I
A
E
S
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
r
t
if
ic
ia
l
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
-
AI
)
V
ol
.
15
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2026
, pp.
86
~
96
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
i.
v
15
.i
1
.pp
86
-
96
86
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
ai
.
ia
e
s
c
or
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.c
om
A
c
om
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
ve
su
r
ve
y of
c
yb
e
r
b
u
l
l
yi
n
g on
soc
i
al
m
e
d
i
a:
c
h
al
l
e
n
ge
s, d
e
t
e
c
t
i
on
, an
d
A
I
-
b
ase
d
p
r
e
ve
n
t
i
on
A
m
m
a
r
O
d
e
h
1
,
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s
am
a A
lh
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H
as
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1
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b
1
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A
b
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A
b
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a
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N
ab
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B
e
lh
aj
2
1
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
C
om
put
e
r
S
c
i
e
nc
e
,
K
i
ng H
us
s
e
i
n S
c
hool
of
C
om
put
i
ng S
c
i
e
nc
e
s
,
P
r
i
nc
e
s
s
S
um
a
ya
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y
f
or
T
e
c
hnol
ogy,
A
m
m
a
n, J
or
da
n
2
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h, T
he
L
i
bya
n H
i
gh
e
r
T
e
c
hni
c
a
l
C
e
nt
e
r
f
or
T
r
a
i
ni
ng a
n
d P
r
oduc
t
i
on, T
r
i
po
l
i
, L
i
bya
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
F
e
b 27, 2025
R
e
vi
s
e
d
O
c
t
30, 2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
N
ov 8, 2025
Cyberbully
ing
is
a
pervas
ive
issue
in
the
digital
landsca
pe,
particu
la
rly
on
social
media
platforms,
where
individuals
engage
in
online
haras
sment,
intimidation,
and
abuse.
Unlike
traditional
bullying,
cyberbully
ing
has
a
broader
reach,
anonymity,
and
persistence,
making
it
a
growing
conc
ern
for
mental
health,
social
well
-
being,
and
online
safety.
This
paper
prov
ides
a
comprehens
ive
survey
of
cyberbull
ying
trends,
its
psychol
ogical
and
social
impacts,
and
the
role
of
social
media
in
amplifying
the
problem.
It
e
xplores
existin
g
detection
and
preventio
n
strategi
es,
includi
ng
artificial
intell
igence
(
AI
)
-
driven
approaches,
policy
frameworks,
and
platform
-
based
mod
eration
techniques.
Furthermore
,
it
discusses
challenge
s
in
enforce
men
t,
the
limitations
of
automated
detection
systems,
and
the
need
for
improve
d
legal
measures.
This
paper
uniquely
contributes
an
integrated
perspec
ti
ve
on
cyberbull
ying
detection
and
preventio
n
by
synthes
izing
current
re
search
across
psychological,
sociocultural,
and
technical
dimensions.
It
emp
hasizes
underexplored
gaps
such
as
multilingual
detection,
real
-
time
mode
ration,
and
cross
-
platform
enforcement,
and
proposes
a
layered
framework
to
guide
future research and p
olicy.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
D
e
te
c
ti
on
M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
O
nl
in
e
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
P
ol
ic
y
P
r
e
ve
nt
io
n
S
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
A
m
m
a
r
O
de
h
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
C
om
put
e
r
S
c
ie
nc
e
,
K
in
g H
us
s
e
in
S
c
hool
of
C
o
m
put
in
g S
c
ie
nc
e
s
P
r
in
c
e
s
s
S
um
a
ya
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y
f
or
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
A
m
m
a
n
1196, J
or
da
n
E
m
a
il
:
a
.ode
h@
ps
ut
.e
du.j
o
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
C
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
is
a
f
or
m
of
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
th
a
t
oc
c
ur
s
in
di
gi
ta
l
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
on
s
o
c
ia
l
m
e
di
a
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
,
w
he
r
e
in
di
v
id
ua
ls
us
e
e
le
c
tr
oni
c
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
to
in
t
im
id
a
te
,
th
r
e
a
te
n,
or
ha
r
m
ot
he
r
s
[
1]
.
U
nl
ik
e
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
bul
ly
in
g,
w
hi
c
h
is
of
te
n
c
onf
in
e
d
to
s
pe
c
if
ic
lo
c
a
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
s
c
hool
s
or
w
or
kpl
a
c
e
s
,
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
c
a
n
oc
c
ur
a
t
a
ny
ti
m
e
a
nd
r
e
a
c
h
a
gl
oba
l
a
udi
e
nc
e
.
T
he
a
nonymi
ty
pr
ovi
de
d
by
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
a
ll
ow
s
pe
r
pe
tr
a
to
r
s
to
a
c
t
w
it
hout
im
m
e
di
a
te
r
e
p
e
r
c
us
s
io
n
s
,
m
a
ki
ng
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
a
pe
r
s
is
te
nt
a
nd
e
vol
vi
ng
is
s
ue
. T
hi
s
ha
r
m
f
ul
be
ha
vi
or
c
a
n t
a
ke
m
a
ny f
or
m
s
, i
nc
lu
di
ng ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
, i
m
pe
r
s
ona
ti
on, publi
c
s
ha
m
in
g, a
nd
th
e
s
pr
e
a
d
of
f
a
l
s
e
or
pr
iv
a
te
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on,
a
ll
of
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
ha
ve
de
v
a
s
ta
ti
ng
p
s
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
a
nd
s
oc
ia
l
c
ons
e
que
nc
e
s
f
or
vi
c
ti
m
s
[
2]
.
S
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
pl
a
tf
o
r
m
s
pl
a
y
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
a
nt
r
ol
e
in
th
e
pr
e
va
le
nc
e
o
f
c
ybe
r
bu
ll
yi
ng
d
ue
to
th
e
i
r
a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
il
it
y
, a
non
ym
it
y, a
nd
w
id
e
r
e
a
c
h.
F
e
a
tu
r
e
s
s
uc
h a
s
a
n
o
nym
ous
a
c
c
ou
nt
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ir
e
c
t
m
e
s
s
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gi
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c
om
m
e
nt
s
e
c
ti
ons
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a
nd
vi
r
a
l
s
ha
r
in
g
c
o
nt
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ut
e
to
t
he
r
a
p
id
s
p
r
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a
d
o
f
ha
r
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f
u
l
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on
te
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.
M
a
ny
pl
a
t
f
o
r
m
s
r
e
ly
on
a
ut
om
a
te
d
c
ont
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m
ode
r
a
ti
o
n
a
nd
us
e
r
-
r
e
po
r
t
in
g
s
ys
te
m
s
,
of
te
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f
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il
i
ng
to
p
r
om
pt
ly
r
e
m
ove
a
b
us
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c
ont
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.
A
ddi
ti
ona
l
ly
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s
oc
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m
e
d
ia
a
lg
o
r
it
hm
s
pr
io
r
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nga
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c
o
nt
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nt
,
s
om
e
t
im
e
s
a
m
pl
if
yi
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
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ti
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ll
I
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S
N
:
2252
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8938
A
c
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r
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if
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AI
)
m
ode
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us
e
r
bl
oc
ki
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s
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c
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b
ul
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r
e
m
a
in
s
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m
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m
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s
w
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id
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[
3
]
,
[
4]
.
T
he
gr
ow
in
g
s
c
a
le
of
c
yb
e
r
bul
ly
in
g
is
r
e
f
le
c
te
d
in
gl
oba
l
s
ta
ti
s
ti
c
s
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
e
ur
ge
nt
ne
e
d
f
or
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n.
A
c
c
or
di
ng
to
a
2023
U
N
I
C
E
F
r
e
por
t,
a
ppr
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m
a
te
ly
37%
of
young
pe
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a
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-
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m
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unr
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por
te
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due
to
f
e
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s
s
.
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2022
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P
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[
5]
.
F
ig
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1
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a
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s
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pe
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pl
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tf
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s
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c
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on
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c
a
ll
in
g,
s
pr
e
a
di
ng
f
a
ls
e
r
um
or
s
,
a
nd
is
s
ui
ng
th
r
e
a
ts
.
T
he
p
la
tf
or
m
c
a
te
gor
y
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
popula
r
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
c
ha
nne
ls
w
he
r
e
s
uc
h
in
c
id
e
nt
s
f
r
e
que
nt
ly
oc
c
ur
,
s
uc
h
a
s
F
a
c
e
book
a
nd
X
(
f
or
m
e
r
ly
T
w
it
te
r
)
.
T
he
d
e
te
c
ti
on
-
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n
c
a
te
gor
y
e
nc
om
p
a
s
s
e
s
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g,
in
c
lu
di
ng
A
I
-
pow
e
r
e
d
na
tu
r
a
l
la
ngua
ge
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
(
N
L
P
)
te
c
hni
que
s
f
or
a
ut
om
a
te
d
de
te
c
ti
on
a
nd
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
in
g
pl
a
tf
or
m
pol
ic
ie
s
to
c
ur
b
ha
r
m
f
ul
be
ha
vi
or
.
T
hi
s
c
la
s
s
if
ic
a
ti
on
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
s
th
e
m
ul
ti
f
a
c
e
te
d
na
tu
r
e
of
th
e
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
pr
obl
e
m
,
c
ove
r
in
g
it
s
m
a
ni
f
e
s
ta
ti
ons
,
di
gi
ta
l
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
,
a
nd
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
1
.
C
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
io
n
of
c
yb
e
r
bu
ll
y
in
g
on
s
o
c
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
:
ty
p
e
s
,
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
,
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
on
-
pr
e
v
e
n
ti
on
a
p
pr
o
a
c
h
e
s
T
he
im
pa
c
t
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
e
xt
e
nd
s
be
yond
th
e
di
gi
ta
l
r
e
a
l
m
,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ng
vi
c
ti
m
s
p
s
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
ll
y,
s
oc
ia
ll
y,
a
nd
le
ga
ll
y.
O
n
a
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
le
ve
l,
vi
c
ti
m
s
of
te
n
s
u
f
f
e
r
f
r
om
s
tr
e
s
s
,
a
nxi
e
ty
,
de
pr
e
s
s
io
n,
a
nd
e
ve
n
s
ui
c
id
a
l
th
oughts
due
to
th
e
pe
r
s
is
te
nt
na
tu
r
e
of
onl
in
e
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
.
L
ong
-
te
r
m
e
xpos
ur
e
to
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
ha
s
be
e
n
li
nke
d
to
pos
t
-
tr
a
um
a
ti
c
s
tr
e
s
s
di
s
or
de
r
(
P
T
S
D
)
a
nd
ot
he
r
s
e
ve
r
e
m
e
nt
a
l
he
a
lt
h
di
s
or
de
r
s
.
A
2023
s
tu
dy
f
r
om
th
e
A
m
e
r
ic
a
n
P
s
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
A
s
s
oc
ia
ti
on
(
A
P
A
)
f
ound
th
a
t
te
e
na
ge
r
s
s
ubj
e
c
te
d
to
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
a
r
e
a
t
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
hi
ghe
r
r
is
k
of
s
e
lf
-
ha
r
m
a
nd
s
ui
c
id
a
l
i
de
a
ti
on.
S
oc
ia
ll
y,
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
c
a
n
le
a
d
t
o
w
it
hdr
a
w
a
l
f
r
om
s
oc
ia
l
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
,
a
c
a
de
m
ic
de
c
li
ne
,
a
nd
r
e
put
a
ti
ona
l
da
m
a
ge
,
im
pa
c
ti
ng
vi
c
ti
m
s
'
f
ut
u
r
e
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
ps
a
nd
c
a
r
e
e
r
pr
os
pe
c
ts
[
6]
.
I
t
a
ls
o
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
a
to
xi
c
onl
in
e
c
ul
tu
r
e
,
di
s
c
our
a
gi
ng
ope
n
a
nd
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
ve
i
nt
e
r
a
c
ti
ons
on s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
. L
e
ga
ll
y, w
hi
le
m
a
ny
c
ount
r
ie
s
ha
ve
i
nt
r
oduc
e
d c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g l
a
w
s
,
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
r
e
m
a
in
s
a
c
ha
ll
e
nge
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
in
c
a
s
e
s
w
he
r
e
of
f
e
nde
r
s
ope
r
a
te
a
nonymous
ly
or
a
c
r
os
s
m
ul
ti
pl
e
ju
r
is
di
c
ti
ons
.
R
e
gul
a
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
th
e
E
ur
ope
a
n
U
ni
on'
s
G
e
ne
r
a
l
D
a
ta
P
r
ot
e
c
ti
on
R
e
gul
a
ti
on
(
G
D
P
R
)
a
nd
th
e
U
.S
.
C
hi
ld
r
e
n'
s
O
nl
in
e
P
r
iv
a
c
y
P
r
ot
e
c
ti
on
A
c
t
(
C
O
P
P
A
)
im
pos
e
obl
ig
a
ti
ons
on
pl
a
tf
o
r
m
s
to
pr
ot
e
c
t
us
e
r
s
.
Y
e
t,
lo
ophole
s
pe
r
s
i
s
t,
a
ll
ow
in
g
ha
r
m
f
ul
be
ha
vi
o
r
to
c
ont
in
ue
.
I
n
s
om
e
r
e
gi
ons
,
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
is
c
ons
id
e
r
e
d
a
c
ybe
r
c
r
im
e
,
le
a
di
ng
to
le
ga
l
a
c
ti
ons
s
u
c
h
a
s
f
i
ne
s
,
r
e
s
tr
a
in
in
g
or
de
r
s
,
or
e
v
e
n
im
pr
is
onm
e
nt
f
or
pe
r
pe
tr
a
to
r
s
[
7]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
15
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2026
:
86
-
96
88
D
e
s
pi
te
a
dopt
in
g
A
I
-
pow
e
r
e
d
m
ode
r
a
ti
on
to
ol
s
a
nd
us
e
r
-
r
e
por
ti
ng
s
ys
te
m
s
by
m
a
jo
r
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
, c
ur
r
e
nt
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g de
te
c
ti
on s
ys
te
m
s
f
a
c
e
s
e
ve
r
a
l
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
. T
he
s
e
s
ys
te
m
s
of
te
n s
tr
uggl
e
w
it
h
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
onl
in
e
la
ngua
ge
'
s
nua
nc
e
d
a
nd
c
ont
e
xt
-
de
pe
nde
nt
na
tu
r
e
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
s
a
r
c
a
s
m
,
c
ode
d
e
xpr
e
s
s
io
ns
,
a
nd
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
m
os
t
m
ode
ls
a
r
e
tr
a
in
e
d
on
li
m
it
e
d,
of
te
n
m
onol
in
gua
l
da
ta
s
e
ts
,
m
a
ki
ng
th
e
m
le
s
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
in
de
te
c
ti
ng
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
a
c
r
os
s
di
ve
r
s
e
li
ngui
s
ti
c
a
nd
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
e
tt
in
gs
.
T
he
dyna
m
ic
e
vol
ut
io
n
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
ta
c
ti
c
s
—
s
uc
h
a
s
e
m
oj
is
,
im
a
ge
s
,
m
e
m
e
s
,
or
s
la
ng
—
a
ls
o
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
s
ta
ti
c
A
I
m
ode
ls
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
f
a
ls
e
pos
it
iv
e
s
a
nd
ne
ga
ti
ve
s
r
e
m
a
in
a
c
onc
e
r
n,
w
he
r
e
be
ni
gn
c
ont
e
nt
m
a
y
be
f
la
gge
d
w
hi
le
s
ubt
le
a
bu
s
e
goe
s
und
e
te
c
te
d.
T
he
s
e
t
e
c
hn
ic
a
l
c
ons
tr
a
in
ts
,
th
e
di
f
f
ic
ul
ty
of
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g,
a
nd
th
e
la
c
k
of
s
ta
nda
r
di
z
e
d
c
r
os
s
-
pl
a
tf
or
m
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
e
ur
ge
nt
ne
e
d
f
or
m
or
e
a
da
pt
iv
e
,
c
ont
e
xt
-
a
w
a
r
e
,
a
nd
m
ul
ti
li
ngua
l
A
I
s
ol
ut
io
ns
.
U
nl
ik
e
pr
e
vi
ou
s
s
ur
ve
y
s
,
w
hi
c
h
of
te
n
f
oc
us
e
xc
lu
s
iv
e
ly
on
e
it
he
r
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
a
s
pe
c
ts
or
s
pe
c
if
ic
A
I
te
c
hni
que
s
,
our
w
or
k
pr
ovi
de
s
a
hol
is
ti
c
vi
e
w
by
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l,
le
ga
l,
a
nd
te
c
hni
c
a
l
di
m
e
ns
io
n
s
o
f
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g.
W
e
a
ls
o
s
ynt
he
s
iz
e
r
e
c
e
nt
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
(
2023
–
2025)
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
th
e
r
ol
e
of
la
r
ge
l
a
ngua
ge
m
ode
ls
(
L
L
M
s
)
,
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
s
ys
te
m
s
,
a
nd
e
xpl
a
in
a
bl
e
A
I
a
ppr
oa
c
h
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h
ha
ve
not
be
e
n
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
ly
r
e
vi
e
w
e
d
in
pr
io
r
s
tu
di
e
s
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
is
s
ur
ve
y
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
c
r
os
s
-
pl
a
tf
or
m
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
nd
f
ut
ur
e
di
r
e
c
ti
ons
f
or
m
ul
ti
li
ngua
l
a
nd
m
ul
ti
m
oda
l
de
te
c
ti
on,
of
f
e
r
in
g
a
n
in
te
gr
a
ti
ve
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
or
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
a
nd
pol
ic
ym
a
k
e
r
s
.
T
hi
s
p
a
pe
r
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
ke
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ga
ps
th
a
t
e
xi
s
ti
ng
s
ur
ve
y
s
ha
ve
not
a
de
qu
a
te
ly
c
ov
e
r
e
d,
in
c
lu
di
ng
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
m
ul
ti
li
ngua
l
de
te
c
ti
on,
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
m
ode
r
a
ti
on,
a
nd
c
r
os
s
-
pl
a
tf
or
m
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
pol
ic
ie
s
.
U
nl
ik
e
pr
e
vi
ous
r
e
vi
e
w
s
th
a
t
f
oc
u
s
na
r
r
ow
ly
on
e
it
he
r
ps
yc
h
ol
ogi
c
a
l
im
pa
c
ts
or
s
pe
c
if
ic
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
e
th
ods
,
th
is
s
ur
ve
y
in
te
gr
a
te
s
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l,
te
c
hni
c
a
l,
a
nd
le
ga
l
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
s
.
I
t
pr
ovi
de
s
a
uni
f
ie
d
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k t
ha
t
c
om
bi
ne
s
c
ont
e
nt
a
na
ly
s
i
s
, s
oc
ia
l
n
e
twor
k c
ont
e
xt
, a
nd s
e
nt
im
e
nt
-
ba
s
e
d i
nt
e
r
pr
e
ta
ti
on.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
C
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
ta
ke
s
m
a
ny
f
or
m
s
,
e
a
c
h
w
it
h
uni
qu
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
a
nd
im
pa
c
ts
.
U
nl
ik
e
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
bul
ly
in
g,
w
hi
c
h
oc
c
ur
s
in
phys
i
c
a
l
s
pa
c
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
s
c
hool
s
o
r
w
or
kpl
a
c
e
s
,
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
le
ve
r
a
ge
s
di
gi
ta
l
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
to
r
e
a
c
h
a
br
oa
de
r
a
udi
e
nc
e
.
T
he
a
nonymi
ty
of
th
e
in
te
r
ne
t,
th
e
s
pe
e
d
a
t
w
hi
c
h
ha
r
m
f
ul
c
ont
e
nt
s
pr
e
a
ds
, a
nd t
he
di
f
f
ic
ul
ty
of
r
e
m
ovi
ng d
ig
it
a
l
tr
a
c
e
s
m
a
ke
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
ha
r
m
f
ul
.
U
nde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
th
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ty
pe
s
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
a
nd
it
s
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
ti
c
s
i
s
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n
a
nd
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
[
8]
, [
9]
.
O
ne
of
th
e
m
os
t
c
om
m
on
ty
pe
s
of
c
ybe
r
b
ul
ly
in
g
i
s
h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
,
w
hi
c
h
i
nvol
v
e
s
r
e
p
e
a
t
e
d,
a
ggr
e
s
s
iv
e
,
a
nd
unw
a
nt
e
d
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
i
nt
e
nd
e
d
to
i
nt
im
id
a
te
or
di
s
tr
e
s
s
th
e
vi
c
ti
m
. T
hi
s
c
a
n
in
c
lu
de
di
r
e
c
t
th
r
e
a
t
s
,
of
f
e
ns
i
ve
c
om
m
e
n
ts
,
or
pe
r
s
is
t
e
nt
n
e
ga
ti
ve
i
nt
e
r
a
c
ti
on
s
a
c
r
o
s
s
m
ul
ti
pl
e
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
.
I
m
pe
r
s
ona
t
io
n
i
s
a
n
ot
he
r
f
or
m
w
he
r
e
a
pe
r
p
e
tr
a
to
r
c
r
e
a
te
s
a
f
a
ke
a
c
c
oun
t
to
po
s
e
a
s
s
om
e
o
ne
e
ls
e
,
of
te
n
s
pr
e
a
di
ng
f
a
ls
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
,
da
m
a
gi
n
g
r
e
put
a
ti
ons
,
or
m
a
ni
pul
a
ti
ng
ot
h
e
r
s
[
10]
.
T
hi
s
t
a
c
ti
c
i
s
f
r
e
qu
e
nt
l
y
u
s
e
d
to
de
c
e
i
ve
th
e
vi
c
ti
m
'
s
f
r
ie
nd
s
,
f
a
m
il
y,
or
c
ol
le
a
gue
s
.
O
u
ti
ng
a
n
d
doxxin
g
in
vol
v
e
publ
i
c
ly
r
e
v
e
a
li
ng
pr
iv
a
te
or
s
e
n
s
it
iv
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
bo
ut
a
n
in
di
vi
du
a
l
w
it
hout
th
e
ir
c
o
ns
e
nt
.
W
hi
l
e
o
ut
in
g
f
oc
u
s
e
s
on
e
xp
os
in
g
pe
r
s
on
a
l
s
e
c
r
e
t
s
or
e
m
b
a
r
r
a
s
s
i
ng
d
e
ta
il
s
,
doxxing
g
oe
s
f
ur
th
e
r
b
y
s
h
a
r
in
g
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
s
u
c
h
a
s
pho
ne
nu
m
be
r
s
,
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
,
or
w
or
kpl
a
c
e
d
e
ta
i
ls
,
l
e
a
di
ng
to
pot
e
nt
ia
l
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
or
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
th
r
e
a
ts
.
C
ybe
r
s
ta
l
ki
ng
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
p
e
r
s
i
s
t
e
nt
a
nd
in
tr
u
s
iv
e
m
oni
to
r
i
ng,
th
r
e
a
t
s
,
or
in
ti
m
id
a
ti
on
th
r
oug
h
onl
i
ne
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
c
a
us
e
s
ig
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
ps
yc
ho
lo
gi
c
a
l
d
is
tr
e
s
s
a
nd,
in
s
e
v
e
r
e
c
a
s
e
s
,
e
s
c
a
la
t
e
to
of
f
li
n
e
h
a
r
m
.
L
a
s
tl
y
,
tr
ol
li
ng
in
vol
v
e
s
in
te
nt
io
na
ll
y
pr
ovo
ki
ng
or
up
s
e
tt
in
g
ot
h
e
r
s
by
pos
ti
n
g
i
nf
la
m
m
a
to
r
y,
of
f
e
n
s
iv
e
,
or
de
c
e
pt
i
ve
c
o
nt
e
nt
.
W
hi
l
e
s
om
e
tr
ol
l
s
c
l
a
im
th
e
ir
a
c
ti
on
s
a
r
e
h
um
or
ou
s
,
th
e
ir
b
e
ha
vi
or
of
te
n l
e
a
d
s
t
o
s
e
ve
r
e
e
m
ot
i
ona
l
di
s
tr
e
s
s
a
nd
c
a
n e
nc
our
a
ge
f
ur
th
e
r
c
ybe
r
b
ul
ly
in
g
[
11]
.
C
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
di
f
f
e
r
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
f
r
om
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
bul
ly
in
g
i
n
va
r
io
us
w
a
ys
.
T
r
a
di
ti
ona
l
bul
ly
in
g
ty
pi
c
a
ll
y
ta
ke
s
pl
a
c
e
in
f
a
c
e
-
to
-
f
a
c
e
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
s
uc
h
a
s
s
c
hool
s
,
of
f
ic
e
s
,
or
ne
ig
hbor
hoods
,
w
he
r
e
a
s
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g oc
c
ur
s
onl
in
e
a
nd c
a
n pe
r
s
is
t
a
r
ound the
c
lo
c
k. A
nonymi
ty
pl
a
ys
a
m
a
jo
r
r
ol
e
i
n
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g,
a
s
pe
r
pe
tr
a
to
r
s
of
te
n
hi
de
be
hi
nd
f
a
ke
pr
of
il
e
s
,
m
a
ki
ng
it
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
f
or
vi
c
ti
m
s
to
id
e
nt
i
f
y
th
e
m
or
ta
ke
le
ga
l
a
c
ti
on.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
le
a
ve
s
a
la
s
ti
ng
di
gi
ta
l
f
oot
pr
in
t,
m
e
a
ni
ng
ha
r
m
f
ul
c
ont
e
nt
c
a
n
be
r
e
s
ha
r
e
d
or
r
e
-
e
xpos
e
d
lo
ng
a
f
te
r
th
e
in
i
ti
a
l
in
c
id
e
nt
,
unl
ik
e
t
r
a
di
ti
ona
l
bul
ly
in
g,
w
hi
c
h
is
us
ua
ll
y
c
onf
in
e
d
t
o
a
s
pe
c
if
ic
m
om
e
nt
i
n t
im
e
. A
not
he
r
ke
y di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
i
s
t
he
publi
c
na
tu
r
e
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
—
ne
ga
ti
ve
c
om
m
e
nt
s
,
f
a
ls
e
r
um
or
s
,
or
e
di
te
d
im
a
ge
s
c
a
n
qui
c
kl
y
go
vi
r
a
l,
e
xpo
s
in
g
th
e
vi
c
ti
m
to
w
id
e
s
pr
e
a
d
hum
il
ia
ti
on.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
th
e
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
phys
ic
a
l
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
in
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
m
a
ke
s
it
ha
r
de
r
f
o
r
pa
r
e
nt
s
,
te
a
c
he
r
s
,
a
nd
a
ut
hor
it
ie
s
to
de
te
c
t
a
nd
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
i
s
s
ue
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
bul
ly
in
g,
w
he
r
e
vi
s
ib
le
s
ig
n
s
of
di
s
tr
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s
s
or
ha
r
m
a
r
e
of
te
n m
or
e
a
ppa
r
e
nt
[
12]
, [
13]
.
T
he
vi
c
ti
m
s
a
nd
pe
r
pe
tr
a
to
r
s
of
c
yb
e
r
bul
ly
in
g
c
om
e
f
r
om
v
a
r
io
us
a
ge
gr
oups
a
nd
ba
c
kgr
ounds
.
S
tu
di
e
s
in
di
c
a
te
th
a
t
te
e
na
ge
r
s
a
nd
young
a
dul
ts
a
r
e
a
m
ong
th
e
m
os
t
a
f
f
e
c
te
d
due
to
th
e
ir
hi
gh
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
w
it
h
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
a
nd
onl
in
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on.
H
ow
e
v
e
r
,
c
h
il
dr
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n
a
nd
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ve
n
a
dul
ts
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c
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bul
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nd
onl
in
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ha
r
a
s
s
m
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c
ont
in
ue
to
r
is
e
.
I
n
te
r
m
s
of
ge
nde
r
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
,
r
e
s
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a
r
c
h
s
ugge
s
ts
th
a
t
f
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m
a
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a
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e
m
or
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li
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to
f
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ppe
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-
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ha
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in
g,
gos
s
ip
,
or
s
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x
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lu
s
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n.
I
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A
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ghl
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s
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ta
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e
put
a
ti
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tt
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c
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due
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e
ir
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pr
e
s
e
nc
e
[
14]
.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
I
m
a
m
a
nd
N
a
z
[
15]
e
xa
m
in
e
d
th
e
le
ga
l
a
nd
s
oc
i
e
ta
l
im
pl
ic
a
ti
o
ns
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
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in
P
a
ki
s
t
a
n.
T
h
e
s
tu
dy
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
th
e
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
ts
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
on
w
o
m
e
n,
a
nd
a
na
ly
z
e
d
th
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
in
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nf
or
c
in
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th
e
P
r
e
ve
nt
io
n
of
E
le
c
tr
oni
c
C
r
im
e
s
A
c
t
(
P
E
C
A
)
2016.
T
he
a
u
th
or
s
c
om
pa
r
e
d
P
a
ki
s
ta
n'
s
le
ga
l
f
r
a
m
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or
k
to
gl
oba
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nds
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dvoc
a
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d
f
or
in
te
r
na
ti
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a
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on,
A
I
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dr
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e
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c
ti
on
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e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
,
a
nd
publ
ic
a
w
a
r
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ne
s
s
c
a
m
pa
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s
t
o c
om
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t
c
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P
hi
li
po
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t
al
.
[
16]
s
y
s
te
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
r
e
vi
e
w
e
d
c
ybe
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on
a
ppr
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he
s
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c
a
t
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gor
iz
in
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m
e
th
ods
in
to
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng,
de
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p
le
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r
ni
ng,
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
m
o
de
ls
,
a
nd
L
L
M
s
.
T
he
s
tu
dy
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e
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if
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h
a
s
da
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s
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m
ul
ti
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a
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vol
vi
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c
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tr
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T
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por
ta
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of
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e
a
nd mul
ti
li
ngua
l
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g de
te
c
ti
on.
S
a
m
a
la
e
t
al
.
[
17]
e
xpl
or
e
d
th
e
r
ol
e
of
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
in
e
d
uc
a
ti
on,
f
oc
us
in
g
on
it
s
im
pa
c
t
on
di
gi
ta
l
-
na
ti
ve
le
a
r
ne
r
s
.
T
he
s
tu
dy
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
f
o
r
e
nha
nc
e
d
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
di
s
c
us
s
e
d
c
h
a
ll
e
nge
s
s
uc
h
a
s
c
yb
e
r
bul
ly
in
g,
pr
iv
a
c
y
br
e
a
c
he
s
,
a
nd
id
e
nt
it
y
th
e
f
t.
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
a
dvoc
a
t
e
d
f
or
di
gi
ta
l
li
te
r
a
c
y
e
duc
a
ti
on,
r
e
s
pon
s
ib
le
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
us
e
,
a
nd
pol
ic
y
in
te
r
v
e
nt
io
ns
to
m
it
ig
a
te
r
is
k
s
w
hi
le
m
a
xi
m
iz
in
g
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
be
ne
f
it
s
.
S
a
e
id
e
t
al
.
[
3]
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
d
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
-
ba
s
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
e
s
f
or
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
de
te
c
ti
on
u
s
in
g
N
L
P
a
nd
te
xt
c
la
s
s
if
ic
a
ti
on.
T
he
s
tu
dy
c
om
pa
r
e
d
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
ode
ls
li
ke
s
uppor
t
ve
c
to
r
m
a
c
hi
ne
s
(
S
V
M
)
a
nd
de
c
is
io
n
tr
e
e
s
w
it
h
de
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
b
id
ir
e
c
ti
ona
l
e
nc
ode
r
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
ons
f
r
om
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
e
r
s
(
B
E
R
T
)
-
ba
s
e
d
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
e
r
.
T
he
f
in
di
ngs
in
di
c
a
te
d
th
a
t
bi
di
r
e
c
ti
ona
l
lo
ng
s
hor
t
-
te
r
m
m
e
m
or
y
(
B
iL
S
T
M
)
ne
twor
ks
pr
ovi
de
d hi
ghe
r
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y, but t
he
ir
c
om
put
a
ti
ona
l
de
m
a
nds
r
e
qui
r
e
d
ba
la
nc
in
g e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y a
nd s
c
a
la
bi
li
ty
.
T
a
lp
ur
e
t
al
.
[
18]
r
e
vi
e
w
e
d
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
de
te
c
ti
on
tr
e
nds
,
p
a
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
in
onl
in
e
s
oc
ia
l
ne
twor
ks
.
T
he
s
tu
dy
di
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
v
a
r
io
us
ty
pe
s
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g,
s
uc
h
a
s
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
a
nd
c
ybe
r
s
ta
lk
in
g,
a
nd
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
de
te
c
ti
on
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
e
vol
vi
ng
la
ngu
a
ge
pa
tt
e
r
ns
a
nd
a
nonymi
z
e
d
a
bu
s
e
.
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
e
xpl
or
e
d
s
upe
r
vi
s
e
d
le
a
r
ni
ng
te
c
hni
que
s
a
nd
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
d
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
im
pr
ove
d
m
ul
t
il
in
gua
l
a
nd
c
ont
e
xt
-
a
w
a
r
e
de
te
c
ti
on me
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
.
L
iv
in
gs
to
ne
e
t
al
.
[
19]
e
xa
m
in
e
d
th
e
gl
oba
l
tr
e
nds
a
nd
im
pa
c
ts
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
th
e
r
a
pi
d
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ng
c
hi
ld
r
e
n'
s
onl
in
e
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
.
T
he
s
tu
dy
e
xpl
or
e
d
how
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
ha
s
e
vol
ve
d,
of
te
n
c
om
pl
e
m
e
nt
in
g
r
a
th
e
r
th
a
n
r
e
pl
a
c
in
g
tr
a
d
it
io
na
l
bul
ly
in
g.
T
he
f
in
di
ngs
s
ugge
s
te
d
th
a
t
w
hi
le
th
e
r
e
is
e
vi
de
nc
e
of
r
is
in
g
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
c
a
s
e
s
,
th
is
m
a
y
be
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
d
to
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
a
w
a
r
e
ne
s
s
a
nd
s
e
lf
-
r
e
por
ti
ng
r
a
th
e
r
th
a
n
a
n
a
bs
ol
ut
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
in
c
id
e
nt
s
.
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
c
a
ll
e
d
f
or
in
te
r
na
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
or
ts
i
n
pol
ic
y
-
m
a
ki
ng, e
duc
a
ti
on, a
nd digi
ta
l
li
te
r
a
c
y t
o m
it
ig
a
te
t
he
r
is
ks
pos
e
d by c
yb
e
r
bul
ly
in
g.
C
he
n
a
nd
Z
ol
ke
pl
i
[
20]
c
onduc
te
d
a
bi
bl
io
m
e
tr
ic
a
na
ly
s
is
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
ll
y
f
oc
us
in
g
on
bys
ta
nde
r
s
'
r
ol
e
s
in
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n.
T
he
s
tu
dy
ut
il
iz
e
d
c
it
a
ti
on
m
a
ppi
ng
a
nd
ne
twor
k
vi
s
ua
li
z
a
ti
on
to
ol
s
to
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
e
dom
in
a
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
th
e
m
e
s
in
c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng
s
tu
di
e
s
f
r
om
2007
to
2024.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
s
how
e
d
th
a
t
m
os
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
h
a
s
f
oc
u
s
e
d
on
th
e
p
s
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
im
pa
c
t
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
on
vi
c
ti
m
s
,
w
it
h
li
m
it
e
d
s
tu
di
e
s
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
bys
ta
nd
e
r
s
'
r
e
a
c
ti
ons
.
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
a
dvoc
a
te
d
f
or
m
o
r
e
in
te
r
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
bys
ta
nde
r
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
th
a
t
s
uppor
ti
ve
pe
e
r
a
c
ti
ons
c
oul
d
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
m
it
ig
a
te
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g c
ons
e
que
nc
e
s
.
J
oha
ni
s
e
t
al
.
[
21]
a
na
ly
z
e
d
c
yb
e
r
bul
ly
in
g
tr
e
nds
in
M
a
l
a
ys
ia
,
e
xpl
or
in
g
th
e
s
oc
io
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
di
gi
ta
l
a
ggr
e
s
s
io
n.
T
he
s
tu
dy
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
th
a
t
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
s
m
a
r
tp
hone
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
oc
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
us
a
ge
ha
ve
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
d t
o a
s
ur
ge
i
n c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g c
a
s
e
s
. T
he
a
ut
hor
s
f
ound tha
t
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g i
n M
a
la
ys
ia
i
s
not
li
m
it
e
d
to
s
pe
c
if
ic
de
m
ogr
a
phi
c
s
,
w
it
h
vi
c
ti
m
s
s
pa
nni
ng
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
a
ge
gr
oups
a
nd
ba
c
kgr
ounds
.
T
he
y
c
a
ll
e
d
f
or
s
tr
ic
te
r
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
,
im
pr
ove
d
pa
r
e
nt
a
l
gui
da
nc
e
,
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
d
a
w
a
r
e
ne
s
s
c
a
m
pa
ig
ns
to
c
ur
b t
he
r
is
e
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g i
n di
gi
ta
l
s
pa
c
e
s
.
N
a
va
r
r
o
e
t
al
.
[
22]
in
ve
s
ti
ga
t
e
d
th
e
r
ol
e
of
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
in
s
ha
pi
ng
yout
h
de
li
nque
nc
y,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
it
s
im
pa
c
t
on
id
e
nt
it
y
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
nd
pe
e
r
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
.
T
he
s
tu
dy
f
ound
th
a
t
e
xpo
s
ur
e
to
onl
in
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g,
a
nd
di
gi
ta
l
pe
e
r
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
a
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
r
is
ky
be
ha
vi
or
s
a
m
ong
a
dol
e
s
c
e
nt
s
.
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
s
ugg
e
s
te
d
th
a
t
w
hi
le
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
c
a
n
f
os
t
e
r
pos
it
i
ve
c
om
m
uni
ty
e
nga
g
e
m
e
nt
,
it
a
l
s
o
e
x
a
c
e
r
ba
te
s
s
oc
ia
l
c
om
pa
r
is
on
s
a
nd me
nt
a
l
he
a
lt
h i
s
s
ue
s
, m
a
ki
ng youth m
or
e
s
us
c
e
pt
ib
le
t
o ne
ga
ti
ve
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
s
.
R
e
je
b
e
t
al
.
[
23]
c
onduc
te
d a
l
a
r
ge
-
s
c
a
le
bi
bl
io
m
e
tr
ic
s
tu
dy a
na
ly
z
in
g t
he
e
vol
ut
io
n of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ove
r
th
e
pa
s
t
two
de
c
a
de
s
.
U
s
in
g
c
o
-
w
or
d
a
nd
m
a
in
p
a
th
a
na
ly
s
e
s
,
th
e
s
tu
dy
id
e
nt
if
ie
d
ke
y
th
e
m
e
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng digi
ta
l
li
te
r
a
c
y, ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
ts
, a
nd i
nt
e
r
ve
nt
io
n s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
. T
he
f
in
di
ngs
s
ugge
s
te
d t
ha
t
w
hi
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
15
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2026
:
86
-
96
90
e
a
r
ly
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
oc
us
e
d
on
vi
c
ti
m
iz
a
ti
on
a
nd
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
im
p
a
c
ts
,
r
e
c
e
nt
s
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
gl
y
e
xpl
or
e
d
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
s
ol
ut
io
ns
l
ik
e
A
I
-
dr
iv
e
n de
te
c
ti
on s
y
s
te
m
s
a
nd r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
c
ont
e
nt
m
ode
r
a
ti
on.
S
la
nbe
kova
e
t
al
.
[
24]
e
xt
e
ns
iv
e
ly
r
e
vi
e
w
e
d
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g,
s
ynt
he
s
iz
in
g
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
r
om
va
r
io
us
di
s
c
ip
li
ne
s
to
hi
ghl
ig
ht
it
s
pr
e
va
le
n
c
e
,
p
s
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
im
pa
c
t,
a
nd
in
te
r
na
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
pons
e
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
.
T
he
s
tu
dy
e
xa
m
in
e
d
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
va
r
ia
ti
ons
in
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
m
a
ni
f
e
s
ta
ti
ons
a
nd
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
in
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
r
e
gi
ons
.
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
e
m
ph
a
s
iz
e
d
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
ta
il
or
e
d
pol
ic
ie
s
c
on
s
id
e
r
in
g
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
c
ont
e
xt
s
a
nd
a
dvoc
a
te
d
f
or
a
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
of
le
g
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
,
di
gi
ta
l
li
te
r
a
c
y
pr
ogr
a
m
s
,
a
nd
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
ns
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
t
he
i
s
s
ue
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
.
T
a
bl
e
1
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
a
s
ynt
he
s
iz
e
d
ove
r
vi
e
w
of
e
le
ve
n
k
e
y
s
t
udi
e
s
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
va
r
io
us
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g, r
a
ngi
ng f
r
om
l
e
ga
l
a
nd s
oc
io
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
a
na
ly
s
e
s
t
o a
dva
nc
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng a
nd de
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
de
te
c
ti
on
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
vi
e
w
e
d
w
or
k
s
c
ol
le
c
ti
ve
ly
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
th
e
m
ul
ti
f
a
c
e
te
d
na
tu
r
e
of
th
e
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
pr
obl
e
m
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
it
s
p
s
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l,
le
ga
l,
e
du
c
a
ti
ona
l,
a
nd
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
di
m
e
n
s
io
ns
.
W
hi
le
s
e
ve
r
a
l
s
tu
di
e
s
[
16]
,
[
18]
,
[
19]
e
xpl
or
e
d
A
I
-
d
r
iv
e
n
de
te
c
ti
on
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
—
r
a
ngi
ng
f
r
om
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
c
la
s
s
if
ie
r
s
to
B
E
R
T
-
ba
s
e
d
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
e
r
s
a
nd
B
iL
S
T
M
ne
twor
k
s
—
ot
he
r
s
f
oc
u
s
e
d
on
pol
ic
y
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
ons
,
publ
ic
a
w
a
r
e
ne
s
s
,
a
nd
c
r
os
s
-
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
.
D
e
s
pi
te
th
e
ir
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
ns
,
m
os
t
s
tu
di
e
s
f
a
c
e
d
not
a
bl
e
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
th
e
a
b
s
e
nc
e
of
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on,
hi
gh
c
om
put
a
ti
ona
l
de
m
a
nds
,
s
c
a
la
bi
li
ty
c
h
a
ll
e
nge
s
,
a
nd
in
s
uf
f
ic
ie
nt
m
ul
ti
li
ngua
l
or
c
ont
e
xt
-
a
w
a
r
e
de
te
c
ti
on
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
.
T
hi
s
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
in
te
gr
a
ti
ve
s
ol
ut
io
ns
th
a
t
c
om
bi
ne
r
obus
t
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
w
it
h
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
l
e
ga
l
a
nd
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
.
A
s
s
how
n
in
T
a
bl
e
2,
pr
io
r
w
or
ks
va
r
y
in
s
c
ope
:
s
om
e
f
oc
us
on
br
oa
d
s
ur
ve
y
s
w
it
hout
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
e
va
lu
a
ti
on,
w
hi
le
ot
he
r
s
pr
e
s
e
nt
m
ode
l
-
ba
s
e
d
s
tu
di
e
s
th
a
t
a
c
hi
e
ve
s
tr
ong
r
e
s
ul
ts
but
la
c
k
s
c
a
la
bi
li
ty
a
nd
m
ul
ti
li
ngua
l
s
uppor
t.
D
e
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
ode
ls
(
e
.g.,
B
iL
S
T
M
,
B
E
R
T
)
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
hi
ghe
r
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
but
r
e
qui
r
e
la
r
ge
da
ta
s
e
ts
a
nd
c
om
put
a
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
m
a
ki
ng
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
m
ode
r
a
ti
on
di
f
f
ic
ul
t.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly
,
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
te
c
hni
que
s
a
r
e
li
ght
w
e
ig
ht
but
pe
r
f
o
r
m
poor
ly
w
it
h
nua
nc
e
d
la
ngua
ge
s
uc
h
a
s
s
a
r
c
a
s
m
or
c
ode
-
s
w
it
c
hi
ng.
R
e
vi
e
w
s
f
oc
us
in
g
on
s
oc
io
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
or
bi
bl
io
m
e
tr
ic
a
s
pe
c
ts
pr
ovi
de
us
e
f
ul
c
ont
e
xt
but
f
a
il
to
in
te
gr
a
te
te
c
hni
c
a
l
de
pt
h.
T
he
s
e
g
a
ps
und
e
r
s
c
or
e
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
a
uni
f
ie
d
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
th
a
t
c
om
bi
ne
s
te
c
hni
c
a
l,
s
oc
io
c
ul
tu
r
a
l,
a
nd l
e
ga
l
di
m
e
ns
io
n
s
, w
hi
c
h i
s
t
he
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n of
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
.
T
a
bl
e
1. S
um
m
a
r
y of
s
e
le
c
te
d
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g s
tu
di
e
s
w
it
h ke
y a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
, a
c
hi
e
v
e
m
e
nt
s
, a
nd l
im
it
a
ti
ons
R
e
f
A
ppr
oa
c
h
A
c
hi
e
ve
m
e
nt
L
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
on
[
15]
L
e
ga
l
a
nd
s
oc
i
e
t
a
l
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
H
i
ghl
i
ght
e
d ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
, l
e
ga
l
ga
p
s
, a
nd t
he
ne
e
d
f
or
A
I
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
N
o t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
m
ode
l
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
[
16]
R
e
vi
e
w
of
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
,
d
e
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
, L
L
M
s
C
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
d m
e
t
hods
, i
d
e
nt
i
f
i
e
d bi
a
s
e
s
, a
nd
s
t
r
e
s
s
e
d
m
ul
t
i
l
i
ngua
l
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
N
o ne
w
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
pr
opos
e
d
[
17]
E
duc
a
t
i
on
a
nd
pol
i
c
y
L
i
nke
d s
oc
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
t
o l
e
a
r
ni
ng;
pr
om
ot
e
d di
gi
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
N
o t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
m
e
t
hods
[
18]
M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
(
S
V
M
, B
E
R
T
,
B
i
L
S
T
M
)
B
i
L
S
T
M
a
c
hi
e
ve
d t
he
hi
ghe
s
t
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y i
n d
e
t
e
c
t
i
on
H
i
gh c
om
put
a
t
i
ona
l
c
os
t
[
19]
S
upe
r
vi
s
e
d l
e
a
r
ni
ng r
e
vi
e
w
D
e
t
a
i
l
e
d t
ype
s
a
nd c
h
a
l
l
e
nge
s
c
a
l
l
f
or
c
ont
e
xt
-
a
w
a
r
e
s
ys
t
e
m
s
N
o pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
e
va
l
ua
t
i
on
[
20]
G
l
oba
l
t
r
e
nd a
na
l
ys
i
s
S
how
e
d c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng c
om
pl
e
m
e
nt
s
t
r
a
di
t
i
ona
l
bul
l
yi
ng;
ur
ge
d gl
oba
l
pol
i
c
y
N
o s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
t
e
c
h s
ol
ut
i
ons
[
21]
B
ys
t
a
nde
r
r
ol
e
a
na
l
ys
i
s
H
i
ghl
i
ght
e
d t
he
l
a
c
k of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h on bys
t
a
nde
r
a
c
t
i
on
s
A
f
e
w
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
e
s
[
22]
S
oc
i
oc
ul
t
u
r
a
l
s
t
ud
y
(
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
)
F
ound c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng a
c
r
os
s
de
m
ogr
a
phi
c
s
;
ur
ge
d r
e
gul
a
t
i
on
N
o A
I
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
[
23]
Y
out
h de
l
i
nque
nc
y s
t
udy
L
i
nke
d onl
i
ne
pe
e
r
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
t
o r
i
s
ky be
ha
vi
or
s
N
o m
i
t
i
ga
t
i
on t
e
c
hnol
ogy
[
24]
B
i
bl
i
om
e
t
r
i
c
a
na
l
ys
i
s
T
r
a
c
ke
d r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h t
r
e
nds
;
not
e
d A
I
de
t
e
c
t
i
on gr
ow
t
h
D
e
s
c
r
i
pt
i
ve
onl
y
[
24]
C
r
os
s
-
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
r
e
vi
e
w
E
m
pha
s
i
z
e
d t
a
i
l
or
e
d pol
i
c
i
e
s
a
nd t
e
c
h i
nt
e
r
ve
nt
i
ons
N
o m
ode
l
va
l
i
da
t
i
on
T
a
bl
e
2.
C
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
s
um
m
a
r
y of
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
ve
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
de
te
c
ti
on s
tu
di
e
s
R
e
f
T
e
c
hni
que
/
m
ode
l
D
a
t
a
s
e
t
(
s
)
R
e
por
t
e
d out
c
om
e
S
t
r
e
ngt
hs
L
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
ons
[
25]
M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
,
de
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
,
L
L
M
r
e
vi
e
w
T
w
i
t
t
e
r
, R
e
ddi
t
(
s
ur
ve
ye
d)
–
B
r
oa
d c
ove
r
a
ge
of
m
e
t
hods
N
o ne
w
m
ode
l
;
l
a
c
ks
e
va
l
ua
t
i
on
[
3]
B
i
L
S
T
M
, B
E
R
T
T
w
i
t
t
e
r
c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng
F
1 ≈
85
–
88%
S
t
r
ong de
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
H
i
gh c
om
put
a
t
i
ona
l
c
os
t
[
26]
S
upe
r
vi
s
e
d
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
S
oc
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
pos
t
s
A
c
c
ur
a
c
y ≈
80%
C
l
e
a
r
t
a
x
ono
m
y
o
f
m
e
t
hods
L
i
m
i
t
e
d m
ul
t
i
l
i
ngua
l
s
uppor
t
[
27]
B
i
bl
i
om
e
t
r
i
c
a
na
l
ys
i
s
M
ul
t
i
-
s
our
c
e
–
I
de
nt
i
f
i
e
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
t
r
e
nds
D
e
s
c
r
i
pt
i
ve
;
l
a
c
ks
t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
de
pt
h.
[
28]
C
r
os
s
-
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
r
e
vi
e
w
M
ul
t
i
-
s
our
c
e
–
C
ons
i
de
r
s
s
oc
i
oc
ul
t
ur
a
l
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
N
o e
m
pi
r
i
c
a
l
va
l
i
da
t
i
on
[
29]
S
oc
i
oc
ul
t
ur
a
l
s
t
udy
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
(
s
o
c
i
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
)
Q
ua
l
i
t
a
t
i
ve
C
ont
e
xt
ua
l
r
e
gi
ona
l
i
ns
i
ght
s
N
o A
I
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
pr
ovi
de
d
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S
T
he
r
a
pi
d
r
is
e
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
on
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
pl
a
t
f
or
m
s
ha
s
le
d
to
th
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
o
f
va
r
io
us
de
te
c
ti
on
a
nd
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
. T
he
s
e
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
le
ve
r
a
ge
a
dva
nc
e
d
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
pol
ic
ie
s
, a
nd
c
om
m
uni
ty
-
ba
s
e
d
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
ns
to
id
e
nt
if
y,
m
it
ig
a
te
,
a
nd
pr
e
v
e
nt
ha
r
m
f
ul
onl
in
e
be
ha
vi
or
.
W
hi
le
de
te
c
ti
on
te
c
hni
que
s
pr
im
a
r
il
y
r
e
ly
on
A
I
a
nd
da
ta
a
na
ly
s
i
s
to
id
e
nt
if
y
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
pa
tt
e
r
ns
,
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
in
vol
ve
pl
a
tf
or
m
-
ba
s
e
d
s
a
f
e
ty
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
,
l
e
ga
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
,
a
nd
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
in
it
ia
ti
ve
s
.
A
m
ul
ti
-
f
a
c
e
te
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h i
s
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y t
o c
r
e
a
te
a
s
a
f
e
r
onl
in
e
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
nd pr
ot
e
c
t
us
e
r
s
f
r
om
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
[
30]
.
4
.1.
D
e
t
e
c
t
io
n
m
e
t
h
od
s
O
ne
of
th
e
m
os
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
f
or
de
te
c
ti
ng
c
yb
e
r
bul
ly
in
g
is
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
A
I
-
ba
s
e
d
de
te
c
ti
on
te
c
hni
que
s
.
T
he
s
e
m
e
th
ods
e
m
pl
oy
te
xt
a
na
ly
s
i
s
,
N
L
P
,
a
nd
de
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
to
id
e
nt
if
y
a
bus
iv
e
la
ngu
a
ge
,
ha
t
e
s
p
e
e
c
h,
a
nd
a
ggr
e
s
s
iv
e
be
ha
vi
or
in
onl
i
ne
c
onve
r
s
a
ti
on
s
.
N
L
P
m
ode
ls
a
r
e
tr
a
in
e
d
on
va
s
t
da
ta
s
e
t
s
to
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
pa
tt
e
r
ns
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
a
c
r
os
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
la
ngua
ge
s
a
nd
c
ont
e
xt
s
.
D
e
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng
te
c
hni
que
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
c
onvolut
io
na
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
twor
ks
(
C
N
N
s
)
a
nd
r
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
ne
ur
a
l
n
e
twor
ks
(
R
N
N
s
)
,
he
lp
im
pr
ove
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
de
te
c
ti
ng
s
ubt
le
or
c
ont
e
xt
-
de
pe
nde
nt
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
c
ont
e
nt
.
A
I
-
pow
e
r
e
d
de
t
e
c
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
s
a
r
e
w
id
e
ly
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
on
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
t
o
f
la
g
ha
r
m
f
ul
pos
ts
a
nd
c
om
m
e
nt
s
,
a
ll
ow
in
g
m
ode
r
a
to
r
s
to
r
e
vi
e
w
a
nd
ta
ke
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
a
c
ti
on.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
s
e
s
ys
te
m
s
a
r
e
im
pe
r
f
e
c
t,
a
s
th
e
y
s
tr
uggl
e
w
it
h
c
ont
e
xt
-
de
pe
nde
nt
l
a
ngua
ge
,
s
a
r
c
a
s
m
,
a
nd
r
a
pi
dl
y
e
vol
vi
ng
s
la
ng.
A
not
he
r
pow
e
r
f
ul
a
ppr
oa
c
h
is
s
oc
ia
l
ne
twor
k
a
na
ly
s
is
(
S
N
A
)
f
or
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
de
te
c
ti
on
[
31]
.
T
hi
s
m
e
th
od
f
oc
us
e
s
on
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
th
e
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
ps
a
nd i
nt
e
r
a
c
ti
ons
be
tw
e
e
n us
e
r
s
w
it
hi
n a
n onli
ne
c
o
m
m
uni
ty
[
32]
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
s
e
nt
im
e
nt
a
nd
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
a
na
ly
s
is
pl
a
y
a
c
r
uc
ia
l
r
ol
e
in
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
de
te
c
ti
on.
S
e
nt
im
e
nt
a
na
ly
s
is
te
c
hni
que
s
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
e
e
m
ot
io
na
l
to
ne
of
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
to
de
te
r
m
in
e
w
he
th
e
r
a
pos
t
c
ont
a
in
s
ha
r
m
f
ul
in
te
nt
,
hos
ti
li
ty
,
o
r
a
ggr
e
s
s
io
n.
B
y
a
na
ly
z
in
g
li
ngui
s
ti
c
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
ne
g
a
ti
ve
w
or
ds
,
in
s
ul
ts
,
or
th
r
e
a
te
ni
ng
la
ngua
ge
,
A
I
m
ode
ls
c
a
n
c
la
s
s
if
y
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
a
s
p
ot
e
nt
ia
l
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
a
tt
e
m
pt
s
.
O
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
a
na
ly
s
is
e
xa
m
in
e
s
us
e
r
a
c
ti
vi
ty
pa
tt
e
r
ns
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
m
e
s
s
a
ge
f
r
e
que
nc
y,
s
udde
n
s
pi
ke
s
in
ne
ga
ti
vi
ty
,
a
nd
r
e
pe
a
te
d
ta
r
ge
ti
ng
of
s
pe
c
if
ic
in
di
vi
dua
ls
.
B
y
c
om
bi
ni
ng
s
e
nt
im
e
nt
a
na
ly
s
is
w
it
h
b
e
ha
vi
or
a
l
tr
a
c
ki
ng, de
te
c
ti
on s
ys
te
m
s
c
a
n e
nh
a
nc
e
t
he
ir
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y i
n i
de
nt
i
f
yi
ng c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g i
nc
id
e
nt
s
[
33]
.
4
.2.
P
r
e
ve
n
t
io
n
m
e
t
h
od
s
W
hi
le
de
te
c
ti
on
te
c
hni
que
s
he
lp
id
e
nt
if
y
in
s
ta
nc
e
s
of
c
ybe
r
b
ul
ly
in
g,
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
a
im
to
r
e
duc
e
th
e
oc
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
of
ha
r
m
f
ul
be
ha
vi
or
be
f
or
e
it
e
s
c
a
la
te
s
.
O
ne
of
th
e
m
os
t
c
r
uc
ia
l
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
is
th
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
pl
a
tf
or
m
-
ba
s
e
d
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
,
w
he
r
e
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
c
om
pa
ni
e
s
us
e
A
I
-
pow
e
r
e
d
c
ont
e
nt
f
il
te
r
s
,
us
e
r
-
r
e
por
ti
ng
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
,
a
nd
bl
oc
ki
ng
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
to
s
a
f
e
gu
a
r
d
us
e
r
s
.
P
la
tf
or
m
s
li
ke
F
a
c
e
book,
X
,
a
nd
I
ns
ta
gr
a
m
e
m
pl
oy
a
ut
om
a
te
d
m
ode
r
a
ti
on
to
ol
s
to
de
te
c
t
a
nd
r
e
m
ove
ha
r
m
f
ul
c
ont
e
nt
w
hi
le
a
ll
ow
in
g
us
e
r
s
to
r
e
por
t
a
nd
bl
oc
k
a
bus
iv
e
in
di
vi
dua
l
s
.
D
e
s
pi
te
th
e
s
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
,
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
r
e
m
a
in
in
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
m
ode
r
a
ti
ng
la
r
ge
vol
um
e
s
of
c
ont
e
nt
,
a
s
ha
r
m
f
ul
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
c
a
n
s
om
e
ti
m
e
s
e
va
de
de
t
e
c
ti
on
due
to
e
vol
vi
ng
la
ngua
ge
a
nd
c
ont
e
xt
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on
to
pl
a
tf
or
m
-
ba
s
e
d
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
ns
,
gove
r
nm
e
nt
a
nd
le
ga
l
in
it
ia
ti
ve
s
pl
a
y
a
k
e
y
r
ol
e
in
pr
e
ve
nt
in
g
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g.
M
a
ny
c
ount
r
ie
s
ha
ve
in
t
r
oduc
e
d
c
ybe
r
c
r
im
e
la
w
s
th
a
t
c
r
im
in
a
li
z
e
onl
in
e
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
, t
hr
e
a
ts
,
a
nd de
f
a
m
a
ti
on
[
34]
.
G
ove
r
nm
e
nt
s
w
o
r
k
w
i
th
te
c
hnol
o
gy
c
o
m
pa
ni
e
s
t
o
e
nf
or
c
e
s
t
r
i
c
te
r
c
on
te
nt
p
ol
ic
ie
s
,
im
p
r
ove
onl
in
e
s
a
f
e
ty
r
e
gul
a
t
io
ns
,
a
nd
pe
na
li
z
e
pe
r
pe
t
r
a
to
r
s
o
f
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g.
I
n
r
e
g
io
ns
w
it
h
s
t
r
on
g
le
ga
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
ks
,
c
ybe
r
bu
ll
yi
ng
vi
c
t
im
s
c
a
n
s
e
e
k
le
ga
l
r
e
c
ou
r
s
e
a
ga
in
s
t
on
li
ne
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
n
t
r
e
m
a
in
s
c
ha
ll
e
ngi
ng,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
in
c
r
os
s
-
bor
de
r
c
a
s
e
s
w
he
r
e
pe
r
pe
t
r
a
to
r
s
ope
r
a
te
f
r
om
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
ju
r
is
di
c
t
io
ns
.
I
nt
e
r
na
ti
o
na
l
c
oope
r
a
ti
on
is
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
e
s
ta
bl
is
h
c
ons
is
te
n
t
c
ybe
r
bu
ll
yi
ng
r
e
gu
la
ti
ons
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
th
e
pr
ot
e
c
t
io
n
o
f
onl
i
ne
us
e
r
s
.
A
not
he
r
c
r
i
ti
c
a
l
a
s
pe
c
t
of
p
r
e
ve
nt
io
n
is
pa
r
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
s
c
hool
i
nt
e
r
ve
nt
i
ons
.
P
a
r
e
nt
s
pl
a
y
a
vi
ta
l
r
ol
e
in
m
oni
to
r
in
g
th
e
i
r
c
hi
l
dr
e
n
'
s
onl
in
e
a
c
ti
v
it
ie
s
a
nd
e
duc
a
ti
ng
th
e
m
a
bout
r
e
s
pons
i
bl
e
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
us
e
.
E
nc
ou
r
a
gi
ng
ope
n
c
onve
r
s
a
ti
o
ns
a
bout
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g,
s
e
tt
in
g
di
gi
ta
l
bounda
r
ie
s
,
a
nd
us
in
g
pa
r
e
nt
a
l
c
on
tr
o
l
s
o
f
twa
r
e
c
a
n
he
lp
m
in
im
iz
e
e
xpos
u
r
e
t
o
ha
r
m
f
ul
in
te
r
a
c
t
io
ns
.
S
c
hoo
ls
a
ls
o
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n
by
im
pl
e
m
e
n
ti
ng
a
nt
i
-
c
y
be
r
b
ul
ly
in
g
pol
ic
ie
s
,
pr
ovi
d
in
g
di
g
it
a
l
l
it
e
r
a
c
y
e
duc
a
ti
on
,
a
n
d
c
onduc
ti
ng a
w
a
r
e
ne
s
s
c
a
m
pa
ig
ns
.
P
r
ogr
a
m
s
t
ha
t
te
a
c
h s
t
ude
nt
s
a
bout
on
li
ne
e
ti
que
tt
e
, e
m
pa
th
y, a
nd
c
onf
li
c
t
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
c
a
n
r
e
duc
e
th
e
l
ik
e
li
hood
o
f
c
y
be
r
b
ul
ly
in
g
in
c
i
de
nt
s
a
nd
c
r
e
a
te
a
pos
it
iv
e
onl
i
ne
c
u
lt
u
r
e
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t
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r
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xt
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ti
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c
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te
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h
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s
‘
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pe
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s
e
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s
e
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va
ti
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th
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ne
e
d
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r
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r
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ghl
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T
a
bl
e
4
hi
ghl
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ke
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s
tr
a
te
gi
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s
,
th
e
da
ta
s
e
ts
th
e
y
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ve
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e
n
te
s
te
d
on,
r
e
por
te
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pe
r
f
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m
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nc
e
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1
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s
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s
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,
m
a
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a
ti
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ty
pi
c
a
l
us
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c
a
s
e
s
.
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tr
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te
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th
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s
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m
a
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r
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s
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T
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bl
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4.
C
om
pa
r
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um
m
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r
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s
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a
ti
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A
I
m
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or
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ti
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h
D
a
t
a
s
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t
A
c
c
ur
a
c
y
(%)
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s
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(%)
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i
m
i
t
a
t
i
ons
T
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c
a
l
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s
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or
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s
t
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or
m
s
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w
i
t
t
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r
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–
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L
i
m
i
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d c
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s
t
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ndi
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poor
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l
a
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B
a
s
e
l
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e
xt
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l
a
s
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f
i
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T
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N
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K
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c
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e
nt
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e
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r
c
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s
m
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r
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gr
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m
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om
m
e
nt
s
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–
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–
85
H
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om
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t
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l
c
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t
;
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m
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s
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S
e
que
nt
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l
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e
c
t
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on i
n pos
t
s
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E
R
T
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E
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T
a
K
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t
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c
c
om
m
e
nt
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or
m
s
pr
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ng
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–
92
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–
90
R
e
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r
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m
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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:
2252
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8938
A
c
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pr
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iv
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u
r
v
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y
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c
y
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bul
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s
oc
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m
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a:
c
hal
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s
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te
c
ti
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A
m
m
ar
O
de
h
)
93
W
e
pr
opos
e
a
m
odul
a
r
hybr
id
de
te
c
ti
on
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
or
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
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to
e
nha
nc
e
te
c
hni
c
a
l
r
ig
or
.
T
he
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
c
ons
is
ts
of
th
r
e
e
in
te
gr
a
te
d
m
odul
e
s
:
i
)
N
L
P
-
ba
s
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d
te
xt
a
na
ly
s
is
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or
of
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iv
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a
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c
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s
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in
te
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ta
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a
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m
ul
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ii
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S
N
A
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ba
s
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c
ont
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m
ode
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to
a
na
ly
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im
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pt
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m
ot
io
na
l
to
ne
a
nd e
s
c
a
la
ti
on pa
tt
e
r
ns
. O
ut
put
s
f
r
om
t
he
s
e
m
odul
e
s
a
r
e
f
us
e
d i
n a
de
c
is
io
n l
a
ye
r
t
o c
la
s
s
if
y s
e
ve
r
it
y a
nd t
ype
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g.
T
hi
s
la
ye
r
e
d
de
s
ig
n
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
s
a
da
pt
a
bi
li
ty
,
a
ll
ow
in
g
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
to
be
pl
ugge
d
in
to
e
a
c
h m
odul
e
de
pe
ndi
ng on pla
tf
or
m
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
2
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
th
e
la
ye
r
e
d
de
s
ig
n
of
th
e
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k,
w
hi
c
h
in
te
gr
a
te
s
N
L
P
-
ba
s
e
d
c
ont
e
nt
a
na
ly
s
i
s
,
s
e
nt
im
e
nt
a
na
ly
s
is
,
a
nd
S
N
A
.
D
a
ta
f
lo
w
s
f
r
om
r
a
w
te
xt
a
nd
us
e
r
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
th
r
ough
pr
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
a
nd
f
e
a
tu
r
e
e
xt
r
a
c
ti
on
m
odul
e
s
in
to
a
f
us
io
n
l
a
ye
r
.
I
n
th
is
la
y
e
r
,
c
om
bi
ne
d
s
ig
na
ls
e
na
bl
e
c
la
s
s
if
ic
a
ti
on of
s
e
v
e
r
it
y a
nd t
ype
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g, s
uppor
ti
ng r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
m
ode
r
a
ti
on a
nd r
e
por
ti
ng.
F
ig
ur
e
2. C
onc
e
pt
ua
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k f
or
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g de
te
c
ti
on
5.
F
U
T
U
R
E
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
D
I
R
E
C
T
I
O
N
S
A
s
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
c
ont
in
ue
s
to
e
vol
ve
w
it
h
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
,
f
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
us
t
pr
io
r
it
iz
e
th
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
o
f
m
or
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
nd
pr
oa
c
ti
ve
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
to
de
te
c
t,
pr
e
ve
nt
,
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
te
onl
in
e
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
.
O
n
e
pr
om
is
in
g
di
r
e
c
ti
on
in
vol
ve
s
le
ve
r
a
gi
ng
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
due
to
it
s
de
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d
a
nd
ta
m
pe
r
-
pr
oof
na
tu
r
e
,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
to
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
ly
r
e
c
or
d
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
in
c
id
e
nt
s
a
nd
pr
e
ve
nt
pe
r
pe
tr
a
to
r
s
f
r
om
e
r
a
s
in
g
di
gi
ta
l
e
vi
de
nc
e
.
B
lo
c
kc
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
id
e
nt
it
y
ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
s
c
oul
d
a
ls
o
he
lp
r
e
duc
e
th
e
c
r
e
a
ti
on
of
a
nonymous
or
f
a
ke
p
r
of
il
e
s
of
te
n
us
e
d
by
c
ybe
r
bul
li
e
s
,
w
hi
le
im
m
ut
a
bl
e
e
vi
de
nc
e
r
e
pos
it
or
ie
s
c
oul
d
s
uppor
t
vi
c
ti
m
s
in
pr
ovi
di
ng
ve
r
if
ie
d
pr
oof
to
la
w
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
.
M
or
e
ov
e
r
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h s
houl
d
f
oc
us
on
e
nha
nc
in
g
c
r
os
s
-
pl
a
tf
or
m
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
w
id
e
s
pr
e
a
d
n
a
tu
r
e
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g,
a
s
of
f
e
nde
r
s
of
te
n
ope
r
a
te
a
c
r
os
s
m
ul
ti
pl
e
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
ne
twor
ks
.
S
ta
nda
r
di
z
e
d
r
e
por
ti
ng
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
e
n
a
bl
in
g
vi
c
ti
m
s
to
r
e
por
t
a
bus
e
a
c
r
os
s
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
s
im
ul
ta
ne
ous
ly
,
a
lo
ng
w
it
h
A
I
m
ode
ls
t
r
a
in
e
d
on
m
ul
ti
-
pl
a
tf
or
m
da
ta
s
e
ts
,
c
oul
d
gr
e
a
tl
y
im
pr
ove
de
te
c
ti
on
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y.
F
in
a
ll
y,
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
gl
oba
l
pol
ic
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
th
a
t
e
nc
our
a
ge
c
oope
r
a
ti
on
b
e
twe
e
n
gove
r
nm
e
nt
s
,
s
o
c
ia
l
m
e
di
a
c
o
m
pa
ni
e
s
,
a
nd
l
a
w
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
a
g
e
nc
ie
s
w
il
l
be
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
e
s
ta
bl
is
hi
ng unif
ie
d a
nd e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
t
o
c
om
ba
t
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g w
or
ld
w
id
e
.
6.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
C
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
on
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
is
a
gr
ow
in
g
c
onc
e
r
n,
w
it
h
s
e
r
io
us
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l,
s
o
c
ia
l,
a
nd
le
ga
l
c
ons
e
que
nc
e
s
f
or
vi
c
ti
m
s
. T
hi
s
s
ur
ve
y
ha
s
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
th
e
va
r
io
us
f
or
m
s
of
c
yb
e
r
bul
ly
in
g,
it
s
im
pa
c
t,
de
te
c
ti
on
m
e
th
ods
,
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
,
a
nd
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
m
or
e
a
dva
nc
e
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
T
he
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
pr
e
v
a
le
nc
e
of
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
ur
ge
nt
ne
e
d
f
or
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
in
nova
ti
ons
,
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
,
a
nd
c
om
m
uni
ty
-
dr
iv
e
n
in
it
ia
ti
ve
s
to
c
om
ba
t
onl
in
e
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
.
A
I
-
dr
iv
e
n
de
te
c
ti
on
m
ode
ls
,
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
s
ys
te
m
s
,
a
nd
di
gi
ta
l
m
e
nt
a
l
he
a
lt
h
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
ns
of
f
e
r
p
r
om
is
in
g
s
ol
ut
io
ns
to
m
it
ig
a
te
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
a
nd
c
r
e
a
te
s
a
f
e
r
onl
in
e
s
pa
c
e
s
.
W
hi
le
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
pr
ogr
e
s
s
ha
s
be
e
n
m
a
de
in
de
te
c
ti
ng
a
nd
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
c
yb
e
r
bul
ly
in
g,
e
xi
s
ti
ng
s
ol
ut
io
ns
s
ti
ll
f
a
c
e
c
ha
l
le
nge
s
s
uc
h
a
s
f
a
ls
e
po
s
it
iv
e
s
in
A
I
de
t
e
c
ti
on,
ju
r
is
di
c
ti
ona
l
is
s
ue
s
in
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
,
a
nd
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
in
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n.
T
o
e
ns
ur
e
lo
ng
-
te
r
m
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
,
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
, pol
ic
ym
a
ke
r
s
, a
nd c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y e
xpe
r
ts
m
us
t
w
or
k t
oge
th
e
r
t
o de
ve
lo
p
m
or
e
r
obus
t
a
nd
a
da
pt
iv
e
s
ol
ut
io
ns
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
in
it
ia
ti
ve
s
s
houl
d
pr
om
ot
e
r
e
s
pons
ib
le
di
gi
ta
l
be
ha
vi
or
,
f
os
te
r
onl
in
e
e
m
pa
th
y,
a
nd
e
qui
p
us
e
r
s
w
it
h
to
ol
s
to
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
a
nd
r
e
por
t
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g
in
c
id
e
nt
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
15
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2026
:
86
-
96
94
T
he
nove
lt
y
of
th
is
s
ur
ve
y
li
e
s
in
it
s
c
r
os
s
-
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
s
ynt
he
s
is
of
r
e
c
e
nt
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
,
c
ove
r
in
g
not
onl
y
de
te
c
ti
on
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
but
a
ls
o
le
g
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
,
s
oc
io
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
s
,
a
nd
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
e
na
bl
e
r
s
s
uc
h
a
s
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
a
nd
e
xpl
a
in
a
bl
e
A
I
.
B
y
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
s
e
dom
a
in
s
to
ge
th
e
r
,
th
is
pa
pe
r
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
a
br
oa
de
r
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
th
a
t
is
a
b
s
e
nt
f
r
om
e
a
r
li
e
r
r
e
vi
e
w
s
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
a
c
ti
ona
bl
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
f
or
bot
h
a
c
a
de
m
ic
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on.
T
he
f
ut
ur
e
of
onl
in
e
in
te
r
a
c
ti
on
s
houl
d
be
s
ha
pe
d
by
e
th
ic
a
l,
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
,
a
nd
pr
oa
c
ti
ve
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
pr
io
r
it
iz
in
g
us
e
r
w
e
ll
-
be
in
g
w
hi
le
m
a
in
ta
i
ni
ng
f
r
e
e
dom
of
e
xpr
e
s
s
io
n.
M
ovi
ng
f
or
w
a
r
d,
c
ont
in
ue
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h a
nd
in
nova
ti
on
w
il
l
be
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
in
e
ns
ur
in
g
th
a
t
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
r
e
m
a
in
s
a
s
pa
c
e
f
or
pos
it
iv
e
a
nd me
a
ni
ngf
ul
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
, f
r
e
e
f
r
om
c
ybe
r
bul
ly
in
g a
nd onli
ne
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
.
A
C
K
N
O
WL
E
D
G
M
E
N
T
S
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
s
in
c
e
r
e
ly
a
c
knowle
dge
th
e
P
r
in
c
e
s
s
S
um
a
ya
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y
f
or
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
f
or
s
uppor
ti
ng
th
e
s
te
ps
of
t
hi
s
w
or
k.
F
U
N
D
I
N
G
I
N
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
s
t
a
te
no f
undi
ng i
s
i
nvol
ve
d.
A
U
T
H
O
R
C
O
N
T
R
I
B
U
T
I
O
N
S
S
T
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
hi
s
jo
ur
na
l
us
e
s
th
e
C
ont
r
ib
ut
or
R
ol
e
s
T
a
xonomy
(
C
R
e
di
T
)
to
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
in
di
vi
dua
l
a
ut
hor
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
ns
, r
e
duc
e
a
ut
hor
s
hi
p di
s
put
e
s
,
a
nd f
a
c
il
it
a
te
c
ol
la
bo
r
a
ti
on.
N
am
e
o
f
A
u
t
h
or
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
A
m
m
a
r
O
de
h
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
O
s
a
m
a
A
lh
a
j
H
a
s
s
a
n
✓
✓
✓
✓
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✓
✓
A
na
s
A
bu T
a
le
b
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
A
boba
kr
A
bos
hgi
f
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
N
a
bi
l
B
e
lh
a
j
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
onc
e
pt
ua
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
M
:
M
e
t
hodol
ogy
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
da
t
i
on
Fo
:
Fo
r
m
a
l
a
na
l
ys
i
s
I
:
I
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
i
on
R
:
R
e
s
our
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
ur
a
t
i
on
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
ng
-
O
r
i
gi
na
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
ng
-
R
e
vi
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w
&
E
di
t
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ng
Vi
:
Vi
s
ua
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
Su
:
Su
pe
r
vi
s
i
on
P
:
P
r
oj
e
c
t
a
dm
i
ni
s
t
r
a
t
i
on
Fu
:
Fu
ndi
ng a
c
qui
s
i
t
i
on
C
O
N
F
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
S
T
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
s
t
a
te
no c
onf
li
c
t
of
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t.
D
A
T
A
A
V
A
I
L
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
D
a
ta
a
va
il
a
bi
li
ty
doe
s
not
a
ppl
y t
o t
hi
s
p
a
pe
r
a
s
no ne
w
da
ta
w
e
r
e
c
r
e
a
te
d or
a
na
ly
z
e
d i
n t
hi
s
s
tu
dy.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
S
.
N
.
U
.
L
a
l
a
ni
,
L
.
S
a
j
j
a
d,
M
.
E
j
a
z
,
a
nd
B
.
A
l
i
,
“
A
voi
c
e
d
t
o
b
e
r
a
i
s
e
d:
phy
s
i
c
a
l
,
w
or
kpl
a
c
e
&
c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
f
r
om
m
yt
h t
o r
e
a
l
i
t
y,”
P
hy
s
i
c
al
E
duc
at
i
on, H
e
al
t
h and Soc
i
al
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
, vol
. 3, no. 1, pp. 35
–
55, 2025.
[
2]
L
.
I
.
B
.
-
S
a
nt
i
l
l
á
n,
B
.
P
.
G
.
-
V
e
l
a
z
que
z
,
M
.
T
.
O
.
-
A
gui
l
e
r
a
,
a
nd
L
.
F
.
-
P
ul
i
do,
“
U
nr
a
ve
l
i
ng
c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng
dyna
m
i
s
:
a
c
om
put
a
t
i
ona
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k e
m
pow
e
r
e
d by a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
,”
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
, v
ol
. 16, no. 2, 2025, doi
:
10.3390/
i
nf
o16020080.
[
3]
A
.
S
a
e
i
d,
D
.
K
a
noj
i
a
,
a
nd
F
.
N
e
r
i
,
“
D
e
c
odi
ng
c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng
on
s
oc
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
:
a
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpl
or
a
t
i
on,”
i
n
2024
I
E
E
E
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
(
C
A
I
)
, 2024, pp. 425
–
428
, doi
:
10.1109/
C
A
I
59869.2024.00084.
[
4]
F
.
W
.
A
l
s
a
a
d
e
a
nd
M
.
S
.
A
l
z
a
hr
a
ni
,
“
T
r
a
ns
f
or
m
e
r
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
-
ba
s
e
d
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
f
or
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
a
nd
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
bul
l
yi
ng i
n s
oc
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
,”
D
e
m
on
s
t
r
at
i
o M
at
he
m
at
i
c
a
, vol
. 57, no. 1, 2024, doi
:
10.1515/
de
m
a
-
2023
-
0118.
[
5]
T
.
N
a
de
e
m
,
S
.
N
.
H
a
m
i
d,
F
.
M
a
hr
,
a
nd
N
.
A
s
a
d,
“
B
ul
l
yi
ng,
c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng,
a
nd
s
ui
c
i
de
,”
i
n
Sui
c
i
de
A
c
r
os
s
C
ul
t
ur
e
s
:
U
nde
r
s
t
andi
ng
t
he
v
ar
i
at
i
on
and
c
om
pl
e
x
i
t
y
of
t
he
s
ui
c
i
dal
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
c
r
os
s
e
t
hni
c
i
t
i
e
s
and
c
ul
t
ur
e
s
,
O
xf
or
d
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y
P
r
e
s
s
,
2024, pp. 405
–
419
, doi
:
10.1093/
m
e
d/
9780198843405.003.0019.
[
6]
M
.
A
hm
m
a
d,
N
.
I
qba
l
,
a
nd
W
.
N
a
z
,
“
C
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng
a
nd
i
t
s
i
m
pa
c
t
on
m
e
nt
a
l
he
a
l
t
h
a
m
ong
f
e
m
a
l
e
uni
ve
r
s
i
t
y
s
t
ude
nt
s
i
n
S
i
ndh,
P
a
ki
s
t
a
n:
a
c
a
s
e
s
t
udy,”
M
e
di
a and C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
on R
e
v
i
e
w
, vol
. 4, no. 2, pp. 2
2
–
42, 2024, doi
:
10.32350/
m
c
r
.42.02.
[
7]
A
.
S
ubr
a
m
a
ni
a
m
,
N
.
H
i
da
ya
t
,
a
nd
A
.
R
a
hm
a
n,
“
C
hi
l
dr
e
n’
s
r
i
ght
t
o
e
duc
a
t
i
on
i
n
t
he
di
gi
t
a
l
e
nvi
r
on
m
e
nt
pos
t
C
O
V
I
D
-
19,”
A
s
i
an
J
our
nal
of
L
aw
and G
ov
e
r
nanc
e
, vol
. 6, no. 4, pp. 22
–
39, 2024, doi
:
10.55057/
a
j
l
g.2024.6.4.3.
[
8]
S
.
F
.
D
a
i
l
e
y
a
nd
R
.
R
.
R
oc
he
,
“
T
he
S
H
I
E
L
D
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k:
a
dva
nc
i
ng
s
t
r
e
ngt
h
-
ba
s
e
d
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
nc
e
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
e
s
t
o
c
om
ba
t
bul
l
yi
ng
a
nd
c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng
i
n
yout
h,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
ou
r
nal
of
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
and
P
ubl
i
c
H
e
al
t
h
,
vol
.
22,
no.
1,
2025,
doi
:
10.3390/
i
j
e
r
ph22010066.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
A
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
of
c
y
be
r
bul
ly
in
g on
s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a:
c
hal
le
nge
s
, de
te
c
ti
on, and
…
(
A
m
m
ar
O
de
h
)
95
[
9]
S
. Ç
.
-
M
e
ngü a
nd M
.
M
e
ngü, “
C
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng a
s
a
m
a
ni
f
e
s
t
a
t
i
on of
vi
ol
e
nc
e
on
s
oc
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
,”
i
n
M
ul
t
i
di
s
c
i
pl
i
nar
y
P
e
r
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
s
i
n
E
duc
at
i
onal
and Soc
i
al
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
V
I
, 2023, pp. 47
–
106
, doi
:
10.5281/
z
e
nodo.10448743.
[
10]
S
. M
a
hbub, E
. P
a
r
de
de
,
a
nd A
. S
.
M
.
K
a
ye
s
,
“
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
on of
ha
r
a
s
s
m
e
nt
t
ype
of
c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng:
A
di
c
t
i
ona
r
y of
a
ppr
oa
c
h w
or
ds
a
n
d
i
t
s
i
m
pa
c
t
,”
Se
c
ur
i
t
y
and
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
on N
e
t
w
or
k
s
, vol
. 2021, pp. 1
–
12, 2021,
doi
:
10.1155/
2021/
5594175.
[
11]
N
.
A
gus
t
i
ni
ngs
i
h,
A
.
Y
us
uf
,
a
nd
A
hs
a
n,
“
T
ype
s
of
c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
d
by
a
dol
e
s
c
e
nt
s
,”
M
al
ay
s
i
an
J
our
nal
of
M
e
di
c
i
ne
and H
e
al
t
h Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
, vol
. 19, pp. 99
–
103, 2023.
[
12]
R
. M
. K
ow
a
l
s
ki
, G
. W
. G
i
um
e
t
t
i
, a
nd
R
. S
. F
e
i
nn, “
I
s
c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng a
n e
xt
e
ns
i
on of
t
r
a
di
t
i
ona
l
bul
l
yi
ng or
a
uni
que
phe
nom
e
no
n?
A
l
ongi
t
udi
na
l
i
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
i
on
a
m
ong
c
ol
l
e
ge
s
t
ude
nt
s
,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
o
f
B
ul
l
y
i
ng
P
r
e
v
e
nt
i
on
,
vol
.
5,
no.
3,
pp.
227
–
244,
2023, doi
:
10.1007/
s
42380
-
022
-
00154
-
6.
[
13]
B
.
Y
a
ng
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
c
ons
e
q
ue
n
c
e
s
of
c
y
be
r
b
ul
l
yi
ng
a
n
d
t
r
a
di
t
i
ona
l
bu
l
l
yi
ng
vi
c
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
ng
a
do
l
e
s
c
e
nt
s
:
G
e
n
de
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
i
n
ps
yc
h
ol
og
i
c
a
l
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
, s
e
l
f
-
ha
r
m
a
n
d s
u
i
c
i
da
l
i
t
y
,”
P
s
y
c
hi
at
r
y
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
vo
l
.
3
0
6, D
e
c
.
20
21
, d
oi
:
10
.10
16
/
j
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yc
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s
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,
“
B
ul
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yi
ng,
c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng
a
nd
t
he
ove
r
l
a
p:
W
ha
t
doe
s
a
ge
ha
ve
t
o do w
i
t
h i
t
?
,”
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yi
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l
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ga
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ha
l
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nge
s
a
nd
s
oc
i
e
t
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
i
n
t
he
di
gi
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a
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a
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,”
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Soc
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hm
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H
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N
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“
C
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r
b
ul
l
yi
ng
de
t
e
c
t
i
on:
e
xpl
or
i
ng
da
t
a
s
e
t
s
,
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
a
nd a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
on
s
oc
i
a
l
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A
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m
e
d
i
a
i
n e
duc
a
t
i
on
:
t
r
e
nds
, r
ol
e
s
, c
ha
l
l
e
n
ge
s
,
a
nd
op
p
or
t
un
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
di
gi
t
a
l
-
n
a
t
i
ve
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
ons
–
a
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,”
A
s
i
an
J
o
ur
n
al
of
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
E
du
c
a
t
i
on
,
v
ol
.
2
0,
no
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5
24
–
539
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4,
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i
:
10
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419
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f
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l
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, a
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B
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a
m
a
r
uddi
n,
“
C
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng de
t
e
c
t
i
on:
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
r
e
nds
a
nd f
ut
ur
e
di
r
e
c
t
i
ons
,”
J
our
nal
of
T
he
or
e
t
i
c
al
and A
ppl
i
e
d I
nf
or
m
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t
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l
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A
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e
l
l
y, “
C
yb
e
r
bul
l
yi
ng:
i
nc
i
de
nc
e
, t
r
e
nds
a
n
d c
ons
e
que
nc
e
s
,”
i
n
E
ndi
ng t
he
T
or
m
e
nt
:
T
ac
k
l
i
ng
B
ul
l
y
i
ng f
r
om
t
he
Sc
hool
y
ar
d t
o C
y
be
r
s
pac
e
, N
e
w
Y
or
k, U
ni
t
e
d S
t
a
t
e
s
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t
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d
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a
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i
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H
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C
he
n
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A
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Z
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pl
i
,
“
C
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r
bul
l
yi
ng
a
nd
bys
t
a
nde
r
s
:
A
bi
bl
i
om
e
t
r
i
c
a
na
l
ys
i
s
,”
O
nl
i
ne
J
our
nal
of
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
on
and
M
e
di
a T
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nd
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a
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,
“
C
yb
e
r
-
bul
l
yi
ng
t
r
e
nds
us
i
ng
s
oc
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
pl
a
t
f
or
m
:
a
n
a
na
l
ys
i
s
t
hr
ough
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
n
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
s
,”
J
our
nal
of
P
hy
s
i
c
s
:
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e
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Se
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M
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N
a
va
r
r
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“
C
ur
r
e
nt
yout
h
c
ul
t
ur
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
on
j
uve
ni
l
e
de
l
i
nque
nc
y:
s
o
c
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
t
r
e
nds
a
nd
de
l
i
nque
nc
y,”
U
nde
r
g
r
aduat
e
P
r
oj
e
c
t
, D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
H
e
a
l
t
h a
nd H
um
a
n S
e
r
vi
c
e
s
, C
a
l
S
t
a
t
e
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y, L
ong
B
e
a
c
h, C
a
l
i
f
or
ni
a
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[
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A
.
R
e
j
e
b,
K
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R
e
j
e
b,
I
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Z
r
e
l
l
i
,
a
nd
E
.
S
ül
e
,
“
T
r
a
c
i
ng
know
l
e
dge
di
f
f
us
i
on
t
r
a
j
e
c
t
or
i
e
s
i
n
t
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
i
e
l
d
of
c
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng,
”
H
e
l
i
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on
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G
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l
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be
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,
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ur
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v
a
,
M
.
U
m
u
r
kul
ova
,
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.
M
uk
ha
m
e
dk
a
r
i
m
ova
,
a
nd
C
.
M
a
n,
“
T
he
p
he
n
om
e
non
o
f
c
y
be
r
bu
l
l
yi
ng
:
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
i
v
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,”
T
he
J
o
ur
n
al
of
P
s
y
c
h
ol
ogy
&
So
c
i
o
l
o
gy
,
v
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9,
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, 2
02
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J
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A
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C
uz
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oc
r
e
a
,
M
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S
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A
kt
e
r
,
H
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S
ha
hr
i
a
r
,
a
nd
P
.
G
a
r
c
í
a
B
r
i
nga
s
,
“
C
ybe
r
bul
l
yi
ng
de
t
e
c
t
i
on,
pr
e
ve
nt
i
on,
a
nd
a
na
l
ys
i
s
on
s
oc
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
vi
a
t
r
us
t
a
bl
e
L
S
T
M
-
a
ut
oe
nc
ode
r
ne
t
w
or
ks
ove
r
s
ynt
he
t
i
c
da
t
a
:
T
he
T
L
A
-
ne
t
a
ppr
oa
c
h,”
F
ut
ur
e
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
,
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S
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undu,
a
nd
R
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S
ha
r
m
a
,
“
A
s
ur
ve
y
on
onl
i
ne
a
ggr
e
s
s
i
on:
c
o
nt
e
nt
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
a
nd
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
on
s
oc
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
,”
A
C
M
C
om
put
i
ng Sur
v
e
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s
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I
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H
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s
a
i
n,
U
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F
a
r
ooq,
A
.
N
.
C
he
e
m
a
,
a
nd
I
.
M
.
A
l
m
a
nj
a
hi
e
,
“
A
c
om
pr
e
he
n
s
i
ve
s
ur
ve
y
on
ur
du
ha
t
e
s
pe
e
c
h
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
on:
m
e
t
hods
,
e
va
l
ua
t
i
on, a
nd c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, vol
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M
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K
ha
l
i
d,
M
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F
.
M
u
s
ht
a
q,
U
.
A
kr
a
m
,
M
.
S
a
f
r
a
n,
S
.
A
l
f
a
r
hood,
a
nd
I
.
A
s
hr
a
f
,
“
S
e
nt
i
m
e
nt
a
na
l
ys
i
s
f
or
de
e
pf
a
ke
X
pos
t
s
u
s
i
ng
nove
l
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
ba
s
e
d
w
or
d
e
m
be
ddi
ng
a
nd
hybr
i
d
L
G
R
a
ppr
oa
c
h,”
Sc
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
R
e
por
t
s
,
vol
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E
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H
a
s
hm
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S
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Y
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Y
a
yi
l
ga
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a
nd
M
.
A
bom
ha
r
a
,
“
M
e
t
a
l
i
ngui
s
t
:
e
nha
nc
i
ng
ha
t
e
s
pe
e
c
h
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
c
r
os
s
-
l
i
ngua
l
m
e
t
a
-
l
e
a
r
ni
ng,”
C
om
pl
e
x
&
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
Sy
s
t
e
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B
a
t
t
ul
a
e
t
al
.
,
“
E
nha
nc
i
ng
t
e
l
ugu
a
bus
i
ve
l
a
ngua
ge
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
on
us
i
ng
w
or
d
e
m
be
ddi
ngs
a
nd
B
E
R
T
m
ode
l
s
,”
i
n
2024
2nd
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
R
e
c
e
nt
T
r
e
nds
i
n
M
i
c
r
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
,
A
ut
om
at
i
on,
C
om
put
i
ng
and
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
C
M
A
C
C
)
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S
hukl
a
,
S
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N
a
gpa
l
,
a
nd
S
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S
a
bha
r
w
a
l
,
“
C
ode
-
m
i
xe
d
r
om
a
ni
z
e
d
hi
ndi
ha
t
e
s
pe
e
c
h
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on:
l
e
ve
r
a
gi
ng
B
E
R
T
e
m
be
ddi
ngs
a
nd
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
w
a
r
m
opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on,”
A
C
M
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on
A
s
i
an
and
L
ow
-
R
e
s
our
c
e
L
anguage
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
P
r
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
,
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A
hm
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d
e
t
al
.
,
“
H
a
t
e
s
p
e
e
c
h
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
i
n
t
he
A
r
a
bi
c
l
a
ngua
ge
:
c
or
pus
d
e
s
i
gn,
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
on,
a
nd
e
va
l
ua
t
i
on,”
F
r
ont
i
e
r
s
i
n
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
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A
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D
a
hou
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
s
ur
ve
y
on
di
a
l
e
c
t
a
r
a
bi
c
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
a
nd
a
na
l
ys
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ans
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I
nf
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m
at
i
on P
r
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
, vol
. 24, no. 8, pp.
1
–
45, 2025, doi
:
10.1145/
3747290.
[
34]
D
.
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ha
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ngh,
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s
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s
a
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s
,”
A
C
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r
ans
ac
t
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ons
on
A
s
i
an
and
L
ow
-
R
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our
c
e
L
anguage
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
P
r
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
,
vol
.
24,
no.
3,
pp. 1
–
44, 2025, doi
:
10.1145/
3711710.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Ammar
Odeh
received
his
Ph.D.
from
the
University
of
Bridgepo
rt
(UB),
USA
,
in
2015.
He
is
an
associate
professor
at
the
Department
of
Computer
Science,
King
Hussein
School
of
Computing
Sciences
,
Princess
Sumaya
University
for
Technology,
Amman,
Jordan.
His
research
interests
include
cybersecurity,
cryptography,
and
the
I
nternet
of
Things
(IoT).
He can be contacted at email:
a.odeh@
psut.edu.jo.
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