I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
26
,
p
p
.
895
~
914
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
15
i
1
.
3
3
6
2
6
895
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Fam
ily
econo
mics
educatio
n and
bas
ic econo
mics
in
s
ha
ping
students
’
irra
t
io
na
lity
Albria
n F
ik
y
P
ra
ko
s
o
1
,
Wa
s
po
do
T
j
ipto
Su
bro
t
o
1
,
E
k
a
H
endi Andr
ia
ns
y
a
h
1
,
No
rida
Ca
nd
a
Sa
k
t
i
1
,
Ardhita
E
k
o
G
ina
nja
r
1
,
P
ra
t
t
a
na
Sris
uk
2
,
Dy
a
h
Nug
ra
heny
P
ria
s
t
uti
3
,
E
t
y
Yo
uh
a
nita
4
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Ec
o
n
o
mi
c
s a
n
d
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
N
e
g
e
r
i
S
u
r
a
b
a
y
a
,
S
u
r
a
b
a
y
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
F
o
r
e
i
g
n
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
f
o
r
B
u
si
n
e
ss
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss
P
r
o
g
r
a
m,
T
h
a
i
G
l
o
b
a
l
B
u
si
n
e
ss
A
d
mi
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
S
a
mu
t
P
r
a
k
a
n
,
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
3
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
A
r
t
s
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
I
K
I
P
W
i
d
y
a
D
a
r
ma
,
S
u
r
a
b
a
y
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
4
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s a
n
d
H
u
ma
n
i
t
i
e
s,
P
G
R
I
A
d
i
B
u
a
n
a
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
S
u
r
a
b
a
y
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Mar
16
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
2
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Dec
15
,
2
0
2
5
Th
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
h
a
s
l
e
d
to
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
in
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
h
a
b
it
s
a
n
d
irratio
n
a
l
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
io
n
,
wh
ich
a
ls
o
e
x
h
i
b
it
a
stro
n
g
te
n
d
e
n
c
y
to
wa
r
d
s
fa
m
il
y
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(F
E
E)
i
n
sh
a
p
in
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
irrati
o
n
a
li
ty
(IR).
Th
e
n
o
v
e
l
ty
o
f
t
h
is
st
u
d
y
l
ies
in
t
h
e
e
x
p
l
o
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
re
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twe
e
n
F
EE
a
n
d
stu
d
e
n
ts
’
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
m
e
d
iate
d
b
y
b
a
sic
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
(BE)
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
,
wh
ich
is
sti
ll
u
n
d
e
r
-
e
x
p
lo
re
d
i
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
Th
is
stu
d
y
u
se
s
a
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
wit
h
str
u
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
t
io
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
(S
EM
)
.
A
t
o
tal
o
f
3
8
5
st
u
d
e
n
ts
o
f
e
c
o
n
o
m
ics
o
r
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
stu
d
y
p
r
o
g
ra
m
s
a
re
sp
re
a
d
a
c
ro
ss
3
8
p
ro
v
in
c
e
s
i
n
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
Th
e
fi
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
re
se
a
rc
h
in
d
ica
te
t
h
a
t
F
EE
h
a
s
a
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
b
u
t
re
lativ
e
l
y
we
a
k
p
o
sit
iv
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
stu
d
e
n
ts
’
BE
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
.
In
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
,
F
EE
d
irec
tl
y
in
c
re
a
se
s
stu
d
e
n
ts
’
irrati
o
n
a
li
t
y
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
BE
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
,
wh
ic
h
a
lso
tu
r
n
s
o
u
t
to
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
p
o
siti
v
e
ly
t
o
su
c
h
irratio
n
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
.
T
h
is
fin
d
in
g
imp
li
c
it
l
y
sh
o
ws
t
h
a
t
th
e
d
e
li
v
e
ry
o
f
in
ten
siv
e
F
E
E
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
a
lwa
y
s
h
a
v
e
a
p
o
siti
v
e
imp
a
c
t
b
u
t
c
a
n
a
c
tu
a
ll
y
stre
n
g
th
e
n
IR
in
st
u
d
e
n
t
s.
Th
u
s,
th
is
st
u
d
y
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
s
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
fo
r
a
m
o
re
c
a
re
fu
l
a
n
d
se
lec
ti
v
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
i
n
F
EE
to
re
d
u
c
e
st
u
d
e
n
ts
’
irratio
n
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
asic e
co
n
o
m
ics
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
E
co
n
o
m
ics ed
u
ca
tio
n
Fam
ily
ec
o
n
o
m
ics ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
I
r
r
atio
n
ality
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Alb
r
ian
Fik
y
Pra
k
o
s
o
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
co
n
o
m
ics E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
co
n
o
m
ics
an
d
B
u
s
in
ess
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Ne
g
er
i Su
r
ab
a
y
a
Ketin
tan
g
Stre
et,
6
0
2
3
1
,
Su
r
a
b
ay
a,
E
ast J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
alb
r
ian
p
r
a
k
o
s
o
@
u
n
esa.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
ec
en
tly
,
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
h
allen
g
es
h
as
g
r
o
wn
.
Falco
n
e
an
d
Fio
r
en
ti
n
o
[
1
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
lik
e
n
u
d
g
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
cir
cu
lar
b
io
-
ec
o
n
o
m
y
f
ash
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
we
d
th
at
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
awa
r
en
ess
,
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
en
s
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
o
n
e
’
s
p
o
liti
ca
l
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
t
h
ese
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
s
o
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
as
an
in
itial
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
in
d
es
ig
n
in
g
f
am
ily
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
FEE
)
,
wh
ich
aim
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
ir
r
atio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
(
I
R
)
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Dep
ar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
ex
p
licitly
to
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
FEE
with
b
asic
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
(
B
E
)
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
to
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
atio
n
ality
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
895
-
914
896
E
v
er
y
o
n
e
m
u
s
t
c
o
n
d
u
ct
b
u
y
i
n
g
an
d
s
ellin
g
ac
tiv
ities
in
th
eir
d
aily
liv
es
[
2
]
.
T
r
ad
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
th
e
en
tire
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
I
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tiv
ities
,
p
eo
p
le
f
ac
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
o
ices
th
ey
m
u
s
t
m
ak
e
[
3
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
g
o
als;
s
o
m
etim
es,
th
ese
g
o
als
d
o
n
o
t
m
atch
th
eir
n
ee
d
s
[
4
]
.
T
h
ese
d
ec
is
i
o
n
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
clin
ed
t
o
war
d
s
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
d
esire
s
an
d
ig
n
o
r
i
n
g
th
at
t
h
eir
n
ee
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
et
(
c
h
r
em
atis
tics
)
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
th
e
th
eo
r
y
p
u
t
f
o
r
war
d
b
y
Ar
is
to
tle
th
a
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tiv
ity
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
aim
ed
at
p
r
o
f
it,
n
o
t
ex
tr
a
p
r
o
f
it,
f
o
r
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
s
u
ch
as
Veb
len
’
s
t
h
eo
r
y
[
5
]
.
I
n
f
ac
in
g
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
liter
ac
y
is
to
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
th
ey
will
m
ak
e
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
,
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
,
s
av
in
g
,
an
d
in
v
estme
n
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
th
at
lead
to
th
in
k
in
g
ab
o
u
t
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
ex
ac
er
b
ate
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
C
OVI
D
p
an
d
em
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
m
ak
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
f
o
r
tab
le
w
ith
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
ad
g
ets
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
aim
s
to
b
e
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
e
n
ewa
l
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
1
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ir
o
n
ically
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
g
ad
g
ets ar
e
u
s
ed
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as b
u
y
in
g
g
o
o
d
s
o
n
lin
e.
B
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
r
e
s
u
lts
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
liter
ac
y
in
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atin
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
d
ec
is
io
n
s
is
th
at
m
aster
in
g
BE
co
n
ce
p
ts
wo
u
ld
e
n
ab
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
ak
e
b
etter
d
ec
is
io
n
s
in
th
eir
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
s
tates
th
at
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
liter
ac
y
ca
n
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
b
u
s
in
ess
[
1
3
]
,
w
h
ich
will
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
f
in
a
n
cial
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
,
wh
ic
h
will
later
h
av
e
a
n
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
welf
a
r
e
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tio
n
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
litt
le
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
e
x
p
er
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
ee
k
s
to
d
ig
d
ee
p
er
in
to
th
ese
two
asp
ec
ts
an
d
in
v
o
lv
es
a
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ex
p
lain
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Hig
h
lig
h
ts
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
s
u
m
m
ar
ies
o
n
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
s
titu
tio
n
a
l
q
u
ality
,
b
io
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
-
ec
o
lo
g
ical
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
r
e
cr
u
cial.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
b
y
B
ar
r
a
a
n
d
Falco
n
e
[
1
7
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
tr
o
n
g
in
d
icatio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
is
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
a
n
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
i
s
a
m
ain
ca
u
s
e
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
t
h
e
b
io
ec
o
n
o
m
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
at
a
r
eg
i
o
n
al
le
v
el,
wh
eth
er
in
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
o
r
m
ajo
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ch
an
g
es.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
also
y
ield
s
an
o
th
er
im
p
licatio
n
,
n
am
ely
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
b
y
m
ax
im
izin
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
r
ea
lize
a
co
m
p
lex
b
io
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
b
io
ec
o
n
o
m
y
b
ec
o
m
e
s
a
d
eter
m
in
an
t
f
o
r
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
n
ew
jo
b
s
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
m
p
etitio
n
in
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
an
d
th
eir
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
in
p
u
ts
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
is
ess
en
tia
l
f
o
r
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
in
ev
er
y
s
ec
to
r
o
f
s
o
ciety
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
d
ay
in
lin
e
with
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t g
o
als (
SDGs
)
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
i
ca
te
th
e
u
r
g
e
n
cy
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
,
esp
ec
ially
in
f
ac
in
g
n
e
g
ativ
e
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
waste.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
m
u
s
t
also
b
e
m
ain
tain
ed
.
C
o
u
n
tr
ies
with
u
p
p
er
-
m
i
d
d
le
in
c
o
m
e
lev
els
ten
d
to
s
h
o
w
h
ig
h
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ef
f
icien
c
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
lo
wer
-
m
id
d
le
in
co
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies,
m
ain
ly
d
u
e
to
b
etter
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
p
o
liti
ca
l
s
ta
b
ilit
y
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
q
u
ality
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ex
ten
t to
wh
ich
a
co
u
n
tr
y
is
ab
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
p
e
o
p
le
’
s
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
in
m
an
ag
i
n
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
is
also
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
liter
ac
y
o
b
tain
e
d
b
o
th
f
o
r
m
al
ly
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
ally
,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
am
ily
s
o
cializa
tio
n
an
d
f
o
r
m
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
lo
w
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
liter
ac
y
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als to
ten
d
to
b
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tiv
e
an
d
IR
in
m
ak
in
g
e
co
n
o
m
ic
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
q
u
ality
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
o
th
in
FEE
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
is
t
an
d
I
R
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
B
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
h
o
w
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
f
am
ily
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
BE
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
ca
n
s
h
ap
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
atio
n
ality
,
esp
ec
ially
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
tr
e
n
d
s
,
th
e
r
e
h
as
r
ec
en
tly
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
r
esear
ch
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ec
o
n
o
m
y
is
c
o
m
p
lex
an
d
in
v
o
lv
es
m
an
y
s
t
ak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
T
h
is
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
co
n
ce
r
n
s
s
o
cial
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
asp
ec
ts
.
Sig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
ts
o
cc
u
r
in
r
elate
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
as
it
af
f
ec
ts
h
o
w
th
ey
g
ain
b
en
ef
its
an
d
in
cu
r
lo
s
s
es.
Mo
r
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic
d
ev
e
lo
p
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
,
s
tatin
g
th
at
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
f
air
n
ess
co
n
ce
p
ts
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
is
m
ain
tain
ed
.
Pro
d
u
ce
r
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
p
r
e
f
e
r
en
ce
s
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
ar
e
th
e
in
itial
im
p
ac
ts
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
th
e
r
e
is
in
d
ee
d
m
u
ch
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
n
o
v
atio
n
o
n
s
o
cial
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
eq
u
ality
.
T
h
is
r
elate
s
to
th
e
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
as
a
s
tep
to
war
d
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
wh
ich
u
n
d
er
ce
r
tain
co
n
d
itio
n
s
m
ay
ac
tu
ally
r
esu
lt
in
r
eg
io
n
al
d
is
p
ar
ities
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
ly
in
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
a
n
d
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
co
u
n
t
r
ies.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
o
b
v
io
u
s
ex
am
p
le
is
B
r
az
il,
wh
ich
is
r
ich
in
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
t
h
at
is
p
r
ec
is
ely
th
e
ch
allen
g
e.
Ab
u
n
d
an
t
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
lead
t
o
h
i
g
h
d
ep
en
d
en
cy
,
a
n
d
i
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
b
ased
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
o
ten
tial
is
d
am
ag
ed
,
th
e
lo
ca
l
ec
o
n
o
m
y
ca
n
co
llap
s
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
co
n
ce
p
t
h
as
em
er
g
ed
,
ca
lled
th
e
m
u
ltil
ev
el
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
(
ML
P).
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
a
n
y
s
tr
ateg
y
aim
e
d
at
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ec
o
n
o
m
y
m
u
s
t
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
p
o
t
en
tial
o
f
ea
ch
r
eg
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
a
mily
ec
o
n
o
mics e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
a
n
d
b
a
s
ic
ec
o
n
o
mics in
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ir
r
a
tio
n
a
lity (
A
lb
r
ia
n
F
iky
P
r
a
ko
s
o
)
897
an
d
m
a
n
ag
e
th
at
p
o
ten
tial
wel
l
to
av
o
id
m
ass
iv
e
d
ep
en
d
en
c
y
.
T
h
is
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
in
e
q
u
ality
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
m
o
o
th
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
o
f
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
I
d
e
n
tify
in
g
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ea
ch
r
eg
io
n
is
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
ce
p
t
r
elate
d
to
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
is
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
o
licy
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
(
E
PU)
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
is
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
is
also
r
ef
lecte
d
in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
.
Pre
v
en
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
E
PU
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ef
f
icien
cy
o
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
So
u
th
Asi
a,
th
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
h
elp
s
r
ed
u
ce
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
f
in
an
cial
r
is
k
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
th
esi
s
will
r
etu
r
n
to
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
p
r
o
tect
f
r
o
m
p
o
li
tical
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
to
m
ain
tain
g
o
o
d
b
u
r
ea
u
c
r
ac
y
.
T
h
e
b
etter
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
eg
u
lati
o
n
s
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
o
licies
will
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
m
u
s
t
al
ig
n
with
ch
a
n
g
es
in
s
o
cieta
l
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
.
O
n
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
t
o
r
,
b
o
th
as
s
u
b
jects
an
d
o
b
jects,
is
th
e
y
o
u
n
g
er
g
en
er
atio
n
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
licy
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
s
ev
er
al
v
ar
iab
les th
at
h
av
e
a
p
p
ea
r
e
d
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
n
ee
d
to
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
f
o
r
t
h
eir
ef
f
ec
ts
to
r
e
d
u
ce
i
r
r
atio
n
ality
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
ML
P
an
d
E
PU,
an
eq
u
ally
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
p
o
licy
(
T
I
P).
T
h
is
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
s
p
ea
r
h
ea
d
o
f
th
e
SDGs
.
Po
licies
th
at
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
ai
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
b
u
t
also
lead
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
r
ef
er
s
to
g
lo
b
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
wh
er
e
s
o
ciety
b
ec
o
m
es
s
u
b
jects
wh
o
s
e
b
eh
av
io
r
m
u
s
t
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
p
o
licies
to
r
u
n
s
m
o
o
th
ly
.
TIP
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
b
ec
au
s
e
it
em
p
h
asiz
es
m
u
lti
-
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
is
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
esu
lts
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
,
s
o
cieties,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ies.
T
h
u
s
,
T
I
P
is
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
ac
ts
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
g
lo
b
al
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
h
allen
g
es
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
th
a
n
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
ten
d
to
b
e
in
cr
e
m
en
tal
[
2
2
]
.
SDGs
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
q
u
al
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
id
e,
wh
ich
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
f
am
ily
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
m
ak
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
atio
n
al
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
ti
v
ities
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
liter
ac
y
ca
n
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
esp
e
cially
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
clo
s
est
to
th
em
,
n
am
ely
,
th
e
f
am
ily
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
a
m
ily
is
a
ch
ild
’
s
f
ir
s
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
wh
ich
will
later
h
elp
th
e
m
b
ec
o
m
e
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
als
wh
o
ca
n
m
a
k
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
n
s
u
m
p
tiv
e
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
tim
e
s
p
en
t
with
th
e
f
am
ily
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Fam
ilies
an
d
p
ar
en
ts
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
th
eir
ch
i
ld
r
en
.
T
h
is
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
lized
in
v
ar
io
u
s
wa
y
s
,
s
u
ch
as
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
s
av
in
g
s
h
ab
it
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
io
r
ities
,
an
d
s
tim
u
latin
g
cr
ea
tiv
ity
t
o
cr
ea
te
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
id
ea
s
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
ar
en
ts
is
cr
u
cial
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
lea
r
n
in
g
th
at
em
p
h
asizes
p
r
o
b
l
em
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
in
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
,
as
is
th
e
ca
s
e
in
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
m
ath
em
atics/s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
a
r
ts
,
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M/
STE
AM
)
lear
n
in
g
[
2
9
]
.
Par
en
ts
m
u
s
t
a
ls
o
p
ay
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
eir
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
g
ad
g
ets.
T
h
e
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
elec
tiv
e
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
b
est
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
,
s
u
ch
as
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
r
f
in
an
cial
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
3
0
]
,
n
o
t
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
r
g
am
es.
Par
en
ts
’
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
eir
c
h
ild
r
en
g
ain
ce
r
tain
ly
f
o
r
m
a
r
atio
n
al
p
er
s
o
n
in
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t e
co
n
o
m
ic
ac
tiv
ities
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
ten
d
t
o
f
o
c
u
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
f
o
r
m
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
liter
ac
y
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
h
av
e
n
o
t
y
et
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
in
d
ep
th
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
FEE
as
a
c
r
u
cial
d
eter
m
in
a
n
t
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
T
h
eo
r
eti
ca
lly
,
th
er
e
is
s
til
l
a
g
ap
in
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
t
h
eo
r
y
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
o
cializa
tio
n
in
th
e
f
am
ily
an
d
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
wh
er
e
th
e
f
am
ily
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
a
g
e
n
t
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
alu
es,
h
ab
its
,
an
d
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
f
r
o
m
an
ea
r
ly
ag
e.
T
o
f
ill
th
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
c
h
an
d
th
e
o
r
y
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
ee
k
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
FEE
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tio
n
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
BE
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
in
t
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
ex
p
e
cted
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
First,
it
is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
th
is
r
esear
ch
ca
n
en
r
ich
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
liter
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
a
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
esp
ec
ially
in
ex
p
lain
in
g
h
o
w
th
e
in
f
lu
en
c
e
o
f
FEE
s
h
ap
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
,
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
r
atio
n
al.
T
h
is
asp
ec
t
is
s
till
r
elativ
ely
u
n
d
er
-
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
in
th
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
at
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el.
Seco
n
d
,
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
ca
n
ev
alu
ate
a
b
asic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ics.
On
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
is
aim
ed
at
th
e
h
ea
d
s
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
m
ak
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
o
r
e
r
atio
n
al
in
th
eir
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tiv
ities
.
L
astl
y
,
Su
r
ab
ay
a
is
u
n
iq
u
e
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
h
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lo
u
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
af
ter
J
ak
a
r
ta,
with
d
iv
er
s
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
s
ev
er
al
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
o
v
er
c
o
m
in
g
ir
r
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
t e
co
n
o
m
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
I
n
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
to
war
d
s
b
u
ild
in
g
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ec
o
n
o
m
y
th
at
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
asp
ec
ts
,
r
ec
en
t
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
also
q
u
ite
d
iv
er
s
e.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
in
C
h
in
a,
a
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
s
th
at
C
h
in
a
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
a
n
d
its
r
elatio
n
t
o
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
ey
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
at
r
is
k
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
r
a
tio
n
ality
ar
e
k
ey
asp
ec
ts
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
s
till
ed
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
v
ia
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
-
lev
el
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
eten
cies,
with
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
p
o
ten
tially
ex
ten
d
in
g
to
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
895
-
914
898
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
f
i
n
an
ci
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
is
o
cc
u
r
s
in
Ger
m
a
n
y
[
3
2
]
,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
i
g
h
er
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
ten
d
to
lead
to
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
f
in
a
n
cial
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Of
c
o
u
r
s
e,
th
is
is
also
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
E
u
r
o
p
e.
An
o
th
e
r
e
x
am
p
le
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
Switzer
lan
d
,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
an
ad
a
p
tiv
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
r
eg
io
n
al
u
n
i
q
u
en
ess
th
at
ca
n
r
ef
lect
l
o
ca
l
c
u
ltu
r
e
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
p
ir
its
,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
i
ch
is
ca
p
italis
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
r
ea
ch
ed
is
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ca
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
to
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
y
n
am
ics p
o
ten
tially
h
av
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
ab
ilit
ies [
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
lies
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
B
E
v
ar
iab
le
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
in
th
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
FEE
a
n
d
I
R
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
g
en
er
ally
o
n
ly
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
a
n
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
FEE
o
n
I
R
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
]
,
b
u
t
d
id
n
o
t
ex
p
li
citly
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
“
ir
r
atio
n
al
”
with
in
th
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ics.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tio
n
s
.
As
f
a
r
as
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
'
s
r
esear
ch
,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
n
o
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
th
at
em
p
ir
ically
test
s
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
B
E
as
a
m
ed
iatin
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
at
b
r
id
g
es
FEE
with
s
tu
d
en
t e
co
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
e
r
s
s
ev
er
al
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
First,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
s
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
BE
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
th
e
f
am
ily
s
p
h
er
e
as
a
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
f
ac
to
r
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
ir
r
atio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
i
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
t
h
em
to
b
ec
o
m
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
wh
ich
is
r
ar
e
an
d
m
is
s
in
g
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
BE
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
th
e
f
am
ily
s
p
h
er
e
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
(
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
teac
h
e
r
s
)
to
b
ec
o
m
e
r
atio
n
al
in
d
iv
id
u
als
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
I
f
th
ey
b
ec
o
m
e
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
teac
h
er
s
,
t
h
ey
will
also
teac
h
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
b
ec
o
m
e
r
atio
n
al
in
d
iv
id
u
als
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
is
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
e
ca
u
s
e
it
will
f
o
r
m
a
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
an
d
non
-
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tiv
e
h
u
m
an
p
er
s
o
n
ality
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
th
er
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
w
h
en
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
co
n
s
id
er
s
m
ak
in
g
p
o
licies
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
in
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
s
u
b
s
id
ies
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
o
n
e
y
o
r
g
o
o
d
s
to
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
f
o
cu
s
es
m
o
r
e
o
n
b
u
d
g
etin
g
f
u
n
d
s
f
o
r
m
icr
o
,
s
m
all,
an
d
m
ed
i
u
m
en
te
r
p
r
is
es
(
MSM
E
s
)
,
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
,
an
d
co
o
p
er
ativ
es
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e.
T
h
ir
d
,
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
v
er
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
at
o
f
o
th
er
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies,
an
d
th
er
e
is
less
r
esear
ch
o
n
BE
c
o
m
p
ete
n
ce
in
th
e
f
am
ily
s
p
h
er
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
ir
r
atio
n
ality
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
B
E
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
th
e
f
am
ily
cir
cle
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
ir
r
atio
n
ality
.
T
h
is
ar
ea
h
as n
o
t
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
f
o
cu
s
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
is
to
p
in
p
o
in
t
th
e
c
r
itical
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
th
at
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
FEE
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
id
en
tif
y
in
g
th
e
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
h
o
p
e
f
u
l
ly
ca
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
asic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
as
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
ef
f
o
r
t
to
f
o
r
m
a
m
o
r
e
r
atio
n
al
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
ac
tical
b
asis
f
o
r
f
am
ilies
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
i
n
g
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
FEE
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
T
h
ese
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
will
b
e
id
en
tifie
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
to
m
ak
e
th
e
m
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
l
v
es
a
co
n
c
en
tr
ated
s
ea
r
ch
u
s
in
g
a
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
t
h
e
n
eo
class
ical
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
iew
a
s
s
er
ts
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ac
t
r
atio
n
ally
an
d
s
ee
k
m
ax
im
u
m
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
m
b
i
n
es
th
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
t
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
b
eh
in
d
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
an
s
wer
th
e
s
cien
tific
q
u
esti
o
n
:
T
o
wh
at
ex
ten
t
d
o
FEE
an
d
B
E
s
h
ap
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
ir
r
atio
n
al
b
eh
av
io
u
r
?
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
as
:
i)
FEE
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
BE
(
H1
)
;
ii)
FEE
h
as
a
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ir
r
atio
n
ality
(
H2
)
;
iii)
BE
h
as
a
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ir
r
atio
n
ality
(
H3
)
;
an
d
iv
)
FEE
h
as
a
n
e
g
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
i
r
r
atio
n
ality
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
BE
(
H4
)
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
T
y
pes
a
nd
a
pp
ro
a
ches o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
em
p
lo
y
s
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
with
an
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
r
esear
ch
ty
p
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
e
x
p
lain
th
e
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
FEE
v
ar
iab
les
,
BE
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
ir
r
ati
o
n
ality
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
was
ev
al
u
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
th
e
h
el
p
o
f
t
h
e
l
atest
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
W
ar
p
PLS
s
o
f
twar
e,
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
ab
le
to
h
an
d
le
m
o
d
els
with
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
in
d
icato
r
s
,
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
al
d
ata,
an
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
els
ef
f
icien
tly
.
An
o
th
e
r
r
ea
s
o
n
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ch
o
s
en
is
th
at
it
is
ab
le
t
o
test
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
co
m
p
l
ex
m
o
d
els
b
etwe
en
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les
with
a
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize.
W
ar
p
P
L
S
also
allo
ws
test
in
g
o
f
m
e
d
iatio
n
m
o
d
els
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
o
b
u
s
t
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
al
d
ata.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
h
as
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ex
p
lain
in
g
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
d
ep
t
h
with
o
u
t
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
o
r
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
ata.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
b
ias
an
d
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
t
h
at
ar
e
n
o
t a
ctiv
e
o
n
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
a
mily
ec
o
n
o
mics e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
a
n
d
b
a
s
ic
ec
o
n
o
mics in
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ir
r
a
tio
n
a
lity (
A
lb
r
ia
n
F
iky
P
r
a
ko
s
o
)
899
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h pro
ce
du
re
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
iv
e
m
ain
s
tag
es,
n
am
ely
:
i
)
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es;
ii
)
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
;
iii
)
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
o
n
lin
e
to
s
elec
ted
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
;
iv
)
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
s
in
g
th
e
SEM
tech
n
i
q
u
e
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
W
ar
p
PLS
s
o
f
twar
e;
an
d
v
)
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
r
awin
g
r
esear
c
h
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
At
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
tag
e,
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
FEE
,
B
E
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
an
d
ir
r
atio
n
al
b
eh
av
io
r
,
wh
ich
was
th
en
u
s
ed
as
th
e
b
asi
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
ilin
g
s
tatem
en
t
item
s
.
E
x
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
was
also
in
v
o
lv
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
itab
ili
ty
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
co
n
te
n
t
with
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
b
ein
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
o
th
at
ea
ch
p
r
o
v
in
ce
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
c
o
u
ld
b
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
.
Data
an
al
y
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
SEM
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
r
o
u
g
h
W
ar
p
PLS
s
o
f
twar
e,
wh
ich
allo
ws
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
laten
t
v
ar
ia
b
les.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
tag
e
is
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
lin
k
e
d
b
ac
k
t
o
th
e
th
eo
r
y
,
s
o
th
at
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
o
th
ac
ad
em
ically
an
d
p
r
ac
tically
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
T
h
is
r
ese
ar
c
h
d
at
a
w
as
c
o
ll
ec
t
ed
o
n
li
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
a
Go
o
g
le
F
o
r
m
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
te
d
v
i
a
W
h
atsA
p
p
,
T
el
eg
r
a
m
,
Face
b
o
o
k
,
X
,
a
n
d
I
n
s
t
a
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
c
ial
m
e
d
i
a
as
a
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
n
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es
is
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
e
d
r
el
e
v
a
n
t
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
l
ev
el
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
n
et
p
e
n
e
tr
ati
o
n
an
d
a
cti
v
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
cia
l
m
ed
i
a
am
o
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
,
s
o
ci
al
m
ed
i
a
all
o
ws
r
es
ea
r
c
h
e
r
s
t
o
r
e
a
ch
a
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
i
ca
l
l
y
w
id
es
p
r
ea
d
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
m
o
r
e
q
u
ic
k
l
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
i
n
c
r
e
asi
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t
ati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
n
ati
o
n
all
y
.
H
o
we
v
er
,
t
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
li
m
i
tat
io
n
s
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
ili
ty
o
f
a
cc
ess
i
b
il
it
y
b
i
as,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
n
o
t
all
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
a
r
e
a
cti
v
e
o
n
s
o
ci
al
m
e
d
ia
o
r
h
a
v
e
a
s
t
ab
le
i
n
t
er
n
e
t
co
n
n
e
cti
o
n
.
T
o
m
ai
n
t
ai
n
d
a
ta
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t
ati
v
e
n
ess
,
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
we
r
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
s
el
ec
te
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
t
ac
t
lis
t
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
w
h
o
ac
ti
v
el
y
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
at
e
i
n
f
o
r
u
m
o
r
s
o
ci
al
m
e
d
ia
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
p
ec
i
f
i
ca
ll
y
f
o
r
e
co
n
o
m
ics
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
ea
c
h
p
r
o
v
i
n
c
e.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
c
ial
m
e
d
i
a
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ta
ti
v
e
s
a
m
p
le
to
e
v
a
lu
at
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
b
e
h
av
io
r
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
ly
,
es
p
ec
ial
ly
i
n
th
e
c
o
n
te
x
t
o
f
th
e
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
ca
l
s
p
r
e
ad
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
T
h
is
q
u
an
t
ita
ti
v
e
r
esea
r
c
h
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
es s
u
r
v
e
y
m
et
h
o
d
s
t
o
ex
p
l
ai
n
th
e
ca
u
s
a
l
co
n
n
e
cti
o
n
b
e
twe
en
F
E
E
a
n
d
I
R
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
B
E
.
T
h
e
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
T
h
e
FEE
v
ar
iab
le
was
m
o
d
if
ie
d
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
es
[
3
7
]
–
[
3
9
]
,
u
s
in
g
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
with
an
s
wer
ch
o
ices
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
to
5
,
f
r
o
m
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
to
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
.
I
n
d
i
ca
to
r
s
o
f
FEE
in
clu
d
e
s
o
cializa
tio
n
,
h
a
b
itat,
an
d
r
o
le
m
o
d
els.
B
E
v
ar
ia
b
les
ar
e
test
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
W
alst
ad
et
a
l.
[
40
]
with
a
s
co
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
0
-
1
0
0
.
I
n
d
icato
r
s
o
f
B
E
in
clu
d
e
city
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ch
o
ice
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
(
SC
PR
)
,
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
m
ar
g
in
al
an
al
y
s
is
,
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
an
d
(
DM
MA
SD)
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
allo
ca
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
(
E
SAM)
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
ce
n
tiv
e
p
r
ices,
wag
es,
an
d
p
r
o
f
its
(
E
I
PW
P),
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
ex
c
h
an
g
e
an
d
tr
ad
e
(
V
E
T
)
,
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
(
SC
A)
,
m
ar
k
ets
an
d
p
r
ices
(
MP)
,
co
m
p
etitio
n
(
C
OM
)
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
(
MI
)
,
m
o
n
ey
a
n
d
in
f
latio
n
(
MO
I
)
,
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
ets
an
d
in
c
o
m
e
(
L
MI
)
,
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
an
d
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
(
E
NT
)
,
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
h
u
m
an
ca
p
ital
in
v
estme
n
t
(
PHC
I
)
,
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
o
le
o
f
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
(
E
R
G)
,
an
d
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
an
d
in
f
latio
n
(
UI
)
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
ir
r
atio
n
ality
v
ar
iab
le
ad
o
p
ts
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
W
ah
y
o
n
o
et
a
l.
[
41
]
u
s
in
g
a
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
wi
th
an
s
wer
ch
o
ices
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
to
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
.
I
n
d
icato
r
s
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
a
n
d
r
es
earc
h
o
b
jec
t
i
v
es
D
evel
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
en
t
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
eo
r
y
a
n
d
p
r
evi
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
es
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
ai
r
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
l
i
n
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
s
t
o
s
el
ec
t
ed
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
t
s
D
a
t
a
p
r
o
c
es
s
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
S
E
M
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
u
s
i
n
g
W
a
r
p
PL
S
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
I
n
t
erp
r
et
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
r
es
u
l
t
s
a
n
d
d
r
a
w
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
895
-
914
900
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
ality
in
clu
d
e
lo
s
s
av
er
s
io
n
(
r
elu
cta
n
ce
to
lo
s
e)
,
t
h
e
en
d
o
wm
e
n
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
p
e
r
ce
p
t
io
n
o
f
item
s
o
wn
ed
v
er
s
u
s
item
s
n
o
t o
wn
ed
)
,
h
er
d
b
eh
av
io
r
(
g
r
o
u
p
b
eh
a
v
io
r
)
,
altr
u
is
m
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
m
o
r
ality
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
h
as
also
r
ec
eiv
ed
v
alid
atio
n
f
r
o
m
ex
p
er
t
lectu
r
er
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Af
ter
r
ec
eiv
in
g
v
alid
atio
n
f
r
o
m
e
x
p
er
ts
,
we
test
ed
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
o
n
5
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
u
s
in
g
SP
S
S
s
o
f
t
war
e.
T
wo
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
wer
e
in
v
alid
f
r
o
m
th
is
ac
tiv
ity
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
was
less
th
an
0
.
7
,
s
o
we
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
th
em
with
th
e
n
o
te
th
at
t
h
er
e
wer
e
s
till
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
ea
ch
in
d
icato
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
all
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
we
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
m
et
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
was
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
.
Fin
ally
,
to
f
u
lf
ill
eth
ical
clea
r
an
ce
,
wh
ich
ar
is
es
f
r
o
m
u
n
d
er
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
o
f
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
we
f
ir
s
t
in
f
o
r
m
ed
t
h
em
th
at
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
o
n
ly
,
a
n
d
we
ass
u
r
ed
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
th
at
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wo
u
ld
b
e
k
ep
t c
o
n
f
id
e
n
tial.
2
.
4
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
nd
s
a
m
ple selec
t
io
n
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
was
ac
ti
v
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
cs
an
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
in
all
p
r
o
v
i
n
ce
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
,
s
p
r
e
a
d
ac
r
o
s
s
3
8
p
r
o
v
i
n
c
es.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
i
n
t
h
is
r
es
ea
r
c
h
was
t
e
n
ti
m
es
th
e
f
o
r
m
at
iv
e
in
d
i
ca
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
v
a
r
ia
b
l
es wit
h
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
n
d
ic
ato
r
s
[
42
]
.
T
h
is
v
ar
ia
b
l
e
is
BE
,
wit
h
2
9
i
n
d
ica
to
r
s
;
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
iz
e
w
as
2
9
0
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
ca
l
c
u
la
t
o
r
s
o
f
tw
a
r
e
,
i
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
l
ati
o
n
s
iz
e
w
er
e
u
n
l
im
i
te
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
r
g
i
n
o
f
er
r
o
r
wa
s
5
%,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
3
8
5
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
l
in
g
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
u
s
ed
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
a
l
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
to
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t
ati
v
e
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
l
ati
o
n
[
43
]
,
[
44
]
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
w
as
d
e
te
r
m
in
e
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
ly
,
n
am
el
y
b
y
d
et
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
all
y
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
p
r
o
v
in
ce
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
o
r
e
co
n
o
m
ic
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
g
io
n
.
As
a
n
i
m
p
l
em
en
tati
o
n
,
1
0
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
we
r
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
s
el
ec
te
d
f
r
o
m
e
ac
h
p
r
o
v
i
n
ce
as
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
ati
o
n
.
F
o
r
W
est
J
a
v
a
P
r
o
v
i
n
c
e,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
w
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
t
o
1
5
p
e
o
p
le
b
e
ca
u
s
e
t
h
is
p
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
h
as
t
h
e
la
r
g
es
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
i
n
ec
o
n
o
m
i
cs
an
d
e
co
n
o
m
ic
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
.
T
h
e
15
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
w
er
e
o
b
t
ai
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
iti
es:
s
ta
te
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
,
p
r
i
v
a
te
u
n
iv
er
s
iti
es,
a
n
d
tea
c
h
e
r
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
in
s
t
it
u
ti
o
n
s
(
L
PT
K)
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
L
PTK
.
T
h
e
s
ele
cti
o
n
was
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
r
an
d
o
m
ly
b
ase
d
o
n
a
lis
t
o
f
a
cti
v
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
o
b
t
ai
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
c
o
n
tac
t
d
at
a,
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
o
r
g
a
n
i
za
ti
o
n
s
,
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
n
c
ial
-
l
ev
el
e
co
n
o
m
ics
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
o
n
f
o
r
u
m
s
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
B
ef
o
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
a
ta
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
will
b
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
f
ir
s
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
h
elp
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
a
r
iab
les
to
m
ak
e
it
s
im
p
ler
[
45
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
m
p
ilin
g
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
c
ep
tu
al
m
o
d
el
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
a
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
n
a
m
ely
,
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
[
45
]
–
[
47
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
was o
b
tai
n
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
is
is
a
r
esear
c
h
d
ata
co
llec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
SEM
as
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
aly
tical
m
eth
o
d
,
with
W
ar
p
PLS
u
s
ed
to
ass
is
t
in
m
o
d
el
esti
m
atio
n
,
with
m
o
d
el
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
a
n
d
th
e
o
u
ter
an
d
in
n
er
m
o
d
el
s
tag
es.
L
ater
,
it
will
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
m
o
r
e
d
etail,
n
am
ely
,
th
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
p
r
o
f
ile
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
a
ly
s
is
(
C
FA)
.
L
ast
ly
,
h
y
p
o
th
es
is
tes
tin
g
f
o
r
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
e
f
f
ec
ts
will
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
d
ata
was
a
n
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
SEM
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
th
e
W
ar
p
PLS
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
esear
ch
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
T
h
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
test
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
m
o
d
els
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
a
r
iab
les
b
u
ilt
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
all
m
ee
t
th
e
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
to
m
ee
t
th
e
f
it
cr
iter
ia
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
I
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
f
in
d
th
e
b
est
m
o
d
el,
all
th
e
f
it
cr
iter
ia
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
et
[
48
]
,
[
49
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
o
n
ly
to
lo
o
k
f
o
r
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
an
d
n
o
t
f
o
r
th
e
b
est
m
o
d
el
s
o
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
n
co
n
tin
u
e
if
o
n
e
o
r
two
f
it c
r
iter
ia
ar
e
m
et
[
50
]
,
[
51
]
.
T
h
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it test r
esu
lts
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
B
a
si
c
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
(
B
E)
F
a
mi
l
y
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
F
EE)
I
r
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
(
I
R
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
a
mily
ec
o
n
o
mics e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
a
n
d
b
a
s
ic
ec
o
n
o
mics in
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ir
r
a
tio
n
a
lity (
A
lb
r
ia
n
F
iky
P
r
a
ko
s
o
)
901
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it
N
o
.
M
o
d
e
l
f
i
t
a
n
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
d
i
c
e
s
F
i
t
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
1
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
p
a
t
h
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
A
P
C
)
P
<
0
.
0
5
0
.
2
3
5
(
P
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
M
e
e
t
s
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
t
m
o
d
e
l
2
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
R
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
d
(
A
R
S
)
P
<
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
1
5
(
P
=
0
.
0
2
7
)
M
e
e
t
s
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
t
m
o
d
e
l
3
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
a
d
j
u
st
e
d
R
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
d
(
A
A
R
S
)
P
<
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
0
8
(
P
=
0
.
0
3
3
)
M
e
e
t
s
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
t
m
o
d
e
l
4
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
b
l
o
c
k
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
i
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
A
V
I
F
)
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
I
f
<
=
5
,
i
d
e
a
l
l
y
<
=
3
.
3
1
.
0
0
6
I
d
e
a
l
5
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
f
u
l
l
c
o
l
l
i
n
e
a
r
i
t
y
V
I
F
(
A
F
V
I
F
)
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
I
f
<
=
5
,
i
d
e
a
l
l
y
<
=
3
.
3
1
.
1
3
9
I
d
e
a
l
6
Te
n
e
n
h
a
u
s
g
o
o
d
n
e
ss
o
f
f
i
t
(
G
o
F
)
S
mal
l
>
=
0
.
1
,
me
d
i
u
m
>
=
0
.
2
5
,
l
a
r
g
e
>
=
0
.
3
6
0
.
1
9
8
S
mal
l
7
S
y
mp
s
o
n
’
s Para
d
o
x
r
a
t
i
o
(
S
P
R
)
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
I
f
>
=
0
.
7
,
i
d
e
a
l
l
y
=
1
1
.
0
0
0
M
e
e
t
s
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
t
m
o
d
e
l
8
R
-
sq
u
a
r
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
i
o
(
R
S
C
R
)
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
I
f
>
=
0
.
9
,
i
d
e
a
l
l
y
=
1
1
.
0
0
0
M
e
e
t
s
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
t
m
o
d
e
l
9
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
a
l
s
u
p
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
r
a
t
i
o
(
S
S
R
)
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
I
f
>
=
0
.
7
1
.
0
0
0
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
10
N
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
b
i
v
a
r
i
a
t
e
c
a
u
s
a
l
i
t
y
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
i
o
(
N
L
B
C
D
R
)
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
I
f
>
=
0
.
7
1
.
0
0
0
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
I
n
T
a
b
le
1
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it
f
o
r
th
e
ten
cr
iter
ia
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
.
Alm
o
s
t
all
o
f
th
e
10
cr
iter
ia
h
av
e
m
et
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
p
ass
in
g
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
o
n
e
c
r
iter
io
n
f
alls
in
to
t
h
e
s
m
all
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
n
am
ely
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it
(
Go
F
)
.
T
h
e
T
en
en
h
au
s
Go
F
i
n
d
ex
is
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
o
f
a
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
-
SEM
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
m
o
d
el.
I
t
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
cr
iter
ia
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
m
o
d
el
f
it
in
PLS
-
SEM
[
52
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
ilit
y
o
f
Go
F
v
alu
es
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
tex
t
an
d
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
th
r
esh
o
ld
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
ets.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
u
n
iv
er
s
al
th
r
esh
o
l
d
f
o
r
wh
at
co
n
s
titu
tes
a
“g
o
o
d
”
Go
F
v
alu
e,
b
u
t
it
is
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
as a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
r
ath
er
th
an
a
n
ab
s
o
lu
te
m
ea
s
u
r
e
[
52
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
s
o
n
ly
to
f
in
d
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les a
n
d
n
o
t t
o
f
in
d
th
e
b
est m
o
d
el
s
o
th
at
th
is
is
n
o
t a
p
r
o
b
lem
[
53
]
,
[
54
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
in
T
ab
le
2
co
n
tain
s
a
lo
ad
f
ac
to
r
,
wh
ich
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
er
it
is
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
o
r
th
e
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
e
in
d
icato
r
is
[
55
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
ata
s
et
is
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
e
e
m
p
ir
ical
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
f
elt
b
y
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
B
o
th
d
ata
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
I
f
th
e
lo
ad
f
ac
to
r
i
s
h
ig
h
b
u
t
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
is
lo
w,
th
en
th
e
a
d
v
ice
is
t
o
f
ix
it
im
m
e
d
iately
.
Ho
wev
er
,
if
th
e
lo
ad
f
ac
to
r
is
lo
w
an
d
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
is
h
ig
h
o
r
lo
w,
th
e
n
th
e
ad
v
ice
ca
n
b
e
m
ain
tain
e
d
o
r
ig
n
o
r
ed
,
an
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t in
d
icato
r
s
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
.
W
h
en
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
i
n
g
is
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
th
e
in
d
icato
r
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
ef
lects
o
r
b
ec
o
m
es
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
th
at
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
th
e
s
ev
er
al
v
ar
iab
les
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
i
n
clu
d
e:
i)
th
e
FEE
v
ar
iab
le,
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
d
icato
r
,
n
a
m
ely
s
o
cializa
tio
n
,
h
as
a
f
ac
to
r
l
o
ad
in
g
o
f
0
.
8
5
2
wit
h
a
h
ig
h
co
n
d
itio
n
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
im
m
ed
ia
tely
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
u
n
til
it
r
is
e
s
to
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ly
h
ig
h
lev
el
an
d
ii)
th
e
I
R
v
ar
iab
le
with
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
d
icato
r
,
n
am
ely
th
e
en
d
o
wm
en
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
item
s
o
wn
ed
v
er
s
u
s
item
s
n
o
t
o
wn
ed
)
,
h
as
a
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
0
.
7
0
9
with
a
h
ig
h
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
u
s
i
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
p
r
o
m
p
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
/im
p
r
o
v
e
d
to
a
v
er
y
h
ig
h
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Var
iab
le
p
r
o
f
ile
N
o
.
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
Lo
a
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
sc
o
r
e
S
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
1
F
EE
S
o
c
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
8
5
2
4
.
1
(
h
i
g
h
)
I
t
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
b
e
r
e
p
a
i
r
e
d
i
mm
e
d
i
a
t
e
l
y
2
H
a
b
i
t
0
.
8
2
6
3
.
8
(
h
i
g
h
)
I
t
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
b
e
r
e
p
a
i
r
e
d
i
mm
e
d
i
a
t
e
l
y
3
R
o
l
e
mo
d
e
l
0
.
6
2
9
3
.
7
(
h
i
g
h
)
M
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
4
Lo
ss
a
v
e
r
si
o
n
(
r
e
l
u
c
t
a
n
t
t
o
l
o
s
e
)
0
.
6
6
0
3
.
4
(
h
i
g
h
)
M
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
5
IR
En
d
o
w
m
e
n
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
(
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
t
e
m
s
o
w
n
e
d
v
e
r
su
s
i
t
e
ms
n
o
t
o
w
n
e
d
)
0
.
7
0
9
3
.
8
(
h
i
g
h
)
I
t
N
e
e
d
s
t
o
b
e
r
e
p
a
i
r
e
d
i
mm
e
d
i
a
t
e
l
y
6
H
e
r
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
(
g
r
o
u
p
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
)
0
.
2
4
4
3
(
h
i
g
h
)
M
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
7
A
l
t
r
u
i
sm
0
.
5
2
9
3
.
1
(
me
d
i
u
m)
M
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
8
Ec
o
n
o
mi
c
m
o
r
a
l
i
t
y
0
.
5
7
1
3
.
7
(
h
i
g
h
)
M
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
3
.
1
.
1
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
t
esting
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
,
n
am
ely
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
an
d
in
d
i
r
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t.
Dir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
is
u
s
ed
to
a
n
s
wer
th
e
e
x
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
en
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
les
with
o
u
t
m
ed
iatio
n
[
56
]
i
n
h
y
p
o
th
eses
1
,
2
,
an
d
3
.
I
n
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
th
e
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
is
u
s
ed
to
an
s
wer
h
y
p
o
th
esis
4
.
Data
an
al
y
s
is
with
W
ar
p
PLS
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
two
o
u
tp
u
ts
:
im
ag
es
an
d
tab
le
s
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
895
-
914
902
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
is
s
u
ed
b
y
th
e
W
ar
p
PLS
s
o
f
twar
e.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
FEE
h
as
th
r
ee
in
d
icato
r
s
s
y
m
b
o
lized
b
y
3
i,
B
E
3
0
test
q
u
esti
o
n
s
s
y
m
b
o
lized
b
y
3
0
i,
an
d
I
R
h
as
th
r
ee
in
d
icato
r
s
s
y
m
b
o
lize
d
b
y
5
i.
T
h
er
e
is
also
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
b
etwe
en
v
ar
i
ab
les
m
ar
k
ed
with
P=,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
e
p
-
v
al
u
e
v
alu
e.
Fin
ally
,
th
er
e
is
also
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
m
ar
k
ed
with
th
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
(
β),
wh
ich
,
if
(
+
)
th
en
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
an
d
(
-
)
if
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
n
eg
ativ
e
[
57
]
–
[
59
]
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
f
ig
u
r
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
W
ar
p
PLS
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
o
u
tp
u
t
as
a
tab
le.
T
ab
le
3
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
d
ir
ec
tly
.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
ta
in
ed
f
r
o
m
T
a
b
le
3
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
with
alp
h
a
1
%,
5
%,
an
d
1
0
%.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
th
e
th
r
ee
alp
h
a
ty
p
es
a
s
a
b
asic
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
m
a
k
in
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
I
f
th
e
p
-
v
al
u
e
is
s
m
aller
th
an
alp
h
a,
th
er
e
is
a
wea
k
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
an
d
h
ig
h
ly
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t in
f
lu
en
ce
[
60
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
esear
ch
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
T
ab
le
3
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
N
o
.
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
P
a
t
h
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
P
-
v
a
l
u
e
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
1
F
EE
→
BE
0
.
1
0
0
0
.
0
8
0
1
2
F
EE
→
IR
0
.
4
1
0
<
0
.
0
0
1
2
3
B
E
→
IR
0
.
1
9
0
<
0
.
0
0
1
3
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
3
,
it
is
k
n
o
wn
th
at
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
FEE
o
n
B
E
h
as
a
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
1
0
0
an
d
p
<0
.
0
8
0
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
t
h
e
p
-
v
alu
e
is
s
m
aller
th
a
n
0
.
1
,
it
m
ea
n
s
th
at
it
is
wea
k
ly
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
1
(
H1
)
is
ac
ce
p
ted
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
is
ab
o
v
e
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
ig
n
if
ican
c
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
0
5
,
it
is
s
til
l
with
in
th
e
to
ler
an
ce
lim
its
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
esp
ec
ia
lly
if
u
s
in
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
lim
it
o
f
1
0
%
(
α
=0
.
1
0
)
[
61
]
as
is
s
o
m
etim
es
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
FEE
h
as
an
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
I
R
with
a
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
4
1
0
an
d
p
-
v
alu
e
<0
.
0
0
1
.
B
ased
o
n
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
FEE
an
d
I
R
h
as
a
p
-
v
alu
e
<0
.
0
0
1
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
a
v
er
y
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
.
T
h
e
p
ath
co
ef
f
i
cien
t
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
ig
n
(
0
.
4
1
0
)
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
FEE
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
I
R
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
2
(
H2
)
was
r
ejec
ted
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
n
o
t in
lin
e
with
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
m
u
lated
i
n
th
e
in
it
ial
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
wh
ich
s
tates th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
FEE
o
n
I
R
is
n
eg
ativ
e.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
is
r
esu
lt
s
till
s
h
o
ws
a
s
tr
o
n
g
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
FEE
an
d
I
R
,
th
u
s
in
d
icatin
g
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
itial
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
ex
p
lan
atio
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
an
d
its
im
p
licatio
n
s
will
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
B
E
o
n
I
R
h
ad
a
p
ath
co
e
f
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
1
9
0
an
d
a
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
<0
.
0
0
1
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
B
E
an
d
I
R
h
as
a
p
-
v
al
u
e
<0
.
0
0
1
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
h
ig
h
l
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
.
T
h
e
p
ath
co
e
f
f
icien
t
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
ig
n
(
0
.
1
9
0
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
B
E
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
I
R
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
3
(
H3
)
was r
ejec
ted
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
ex
t
W
ar
p
PL
S
s
o
f
twar
e
ar
e
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
i
n
d
ir
e
ct
ef
f
ec
t
b
etwe
en
FEE
an
d
I
R
[
62
]
–
[
64
]
.
T
a
b
le
4
will
s
h
o
w
wh
eth
er
B
E
h
as
s
u
cc
ee
d
ed
in
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
m
e
d
iatin
g
v
ar
iab
le
.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
b
et
wee
n
th
e
v
ar
ia
b
les.
I
t
b
ec
o
m
es
ap
p
a
r
en
t
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
FEE
an
d
I
R
th
r
o
u
g
h
B
E
h
as
a
co
e
f
f
i
cien
t
o
f
0
.
0
1
9
with
a
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
3
5
5
.
T
h
u
s
,
B
E
is
n
o
t a
m
ed
iato
r
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
4
(
H4
)
was r
ejec
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
a
mily
ec
o
n
o
mics e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
a
n
d
b
a
s
ic
ec
o
n
o
mics in
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ir
r
a
tio
n
a
lity (
A
lb
r
ia
n
F
iky
P
r
a
ko
s
o
)
903
T
ab
le
4
.
T
wo
s
eg
m
en
t
-
m
e
d
iatio
n
N
o
.
Ex
p
l
a
n
a
t
o
r
y
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
M
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
R
e
s
p
o
n
se
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
p
a
t
h
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
P
-
v
a
l
u
e
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
1
F
EE
BE
IR
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
3
5
5
N
o
t
a
m
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
test
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
FEE
a
n
d
I
R
,
an
d
t
o
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
B
E
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
s
h
o
ws
th
at
FEE
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
wea
k
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
B
E
,
with
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
1
0
0
an
d
p
=0
.
0
8
0
o
n
B
E
.
T
h
u
s
,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
t
h
at
th
er
e
is
a
wea
k
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
FEE
an
d
B
E
v
ar
iab
les,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
FEE
ten
d
s
t
o
b
e
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
B
E
.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
is
in
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
Fam
ily
Fin
an
cial
So
cializa
tio
n
T
h
e
o
r
y
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
f
am
ily
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
n
f
in
a
n
cial
o
u
tco
m
es.
Par
en
tal
f
in
an
cial
s
o
cializa
tio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
,
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
in
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
[
65
]
,
[
66
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
FEE
o
n
B
E
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
ce
r
tain
ty
o
f
its
in
f
lu
en
ce
ar
e
r
elativ
ely
lo
w.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
r
em
ai
n
r
elev
an
t
to
co
n
s
id
er
in
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el,
b
u
t
n
ee
d
to
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
f
u
r
th
e
r
with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
o
r
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
th
at
FEE
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
u
t
wea
k
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
B
E
co
n
f
i
r
m
s
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
a
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
r
o
m
f
am
ilies
is
n
o
t
y
et
f
u
l
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
in
s
till
in
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
o
f
Ali
et
a
l.
[
67
]
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
i
n
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
t
o
r
r
elate
d
t
o
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
s
o
cio
-
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
is
wea
k
,
f
am
ilies
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
BE
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
u
ts
id
e
s
ch
o
o
l
[
68
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
o
cializa
tio
n
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
c
h
ild
r
en
lear
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
n
c
ep
ts
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
,
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
p
ar
en
tal
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
th
e
f
am
ily
’
s
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
Par
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
f
in
an
cial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
alth
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
co
n
s
tan
tly
well
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
is
cr
u
cial
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
f
in
a
n
cial
liter
ac
y
[
69
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
f
am
il
y
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
m
a
y
v
a
r
y
b
y
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
.
C
h
ild
r
en
f
r
o
m
lo
wer
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
ten
d
to
r
ec
eiv
e
less
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
f
in
an
cial
ed
u
c
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
eir
p
ar
e
n
ts
th
an
th
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
er
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
[
70
]
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
f
in
a
n
cial
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
b
etwe
en
p
a
r
en
ts
an
d
ch
ild
r
e
n
ar
e
o
n
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
f
in
an
cial
s
o
cializa
tio
n
,
b
u
t
th
eir
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
f
i
n
an
cial
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
well
-
b
ei
n
g
is
s
till
lim
ited
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
lear
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
[
71
]
.
W
e
also
ca
n
n
o
t
g
e
n
er
alize
th
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
b
ec
au
s
e
p
ar
en
ts
’
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t.
T
h
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
is
also
d
u
e
to
th
ei
r
p
ar
e
n
ts
’
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
;
s
o
m
e
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
ed
u
ca
ted
[
72
]
,
[
73
]
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
ar
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
wh
o
ca
n
p
ass
o
n
p
r
ac
tical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
.
Par
en
ts
’
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
an
h
elp
a
ch
ild
’
s
b
asic
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
.
Par
en
ts
with
an
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
i
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
ca
n
h
elp
ch
ild
r
en
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
b
o
th
p
r
ac
tically
an
d
em
p
ir
ically
.
Par
en
ts
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
ac
to
r
s
in
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
in
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
[
74
]
.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
lear
n
i
n
g
th
e
y
r
ec
eiv
e
f
r
o
m
p
ar
e
n
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
s
k
i
lls
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
g
r
o
wth
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e
[
75
]
.
I
n
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
FEE
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
I
R
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
FEE
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
I
R
,
with
a
co
e
f
f
i
cien
t
o
f
0
.
4
1
0
an
d
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
,
s
o
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
r
ejec
ted
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
ch
allen
g
es th
e
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
th
e
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
o
cializa
tio
n
f
r
o
m
p
ar
en
ts
,
th
e
b
etter
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
atio
n
ali
ty
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
tu
d
en
t
r
ejec
tio
n
o
f
s
y
llab
u
s
p
o
licies.
Po
licies
th
at
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
co
n
tr
o
ll
in
g
o
r
u
n
f
air
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
,
th
er
eb
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
co
m
p
lian
ce
an
d
e
n
g
a
g
em
en
t
[
76
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
r
ad
v
ice
ca
n
ac
tu
ally
ca
u
s
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
r
ejec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
ch
ild
r
e
n
o
f
th
e
v
alu
es
co
n
v
ey
e
d
a
n
d
u
l
tim
ately
cr
ea
te
an
ir
r
atio
n
al
p
er
s
o
n
ality
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
al
s
o
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
r
a
tio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
is
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
th
r
o
u
g
h
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
b
u
t
also
n
ee
d
s
to
p
ay
atten
tio
n
to
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
i
n
f
am
ily
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
77
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
i
n
teg
r
ate
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
to
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
b
o
th
f
o
r
m
al
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
al,
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
b
iases
s
u
ch
as
o
v
er
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
[
78
]
,
[
79
]
o
r
l
o
s
s
av
er
s
io
n
[
80
]
–
[8
2
]
,
as
r
e
v
iewe
d
b
y
Kah
n
em
an
an
d
T
v
er
s
k
y
in
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
th
eo
r
y
[
83
]
,
[
84
]
.
I
n
a
b
r
o
a
d
er
s
co
p
e,
t
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
also
r
elev
an
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
in
an
cial
b
eh
av
io
r
.
E
co
n
o
m
ically
r
ati
o
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
m
a
k
e
wis
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
in
v
estme
n
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
n
atio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
ag
en
d
a
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
atio
n
al
ity
o
f
th
e
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
ar
t
o
f
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
co
m
b
in
es f
in
a
n
cial
liter
ac
y
,
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
Fletch
er
an
d
Kim
[
85
]
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
wh
ic
h
s
tate
th
at
f
am
ily
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
d
y
n
am
ics
p
l
ay
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
le
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
a
n
d
I
R
th
in
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
a
ch
ild
r
ec
eiv
es
b
eg
in
s
with
th
e
f
am
ily
.
C
h
ild
r
en
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
ch
an
g
es a
f
ter
t
h
ey
g
et
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
o
u
ts
id
e
wo
r
ld
,
s
u
c
h
as p
lay
m
a
tes an
d
s
ch
o
o
l f
r
ie
n
d
s
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
f
am
ily
[
86
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
895
-
914
904
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
Gu
ttm
an
n
r
esear
ch
[
87
]
,
wh
ich
s
tates
th
at
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lts
wh
o
s
e
p
ar
en
ts
ar
e
m
ar
r
ied
h
av
e
h
ig
h
e
r
s
co
r
es
in
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
to
war
d
I
R
b
elief
s
th
a
n
d
iv
o
r
ce
d
p
a
r
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
f
am
ilies
,
p
ar
e
n
ts
d
o
n
o
t
p
la
y
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
I
R
.
T
h
e
s
ib
lin
g
also
p
lay
e
d
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le.
T
h
is
is
in
a
cc
o
r
d
an
ce
with
r
esear
c
h
b
y
Fl
etch
er
an
d
Kim
[
85
]
,
wh
o
s
tat
e
th
at
s
ib
lin
g
s
ca
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
etitio
n
f
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
r
b
en
ef
icial
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
s
,
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
m
o
d
elin
g
,
a
n
d
k
i
n
s
h
ip
ca
r
e.
H
av
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
ib
lin
g
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
ad
u
lt
p
er
s
o
n
ality
t
r
aits
,
p
o
ten
tially
h
ar
m
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
t
s
o
f
life
[
88
]
–
[
90
]
.
Fam
ily
d
y
n
am
ics,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
s
ib
lin
g
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
p
a
r
en
tin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
c
h
ao
s
,
an
d
p
a
r
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ca
n
s
h
ap
e
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
I
R
th
in
k
in
g
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
a
t
f
am
ily
in
f
lu
en
ce
is
n
o
t
th
e
o
n
ly
d
eter
m
in
an
t
o
f
a
ch
ild
’
s
IR
,
as in
d
iv
id
u
al
q
u
alities
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
t
o
r
s
also
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t r
o
le
[
91
]
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
f
in
d
in
g
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
th
e
s
o
cializa
tio
n
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
b
y
p
ar
en
ts
f
o
r
th
eir
ch
ild
r
e
n
.
So
cializa
tio
n
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
d
icato
r
o
f
FEE
.
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
s
o
cializa
tio
n
ar
e
h
ig
h
,
b
u
t
th
is
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
to
c
h
i
ld
r
en
b
ec
o
m
in
g
ir
r
atio
n
al.
T
h
is
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
Al
-
Hab
ies
r
esear
ch
[
92
]
,
wh
ic
h
s
tates
th
at
th
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
lev
el
o
f
I
R
id
ea
s
am
o
n
g
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
p
o
ten
tial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cializa
tio
n
an
d
ir
r
atio
n
al
b
elief
s
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
also
m
ea
n
th
at
th
e
s
o
cializa
tio
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
p
ar
en
ts
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
th
e
ad
v
ice
ab
o
u
t
m
an
ag
i
n
g
f
in
an
ce
s
,
is
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
wh
at
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
wan
t.
T
h
is
r
es
u
lts
in
a
n
eg
ativ
e
m
o
o
d
f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
an
d
ca
n
lead
to
I
R
[
93
]
.
Par
e
n
tal
s
o
cializa
tio
n
is
u
n
wan
ted
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
m
a
n
y
f
ac
to
r
s
,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ich
is
th
eir
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
co
n
ten
t
an
d
d
eliv
er
y
,
wh
ich
v
ar
y
b
ased
o
n
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
ch
ild
r
en
,
an
d
p
ar
e
n
tin
g
p
atter
n
s
[
94
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
r
o
p
er
FEE
is
n
ee
d
ed
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
i
n
ter
ests
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
g
en
er
atio
n
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
r
atio
n
al
in
d
iv
id
u
als an
d
n
o
t ir
r
atio
n
al
[
95
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
at
B
E
p
o
s
itiv
ely
a
n
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
I
R
.
H
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
s
h
o
ws
th
at
B
E
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
with
a
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
1
9
0
a
n
d
p
<0
.
0
0
1
o
n
I
R
,
s
o
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
r
ejec
ted
.
E
co
n
o
m
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
er
u
n
n
e
r
to
t
h
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
s
ca
r
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
h
u
m
an
in
ab
ilit
y
to
m
an
a
g
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
96
]
.
B
E
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ca
n
m
ak
e
p
eo
p
le
m
o
r
e
s
elec
tiv
e
in
p
r
io
r
iti
zin
g
n
ee
d
s
o
v
er
d
esire
s
[
97
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
e
is
d
eb
ate
ab
o
u
t
wh
eth
e
r
th
er
e
is
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
wan
ts
an
d
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
in
itial
o
p
in
io
n
s
t
ates
th
at
n
ee
d
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
a
n
d
esire
s
,
s
o
th
at
h
u
m
an
s
ca
n
s
u
r
v
iv
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
em
p
i
r
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
97
]
,
[
98
]
.
So
m
e
ar
g
u
e
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
a
d
is
tin
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
n
ee
d
s
a
n
d
wan
ts
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
o
p
i
n
io
n
t
h
at
n
ee
d
s
ar
e
n
o
t
ju
s
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
r
eso
u
r
ce
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
b
u
t
ca
n
b
e
a
v
al
u
ab
le
g
o
al
o
f
h
u
m
an
life
[
99
]
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
d
esire
s
u
s
u
ally
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
n
ee
d
s
b
u
t
ca
n
s
o
m
etim
es
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
n
ee
d
s
in
m
alad
ap
tiv
e
way
s
,
s
u
ch
as
a
d
d
ictio
n
a
n
d
im
p
u
ls
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
[
100
]
.
T
h
e
ass
u
m
p
t
io
n
th
at
wan
ts
an
d
n
ee
d
s
ar
e
th
e
s
am
e
ca
n
m
ak
e
h
u
m
an
s
ir
r
atio
n
al
[
1
0
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
b
y
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
d
esir
es,
a
p
er
s
o
n
f
ee
ls
p
r
o
s
p
er
o
u
s
[
102
]
.
An
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
d
icato
r
o
f
I
R
is
th
e
e
n
d
o
wm
en
t
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
s
atis
f
ied
with
th
e
i
tem
s
th
ey
h
ad
.
So
m
eo
n
e
with
th
e
en
d
o
wm
en
t
ef
f
ec
t
wo
u
ld
ap
p
r
ec
iate
th
eir
g
o
o
d
s
o
r
wo
r
k
r
ath
er
th
an
th
o
s
e
o
f
o
th
e
r
s
.
I
f
h
e
h
as
a
b
u
s
in
ess
,
h
e
w
ill
b
e
o
b
jectiv
e
wh
en
ass
ess
in
g
co
m
p
etito
r
s
.
Fin
ally
,
if
s
tu
d
en
ts
wan
t
to
b
ec
o
m
e
r
a
tio
n
al
in
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
,
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
in
p
u
t
o
r
r
ev
iews
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
g
o
o
d
s
th
ey
will b
u
y
[
103
]
.
R
ef
er
r
in
g
to
r
esear
ch
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
th
at
B
E
h
as
a
m
as
s
iv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
I
R
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
th
at
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
atio
n
ality
in
g
r
ain
ed
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
m
in
d
s
is
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
th
e
r
esu
l
t
o
f
class
r
o
o
m
lear
n
in
g
,
b
u
t a
ls
o
th
e
in
ter
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
alu
es f
r
o
m
s
o
cial
co
n
tex
ts
s
u
ch
as f
am
ily
an
d
f
r
ien
d
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
Giu
d
ice
an
d
Mo
r
o
n
e
[
1
0
4
]
,
wh
o
i
n
d
icate
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
y
s
tem
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
th
at
is
b
ased
n
o
t
o
n
ly
o
n
f
in
an
cial
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
,
b
u
t
also
o
n
c
h
an
g
es
i
n
h
o
w
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
d
to
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
lo
g
ical
ch
allen
g
es.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
f
ield
p
r
ac
tices
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
s
o
cial
asp
ec
ts
also
h
av
e
an
in
f
l
u
en
ce
b
ey
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
BE
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
r
atio
n
al
f
in
a
n
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
b
u
t
also
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
co
n
s
cio
u
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
in
lin
e
with
th
e
g
o
als
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
in
an
ce
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
-
o
r
ien
te
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
0
4
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
in
itially
a
p
p
ea
r
s
to
co
n
tr
a
d
ict
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
in
n
eo
class
ical
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ich
s
tates
th
at
g
o
o
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
lead
to
m
o
r
e
r
atio
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
b
eh
av
io
r
[
105
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ics,
th
i
s
r
esu
lt
i
s
in
lin
e
w
ith
th
e
o
v
er
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
ef
f
ec
t
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
th
at
is
wid
ely
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
liter
atu
r
e
[
1
0
5
]
–
[
1
0
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
,
FEE
p
lay
s
a
r
o
le
as
an
in
itial
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
r
atio
n
a
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
o
u
g
h
t,
wh
ic
h
ten
d
s
to
last
u
n
til
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ec
o
m
e
ad
u
lts
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
if
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
alig
n
s
with
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
s
tatin
g
th
at
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
p
ar
en
tin
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
atter
n
s
f
r
o
m
an
ea
r
ly
a
g
e
[
3
6
]
,
[
1
0
8
]
.
I
t
is
also
wo
r
th
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
at
h
a
b
its
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
cr
ea
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
r
atio
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
109
]
,
[
1
1
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.