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i
b
)
103
E
ve
n
t
h
ough
t
h
e
y
t
yp
i
c
a
l
l
y
h
a
ve
b
e
ne
f
i
t
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
l
ow
w
e
i
gh
t
a
nd
c
os
t
,
t
he
y
fr
e
qu
e
nt
l
y
h
a
v
e
dr
a
w
ba
c
ks
s
u
c
h
a
s
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
b
a
ndw
i
d
t
h
a
nd
l
ow
ga
i
n.
Conv
e
rs
e
l
y
,
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
rs
a
re
for
m
ul
a
t
i
ng
t
e
c
hn
i
que
s
t
o
e
nh
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
s
e
fe
a
t
ure
s
t
o
s
a
t
i
s
fy
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
nds
of
5G
.
T
h
e
s
e
m
e
t
ho
ds
e
n
c
o
m
pa
s
s
a
rr
a
ys
,
m
e
t
a
m
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
,
a
nd
va
r
i
ous
s
l
ot
t
i
ng
a
nd
fe
e
di
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
s
.
N
um
e
r
ous
s
t
u
di
e
s
h
a
v
e
be
e
n
un
de
rt
a
k
e
n
t
o
de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
fu
l
m
e
t
h
ods
for
e
nh
a
nc
i
n
g
a
n
t
e
nn
a
g
a
i
n,
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
e
f
fi
c
i
e
nc
y
,
b
a
ndw
i
d
t
h
a
n
d
s
u
rf
a
c
e
c
urr
e
n
t
,
s
uc
h
a
s
e
m
p
l
o
yi
ng
a
n
a
r
ra
y
o
f
pa
t
c
h
e
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
a
c
on
ve
nt
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
ra
t
e
g
y.
F
i
gu
re
1
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
phys
i
c
a
l
a
rc
hi
t
e
c
t
u
re
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
[
5]
.
F
urt
he
r
m
or
e
,
F
i
g
ure
2
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
he
va
ri
ous
c
o
nfi
gu
ra
t
i
ons
o
f
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
s
[6]
.
F
i
gure
1
.
I
l
l
us
t
ra
t
i
ons
of
t
h
e
f
ront
a
nd
s
i
de
vi
e
w
s
of
t
he
phys
i
c
a
l
m
i
c
r
os
t
ri
p
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nn
a
[5]
F
i
gure
2
.
D
e
pi
c
t
i
ons
o
f
s
e
ve
r
a
l
s
ha
p
e
s
o
f
p
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
c
onfi
gura
t
i
o
ns
[6]
2.
LI
TER
A
TU
R
E
R
EV
I
EW
M
uc
h
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
ha
s
b
e
e
n
c
on
duc
t
e
d
on
m
i
c
ros
t
r
i
p
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nna
s
o
ve
r
t
h
e
ye
a
rs
.
A
pri
m
a
ry
i
s
s
u
e
i
de
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
i
s
t
h
e
d
e
l
i
ve
ry
of
e
l
e
v
a
t
e
d
pow
e
r
t
o
t
he
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r,
a
pre
v
a
l
e
nt
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
e
a
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
hi
gh
-
g
a
i
n
a
nt
e
nna
s
[7]
.
P
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nna
s
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
for
5G
t
e
c
h
nol
og
y
s
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
y
c
a
n
m
e
e
t
t
he
n
e
e
ds
of
t
he
s
e
k
i
nds
of
ne
t
w
orks
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
hi
g
h
da
t
a
r
a
t
e
s
a
nd
l
ow
l
a
t
e
n
c
y
.
V
a
ri
ous
s
t
u
di
e
s
e
m
p
ha
s
i
z
e
t
he
i
m
po
rt
a
nc
e
of
t
h
e
s
e
fi
ndi
n
gs
t
o
di
ve
rs
e
a
s
pe
c
t
s
of
5G
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
T
he
us
e
fu
l
n
e
s
s
of
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nna
s
i
n
va
r
i
ous
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
of
5G
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
h
a
s
be
e
n
h
i
gh
l
i
gh
t
e
d
i
n
s
e
ve
r
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
.
T
hi
s
w
ork
a
i
m
s
t
o
propos
e
[
8]
a
n
e
nh
a
n
c
e
d
re
c
t
a
ngu
l
a
r
-
s
h
a
pe
d
M
P
A
f
or
5G
a
nd
f
ut
ur
e
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
T
he
a
n
t
e
nna
e
x
hi
b
i
t
s
a
dv
a
nt
a
g
e
ous
re
t
urn
l
os
s
,
g
a
i
n
,
a
nd
d
i
re
c
t
i
vi
t
y.
T
he
s
ugg
e
s
t
e
d
a
nt
e
nn
a
e
xhi
b
i
t
s
s
ubs
t
a
nt
i
a
l
e
n
ha
n
c
e
m
e
nt
s
i
n
r
e
t
u
rn
l
os
s
a
n
d
ba
n
dw
i
dt
h,
a
m
ong
ot
he
r
f
a
c
t
ors
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
udy
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
[9
]
a
s
i
ng
l
e
p
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
for
K
a
-
ba
n
d,
a
i
m
e
d
a
t
a
c
hi
e
vi
ng
ba
n
dw
i
dt
h
,
g
a
i
n
,
di
re
c
t
i
vi
t
y,
vol
t
a
g
e
s
t
a
ndi
n
g
w
a
v
e
ra
t
i
o
(
V
S
W
R
)
a
nd
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
.
R
e
s
e
a
rc
h
by
B
ore
l
a
n
d
P
ri
y
a
d
a
rs
hi
n
i
[10]
,
d
e
s
i
gn
a
nd
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
of
a
he
x
a
go
na
l
pa
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
na
for
5G
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
V
a
ri
ous
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs
ha
ve
be
e
n
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d,
i
nc
l
ud
i
ng
ga
i
n
,
ba
n
dw
i
dt
h,
ra
di
a
t
i
on
pa
t
t
e
rn
,
di
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
a
nd
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
f
i
e
l
d
E
d
i
s
t
ri
but
i
on.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
a
re
a
de
q
ua
t
e
for
t
h
e
de
vi
c
e
'
s
m
i
l
l
i
m
e
t
e
r
-
w
a
v
e
(
mm
W
a
ve
)
5G
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
T
hi
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
s
[1
1
]
a
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
or
5
G
o
pe
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
t
K
a
-
b
a
n
d
.
S
pe
c
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
i
t
i
m
p
ro
v
e
s
t
h
e
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
'
s
g
a
i
n
a
t
K
a
-
B
a
nd
w
h
i
l
e
s
i
m
u
l
t
a
n
e
o
us
l
y
l
ow
e
r
i
ng
t
he
s
i
d
e
l
ob
e
l
e
v
e
l
(
S
L
L
)
i
n
t
h
e
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
on
p
a
t
t
e
rn
.
T
h
e
pr
o
pos
e
d
a
n
t
e
nn
a
h
a
s
a
hi
g
h
g
a
i
n
a
nd
bo
os
t
s
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
s
i
m
ul
t
a
n
e
o
us
l
y
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
[
12
]
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nn
a
d
e
s
i
gn
a
t
K
-
b
a
nd
.
D
ur
i
ng
t
he
s
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
ns
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
t
h
a
t
w
e
r
e
a
c
q
u
i
r
e
d
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
S
11
,
t
h
e
b
a
n
dw
i
dt
h
g
a
i
n
,
a
n
d
e
f
fi
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
T
hi
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
d
e
m
o
ns
t
r
a
t
e
s
[1
3]
,
a
p
l
a
n
e
r
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nn
a
fo
r
5G
n
e
t
w
or
ks
.
T
o
i
m
p
r
ov
e
t
h
e
S
11
,
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
e
f
fi
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
g
a
i
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs
fr
o
m
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
.
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
[
14
]
a
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
-
b
a
s
e
d
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
s
f
or
K
-
b
a
nd
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
.
T
he
s
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
s
u
s
e
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
n
g
s
ur
f
a
c
e
m
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
r
e
d
S
11
,
V
S
W
R
,
a
nd
b
a
n
dw
i
d
t
h
i
m
p
r
ov
e
m
e
nt
.
T
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
[1
5]
,
a
no
v
e
l
p
ro
x
i
m
i
t
y
-
c
o
up
l
e
d
f
e
e
d
CP
A
fo
r
5
G
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
T
h
e
s
ug
g
e
s
t
e
d
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
e
xh
i
bi
t
s
s
u
p
e
r
i
or
S
1
1
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
m
a
t
c
h
i
ng
.
In
t
hi
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
[16]
,
a
de
s
i
gn
a
d
i
po
l
e
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nn
a
for
5G
a
p
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
A
n
i
m
pe
d
a
nc
e
ba
ndw
i
d
t
h
of
57.
1%
i
s
a
c
hi
e
ve
d
for
a
s
i
ngl
e
a
nt
e
nn
a
e
l
e
m
e
nt
by
a
p
pl
yi
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
t
e
d
grou
nd
(
L
G
N
D
).
T
h
i
s
p
a
pe
r
i
nt
rod
uc
e
s
[17]
a
p
l
a
na
r
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
e
l
e
m
e
nt
for
5G
m
m
W
a
ve
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
A
s
t
e
ppe
d
n
a
rrow
s
t
r
i
p
pos
i
t
i
one
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
p
a
i
rs
of
l
a
rge
r
e
c
t
a
ngu
l
a
r
pa
t
c
he
s
e
nh
a
n
c
e
s
t
h
e
b
a
nd
of
ope
r
a
t
i
on
a
nd
s
i
m
ul
t
a
ne
ous
l
y
i
m
prov
e
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
e
da
n
c
e
m
a
t
c
h
i
ng
.
T
h
e
a
nt
e
nna
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
s
ga
i
n,
a
nd
i
t
s
b
a
ndw
i
d
t
h
i
s
i
m
pro
ve
d
.
T
hi
s
s
t
udy
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
[18]
d
e
s
i
gn
a
nd
a
na
l
ys
i
s
a
p
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
f
or
5G
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
yi
e
l
ds
re
t
urn
l
os
s
,
V
S
W
R
,
ga
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hi
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E
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w
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[20
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r
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5G
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
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28
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5
G
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,
d
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s
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e
d
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hi
g
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for
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.
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hi
s
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dy
[21]
p
re
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nt
s
a
s
l
ot
t
e
d
p
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c
h
a
nt
e
nn
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w
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D
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m
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w
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s
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ve
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'
s
ba
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dw
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h
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ga
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n.
T
hi
s
s
t
udy
[22]
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
d
e
s
i
gn
a
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
for
5G
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
T
he
S
11
,
V
S
W
R
,
a
nd
g
a
i
n
a
re
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
by
s
i
m
ul
a
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on
a
n
a
l
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i
s
.
A
ft
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r
m
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e
l
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t
he
pro
vi
d
e
d
a
nt
e
nna
pe
rf
orm
s
b
e
t
t
e
r
t
ha
n
a
n
a
l
t
e
rn
a
t
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xi
s
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m
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e
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.
T
hi
s
l
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.
A
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,
i
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s
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o
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e
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of
p
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t
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h
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e
nna
s
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r
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e
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nd
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t
h
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y
h
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w
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5G
t
e
c
hnol
o
gy.
T
h
i
s
s
t
udy
[23]
i
nt
rod
uc
e
s
a
c
i
rc
ul
a
r
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
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nn
a
w
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h
a
pa
r
a
s
i
t
i
c
re
f
l
e
c
t
o
r
e
l
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m
e
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t
.
T
h
e
a
nt
e
nna
i
s
de
s
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gne
d
f
or
K
a
-
b
a
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a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
a
nd
op
e
ra
t
e
s
a
t
2
8
G
H
z
.
T
he
pro
pos
e
d
d
e
s
i
gn
op
t
i
m
i
s
e
s
p
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gur
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2
G
H
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b
a
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,
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n
d
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i
s
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V
S
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R
p
e
rfor
m
a
nc
e
.
T
he
de
v
e
l
ope
d
a
nt
e
nna
[24
]
ha
s
a
l
ow
V
S
W
R
(
m
e
a
ni
ng
i
t
l
os
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s
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ry
l
i
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),
s
e
nds
s
i
gna
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s
i
n
a
l
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d
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c
t
i
ons
,
a
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c
a
n
a
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o
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s
i
gna
l
s
m
or
e
s
t
r
ongl
y
i
n
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rt
a
i
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di
r
e
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t
i
o
ns
a
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a
t
di
ffe
r
e
n
t
fr
e
qu
e
nc
i
e
s
.
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
ns
s
how
t
h
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a
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nn
a
c
ov
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of
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a
rl
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de
s
i
gns
.
T
hi
s
w
ork
pre
s
e
nt
s
[25]
a
s
i
n
gl
e
-
ba
nd
K
a
-
b
a
nd
a
n
t
e
n
na
e
x
pl
i
c
i
t
l
y
d
e
s
i
gn
e
d
for
5G
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
T
he
a
nt
e
nna
a
c
hi
e
ve
s
f
a
vor
a
bl
e
re
t
urn
l
os
s
,
p
e
a
k
ga
i
n,
a
nd
V
S
W
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s
u
ppor
t
i
ng
i
t
s
s
ui
t
a
b
i
l
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t
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or
i
n
t
e
g
ra
t
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on
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nt
o
5G
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
.
T
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
e
xa
m
i
ne
s
[26]
how
di
ff
e
r
e
nt
form
s
a
f
fe
c
t
t
he
p
e
rfor
m
a
nc
e
of
m
i
c
r
os
t
ri
p
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
s
a
t
28
G
H
z
.
S
i
m
ul
a
t
i
ons
s
how
t
ha
t
t
h
e
re
c
t
a
ngu
l
a
r
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onfi
gura
t
i
o
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prov
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de
s
t
he
be
s
t
re
s
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l
t
s
,
yi
e
l
d
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ng
t
he
hi
g
he
s
t
g
a
i
n
a
n
d
d
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re
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t
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vi
t
y,
a
l
on
g
w
i
t
h
a
c
ons
i
de
ra
b
l
e
b
a
ndw
i
d
t
h
.
T
hi
s
s
t
udy
i
n
ve
s
t
i
ga
t
e
s
[27]
a
s
i
n
gl
e
-
ba
nd
r
e
c
t
a
n
gul
a
r
m
i
c
ros
t
r
i
p
p
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
w
i
t
h
r
e
c
t
a
ngu
l
a
r
s
l
ot
s
for
K
a
-
b
a
nd
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,
fo
c
us
i
ng
on
i
t
s
re
t
ur
n
l
os
s
,
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
pa
t
t
e
rns
,
V
S
W
R
,
i
m
p
e
d
a
nc
e
,
a
n
d
g
a
i
n
.
T
hi
s
pa
p
e
r
i
nt
r
oduc
e
s
[2
8]
a
n
e
w
T
-
s
ha
p
e
d
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
t
h
a
t
ut
i
l
i
s
e
s
a
s
upe
rs
t
ra
t
e
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
,
re
s
ul
t
i
n
g
i
n
i
m
prov
e
d
r
e
t
u
rn
l
os
s
,
g
a
i
n
,
a
nd
di
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
.
T
he
re
s
e
a
rc
h
e
rs
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
t
hr
e
e
c
onf
i
gur
a
t
i
ons
:
a
fund
a
m
e
nt
a
l
d
e
s
i
gn
,
a
c
opp
e
r
ri
ng
-
l
o
a
d
e
d
ve
rs
i
on
,
a
n
d
a
s
e
a
w
a
t
e
r
-
l
o
a
de
d
v
e
rs
i
on
.
T
h
e
s
how
n
p
e
rfor
m
a
n
c
e
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
e
m
pha
s
i
s
e
t
h
e
a
ppro
pri
a
t
e
ne
s
s
o
f
t
he
s
e
d
e
s
i
gns
for
a
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,
i
nc
l
ud
i
ng
5G
,
W
L
A
N
,
t
ra
c
ki
ng,
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n.
T
he
purp
os
e
of
t
hi
s
w
ork
[29
]
,
i
s
t
o
provi
de
a
d
e
s
i
gn
f
or
a
re
c
t
a
ngu
l
a
r
p
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
of
a
c
hi
e
v
i
ng
a
h
i
gh
ga
i
n
of
28
G
H
z
fo
r
5G
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
A
d
di
t
i
on
a
l
l
y,
t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
o
ns
s
h
oul
d
s
h
ow
t
h
a
t
t
he
r
e
t
u
rn
l
os
s
i
s
o
f
good
qua
l
i
t
y,
t
he
V
S
W
R
i
s
w
i
t
hi
n
t
he
s
pe
c
i
f
i
e
d
ra
n
ge
,
a
nd
t
h
e
a
nt
e
nn
a
'
s
di
r
e
c
t
i
vi
t
y
a
n
d
ra
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
h
a
ve
be
e
n
i
m
prov
e
d
.
T
he
de
s
i
gn
of
a
s
i
ng
l
e
-
e
l
e
m
e
nt
re
c
t
a
ngul
a
r
p
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
a
t
28
G
H
z
i
s
t
he
s
ubj
e
c
t
of
t
hi
s
p
a
p
e
r
[30
]
.
T
he
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
of
p
a
rt
i
a
l
D
G
S
i
n
t
he
a
nt
e
nn
a
de
s
i
gn
i
m
prov
e
s
i
t
s
b
a
ndw
i
dt
h
.
T
he
r
e
t
urn
l
os
s
(S
11
)
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
of
t
he
a
nt
e
nna
s
t
ru
c
t
ure
de
m
ons
t
ra
t
e
t
h
a
t
i
t
h
a
s
a
w
i
de
r
b
a
ndw
i
dt
h
.
T
hi
s
s
t
u
dy
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
[31]
t
he
de
s
i
g
n
of
a
m
i
c
r
os
t
ri
p
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
for
5G
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
a
t
2
9
G
H
z
.
T
h
e
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
a
nt
e
nn
a
h
a
s
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
fe
a
t
ur
e
s
,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
hi
g
h
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
e
ff
i
c
i
e
nc
y
,
g
ood
r
e
t
urn
l
os
s
,
i
m
prov
e
d
ba
ndw
i
dt
h
,
ga
i
n,
a
nd
a
s
t
a
nd
a
rd
V
S
W
R
of
a
pprox
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
1
.
T
h
i
s
i
nve
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
on
[32]
a
i
m
s
t
o
de
s
i
gn
a
re
c
t
a
ng
ul
a
r
pa
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nn
a
op
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
for
m
m
W
a
v
e
a
nd
5G
m
obi
l
e
ne
t
w
ork
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
T
h
e
prop
os
e
d
s
l
o
t
t
e
d
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
i
s
e
xpe
c
t
e
d
t
o
de
l
i
v
e
r
b
ot
h
h
i
gh
g
a
i
n
a
n
d
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m
prov
e
d
r
a
di
a
t
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on
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y,
a
s
i
n
di
c
a
t
e
d
b
y
i
t
s
pe
rfor
m
a
nc
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
on
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
udy
i
nve
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
s
[33]
t
he
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
of
re
du
c
i
ng
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
of
m
m
W
a
ve
a
nt
e
nna
s
a
nd
a
c
hi
e
v
i
ng
i
m
pe
da
n
c
e
m
a
t
c
h
i
ng
t
o
a
c
hi
e
ve
e
ffe
c
t
i
v
e
ra
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
de
s
i
re
d
f
re
qu
e
n
c
y
ra
nge
.
T
h
e
f
i
ndi
n
gs
re
ve
a
l
t
ha
t
t
he
a
n
t
e
n
na
'
s
di
r
e
c
t
i
vi
t
y,
c
om
p
a
c
t
n
e
s
s
,
a
nd
g
a
i
n
h
a
ve
be
e
n
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
l
y
i
m
pro
ve
d
c
o
m
pa
re
d
t
o
t
hos
e
o
f
t
r
a
di
t
i
o
na
l
m
m
W
a
v
e
a
nt
e
n
na
s
.
A
s
up
e
r
-
w
i
de
b
a
nd
f
l
ow
e
r
-
s
l
op
e
d
m
i
c
ros
t
r
i
p
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
(S
W
B
-
F
S
M
P
A
)
w
i
t
h
a
s
m
a
l
l
foo
t
pr
i
nt
a
n
d
a
h
i
gh
b
a
ndw
i
d
t
h
ra
t
i
o
(BD
R)
i
s
propos
e
d
f
or
us
e
i
n
S
W
B
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
[34
]
.
A
re
c
t
a
ngu
l
a
r
b
e
ve
l
e
d
d
e
fe
c
t
i
v
e
g
round
s
t
ru
c
t
ur
e
(RB
-
D
G
S
)
a
n
d
a
50
Ω
t
a
pe
r
e
d
m
i
c
ros
t
r
i
p
l
i
ne
a
r
e
bo
t
h
i
nc
or
pora
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
t
he
S
W
B
-
F
S
M
P
A
.
A
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
-
i
n
pu
t
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
-
o
ut
pu
t
(M
IM
O
)
m
i
c
r
os
t
ri
p
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nn
a
,
d
e
s
i
gn
e
d
for
5G
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
op
e
ra
t
i
ng
a
t
2
8
G
H
z
,
i
s
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d
[35
]
.
T
he
a
n
t
e
n
na
e
m
pl
oys
a
c
oa
x
i
a
l
f
e
e
d
m
e
c
ha
n
i
s
m
for
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
pow
e
r
t
r
a
ns
fe
r.
Co
m
pre
he
ns
i
ve
e
l
e
c
t
ro
m
a
gne
t
i
c
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
ons
us
i
ng
A
D
S
s
of
t
w
a
r
e
e
va
l
ua
t
e
i
m
p
e
da
nc
e
m
a
t
c
h
i
ng,
ra
d
i
a
t
i
on
p
a
t
t
e
rn
,
a
nd
g
a
i
n
.
3.
D
ES
I
G
N
M
ET
H
O
D
O
LO
G
Y
W
he
n
bu
i
l
d
i
ng
a
r
e
c
t
a
n
gul
a
r
p
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
,
t
hr
e
e
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
c
om
p
one
n
t
s
m
us
t
b
e
p
re
s
e
nt
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
opt
i
m
a
l
pe
rfo
rm
a
nc
e
.
T
he
s
e
c
om
pon
e
nt
s
a
r
e
t
he
h
e
i
gh
t
of
t
he
s
ubs
t
ra
t
e
,
t
h
e
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
o
f
op
e
r
a
t
i
on,
a
nd
t
h
e
di
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
ons
t
a
n
t
[
36]
.
F
i
gure
3
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
he
f
l
ow
c
h
a
rt
of
t
he
p
ropos
e
d
p
a
pe
r.
i)
D
i
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
c
o
ns
t
a
nt
of
t
he
s
u
bs
t
ra
t
e
(
):
t
he
s
ubs
t
ra
t
e
m
a
t
e
ri
a
l
'
s
d
i
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
ons
t
a
n
t
(
)
s
ubs
t
a
nt
i
a
l
l
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
ro
m
a
g
ne
t
i
c
pe
rf
orm
a
n
c
e
of
t
he
a
n
t
e
nn
a
.
If
t
he
va
l
ue
of
i
s
l
ow
e
r
,
t
h
e
ra
di
a
t
i
on
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
w
i
l
l
b
e
hi
gh
e
r,
t
he
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
pa
t
t
e
rns
w
i
l
l
b
e
w
i
d
e
r,
t
he
c
ondu
c
t
o
r
l
os
s
e
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
m
or
e
m
i
nor
,
a
nd
t
he
ba
n
dw
i
d
t
h
w
i
l
l
be
s
t
rong
e
r
.
N
e
ve
r
t
he
l
e
s
s
,
w
he
n
t
he
va
l
u
e
of
i
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d,
t
h
e
d
i
m
e
ns
i
ons
of
t
he
a
n
t
e
n
na
pa
t
c
h
a
re
s
ubs
e
q
ue
n
t
l
y
l
ow
e
r
e
d.
T
hi
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
us
e
t
he
a
nt
e
nn
a
p
a
t
c
h
i
s
m
or
e
m
i
n
or
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Com
pu
t
S
c
i
Inf
T
e
c
h
nol
IS
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
R
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
p
at
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
f
or
5G
N
e
t
wor
k
s
at
Ka
-
B
and
(Md
.
Nur
ul
l
a
h
A
l
Nas
i
b
)
105
ii)
O
pe
ra
t
i
on
a
l
f
re
que
n
c
y
(
f
r
):
t
he
re
s
on
a
n
c
e
fre
qu
e
n
c
y
(fr
),
a
k
e
y
c
om
pone
nt
i
n
a
nt
e
nn
a
op
e
ra
t
i
on
,
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
l
y
i
nfl
ue
n
c
e
s
t
h
e
pe
rf
orm
a
nc
e
a
nd
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
of
a
n
t
e
nn
a
s
.
iii)
D
i
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
s
ubs
t
ra
t
e
of
h
e
i
ght
(h
S
):
t
he
h
e
i
ght
of
t
he
di
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
s
u
bs
t
ra
t
e
(h
s
)
c
ons
i
d
e
ra
bl
y
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
s
va
ri
o
us
a
nt
e
nna
p
e
rfor
m
a
nc
e
a
t
t
ri
b
ut
e
s
,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
ba
ndw
i
d
t
h,
s
urf
a
c
e
w
a
ve
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
,
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
,
uni
nt
e
nde
d
f
e
e
d
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
,
a
nd
t
h
e
o
ve
r
a
l
l
d
i
m
e
ns
i
ons
of
t
he
a
n
t
e
n
na
.
F
or
t
he
p
urpos
e
of
de
s
i
gni
ng
t
h
e
r
e
c
t
a
ng
ul
a
r
pa
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
na
,
t
he
(1)
–
(8)
t
h
a
t
a
re
d
e
f
i
ne
d
i
n
t
he
t
e
c
hni
q
ue
a
r
e
ut
i
l
i
z
e
d
[8]
,
[37]
.
T
h
e
pr
opos
e
d
a
rc
h
i
t
e
c
t
ure
'
s
f
l
ow
c
h
a
rt
i
s
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
ure
3
.
S
t
e
p:
01
:
a
m
e
t
ri
c
m
e
a
s
ur
i
ng
t
h
e
s
p
e
c
i
fi
c
pa
t
c
h'
s
br
e
a
d
t
h
Wp
=
c
0
2
f
r
√
ε
r
+
1
2
(1)
S
t
e
p:
02
:
t
he
s
ubs
e
que
n
t
e
qu
a
t
i
on
pe
r
t
a
i
ns
t
o
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
t
i
ve
d
i
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
c
ons
t
a
nt
:
ε
r
ef
f
=
ε
r
+
1
2
+
ε
r
−
1
2
×
√
(
1
+
12h
w
)
(2)
S
t
e
p:
03
:
t
he
s
e
a
re
t
he
c
o
m
pr
e
he
ns
i
v
e
fo
rm
s
of
t
he
l
e
ng
t
h
e
q
ua
t
i
on:
L
ex
t
=
c
o
2
f
r
√
ε
r
ef
f
(3)
S
t
e
p:
04
:
a
n
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
l
e
ngt
h
of
t
h
e
a
n
t
e
n
na
∆
L
=
0
.
412
(
w
h
+
0
.
264
)
(
ε
r
ef
f
+
0
.
3
)
(
ε
r
ef
f
−
0
.
258
)
(
w
h
+
0
.
813
)
(4)
S
t
e
p
05:
t
h
e
pro
c
e
s
s
o
f
d
e
t
e
rm
i
ni
ng
t
he
a
pprop
ri
a
t
e
l
e
ng
t
h
fo
r
t
h
e
a
n
t
e
nn
a
s
ys
t
e
m
Lp
=
L
ex
t
−
2
×
∆
L
(5)
S
t
e
p:
06
:
t
he
d
i
m
e
ns
i
ons
of
t
h
e
a
nt
e
nn
a
ground
p
l
a
n
e
e
n
c
om
pa
s
s
i
t
s
l
e
ng
t
h
a
nd
w
i
d
t
h:
L
g
=
6h+
L
P
(6)
W
g
=
6h+
Wp
(7)
S
t
e
p:
07
:
w
i
dt
h
of
f
e
e
d
l
i
n
e
W
f
=
7
.
48
×
Hs
e
Zo
√
ε
r
+
1
.
41
87
−
1
.
25
×
t
(8)
F
i
gure
3
.
F
l
ow
c
ha
r
t
of
t
he
p
l
a
nn
e
d
pa
pe
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
Com
pu
t
S
c
i
Inf
T
e
c
h
nol
,
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
1
,
M
a
rc
h
20
26
:
10
2
-
1
10
106
4.
P
A
R
A
M
ETR
I
C
S
TU
D
I
ES
T
he
ra
d
i
a
t
i
on
e
m
i
t
t
e
d
by
pa
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
na
i
ns
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
ons
o
ri
g
i
na
t
e
s
fro
m
t
he
f
ri
ng
i
ng
f
i
e
l
ds
l
oc
a
t
e
d
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
ground
p
l
a
n
e
a
nd
t
h
e
b
orde
r
of
t
he
ope
n
-
c
i
rc
u
i
t
e
d
c
on
duc
t
or
.
F
e
e
d
i
ng
c
a
n
b
e
a
c
c
o
m
pl
i
s
he
d
i
n
va
ri
o
us
w
a
ys
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
4
,
i
nc
l
ud
i
ng
c
o
a
xi
a
l
,
p
roxi
m
i
t
y
c
oup
l
i
ng
,
a
p
e
rt
ur
e
c
oup
l
i
n
g,
m
i
c
r
os
t
ri
p
l
i
n
e
,
a
nd
c
opl
a
n
a
r
w
a
ve
gu
i
de
(CP
W
)
f
e
e
d
.
F
i
g
ure
s
4
(a
)
t
o
(
d)
i
l
l
us
t
ra
t
e
s
t
h
e
va
ri
ous
f
e
e
di
ng
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
of
t
h
e
a
nt
e
nna
s
.
It
i
s
c
om
m
on
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
t
o
us
e
m
i
c
r
os
t
ri
p
a
nd
c
oa
x
i
a
l
l
i
ne
f
e
e
ds
b
e
c
a
us
e
of
t
he
i
r
be
n
e
fi
t
s
,
i
nc
l
udi
ng
t
he
e
a
s
e
of
m
a
t
c
hi
ng
a
nd
t
h
e
l
ow
s
pu
ri
ous
ra
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
t
he
y
pro
duc
e
[6]
,
[37]
.
(a
)
(b)
(c
)
(d)
F
i
gure
4
.
D
e
pi
c
t
i
on
of
va
r
i
ous
f
e
e
di
ng
m
e
c
ha
n
i
s
m
s
i
n
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
s
[6]
:
(
a
)
m
i
c
ros
t
ri
p
f
e
e
d
l
i
ne
(b)
c
oa
x
i
a
l
c
a
bl
e
,
(
c
)
pro
xi
m
i
t
y
c
oup
l
i
ng
a
nd
(
d
)
a
p
e
ra
t
ur
e
c
o
upl
i
n
g
4.
1
.
A
n
te
n
n
a
A
n
a
nt
e
nna
i
s
t
h
e
m
os
t
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
c
om
p
one
n
t
of
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
o
n.
A
n
a
nt
e
nna
i
s
a
t
y
pe
of
t
ra
ns
du
c
e
r
t
ha
t
c
a
n
c
o
nve
r
t
e
l
e
c
t
ro
m
a
gne
t
i
c
w
a
v
e
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
s
t
e
e
r
e
d
i
n
t
o
w
a
v
e
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
m
o
vi
ng
fr
e
e
l
y
i
n
s
p
a
c
e
a
nd
v
i
c
e
ve
rs
a
[38]
.
F
or
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
i
o
n,
i
t
t
ra
ns
f
orm
s
h
i
gh
-
fr
e
que
n
c
y
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
i
m
p
ul
s
e
s
i
nt
o
e
l
e
c
t
ro
m
a
g
ne
t
i
c
w
a
ve
s
a
nd
e
m
i
t
s
t
he
m
i
n
t
o
t
he
a
t
m
os
ph
e
re
.
A
l
s
o,
f
or
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
ng,
i
t
a
bs
orbs
e
l
e
c
t
rom
a
gn
e
t
i
c
w
a
ve
s
fr
om
s
p
a
c
e
a
nd
t
ra
ns
form
s
t
h
e
m
i
nt
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
i
gn
a
l
s
.
4.
2
.
P
a
tc
h
a
n
te
n
n
a
P
a
t
c
h
or
m
i
c
ros
t
ri
p
a
nt
e
nn
a
s
a
re
l
ow
-
pro
fi
l
e
,
fl
a
t
a
nt
e
nna
s
c
ons
i
s
t
i
ng
of
a
fl
a
t
p
l
a
t
e
pl
a
c
e
d
ov
e
r
a
ground
pl
a
ne
.
T
h
e
fo
ur
m
a
i
n
c
o
m
pon
e
nt
s
of
a
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
a
re
t
h
e
s
ubs
t
ra
t
e
,
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
l
i
n
e
,
p
a
t
c
h,
a
n
d
ground
pl
a
n.
G
e
ne
r
a
l
l
y
s
p
e
a
k
i
ng
,
a
n
a
n
t
e
n
na
of
t
h
i
s
k
i
nd
c
on
s
i
s
t
s
of
a
fe
w
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
c
om
p
one
nt
s
[
2]
.
4.
3
.
R
e
tu
r
n
l
os
s
(S
11
)
T
he
re
t
urn
l
os
s
(S
11
)
i
s
a
prop
e
rt
y
of
a
n
a
nt
e
nna
t
ha
t
s
i
g
ni
fi
e
s
t
he
d
e
gre
e
of
p
ow
e
r
re
f
l
e
c
t
e
d.
T
he
S
11
pa
ra
m
e
t
e
r
ha
s
a
ba
s
e
va
l
ue
of
−
1
0
dB
,
s
i
gn
i
fyi
ng
t
h
a
t
t
he
a
n
t
e
nna
a
bs
orbs
90
%
of
t
he
p
ow
e
r
,
w
i
t
h
10%
be
i
ng
re
fl
e
c
t
e
d
[8]
.
4.
4
.
A
n
te
n
n
a
b
an
d
w
i
d
th
T
h
e
t
e
r
m
"
ba
ndw
i
d
t
h"
d
e
s
c
ri
b
e
s
t
he
fr
e
q
ue
nc
y
r
a
ng
e
i
n
w
hi
c
h
a
n
a
nt
e
nn
a
o
pe
ra
t
e
s
a
t
i
t
s
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y.
T
h
e
r
a
ng
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
h
i
g
he
s
t
a
nd
l
ow
e
s
t
f
re
qu
e
n
c
i
e
s
i
s
a
l
s
o
r
e
f
e
rr
e
d
t
o
a
s
t
h
e
b
a
n
dw
i
dt
h
,
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
S
11
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
a
t
a
ro
und
-
10
de
c
i
b
e
l
s
.
T
h
i
s
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
he
ds
l
i
g
ht
on
t
h
e
a
m
ou
nt
of
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
n
t
e
nn
a
c
a
n
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
i
n
a
s
i
ng
l
e
s
e
c
on
d
a
nd
,
a
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
,
t
h
e
ra
t
e
a
t
w
h
i
c
h
d
a
t
a
c
a
n
b
e
t
r
a
ns
f
e
rr
e
d
[
8]
,
[3
6]
.
4.
5
.
V
ol
ta
ge
s
tan
d
i
n
g
w
ave
r
ati
o
W
he
n
de
t
e
r
m
i
ni
ng
how
w
e
l
l
t
he
i
m
p
e
d
a
nc
e
of
a
n
a
nt
e
nna
m
a
t
c
h
e
s
t
h
a
t
of
i
t
s
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
l
i
ne
,
t
h
e
V
S
W
R
i
s
us
e
d
a
s
a
m
e
a
s
ure
m
e
n
t
.
A
c
o
m
pa
ri
s
on
of
t
h
e
hi
ghe
r
a
nd
l
ow
e
r
v
ol
t
a
g
e
l
e
v
e
l
s
t
hro
ughou
t
t
he
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
l
i
n
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
s
t
he
V
S
W
R.
W
h
e
n
t
he
V
S
W
R
i
s
e
qu
a
l
t
o
on
e
,
i
t
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
e
da
nc
e
m
a
t
c
h
i
ng
i
s
p
e
rfe
c
t
.
A
de
c
e
n
t
a
nt
e
nn
a
m
us
t
h
a
v
e
a
V
S
W
R
num
b
e
r
t
ha
t
f
a
l
l
s
be
t
w
e
e
n
1
a
n
d
2
,
a
l
t
hough
t
h
e
c
l
os
e
r
t
he
va
l
u
e
i
s
t
o
1
,
t
he
m
ore
i
t
i
m
p
l
i
e
s
t
ha
t
t
he
a
nt
e
nn
a
i
s
pe
rfor
m
i
ng
n
e
a
r
l
y
pe
rf
e
c
t
l
y
;
va
l
ue
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
hi
ghe
r
t
ha
n
or
l
ow
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
s
e
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
t
ha
t
t
he
a
nt
e
nna
i
s
n
ot
p
e
rfor
m
i
ng
w
e
l
l
[
8],
[36]
,
[39]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Com
pu
t
S
c
i
Inf
T
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c
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IS
S
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:
2722
-
3221
R
e
v
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p
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c
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f
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5G
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e
t
wor
k
s
at
Ka
-
B
and
(Md
.
Nur
ul
l
a
h
A
l
Nas
i
b
)
107
4.
6
.
G
a
i
n
an
d
d
i
r
e
c
ti
v
i
ty
T
he
t
e
r
m
"
ga
i
n"
d
e
not
e
s
t
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
s
w
i
t
h
w
h
i
c
h
a
n
a
n
t
e
nna
t
ra
ns
fo
rm
s
i
np
ut
pow
e
r
i
nt
o
r
a
d
i
o
w
a
ve
s
i
n
a
de
s
i
gna
t
e
d
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
on
.
T
h
i
s
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
s
a
s
s
e
s
s
e
d
re
l
a
t
i
ve
t
o
a
n
i
s
o
t
rop
i
c
a
nt
e
nna
[
36]
.
D
i
re
c
t
i
vi
t
y
m
e
a
s
ure
s
a
n
a
n
t
e
nn
a
'
s
or
opt
i
c
a
l
s
ys
t
e
m
'
s
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
t
o
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
e
e
m
i
t
t
e
d
e
n
e
rgy
i
n
a
p
a
rt
i
c
u
l
a
r
di
r
e
c
t
i
on
.
T
hi
s
c
h
a
ra
c
t
e
ri
s
t
i
c
i
s
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
f
or
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
ne
c
e
s
s
i
t
a
t
i
ng
foc
us
e
d
or
di
r
e
c
t
e
d
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
i
o
n.
T
h
i
s
va
l
ue
i
s
c
ruc
i
a
l
i
n
s
ys
t
e
m
s
w
h
e
re
t
a
rg
e
t
e
d
s
i
gna
l
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
e
nh
a
nc
e
s
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
a
nd
m
i
ni
m
i
z
e
s
i
nt
e
rf
e
re
nc
e
[1
2]
.
4.
7
.
R
ad
i
at
i
on
p
at
te
r
n
T
he
ra
di
a
t
i
on
pa
t
t
e
rn
o
f
t
he
a
nt
e
nna
a
nd
i
t
s
ra
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
t
e
rn
a
r
e
bot
h
r
e
pre
s
e
nt
a
t
i
ons
o
f
t
he
a
ngul
a
r
de
pe
nde
n
c
y
of
t
he
s
t
re
ngt
h
of
r
a
d
i
o
w
a
ve
s
e
m
a
n
a
t
i
ng
fr
o
m
t
he
a
n
t
e
nn
a
[
37]
.
U
nd
e
rs
t
a
ndi
n
g
t
h
e
a
nt
e
nn
a
ra
di
a
t
i
on
p
a
t
t
e
rn
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
d
i
re
c
t
i
on
a
l
e
m
i
s
s
i
on
of
e
ne
r
gy
fro
m
t
he
a
n
t
e
nn
a
,
i
s
v
i
t
a
l
t
o
unde
rs
t
a
nd
i
ng
a
n
a
n
t
e
n
na
'
s
c
ove
r
a
g
e
a
nd
e
ff
e
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
s
i
n
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
a
p
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
[3
6]
.
T
hi
s
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
pa
t
t
e
rn
de
pi
c
t
s
t
h
e
c
ha
ng
e
s
i
n
pow
e
r
e
m
i
t
t
e
d
by
t
he
a
nt
e
nn
a
i
n
s
e
v
e
ra
l
d
i
ffe
r
e
n
t
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
ns
.
T
hi
s
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
s
pa
t
i
a
l
d
i
re
c
t
i
ons
(
0
)
,
(
90
)
re
s
po
ns
i
bl
e
for
t
he
m
a
xi
m
um
a
m
oun
t
of
ra
di
a
t
e
d
pow
e
r
.
O
nl
y
w
he
n
t
he
w
a
ve
i
s
s
phe
ri
c
a
l
c
a
n
t
he
ra
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
c
ont
a
i
n
a
ny
vi
t
a
l
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
[12
]
.
4.
8
.
Eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
an
d
s
u
r
fac
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
T
he
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
of
a
n
a
nt
e
nn
a
i
s
m
e
a
s
ure
d
by
i
t
s
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
t
o
c
onve
r
t
i
nput
e
n
e
rgy
i
nt
o
ra
d
i
a
t
e
d
e
ne
rg
y,
a
c
c
ou
nt
i
ng
fo
r
l
os
s
e
s
due
t
o
he
a
t
,
i
m
p
e
d
a
nc
e
m
i
s
m
a
t
c
h
e
s
,
a
nd
ot
h
e
r
f
a
c
t
ors
[
36]
.
It
i
s
a
t
e
r
m
t
ha
t
de
s
c
r
i
be
s
t
he
pro
c
e
s
s
by
w
h
i
c
h
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
ro
m
a
gne
t
i
c
fi
e
l
d
c
a
us
e
s
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
c
urre
nt
t
o
b
e
pr
o
duc
e
d
w
h
e
n
a
m
e
t
a
l
l
i
c
a
n
t
e
nn
a
i
s
s
ub
j
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
fi
e
l
d
.
4.
9
.
Be
n
e
fi
ts
of
p
atc
h
an
te
n
n
as
for
5
G
P
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nna
s
a
r
e
w
i
d
e
l
y
us
e
d
i
n
5G
s
ys
t
e
m
s
du
e
t
o
t
he
i
r
s
i
m
p
l
e
s
t
ru
c
t
ur
e
,
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
s
i
z
e
,
a
nd
e
a
s
e
of
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on
.
T
h
e
y
s
upp
ort
m
ul
t
i
-
ba
nd
ope
ra
t
i
on
a
nd
offe
r
s
ui
t
a
bl
e
ra
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
,
m
a
k
i
ng
t
he
m
w
e
l
l
s
ui
t
e
d
for
h
i
gh
-
s
pe
e
d
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
5G
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
.
T
he
m
a
i
n
be
n
e
fi
t
s
a
re
a
s
fo
l
l
ow
s
:
i)
M
i
ni
m
a
l
pr
ofi
l
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
pa
c
t
di
m
e
ns
i
ons
:
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
na
s
a
re
s
l
e
nde
r
a
nd
c
a
n
be
i
n
c
l
ude
d
i
n
m
ob
i
l
e
de
vi
c
e
s
a
n
d
o
t
he
r
t
i
ny
5G
a
pp
a
r
a
t
us
.
ii)
Cos
t
-
e
ff
e
c
t
i
ve
a
nd
e
a
s
i
l
y
fa
br
i
c
a
t
e
d:
t
h
e
i
r
unc
om
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
de
s
i
gn
r
e
nde
rs
t
h
e
m
re
a
s
ona
bl
y
e
c
ono
m
i
c
a
l
t
o
produc
e
.
iii)
D
ua
l
/
m
u
l
t
i
-
ba
n
d
ope
ra
t
i
on
:
pa
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
na
s
c
a
n
b
e
e
n
gi
n
e
e
r
e
d
t
o
fun
c
t
i
on
a
t
m
a
ny
f
re
qu
e
n
c
i
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h
i
s
c
ruc
i
a
l
f
or
t
he
nu
m
e
ro
us
b
a
nds
of
5G
.
i
v)
O
pt
i
m
a
l
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
a
t
t
ri
but
e
s
:
w
e
l
l
-
e
ngi
n
e
e
re
d
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
s
c
a
n
a
t
t
a
i
n
e
xc
e
l
l
e
n
t
d
i
re
c
t
i
vi
t
y
a
nd
ra
di
a
t
i
on
pa
t
t
e
rns
a
ppro
pri
a
t
e
fo
r
5G
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
o
n.
4.
1
0
.
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
5G
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
on
s
P
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
s
a
r
e
w
i
de
l
y
a
p
pl
i
e
d
i
n
va
r
i
ous
5G
s
ys
t
e
m
s
du
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
c
o
m
pa
c
t
s
i
z
e
,
fl
e
xi
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
a
bi
l
i
t
y
t
o
op
e
ra
t
e
a
t
hi
gh
fre
q
ue
n
c
i
e
s
.
In
p
a
rt
i
c
u
l
a
r
,
t
h
e
y
s
up
port
a
r
a
ng
e
of
5G
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
fro
m
m
i
l
l
i
m
e
t
e
r
-
w
a
ve
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
t
o
us
e
r
e
q
ui
p
m
e
n
t
a
nd
ne
t
w
ork
i
nfr
a
s
t
ruc
t
ure
.
T
he
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
5G
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
o
f
p
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
s
i
n
c
l
ude
:
i)
m
m
W
a
ve
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
on
:
t
he
Ka
-
b
a
nd
i
s
a
n
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
c
o
m
p
one
nt
of
5G
m
m
W
a
v
e
,
a
n
d
p
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
s
a
re
now
be
i
ng
c
ons
t
ruc
t
e
d
fo
r
fr
e
qu
e
nc
i
e
s
i
n
t
hi
s
ba
nd
.
ii)
M
obi
l
e
d
e
vi
c
e
s
:
t
h
e
e
m
pha
s
i
s
i
s
on
de
ve
l
opi
n
g
t
i
ny
a
nd
e
ff
i
c
i
e
nt
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
s
for
s
m
a
r
t
phon
e
s
a
nd
ot
he
r
por
t
a
bl
e
5G
de
vi
c
e
s
.
iii)
Ba
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
ns
:
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
s
a
r
e
a
l
s
o
b
e
i
n
g
d
e
s
i
g
ne
d
for
us
e
i
n
5G
ba
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
ons
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
re
c
urre
nt
l
y
i
n
t
he
pro
c
e
s
s
of
d
e
s
i
gn
.
5.
C
H
A
LLEN
G
ES
A
N
D
P
O
S
S
I
BLE
S
O
LU
TI
O
N
S
L
i
m
i
t
e
d
b
a
ndw
i
dt
h
:
pa
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nn
a
s
oft
e
n
h
a
ve
a
n
a
rrow
b
a
ndw
i
dt
h
,
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
n
be
a
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
of
5G
'
s
e
xt
e
ns
i
ve
fr
e
que
nc
y
ra
n
ge
.
P
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nna
s
a
r
e
t
y
pi
c
a
l
l
y
us
e
d
i
n
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
o
ns
.
L
ow
g
a
i
n:
pa
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
nn
a
s
oft
e
n
ha
ve
a
l
e
s
s
e
r
g
a
i
n
w
h
e
n
c
o
m
pa
re
d
t
o
o
t
he
r
t
ype
s
of
a
nt
e
nna
s
.
M
i
t
i
ga
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
hn
i
que
s
:
t
o
a
ddre
s
s
t
h
e
s
e
re
s
t
ri
c
t
i
ons
,
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
rs
a
re
e
m
p
l
oyi
n
g
t
he
fol
l
ow
i
ng
m
i
t
i
ga
t
i
on
t
e
c
hni
q
ue
s
:
i
)
a
rra
ys
:
t
he
c
re
a
t
i
on
of
a
rra
ys
of
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
s
c
a
n
a
c
hi
e
ve
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
o
f
ga
i
n
a
n
d
ba
ndw
i
dt
h
,
i
i
)
m
e
t
a
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
:
t
h
e
i
nc
or
pora
t
i
o
n
of
m
e
t
a
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
t
o
i
m
prov
e
a
nt
e
nna
pe
rf
or
m
a
n
c
e
,
i
nc
l
udi
ng
m
i
ni
a
t
uri
z
a
t
i
on
a
nd
ba
n
dw
i
d
t
h
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
,
i
i
i
)
s
l
o
t
t
e
d
s
t
ru
c
t
ur
e
s
:
it
re
f
e
r
t
o
t
he
a
d
di
t
i
on
of
s
l
o
t
s
or
ot
h
e
r
a
l
t
e
ra
t
i
ons
t
o
t
h
e
p
a
t
c
h
t
o
bro
a
d
e
n
t
h
e
ba
ndw
i
dt
h
a
nd
i
m
prov
e
i
m
p
e
d
a
nc
e
m
a
t
c
h
i
ng
,
i
v)
f
e
e
d
i
ng
t
e
c
hni
q
ue
s
:
ut
i
l
i
z
i
ng
v
a
ri
ous
fe
e
d
i
ng
t
e
c
hni
que
s
t
o
i
m
pro
ve
ba
ndw
i
dt
h
a
nd
g
a
i
n
i
s
c
a
l
l
e
d
"
f
e
e
d
i
ng
t
e
c
hn
i
que
s
"
,
v)
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
o
r
l
a
ye
rs
:
i
t
i
s
pos
s
i
b
l
e
t
o
boos
t
ga
i
n
by
ut
i
l
i
z
i
ng
re
f
l
e
c
t
or
l
a
y
e
rs
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
Com
pu
t
S
c
i
Inf
T
e
c
h
nol
,
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
1
,
M
a
rc
h
20
26
:
10
2
-
1
10
108
6.
A
N
A
LY
S
I
S
TH
E
P
R
EV
I
O
U
S
LY
P
U
BLI
S
H
ED
W
O
R
K
S
M
os
t
re
s
e
a
r
c
he
rs
foc
us
on
p
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
s
,
a
nd
t
he
i
r
d
i
s
c
o
ve
ri
e
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
na
t
e
d
t
hr
ough
pa
pe
rs
i
n
s
e
ve
ra
l
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
j
ourn
a
l
s
.
T
a
b
l
e
1
c
om
pa
r
e
s
t
he
p
ropos
e
d
s
t
ud
y
w
i
t
h
p
re
v
i
ous
w
ork
a
t
a
K
a
-
ba
nd
.
C
om
p
a
re
d
t
o
t
h
e
fi
nd
i
ngs
of
pr
e
vi
o
us
l
y
pub
l
i
s
h
e
d
w
orks
,
t
h
e
propos
e
d
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
pro
duc
e
d
s
upe
ri
or
re
s
ul
t
s
,
i
nd
i
c
a
t
i
ng
t
ha
t
i
t
m
a
y
be
s
ui
t
a
bl
e
for
fu
t
ur
e
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
.
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
Co
ns
i
d
e
r
t
he
w
orks
t
h
a
t
ha
ve
be
e
n
pub
l
i
s
h
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
pa
s
t
Re
f
Ba
n
d
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
S
11
(d
B)
V
S
W
R
G
a
i
n
(d
Bi
)
BW
(G
H
z
)
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
[8
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
FR
-
4
-
2
8
.
3
9
1
.
0
8
7
.
0
4
4
.
9
5G
[9
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
FR
-
4
-
1
.
3
6
.
0
8
3
5G
[1
1
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
RO
3
0
0
3
-
2
6
.
1
4
-
8
.
1
0
1
.
4
5G
[1
2
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
RT
5
8
8
0
-
2
0
.
9
5
1
.
1
9
7
.
5
1
.
0
6
5G
[1
4
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
RT
5
8
7
0
-
5
3
.
5
7
1
.
0
0
-
5
.
2
6
5G
[1
5
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
RT
5
8
8
0
-
4
0
.
2
8
1
.
0
2
5
.
8
0
.
2
0
0
5G
[1
7
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
-
-
25
-
3
4
.
1
5G
[1
8
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
RT
5
8
8
0
-
2
6
.
9
7
1
.
0
9
4
6
.
6
9
3
.
2
5
5G
[1
9
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
RT
5
8
8
0
-
3
9
.
5
1
1
.
0
2
1
5
.
7
7
-
5G
[2
1
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
RT
5
8
8
0
-
3
7
.
7
8
1
.
1
3
7
.
1
2
-
5G
[4
0
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
FR
-
4
-
45
-
5
.
5
8
1
.
7
6
3
5G
[4
1
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
RT
5
8
8
0
-
3
5
.
9
1
1
.
0
3
9
.
4
2
1
.
4
3
5G
[4
2
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
RT
5
8
8
0
-
1
7
.
2
8
1
.
3
1
6
0
.
9
5G
[4
3
]
Ka
-
Ba
nd
T
a
c
o
n
i
c
T
L
Y
-
5
-
3
6
.
1
7
1
.
0
3
6
.
7
2
0
.
4
5
4
5G
[4
4
]
Ka
-
Ba
n
d
FR
-
4
-
2
4
.
5
0
1
.
1
2
7
.
1
9
1
.
3
5
2
5G
7.
C
O
N
C
LU
S
I
O
N
M
i
c
ros
t
ri
p
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
w
i
de
l
y
e
m
pl
o
ye
d
i
n
a
dva
n
c
i
ng
c
on
t
e
m
por
a
ry
m
obi
l
e
c
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
,
i
n
c
l
udi
ng
5G
.
Int
e
gr
a
t
i
ng
d
i
ve
rs
e
s
l
ot
ge
om
e
t
r
i
e
s
i
nt
o
a
s
i
ngu
l
a
r
re
c
t
a
ngul
a
r
pa
t
c
h,
pr
e
va
l
e
n
t
i
n
5G
a
nt
e
nna
s
,
h
a
s
pr
opos
e
d
a
n
a
pprop
ri
a
t
e
p
a
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nn
a
fo
r
5G
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
.
T
h
i
s
pa
t
c
h
a
nt
e
nna
a
i
m
s
t
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