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0
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teac
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p
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[
2
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Fu
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m
o
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it
s
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to
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[
4
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an
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cr
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5
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Un
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[
6
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Ho
wev
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co
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.
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I
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R
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wd
e
d
,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
lear
n
at
th
e
s
am
e
p
ac
e
[
1
5
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
f
lex
ib
le
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
a
s
g
am
if
icatio
n
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
p
ee
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
c
o
m
b
in
ed
with
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
,
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
in
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
ca
n
b
o
o
s
t
ac
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
cu
r
r
icu
lar
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
in
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
a
th
way
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
en
ab
les th
e
r
e
p
licated
r
ec
o
r
d
i
n
g
o
f
ev
en
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
I
t
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as
a
c
h
ain
o
f
b
lo
ck
s
co
n
tain
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
h
ar
ed
b
etwe
en
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
n
o
d
es
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
;
co
llectiv
ely
v
alid
ated
b
y
n
etwo
r
k
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
ca
lled
a
d
ec
en
tr
al
ized
n
etwo
r
k
[
2
5
]
;
u
n
lik
e
o
th
er
d
ata
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
[
2
6
]
,
with
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
,
s
to
r
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
n
e
v
er
b
e
lo
s
t,
m
o
d
if
ied
,
o
r
d
elete
d
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
c
o
u
r
s
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
an
d
g
r
ad
e
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
a
r
e
to
o
ls
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
an
d
lin
g
an
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
c
y
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
0
]
.
W
h
ile
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
b
e
v
e
r
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
v
al
id
atin
g
b
u
s
in
ess
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
it
is
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
v
alid
ate
it
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
ield
[
3
1
]
,
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
ettin
g
,
wh
er
e
d
e
g
r
ee
s
ar
e
is
s
u
ed
th
at
q
u
alif
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
s
a
n
d
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
g
r
an
tin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
[
3
2
]
.
Sev
er
al
ac
ad
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
b
eg
u
n
is
s
u
in
g
th
eir
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
d
ip
lo
m
as,
an
d
ce
r
tific
ates
u
s
in
g
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
en
s
e,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
b
ec
au
s
e
m
an
y
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
h
av
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
ies
in
cu
r
r
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
en
r
o
llm
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
,
s
o
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
e
s
to
r
a
g
e
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
th
e
clo
u
d
[
3
4
]
.
An
o
th
er
k
e
y
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
B
lo
c
k
ch
ain
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
th
e
d
ig
italizatio
n
an
d
d
ec
e
n
tr
aliza
tio
n
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ce
r
tific
atio
n
s
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
as
with
m
o
s
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
b
ec
o
m
e
tr
e
n
d
s
,
its
u
s
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
ju
s
t
in
its
in
f
an
c
y
;
we
will
lik
ely
s
ee
n
ew
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
v
er
y
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
,
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
r
etic
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
,
th
e
u
n
if
ied
th
eo
r
y
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
UT
AUT
)
,
an
d
R
o
g
er
s
’
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ic
h
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
u
s
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e,
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
,
an
d
in
teg
r
ate
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
s
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ec
o
s
y
s
t
em
s
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
T
AM
estab
lis
h
es
a
s
o
lid
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
an
al
y
zin
g
h
o
w
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
s
h
ap
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
ad
o
p
t
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
in
teac
h
in
g
,
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
cr
ed
e
n
tial
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
3
9
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
alig
n
m
en
t
d
ec
is
iv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
s
th
eo
r
y
with
th
e
T
AM
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
e
x
p
lain
h
o
w
tr
ial
lik
elih
o
o
d
,
r
elativ
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e,
an
d
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
im
p
ac
t
th
e
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
s
m
ar
t
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
4
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
R
o
g
er
s
’
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
th
eo
r
y
,
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
k
ey
attr
ib
u
tes
s
u
c
h
as
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
th
at
d
ete
r
m
i
n
e
h
o
w
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
p
er
ce
i
v
e
a
n
d
im
p
lem
e
n
t te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
[
4
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
eir
ad
o
p
tio
n
g
o
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
tag
es
o
f
th
e
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
-
d
ec
is
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
e
r
s
u
asio
n
,
d
ec
is
io
n
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
a
tio
n
)
,
wh
ich
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
s
o
cial
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
s
p
ee
d
an
d
d
e
p
th
o
f
its
in
teg
r
atio
n
[
4
3
]
.
As
a
g
en
er
al
-
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
in
v
o
lv
es
a
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
v
en
tio
n
an
d
r
ec
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
,
in
wh
ich
i
ts
f
u
s
io
n
with
o
th
er
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
a
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
d
r
iv
es
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ch
an
g
es
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
f
in
a
n
c
ial,
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
4
]
.
Ultim
ately
,
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
n
o
t
lim
ited
t
o
tech
n
ical
m
atu
r
ity
,
b
u
t
also
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ad
ap
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
p
o
licies,
an
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
m
o
d
els
th
at
s
u
s
tain
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
o
v
e
r
tim
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
las
tin
g
v
alu
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
co
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
ese
th
e
o
r
etica
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
co
llectiv
ely
estab
lis
h
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew,
g
u
id
in
g
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
im
p
ac
ts
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
m
ain
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
r
ch
allen
g
es
th
at
ju
s
tify
its
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
em
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J
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15
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1
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Feb
r
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20
2
6
:
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375
362
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M
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1
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is
with
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[
4
6
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,
o
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[
4
8
]
.
T
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am
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th
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tem
”
-
with
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if
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co
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tex
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[
4
9
]
.
Fu
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th
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s
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tex
t
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r
f
ield
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f
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p
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[
5
0
]
,
r
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ted
b
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r
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5
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2
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A
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d
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u
n
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v
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)
)
ER
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(
(
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S
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Ad
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el
im
it
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elec
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o
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s
cien
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m
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cr
ip
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ig
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,
a
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et
o
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“
in
clu
s
io
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an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
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”
was
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
v
er
y
r
elev
an
t
asp
ec
t
in
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
ese
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
a
n
d
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
i
n
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ac
a
d
em
ic
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
t
a
n
d
to
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
,
ju
s
tific
atio
n
o
f
t
h
eir
u
s
e,
an
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
in
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
atio
n
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
lo
ck
ch
a
in
in
te
g
r
a
tio
n
in
to
th
e
u
n
ivers
ity
ed
u
ca
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p
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s
:
a
s
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r
ev
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o
f …
(
I
r
ma
A
yb
a
r
-
B
ellid
o
)
363
th
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
allo
we
d
u
s
t
o
d
is
ca
r
d
r
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ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
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e
d
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ca
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n
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th
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e
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esen
t
o
r
ig
in
al
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
a
n
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia,
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
t
h
em
atic
co
h
er
en
ce
in
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
a
n
d
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
r
elev
a
n
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
i
o
n
cr
iter
ia
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
d
e
mo
n
st
r
a
t
e
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su
l
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
i
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t
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t
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u
b
l
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p
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ss.
P
u
b
l
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t
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mu
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l
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b
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sci
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c
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f
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p
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n
2
0
2
0
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n
d
2
0
2
5
.
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
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c
a
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c
l
e
s
,
p
u
b
l
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d
b
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f
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e
2
0
2
0
.
S
c
i
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n
t
i
f
i
c
p
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b
l
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c
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
h
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v
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w
h
a
s
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n
c
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r
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w
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O
p
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a
c
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ss sc
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t
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.
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c
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t
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f
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a
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w
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t
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st
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d
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ss t
o
t
h
e
i
r
f
u
l
l
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o
n
t
e
n
t
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
s
elec
t
io
n a
nd
ex
t
r
a
ct
io
n pro
ce
s
s
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
PR
I
SMA
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
[
5
2
]
,
th
e
d
ata
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
ex
t
r
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
e
r
ig
o
r
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
th
at
s
ee
k
s
to
id
en
tify
g
ap
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
in
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
f
o
llo
w
f
o
u
r
p
h
ases
,
ea
ch
o
n
e
with
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
o
f
in
clu
d
i
n
g
o
n
ly
th
o
s
e
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
ts
th
at
allo
w
an
s
wer
in
g
th
e
th
r
ee
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
p
h
ase,
3
,
4
6
9
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
w
er
e
in
itially
co
llected
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Sco
p
u
s
(
n
=1
,
6
2
6
)
,
E
R
I
C
(
n
=1
0
5
)
,
an
d
SAGE
(
n
=1
,
7
3
8
)
d
atab
ases
.
T
h
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
f
ilter
in
g
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
elim
in
atin
g
d
u
p
licates
an
d
d
is
ca
r
d
in
g
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
p
r
io
r
to
2
0
2
0
,
in
ac
c
o
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
io
n
th
at
estab
lis
h
es
to
co
n
s
id
er
o
n
ly
s
cien
tific
ar
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
2
0
2
0
an
d
2
0
2
5
.
Af
ter
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
was r
ed
u
ce
d
to
2
,
6
9
3
.
I
n
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
p
h
ase,
titl
es a
n
d
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
,
ex
clu
d
i
n
g
1
,
6
9
9
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
th
at
wer
e
n
o
t
d
i
r
ec
tly
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
o
b
ject
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
th
at
is
,
th
o
s
e
th
at
d
i
d
n
o
t
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
in
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
ex
clu
s
io
n
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cr
iter
io
n
th
a
t
ex
clu
d
es
r
esear
ch
in
ar
ea
s
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
ettin
g
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
9
4
4
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
r
etain
ed
f
o
r
d
etailed
ev
alu
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws th
e
d
ata
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Data
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
360
-
375
364
I
n
th
e
elig
i
b
ilit
y
p
h
ase,
th
e
o
t
h
er
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
d
ef
in
ed
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ly
ap
p
lied
,
s
u
c
h
as
in
cl
u
d
in
g
o
n
ly
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
s
cien
tific
ar
ticl
es
th
at
h
ad
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
p
ee
r
r
e
v
iew.
A
to
tal
o
f
9
4
9
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
wer
e
elim
in
ated
,
leav
in
g
a
to
tal
o
f
4
5
p
o
ten
tial
ly
elig
ib
le
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
.
Fin
all
y
,
in
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
p
h
ase,
th
e
4
5
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
ts
u
n
d
er
wen
t
a
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
q
u
ali
ty
ass
ess
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
r
itical
Ap
p
r
aisal
Sk
ills
Pro
g
r
am
m
e
(
C
ASP
)
s
ca
le,
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
th
e
cr
iti
ca
l
ap
p
r
aisal
o
f
s
cien
tific
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
allo
wed
u
s
to
ass
es
s
th
e
v
alid
ity
,
r
elev
an
ce
,
an
d
r
ig
o
r
o
f
ea
ch
s
tu
d
y
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
r
ee
ar
ticles
th
at
d
id
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
m
in
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
wer
e
ex
clu
d
e
d
,
leav
in
g
4
2
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
th
at
m
et
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
an
d
th
em
atic
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
titu
te
th
e
d
ef
in
itiv
e
co
r
p
u
s
f
o
r
th
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
f
in
al
s
y
n
th
esis
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
an
s
wer
in
g
th
e
th
r
ee
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
,
th
e
ju
s
tific
atio
n
f
o
r
its
u
s
e,
an
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
a
in
o
n
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
W
ith
th
is
co
r
p
u
s
estab
lis
h
ed
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
r
ig
o
r
ass
u
r
ed
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ain
r
esu
lts
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
aly
s
is
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
p
u
b
licatio
n
tr
en
d
s
,
m
a
p
p
in
g
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
id
en
tif
y
in
g
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ch
allen
g
es,
ev
alu
atin
g
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
,
an
d
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
4
2
s
t
u
d
ies
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
tr
e
n
d
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
an
aly
ze
d
p
e
r
io
d
in
2
0
2
0
,
with
ju
s
t
2
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
u
n
til
r
ea
ch
in
g
i
ts
p
ea
k
in
2
0
2
3
with
1
5
p
u
b
lic
atio
n
s
;
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
a
p
r
o
g
r
es
s
iv
e
in
ter
est
o
f
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
e
x
p
l
o
r
in
g
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
m
o
r
e
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
(
2
0
2
4
an
d
s
o
f
ar
in
2
0
2
5
)
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
with
5
an
d
4
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
ich
r
aises
th
e
n
ee
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
n
ew
r
esear
c
h
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
ar
ea
s
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
m
is
s
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
teac
h
in
g
,
r
esear
ch
an
d
s
o
cial
p
r
o
je
ctio
n
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
f
r
o
m
a
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic
y
ea
r
s
(
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
2
1
)
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
d
b
y
th
e
ac
ce
le
r
ated
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
es,
8
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
,
m
ar
k
in
g
an
in
itial
s
u
r
g
e
in
in
ter
est
in
th
is
to
p
ic.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
in
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
p
a
n
d
em
ic
p
er
io
d
(
2
0
2
2
-
2
0
2
5
)
,
3
5
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
o
lid
ated
tr
en
d
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
m
ig
r
ate
to
war
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
in
teg
r
atin
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
a
m
o
n
g
w
h
ich
B
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
as a
k
e
y
to
o
l.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
an
n
u
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
r
ev
iewe
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
An
n
u
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
’
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
o
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
3
.
1
.
Wha
t
a
r
e
t
he
ma
in
a
re
a
s
o
f
un
iv
er
s
i
t
y
educ
a
t
i
o
n
wher
e
B
lo
c
kch
a
in
a
pp
lic
a
t
i
o
ns
a
re
i
m
pl
e
m
en
t
ed
?
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
id
e
n
tifie
d
th
r
ee
m
ain
ca
te
g
o
r
ies:
“
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
cr
ed
en
tials
”,
“
a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
r
ec
o
r
d
s
an
d
d
ata
”,
an
d
“
c
er
tific
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
e
ten
cies
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
”.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
“
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
c
r
ed
en
tials
”
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
m
o
s
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
f
o
cu
s
ed
its
ef
f
o
r
ts
o
n
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
a
u
th
en
ticity
,
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
f
r
au
d
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
d
ip
lo
m
as,
m
icr
o
cr
ed
en
tials
,
an
d
ce
r
ti
f
icate
s
is
s
u
ed
b
y
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
u
s
e
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
tr
u
s
t
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
n
atio
n
al
an
d
in
ter
n
ati
o
n
al
ac
ad
em
ic
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
a
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
ac
a
d
em
ic
r
ec
o
r
d
is
v
er
if
iab
le
i
n
an
y
co
n
tex
t
an
d
at
an
y
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
An
o
th
er
i
d
en
tifie
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
is
“
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
r
ec
o
r
d
s
an
d
d
ata”
,
w
h
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
k
e
y
p
illar
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
is
ar
ea
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
f
o
r
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
ata,
an
d
th
e
2
6
10
15
5
4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
3
2
0
2
4
2
0
2
5
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
lica
tio
n
s
Yea
r
o
f
pu
bli
ca
t
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
R
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2252
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8
8
2
2
B
lo
ck
ch
a
in
in
te
g
r
a
tio
n
in
to
th
e
u
n
ivers
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
o
f …
(
I
r
ma
A
yb
a
r
-
B
ellid
o
)
365
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
r
ec
o
r
d
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
n
d
f
ac
u
lty
.
T
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
ac
cu
r
ate,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
lan
n
in
g
,
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
tu
to
r
in
g
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tin
u
ity
,
ad
d
in
g
v
alu
e
to
th
e
en
tire
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fin
ally
,
th
er
e
is
th
e
“
ce
r
tific
a
tio
n
o
f
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
ts
”
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
wh
ich
d
ir
ec
tly
lin
k
s
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
to
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
is
ap
p
licatio
n
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
ce
r
tific
atio
n
o
f
s
k
ills
ac
q
u
ir
ed
in
f
o
r
m
al
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
as
well
as
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
eir
t
r
an
s
itio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
f
ield
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
n
h
an
ce
s
i
n
d
iv
id
u
a
lized
lear
n
in
g
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
en
c
o
u
r
ag
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
W
h
ile
all
th
r
ee
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t,
a
g
ap
is
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
in
to
ac
tiv
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies,
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
ce
r
tifie
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ec
o
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
p
o
ten
tial
ar
ea
f
o
r
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
f
o
r
its
u
s
e
b
ey
o
n
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
b
r
in
g
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
d
ir
ec
tly
in
t
o
th
e
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ca
te
g
o
r
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
r
e
v
iewe
d
in
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
y
ea
r
s
2
0
2
0
to
2
0
2
5
.
T
ab
le
4
.
C
ateg
o
r
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
B
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
c
r
e
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
I
t
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
t
h
e
i
ss
u
a
n
c
e
,
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
se
c
u
r
e
v
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
,
d
i
p
l
o
mas
,
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
e
s,
a
n
d
m
i
c
r
o
-
c
r
e
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
s,
e
n
su
r
i
n
g
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
i
t
y
,
t
r
a
c
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
f
r
a
u
d
i
n
t
h
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
.
[
5
3
]
–
[
6
8
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[
6
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–
[
8
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Fro
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Wha
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ab
le
6
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ca
teg
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f
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tain
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r
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m
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p
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n
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tech
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lo
g
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th
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h
ig
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c
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.
T
ab
le
6
.
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P
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B
ased
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lts
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f
lects
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th
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m
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s
t
p
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r
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ily
to
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g
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en
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tio
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ity
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d
th
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th
en
ticity
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a
d
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o
r
d
s
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h
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tr
en
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ir
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tly
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h
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ca
teg
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d
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in
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icate
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th
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ee
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s
,
im
p
r
o
v
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r
ed
it
tr
an
s
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cy
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a
n
d
im
p
r
o
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ag
em
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Fro
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ter
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(
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r
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lects
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ig
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co
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th
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g
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tific
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wh
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ex
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p
p
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tu
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ities
f
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tr
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n
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llab
o
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atio
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b
etwe
en
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n
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v
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ities
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
u
n
tr
i
es.
T
h
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
cr
ea
s
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ex
p
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r
e
to
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ter
cu
ltu
r
al
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co
n
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ex
ts
b
u
t
also
h
el
p
s
clo
s
e
th
e
g
ap
i
n
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
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g
r
a
m
s
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
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ed
ag
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n
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d
lea
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with
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tio
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ests
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in
th
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lo
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to
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to
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a
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ca
tio
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m
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with
m
ic
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en
tial
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ewa
r
d
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d
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n
alize
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ws
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at,
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tech
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m
p
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g
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ical
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n
ized
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its
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Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws th
e
p
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c
en
tag
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d
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tr
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u
tio
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in
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r
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in
h
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h
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ca
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
360
-
375
368
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Per
ce
n
ta
g
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
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o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
B
lo
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ch
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in
th
e
u
n
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s
ity
a
ca
d
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v
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t
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
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M
a
pp
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cha
in
a
pp
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t
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ns
in hig
her
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n
T
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e
r
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s
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o
w
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at
B
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ck
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h
ain
tech
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o
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u
n
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ities
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m
ain
ly
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o
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s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
m
an
ag
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en
t
an
d
v
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if
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n
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
cr
ed
e
n
tials
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th
e
a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
an
d
t
h
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ce
r
tific
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
lear
n
in
g
a
ch
iev
em
en
ts
.
Och
eja
et
a
l.
[
9
5
]
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
th
at
th
ese
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
im
p
r
o
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n
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d
en
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r
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n
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r
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o
r
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s
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h
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ir
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t
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ical
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ar
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lar
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r
ac
tic
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r
o
o
m
ap
p
licatio
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s
.
Plas
en
cia
et
a
l.
[
9
6
]
ar
g
u
e
th
at,
a
lth
o
u
g
h
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
h
as
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ee
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en
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r
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en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
s
m
ar
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
with
in
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ca
n
a
u
to
m
ate
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
u
r
in
g
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
a
d
ap
tiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
l
o
o
p
s
th
a
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Desp
leb
i
n
et
a
l.
[
9
7
]
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
B
lo
c
k
ch
ain
i
n
to
h
ig
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ar
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ased
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ctio
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i
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h
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g
[
9
8
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h
ig
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th
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alize
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eir
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p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
o
n
es.
Similar
ly
,
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e
n
g
et
a
l.
[
9
9
]
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
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lo
ck
ch
ain
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o
s
ter
s
a
tr
u
s
two
r
th
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d
co
llab
o
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ativ
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o
s
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tem
f
o
r
k
n
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e
s
h
ar
in
g
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o
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ig
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r
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e
d
y
n
am
i
cs
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ed
u
ca
tio
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co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
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d
co
llecti
v
e
lear
n
in
g
with
in
ac
ad
e
m
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Pra
ctica
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
in
teg
r
ate
d
cu
r
r
ic
u
la
f
u
r
th
er
illu
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
(
d
Ap
p
s
)
ca
n
f
ac
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ate
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
jects
i
n
ac
t
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
,
d
eb
atin
g
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
to
o
ls
.
O
v
er
all,
th
e
ev
id
e
n
ce
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
is
co
n
s
o
lid
atin
g
its
r
o
le
with
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
alth
o
u
g
h
its
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o
te
n
tial
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
te
ac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
r
em
ai
n
s
o
n
l
y
p
ar
tially
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
T
h
is
g
ap
lea
d
s
to
th
e
n
ex
t
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
o
f
an
al
y
s
is
:
h
o
w
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
ch
allen
g
es
d
r
iv
in
g
its
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
4
.
2
.
I
dentif
y
ing
t
he
cha
lleng
es dr
iv
ing
B
lo
ck
cha
in a
do
ptio
n in hig
her
educa
t
io
n
Acr
o
s
s
co
n
tex
ts
,
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ea
ls
c
o
n
tr
asti
n
g
r
ea
lizatio
n
s
.
I
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ically
ad
v
a
n
c
ed
r
e
g
io
n
s
,
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
is
in
teg
r
ated
with
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
lear
n
in
g
a
n
aly
tics
,
wh
ile
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies,
b
ar
r
ier
s
s
u
ch
as
c
o
s
t
an
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
ess
lim
it
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
o
m
i
n
ate
o
v
e
r
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
to
alig
n
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
with
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es
r
ath
er
th
an
ju
s
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
ju
s
tify
in
g
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
id
en
tifie
s
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
g
ap
s
,
wh
er
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
u
n
d
e
r
m
in
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
cr
e
d
ib
ilit
y
.
R
u
s
tem
i
et
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l.
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1
0
0
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in
d
icate
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lim
itatio
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o
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ad
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1
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1
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p
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o
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I
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J
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
lo
ck
ch
a
in
in
te
g
r
a
tio
n
in
to
th
e
u
n
ivers
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
o
f …
(
I
r
ma
A
yb
a
r
-
B
ellid
o
)
369
co
n
tr
ac
t
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
with
in
t
u
itiv
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
(
GUI
s
)
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
en
d
-
u
s
er
s
.
Au
f
ier
o
et
a
l.
[
1
0
4
]
e
m
p
h
asize
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
t
h
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
r
esil
ien
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d
Ap
p
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p
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ticu
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cr
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u
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ap
p
l
icatio
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n
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Gu
er
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[
1
0
5
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d
icate
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B
lo
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c
h
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in
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b
ased
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a
n
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cr
ip
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o
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tu
d
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b
y
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iv
in
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co
n
tr
o
l
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r
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ec
o
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d
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f
ac
ilit
atin
g
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ter
-
in
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titu
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m
o
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ilit
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r
ed
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ci
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ad
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is
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f
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h
ig
h
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u
ca
tio
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.
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ely
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a
an
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Par
k
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1
0
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ar
g
u
e
th
at
a
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
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ca
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o
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ca
to
r
s
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lear
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clu
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in
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v
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ln
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a
b
le
co
m
m
u
n
ities
—
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
u
s
ted
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
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r
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
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,
s
h
ar
ed
r
eso
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r
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s
,
an
d
s
tr
o
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g
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r
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tectio
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s
f
o
r
p
r
iv
ac
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d
in
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ig
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ts
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alitativ
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p
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s
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ec
tiv
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f
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m
h
ig
h
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tio
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titu
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th
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h
i
g
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lig
h
t
h
o
w
th
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ch
allen
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tak
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p
,
with
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is
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f
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citin
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r
a
tio
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ar
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ier
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ile
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ac
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lty
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p
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asize
p
e
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ag
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ical
alig
n
m
en
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T
h
ese
c
h
allen
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es r
ev
ea
l
th
at
b
lo
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c
h
ain
a
d
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e
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l
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tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
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ity
b
u
t
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o
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in
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es
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eth
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wh
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h
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h
ap
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tu
al
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u
ca
tio
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al
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tr
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u
tio
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s
.
4
.
3
.
E
v
a
lua
t
ing
t
he
co
ntr
ibu
t
io
ns
a
nd
o
utc
o
m
es o
f
B
lo
ck
cha
in inte
g
ra
t
io
n in hig
her
educa
t
io
n
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
,
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
h
as
im
p
r
o
v
ed
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
,
to
a
less
er
ex
ten
t,
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Delg
a
d
o
-
Vo
n
-
E
it
ze
n
et
a
l.
[
1
0
7
]
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
th
at
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
a
ca
d
em
ic
d
ata,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
ec
u
r
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
u
n
r
eso
lv
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
c
h
allen
g
es
lim
it
its
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ica
l
r
ea
ch
.
Al
-
I
m
am
y
an
d
Z
y
g
iar
is
[
1
0
8
]
ar
g
u
es
th
at
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
ca
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
an
d
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
p
ath
s
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
Ali
et
a
l.
[
1
0
9
]
em
p
h
asize
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
er
c
eiv
e
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
as
a
way
to
g
ain
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
o
v
er
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
wh
ile
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ativ
e
s
taf
f
v
alu
e
its
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
tr
u
s
t
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
I
n
th
is
s
en
s
e,
Du
d
ek
[
1
1
0
]
p
o
in
ts
o
u
t
th
at
alm
o
s
t
8
0
%
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
b
eliev
e
th
at
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
m
ak
in
g
o
p
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
p
o
ten
tial
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
c
r
ed
en
tial
v
er
if
icatio
n
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
b
a
r
r
ie
r
s
to
in
clu
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
.
Als
o
b
h
i
et
a
l.
[
1
1
1
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
in
s
m
ar
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
en
ab
les
ad
ap
tiv
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
Sm
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
t
-
d
r
iv
en
e
-
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
ex
em
p
lify
th
is
,
a
llo
win
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
f
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
th
u
s
b
r
id
g
in
g
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
to
o
ls
with
ac
tiv
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
.
T
o
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
’
s
p
o
ten
tial
an
d
its
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
im
p
a
ct,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
p
ilo
t
p
r
o
jects,
s
u
ch
as
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
m
icr
o
-
cr
ed
e
n
tial
is
s
u
an
ce
,
f
o
r
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
d
ig
ital
cr
ed
en
tial
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Al
th
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
b
en
ef
its
ar
e
ev
id
e
n
t
in
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
eth
ical
an
d
leg
al
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
em
er
g
e
as
cr
u
cial
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
lo
ck
c
h
ain
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
4
.
4
.
E
t
hica
l c
o
ns
idera
t
io
ns
B
ey
o
n
d
th
e
tech
n
ical
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
asp
ec
ts
,
eth
ical
an
d
leg
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ar
e
e
s
s
en
tial
in
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Kir
ch
s
ch
laeg
er
[
1
1
2
]
em
p
h
asizes th
at
a
h
u
m
an
r
ig
h
t
s
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
m
u
s
t
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
au
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
p
r
i
v
ac
y
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
d
ata
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
in
cip
les
co
m
p
atib
le
with
th
e
g
en
er
al
d
ata
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
eg
u
latio
n
(
GDPR
)
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
E
x
p
er
t
Gr
o
u
p
o
n
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
E
th
ics
[
1
1
3
]
s
tates
th
at
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
s
y
s
tem
s
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
co
v
er
GDPR
,
b
u
t
al
s
o
en
h
an
ce
d
ata
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
,
em
p
h
a
s
izin
g
f
air
n
ess
an
d
s
o
cial
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
p
r
in
cip
les
u
n
d
er
p
in
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ata
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
,
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
an
d
u
s
er
c
o
n
s
en
t
in
d
ec
en
t
r
alize
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
I
n
th
at
s
en
s
e,
Dier
k
s
m
eier
an
d
Seele
[
1
1
4
]
ar
g
u
e
th
at
eth
ical
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
r
e
q
u
ir
es
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
eq
u
a
l
to
o
r
v
er
y
clo
s
e
to
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
o
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
d
ata
u
s
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
[
1
1
5
]
h
as
em
p
i
r
ically
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
B
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
s
eth
ica
l
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
an
d
s
o
cial
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
p
r
ac
tices,
wh
ich
m
ed
iate
its
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
s
o
cial
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
e
eth
ical
im
p
er
ati
v
e
o
f
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
in
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
I
n
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
th
ese
eth
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
an
t
to
p
r
o
tect
s
tu
d
en
t
d
ata,
en
s
u
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
c
o
n
s
en
t,
a
n
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
in
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical,
an
d
eth
ical
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
b
o
th
its
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ati
v
e
p
o
ten
tial
an
d
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ch
allen
g
es
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
d
r
e
s
s
ed
.
T
h
is
s
u
m
m
ar
y
s
er
v
es a
s
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
clu
d
in
g
r
e
f
lectio
n
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
cr
ed
en
tial
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
ec
o
r
d
s
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
eten
cy
ce
r
tific
atio
n
,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
tr
u
s
t,
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
in
teg
r
ity
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
an
ce
s
ad
d
r
ess
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
d
e
f
icits
,
ac
ad
em
ic
f
r
au
d
,
an
d
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