
l
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
is
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
an
d
s
elf
-
p
ac
ed
lear
n
in
g
.
B
y
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
g
ap
in
web
-
b
ased
g
r
am
m
ar
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
f
o
r
Ma
la
y
s
ian
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
lear
n
er
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ak
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
e
x
p
an
d
in
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
in
r
elatio
n
to
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
e
n
h
an
ce
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
er
v
alu
ab
le
le
s
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
m
o
d
u
les
d
esp
ite
o
n
ly
m
in
o
r
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
b
ein
g
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
also
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
b
en
e
f
icial
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
i
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
web
-
b
ased
le
ar
n
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
an
d
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e
as
it
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
an
d
g
u
id
elin
e
f
o
r
th
em
to
d
e
v
elo
p
a
n
d
estab
lis
h
m
o
r
e
web
-
b
ased
m
o
d
u
les
n
o
t
ju
s
t
f
o
r
th
eir
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
b
u
t
also
o
th
er
E
SL
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
g
lo
b
all
y
.
T
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
g
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
in
g
en
er
al
to
s
h
ar
e
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
am
o
n
g
o
n
e
an
o
t
h
er
a
n
d
m
ak
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
to
c
u
r
r
e
n
tly
av
ailab
le
web
-
b
ased
p
latf
o
r
m
s
th
at
s
u
it
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
lev
el
o
f
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
at
it
i
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
g
r
am
m
atica
l
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
E
SL
lear
n
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
.
Hen
ce
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
b
i
g
g
er
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
a
r
ea
s
o
f
lear
n
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
u
tc
o
m
es
b
e
u
n
d
er
tak
en
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
f
u
r
th
er
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
its
o
n
g
o
in
g
a
p
p
lica
b
ilit
y
in
E
SL
lear
n
in
g
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Nu
r
Hid
ay
ah
M
d
Yaz
id
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Nu
r
Ain
il Su
laim
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Har
wati
Hash
im
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
W
e
h
av
e
o
b
tain
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
p
o
te
n
tial
r
is
k
s
an
d
b
e
n
ef
its
,
an
d
t
h
eir
r
ig
h
t
t
o
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
tim
e
with
o
u
t p
en
alty
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
26
:
784
-
794
792
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
e
E
th
ical
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
U
n
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
l
o
g
i
MA
R
A,
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
as
g
r
an
ted
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
n
J
u
ly
2
3
rd
2
0
2
4
(
R
ef
.
No
.
R
E
C
/0
7
/2
0
2
4
(
ST/M
R
/1
2
7
)
)
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
au
th
o
r
,
[
NH
MY
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
F
.
A
.
M
.
F
i
sa
l
,
A
.
A
.
A
z
i
z
,
a
n
d
N
.
E.
M
.
S
a
i
d
,
“
F
i
e
l
d
e
x
p
e
r
t
s’
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
w
e
b
-
b
a
se
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
f
o
r
ESL
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
,
”
Ara
b
Wo
rl
d
E
n
g
l
i
sh
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
6
8
–
3
8
3
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
4
0
9
3
/
a
w
e
j
/
v
o
l
1
5
n
o
1
.
2
3
.
[
2
]
S
.
A
b
d
u
l
b
a
k
i
,
M
.
A
.
S
.
K
h
a
sawn
e
h
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
Ta
s
h
t
o
u
s
h
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
g
a
m
i
f
i
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
p
r
o
mo
t
i
n
g
g
r
a
mm
a
r
mas
t
e
r
y
i
n
J
o
r
d
a
n
i
a
n
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
EF
L
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
Re
se
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
3
7
5
–
3
3
8
6
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
3
8
9
4
/
i
j
i
r
ss.
v
8
i
2
.
6
0
1
3
.
[
3
]
V
.
S
a
n
g
e
e
t
h
a
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
i
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
En
g
l
i
sh
g
r
a
mm
a
r
sk
i
l
l
s
i
n
t
h
e
EF
L
c
l
a
s
ses
a
t
t
h
e
t
e
r
t
i
a
r
y
l
e
v
e
l
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Em
e
r
g
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
i
n
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
2
1
5
–
2
2
8
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
9
9
1
/
i
j
e
t
.
v
1
8
i
1
4
.
3
6
7
4
5
.
[
4
]
J.
K
u
z
mi
n
a
a
n
d
Z
.
V
i
n
č
e
l
a
,
“
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
u
r
se
i
n
En
g
l
i
s
h
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
g
r
a
mm
a
r
a
n
d
p
h
o
n
e
t
i
c
s
a
t
t
e
r
t
i
a
r
y
l
e
v
e
l
,
”
B
a
l
t
i
c
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
l
i
s
h
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
re
a
n
d
C
u
l
t
u
re
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
7
9
–
9
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
2
3
6
4
/
b
j
e
l
l
c
.
1
1
.
2
0
2
1
.
0
6
.
[
5
]
D
.
A
.
W
.
N
u
r
h
a
y
a
t
i
,
“
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
b
a
si
c
g
r
a
mm
a
r
u
s
i
n
g
t
a
s
k
-
b
a
se
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
:
a
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
o
n
l
i
n
e
me
d
i
a
t
e
x
t
,
”
I
J
ELT
AL
(
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
L
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
s)
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp.
19
–
34
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
0
9
3
/
i
j
e
l
t
a
l
.
v
4
i
1
.
2
8
4
.
[
6
]
A
.
A
r
i
y
a
n
t
i
a
n
d
R
.
F
i
t
r
i
a
n
a
,
“
EFL
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
n
e
e
d
s
i
n
e
ssa
y
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
T
ra
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
1
7
(
I
C
T
T
E
2
0
1
7
)
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
3
2
–
42
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
9
1
/
i
c
t
t
e
-
1
7
.
2
0
1
7
.
4
.
[
7
]
K
.
H
y
l
a
n
d
,
S
e
c
o
n
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
.
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
:
C
a
mb
r
i
d
g
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
P
r
e
ss,
2
0
1
9
.
[
8
]
H
.
G
.
A
d
a
l
i
a
,
J.
V
.
C
h
a
v
e
z
,
M
.
A
.
A
.
H
a
y
u
d
i
n
i
,
A
.
J.
K
i
n
a
r
a
n
g
,
N
.
A
.
S
a
b
b
a
h
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
M
.
S
a
l
a
sa
i
n
,
“
R
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
o
f
g
r
a
m
ma
r
a
mo
n
g
G
e
n
Z
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
c
i
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
,”
F
o
r
u
m
f
o
r
L
i
n
g
u
i
st
i
c
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
3
2
–
4
5
0
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
0
5
6
4
/
f
l
s
.
v
7
i
3
.
8
4
0
1
.
[
9
]
N
.
M
.
A
l
o
a
i
r
d
h
i
,
“
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
a
n
x
i
e
t
y
a
m
o
n
g
S
a
u
d
i
f
e
m
a
l
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
a
t
s
o
me
S
a
u
d
i
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
e
s
,
”
E
n
g
l
i
sh
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
55
–
65
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
5
3
9
/
e
l
t
.
v
1
2
n
9
p
5
5
.
[
1
0
]
Z.
Q
u
v
a
n
c
h
a
n
d
K
.
S.
N
a
,
“
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
A
f
g
h
a
n
i
st
a
n
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
a
n
x
i
e
t
y
i
n
E
n
g
l
i
sh
c
l
a
ss:
a
n
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
,
”
C
o
g
e
n
t
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p.
2
0
4
0
6
9
7
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
2
3
3
1
1
8
6
X
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
0
4
0
6
9
7
.
[
1
1
]
S
.
D
.
K
r
a
s
h
e
n
,
Pri
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
i
n
s
e
c
o
n
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
.
O
x
f
o
r
d
,
U
K
:
P
e
r
g
a
mo
n
P
r
e
s
s,
1
9
8
2
.
[
1
2
]
R
.
W
.
S
c
h
m
i
d
t
,
“
T
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
c
o
n
sc
i
o
u
sn
e
ss
i
n
se
c
o
n
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
L
i
n
g
u
i
st
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
–
1
5
8
,
1
9
9
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
a
p
p
l
i
n
/
1
1
.
2
.
1
2
9
.
[
1
3
]
S
.
C
a
n
,
“
E
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
me
d
l
a
n
d
sc
a
p
e
o
f
g
r
a
mm
a
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
u
n
v
e
i
l
i
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
a
r
n
e
ss
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
l
i
p
p
e
d
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
’
s
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
i
n
g
u
i
st
i
c
s,
L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
re
a
n
d
T
r
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
3
–
2
8
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
9
9
6
/
i
j
l
l
t
.
2
0
2
3
.
6
.
1
0
.
3
.
[
1
4
]
M
.
A
b
d
A
l
g
a
n
e
a
n
d
R
.
A
l
i
,
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
e
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
En
g
l
i
s
h
a
s
a
f
o
re
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
:
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
p
a
t
h
w
a
y
s
.
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
,
U
K
:
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
S
c
h
o
l
a
r
s Pu
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
2
0
2
4
.
[
1
5
]
Z.
Zh
o
u
a
n
d
W
.
Li
,
“
P
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
:
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
i
g
h
S
p
e
e
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
2
/
S
0
1
2
9
1
5
6
4
2
5
4
0
1
0
2
0
.
[
1
6
]
C
.
A
.
C
h
a
p
e
l
l
e
a
n
d
S
.
S
a
u
r
o
,
T
h
e
h
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
sec
o
n
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
B
l
a
c
k
w
e
l
l
:
Jo
h
n
W
i
l
e
y
&
S
o
n
s
,
I
n
c
.
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
9
7
8
1
1
1
8
9
1
4
0
6
9
.
[
1
7
]
U
.
A
b
d
u
s
h
u
k
u
r
o
v
a
,
“
D
e
c
o
d
i
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
:
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
t
o
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
g
r
a
mm
a
r
a
n
d
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
,
”
T
h
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
Asp
e
c
t
s
o
f
R
e
c
e
n
t
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
2
5
,
p
p
.
3
2
9
–
3
4
5
,
2
0
2
4
.
[
1
8
]
A
.
R
a
y
g
a
n
a
n
d
S
.
M
o
r
a
d
k
h
a
n
i
,
“
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
n
EF
L
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
:
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
EF
L
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s,
TPA
C
K
l
e
v
e
l
,
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
Ass
i
st
e
d
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
8
9
–
1
8
1
0
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
9
5
8
8
2
2
1
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
8
3
9
1
0
6
.
[
1
9
]
H
.
A
.
A
l
m
u
m
e
n
a
n
d
S
.
L.
R
a
i
mo
n
d
i
,
“
B
e
y
o
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
e
d
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
:
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
sel
f
-
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
v
e
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
o
f
K
u
w
a
i
t
i
a
d
o
l
e
sc
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
A
S
D
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
1
6
2
6
4
3
4
2
5
1
3
1
8
9
3
0
.
[
2
0
]
I
.
C
a
sa
n
o
v
a
-
M
a
t
a
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
E
n
g
l
i
sh
a
c
q
u
i
s
i
t
i
o
n
:
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
a
m
o
n
g
u
s
g
a
me
-
b
a
se
d
g
a
mi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
,
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
t
h
e
En
g
l
i
s
h
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
,
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
.
1
0
9
4
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
d
u
c
sci
1
3
1
1
1
0
9
4
.
[
2
1
]
H
.
S
h
e
n
,
Y
.
Y
u
a
n
,
a
n
d
R
.
Ew
i
n
g
,
“
En
g
l
i
sh
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
w
e
b
si
t
e
s a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s fr
o
m
t
h
e
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
o
f
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
EF
L
p
r
a
c
t
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
s,
”
R
e
C
ALL
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
6
–
1
7
6
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
7
/
S
0
9
5
8
3
4
4
0
1
4
0
0
0
2
6
3
.
[
2
2
]
N
.
A
g
u
a
y
o
a
n
d
C
.
M
.
R
a
m
í
r
e
z
,
“
D
o
e
s
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
ssessm
e
n
t
m
a
t
t
e
r
?
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
u
sa
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
e
st
i
n
g
o
f
w
e
b
s
i
t
e
s
f
o
r
ESL/
EF
L
a
u
t
o
n
o
mo
u
s
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s,”
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
5
3
0
4
/
r
l
t
.
v
2
8
.
2
3
5
3
.
[
2
3
]
A
.
S
.
A
l
h
a
b
d
a
n
,
“
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
En
g
l
i
s
h
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
w
e
b
si
t
e
s
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
o
f
S
a
u
d
i
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s:
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
sse
ssm
e
n
t
,
”
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
i
n
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
6
3
9
–
6
5
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
7
5
0
7
/
t
p
l
s.
1
1
0
6
.
0
7
.
[
2
4
]
R
.
A
l
l
i
so
n
,
C
.
H
a
y
e
s
,
C
.
A
.
M
.
M
c
N
u
l
t
y
,
a
n
d
V
.
Y
o
u
n
g
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
t
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
w
e
b
s
i
t
e
s:
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
G
o
o
d
W
e
b
,
”
J
MIR F
o
rm
a
t
i
v
e
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p.
e
1
4
3
7
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
9
6
/
1
4
3
7
2
.
[
2
5
]
E.
K
a
r
t
a
l
a
n
d
L.
U
z
u
n
,
“
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
,
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
a
l
o
g
u
e
:
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
n
g
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
w
e
b
si
t
e
s
,
”
T
u
r
k
i
s
h
O
n
l
i
n
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
D
i
st
a
n
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp.
90
–
107
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
2
6
]
E.
M.
F
u
e
n
t
e
s
a
n
d
J.
J.
R.
M
a
r
t
í
n
e
z
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
a
c
h
e
c
k
l
i
s
t
f
o
r
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
w
e
b
si
t
e
s,
”
P
o
rt
a
L
i
n
g
u
a
r
u
m
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
p
p
.
2
3
–
4
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
ert ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
w
eb
-
b
a
s
ed
g
r
a
mma
tica
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
mo
d
u
le:
F
u
z
z
y
…
(
N
u
r
Hid
a
y
a
h
Md
Ya
z
id
)
793
[
2
7
]
Q
.
W
.
B
o
o
n
,
T.
S
u
l
a
i
ma
n
,
a
n
d
F
.
R
a
z
a
l
i
,
“
Th
e
e
l
e
me
n
t
s
f
o
r
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
f
i
c
e
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
o
d
u
l
e
:
F
u
z
z
y
D
e
l
p
h
i
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
S
o
u
t
h
Ea
st
Asi
a
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
0
–
9
6
,
2
0
2
4
.
[
2
8
]
A.
F.
M.
Y
u
so
f
f
,
A.
H
a
s
h
i
m,
N.
M
u
h
a
ma
d
,
a
n
d
W.
N.
W.
H
a
m
a
t
,
“
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
F
u
z
z
y
D
e
l
p
h
i
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
d
e
si
g
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
l
e
me
n
t
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
-
P
B
M
P
I
-
P
o
l
i
m
o
d
u
l
e
,
”
As
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
U
n
i
v
e
rsi
t
y
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
292
–
3
0
4
,
2
0
2
1
.
[
29
]
M
.
Lu
o
,
D
.
D
e
W
i
t
t
,
a
n
d
N
.
A
l
i
a
s
,
“
E
x
p
e
r
t
s’
c
o
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
o
n
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
a
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
u
l
e
f
o
r
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
se
c
t
o
r
,
”
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
3
6
2
1
6
8
8
2
3
1
2
2
3
8
1
9
.
[
30
]
S
.
F
.
Li
m
a
n
d
Y
.
K
a
mi
n
,
“
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
A
R
-
b
a
se
d
m
o
d
u
l
e
f
o
r
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
n
e
u
m
a
t
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
:
a
n
e
e
d
s
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
Pe
r
t
a
n
i
k
a
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
H
u
m
a
n
i
t
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
1
–
5
6
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
7
8
3
6
/
P
JS
S
H
.
3
1
.
1
.
0
3
.
[
31
]
S
.
D
.
K
r
i
sh
n
a
n
,
H
.
N
o
r
ma
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
Y
u
n
u
s
,
“
O
n
l
i
n
e
g
a
mi
f
i
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
u
si
n
g
c
l
a
sscraf
t
,
”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
9
,
p.
1
0
8
1
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
u
1
3
1
9
1
0
8
1
7
.
[
32
]
R
.
C
.
R
i
c
h
e
y
a
n
d
J
.
K
l
e
i
n
,
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
r
e
se
a
rc
h
:
m
e
t
h
o
d
s,
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s,
a
n
d
i
s
s
u
e
s
.
M
a
h
w
a
h
,
N
J
:
La
w
r
e
n
c
e
Er
l
b
a
u
m
A
sso
c
i
a
t
e
s,
2
0
0
7
.
[
33
]
R
.
M
u
st
a
p
h
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
E
-
X
TV
T
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
i
n
p
r
o
mo
t
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
t
h
e
F
u
z
z
y
D
e
l
p
h
i
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
P
syc
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
6
8
1
–
5
6
9
6
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
7
7
6
2
/
p
a
e
.
v
5
8
i
1
.
1
9
7
2
.
[
34
]
A
.
C
i
p
t
o
n
o
,
S
.
S
e
t
i
y
o
n
o
,
F
.
N
u
r
h
i
d
a
y
a
t
i
,
a
n
d
R
.
V
i
k
a
l
i
a
n
a
,
“
F
u
z
z
y
D
e
l
p
h
i
met
h
o
d
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
ma
p
p
i
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
si
c
s
:
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
6
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
2
0
2
9
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
3
6
0
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
2
9
.
[
35
]
R
.
A
b
La
t
i
f
,
A
.
D
a
h
l
a
n
,
Z.
A
b
M
u
l
u
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
Z
.
M.
N
o
r
,
“
T
h
e
D
e
l
p
h
i
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
a
s
a
m
e
t
h
o
d
t
o
o
b
t
a
i
n
c
o
n
se
n
s
u
s
i
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
9
–
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
3
1
5
/
e
i
m
j
2
0
1
7
.
9
.
3
.
1
0
.
[
36
]
S
.
M
o
k
h
t
a
r
a
n
d
R
.
M
.
Y
a
s
i
n
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s
t
h
e
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
a
mo
n
g
st
TV
ET’s
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
o
r
s
:
F
u
z
z
y
D
e
l
p
h
i
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
Re
se
a
r
c
h
i
n
Bu
s
i
n
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
3
–
1
0
9
7
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
6
0
0
7
/
i
j
a
r
b
ss
/
v
8
-
i
6
/
4
3
0
3
.
[
37
]
M
.
F
.
N.
I
z
z
a
t
i
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
,
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
s
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
w
e
b
-
b
a
s
e
d
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
f
o
r
ESL
p
u
p
i
l
s
,
”
M
.
S
.
t
h
e
s
i
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
K
e
b
a
n
g
s
a
a
n
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
,
B
a
n
g
i
,
S
e
l
a
n
g
o
r
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
38
]
N
.
K
.
I
smai
l
,
S
.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
I
.
H
a
mza
h
,
“
T
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
F
u
z
z
y
D
e
l
p
h
i
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
a
sp
e
c
t
o
f
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
e
f
f
o
r
t
t
o
i
n
c
u
l
c
a
t
e
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
a
m
o
n
g
p
r
e
sc
h
o
o
l
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
0
7
–
2
9
2
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
2
3
6
/
c
e
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
0
1
2
2
1
6
.
[
39
]
A
.
O
’
H
a
g
a
n
,
“
E
x
p
e
r
t
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
e
l
i
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
:
su
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
b
u
t
sci
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
,
”
T
h
e
Am
e
ri
c
a
n
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
i
a
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
3
,
n
o
.
su
p
1
,
p
p
.
6
9
–
8
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
0
0
3
1
3
0
5
.
2
0
1
8
.
1
5
1
8
2
6
5
.
[
40
]
K
.
I
smai
l
,
R
.
I
sh
a
k
,
a
n
d
S
.
H
.
K
a
m
a
r
u
d
d
i
n
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
m
o
d
e
l
u
si
n
g
F
u
z
z
y
D
e
l
p
h
i
ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
T
EM
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
7
2
–
8
7
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
4
2
1
/
TEM
1
0
2
-
4
8
.
[
41
]
A
.
A
.
A
l
M
o
h
a
me
d
,
S
.
A
l
M
o
h
a
me
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
Zi
n
o
,
“
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
u
z
z
y
m
u
l
t
i
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
-
ma
k
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
h
o
sp
i
t
a
l
s
i
t
e
,
”
F
u
t
u
re
B
u
si
n
e
ss J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p.
14
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s4
3
0
9
3
-
0
2
3
-
0
0
1
8
5
-
5.
[
42
]
B
.
S
o
n
g
,
Q
.
P
e
n
g
,
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
P
.
G
u
,
“
A
f
u
z
z
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
b
a
se
d
h
i
e
r
a
r
c
h
y
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
me
t
h
o
d
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
i
mp
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
o
f
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
v
i
c
e
s,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
-
Ai
d
e
d
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
6
9
–
3
8
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
4
7
3
3
/
c
a
d
a
p
s.
2
0
1
9
.
3
6
9
-
3
8
1
.
[
43
]
A
.
F
.
R
.
L.
d
e
H
i
e
r
r
o
,
M
.
S
á
n
c
h
e
z
,
D
.
P
u
e
n
t
e
-
F
e
r
n
á
n
d
e
z
,
R
.
M
o
n
t
o
y
a
-
Ju
á
r
e
z
,
a
n
d
C
.
R
o
l
d
á
n
,
“
A
F
u
z
z
y
D
e
l
p
h
i
c
o
n
se
n
s
u
s
met
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
f
u
z
z
y
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
,
”
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p.
2
3
2
3
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
ma
t
h
9
1
8
2
3
2
3
.
[
44
]
T.
C
h
e
n
,
Y
.
C
.
L
i
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
C
.
C
h
i
u
,
“
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
i
n
g
a
l
p
h
a
-
c
u
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
f
u
z
z
y
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
h
i
e
r
a
r
c
h
y
p
r
o
c
e
ss a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
S
o
f
t
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
8
5
,
p.
1
0
5
8
5
5
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
s
o
c
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
0
5
8
5
5
.
[
45
]
G
.
A
.
M
.
S
a
i
d
o
,
S
.
S
i
r
a
j
,
D
.
D
e
W
i
t
t
,
a
n
d
O
.
S
.
A
l
-
A
me
d
y
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
e
r
o
r
d
e
r
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
sci
e
n
c
e
a
mo
n
g
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s:
a
F
u
z
z
y
D
e
l
p
h
i
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
8
4
7
–
8
6
6
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
9
5
0
0
6
9
3
.
2
0
1
8
.
1
4
5
2
3
0
7
.
[
46
]
P
.
R
a
h
a
y
u
a
n
d
I
.
A
.
W
u
l
a
n
d
a
r
i
,
“
D
e
f
i
n
i
n
g
e
-
p
o
r
t
f
o
l
i
o
f
a
c
t
o
r
f
o
r
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
y
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
F
u
z
z
y
D
e
l
p
h
i
met
h
o
d
,
”
Pr
o
c
e
d
i
a
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
7
,
p
p
.
5
6
6
–
5
7
5
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
r
o
c
s.
2
0
2
1
.
1
2
.
1
7
4
.
[
47
]
A
.
D
.
H
a
n
a
f
i
a
h
a
n
d
A
.
A.
A
z
i
z
,
“
O
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
ES
L
o
n
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
B
u
si
n
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
2
1
–
1
7
3
0
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
6
0
0
7
/
i
j
a
r
b
ss
/
v
1
2
-
i
1
/
1
2
0
6
2
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Nur
H
id
a
y
a
h
M
d
Y
a
z
id
is
a
P
h
.
D
.
st
u
d
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
t
t
h
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
M
a
lay
si
a
,
Ba
n
g
i,
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
ARA
,
M
a
lay
sia
si
n
c
e
2
0
1
6
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
d
o
i
n
g
h
e
r
d
o
c
to
ra
te
st
u
d
ies
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
En
g
li
sh
g
ra
m
m
a
r
a
n
d
we
b
-
b
a
se
d
lea
rn
in
g
a
t
p
re
-
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
lev
e
l
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
u
r
h
id
a
y
a
h
7
9
4
5
@u
it
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
;
n
h
i
d
a
y
a
h
m
y
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.