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m
ac
e
u
ticals
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
I
n
th
ese
d
o
m
ain
s
,
AI
is
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
co
m
p
lex
d
ata
an
d
g
en
e
r
ate
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
aid
in
g
in
d
r
u
g
d
is
co
v
er
y
,
clin
ical
tr
ials
,
an
d
d
is
ea
s
e
d
iag
n
o
s
is
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
ab
ili
ty
o
f
AI
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ast
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ick
l
y
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ately
m
a
k
es
it
an
in
v
al
u
ab
le
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
th
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
wr
itte
n
r
ep
o
r
ts
[
9
]
.
As
AI
co
n
tin
u
es
to
ev
o
lv
e,
its
r
o
le
i
n
wr
itin
g
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
is
lik
ely
to
ex
p
an
d
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
n
ew
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es f
o
r
wr
iter
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
alik
e.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
AI
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
wr
itin
g
ac
r
o
s
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al,
a
ca
d
em
ic,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
o
m
ain
s
[
1
0
]
.
I
ts
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
f
e
r
s
clea
r
b
en
ef
its
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
an
d
aid
i
n
g
lear
n
er
s
.
I
t
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
eth
ical,
tech
n
ical,
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ch
allen
g
es
[
9
]
.
I
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
AI
-
p
o
wer
ed
to
o
ls
lik
e
C
h
atGP
T
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
wr
itin
g
tim
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
q
u
ality
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
en
h
an
ce
g
r
am
m
ar
,
c
o
h
er
e
n
ce
,
an
d
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
f
o
r
E
FL
lea
r
n
er
s
wh
ile
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
wr
itin
g
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
tim
e,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
Po
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
ts
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
ad
em
ic
lev
els
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
an
d
wr
itin
g
s
tag
es
s
u
ch
as
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
ar
g
u
m
en
t
atio
n
,
an
d
r
esu
lt
an
aly
s
is
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Scien
tific
d
o
m
ai
n
s
also
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
AI
’
s
ef
f
icien
cy
,
alth
o
u
g
h
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
em
ain
o
v
e
r
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
a
n
d
f
ai
r
n
ess
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
eth
ical
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
AI
u
s
e
in
wr
itin
g
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
with
g
r
o
win
g
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
b
o
d
ies.
No
tab
l
y
,
eth
ical
g
u
id
elin
es
o
n
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
h
av
e
b
ee
n
is
s
u
ed
b
y
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
[
2
0
]
,
UNE
SC
O
[
2
1
]
,
an
d
Sau
d
i
Ar
a
b
ia
[
2
2
]
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
b
y
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
AI
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
in
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
e
co
llectiv
e
b
en
ef
it,
au
t
h
o
r
ity
to
co
n
tr
o
l,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
eth
ics
(
C
AR
E
)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
2
3
]
ad
v
an
ce
s
eth
ical
g
u
id
a
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
cr
itical
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
len
s
es,
e
m
p
h
asizin
g
c
o
llectiv
e
b
e
n
ef
it,
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
au
t
h
o
r
s
h
i
p
wh
ile
co
u
n
ter
i
n
g
o
v
er
-
r
eli
an
ce
o
n
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
an
d
p
lag
iar
is
m
d
etec
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
’
s
2
0
2
4
g
u
id
elin
es
o
n
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
u
s
e
o
f
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
[
2
0
]
,
em
b
ed
th
ese
p
r
i
n
cip
l
es
with
in
r
esear
ch
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
,
h
u
m
an
o
v
e
r
s
ig
h
t,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
co
llectiv
ely
s
tr
en
g
th
en
t
h
e
eth
ical
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
AI
in
wr
itin
g
,
s
itu
atin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
with
in
a
b
r
o
ad
er
g
lo
b
al
m
o
v
em
en
t
to
war
d
s
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
an
d
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
ed
AI
in
wr
itin
g
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
h
al
len
g
es
r
em
ain
th
e
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
is
h
o
n
esty
,
an
d
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
b
ias
[
2
4
]
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
lim
itatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
lack
o
f
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
m
in
im
al
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
ese
p
er
s
is
ten
t
is
s
u
es
u
n
d
er
lin
e
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
eth
ical
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
to
g
u
i
d
e
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
r
o
le
o
f
AI
in
wr
itin
g
.
D
e
s
p
it
e
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
es
t
,
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
e
al
s
c
r
i
t
i
c
al
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
g
a
p
s
.
F
e
w
s
t
u
d
i
es
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
s
e
ct
i
o
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
A
I
e
t
h
ic
s
a
n
d
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
h
i
p
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
a
b
i
l
it
y
in
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
w
r
it
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
,
a
n
d
l
i
m
it
e
d
w
o
r
k
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
es
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
ll
y
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
ti
c
a
ll
y
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
ts
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
l
s
o
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
f
a
c
t
u
a
l
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
as
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
l
i
t
tl
e
a
tt
e
n
t
io
n
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
a
i
d
t
o
h
o
w
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
a
r
y
n
o
r
m
s
s
h
a
p
e
AI
-
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
c
r
o
s
s
f
iel
d
s
s
u
c
h
as
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
j
o
u
r
n
a
li
s
m
,
a
n
d
h
e
al
t
h
c
a
r
e
.
A
d
d
r
e
s
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
e
o
m
is
s
i
o
n
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
c
r
o
s
s
-
d
is
c
i
p
l
i
n
a
r
y
c
o
l
la
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
a
n
d
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
i
n
q
u
i
r
y
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
es
o
f
A
I
u
s
e
i
n
w
r
i
ti
n
g
.
A
I
h
o
l
d
s
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
n
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
,
b
u
t
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
,
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
i
n
te
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
e
s
s
en
t
i
a
l
.
B
u
il
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
C
AR
E
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
s
,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
a
p
p
l
ies
b
i
b
l
i
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
t
o
m
a
p
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
la
n
d
s
c
a
p
e
o
n
A
I
a
n
d
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
1
t
o
2
0
2
4
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
AI
h
a
v
e
p
r
i
m
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
b
r
o
ad
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
o
m
ain
s
,
with
lim
ited
em
p
h
a
s
is
o
n
th
e
wr
itin
g
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
d
v
an
ce
s
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
b
y
cr
itically
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
r
elate
d
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
es
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
5
]
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
v
ar
iatio
n
s
an
d
em
er
g
in
g
a
r
ea
s
o
f
in
q
u
ir
y
.
E
t
h
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
s
u
ch
as
C
AR
E
,
UNE
S
C
O’
s
AI
eth
ics,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
AI
g
u
id
elin
es
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
r
ev
ea
l
o
v
e
r
lap
s
an
d
g
ap
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
i
p
,
in
teg
r
ity
,
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
em
ain
s
f
r
ag
m
e
n
ted
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
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n
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
VOSv
iewe
r
,
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
E
ck
an
d
W
altm
an
[
2
]
at
L
eid
en
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
is
a
w
id
ely
u
s
ed
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
to
o
l
f
o
r
v
i
s
u
alizin
g
an
d
a
n
aly
zin
g
s
cien
tific
liter
atu
r
e
[
4
6
]
.
R
en
o
w
n
ed
f
o
r
its
in
tu
itiv
e
in
ter
f
ac
e,
clu
s
ter
in
g
f
ea
t
u
r
es,
an
d
d
en
s
ity
m
a
p
s
,
it
e
x
ce
ls
at
m
ap
p
in
g
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
c
o
-
cit
atio
n
,
an
d
k
ey
wo
r
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
I
ts
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
a
b
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
ate
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
m
ak
e
it
in
v
alu
ab
le
f
o
r
ex
p
l
o
r
in
g
c
o
m
p
lex
r
esear
ch
lan
d
s
ca
p
es
[
4
7
]
.
A
k
e
y
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
VOSv
iewe
r
is
it
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
b
ib
lio
m
etr
i
c
d
atasets
in
to
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
v
is
u
al
m
ap
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
k
ey
wo
r
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
c
e
p
atter
n
s
an
d
th
e
m
atica
lly
r
elat
ed
clu
s
ter
s
.
R
eg
u
lar
u
p
d
ates
e
n
s
u
r
e
its
r
elev
an
ce
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
c
u
s
to
m
izab
le
m
etr
ics
an
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
n
e
w
an
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
u
s
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
n
aly
ze
d
d
atasets
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
(
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
t
o
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
)
in
Plain
T
ex
t
f
o
r
m
at.
T
h
e
ex
p
o
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t
ed
d
ata
in
clu
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e
d
k
e
y
m
eta
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ata
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u
ch
as
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
,
ti
tle,
au
th
o
r
n
am
es,
jo
u
r
n
al,
citatio
n
s
an
d
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
.
Usi
n
g
VOSv
iewe
r
v
er
s
io
n
1
.
6
.
1
9
,
clu
s
ter
in
g
a
n
d
m
ap
p
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
g
en
er
ated
v
is
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
VOSv
iewe
r
also
em
p
lo
y
s
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
tr
en
g
th
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
alizin
g
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ac
cu
r
ate
r
ef
lectio
n
s
o
f
item
r
elate
d
n
ess
an
d
s
im
ilar
ity
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
=
(
1
)
W
h
ich
is
“p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
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atio
b
etwe
en
o
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n
d
,
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
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n
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m
b
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cc
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ce
s
o
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‘
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‘
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h
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p
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‘
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‘
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er
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ass
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at
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r
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‘
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d
‘
j’
a
r
e
s
tatis
tical
ly
in
d
ep
en
d
e
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t”
[
4
8
]
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
th
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
9
3
8
A
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
in
w
r
itin
g
:
u
n
ve
ilin
g
a
r
esea
r
ch
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
(
Wa
n
R
u
s
yd
ia
h
S
a
leh
u
d
in
)
69
s
tu
d
y
d
o
c
u
m
en
ted
all
s
o
f
twa
r
e
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
a
n
d
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
r
eso
lu
tio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
ib
ilit
y
b
y
o
th
e
r
s
ch
o
lar
s
.
3
.
3
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l
g
ro
un
din
g
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
was
ad
o
p
ted
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
m
eth
o
d
d
u
e
to
its
ab
ilit
y
to
q
u
an
tita
tiv
ely
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
lly
ex
p
lo
r
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
with
in
em
e
r
g
in
g
r
esear
ch
d
o
m
ain
s
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
s
cien
tific
m
ap
p
in
g
th
eo
r
y
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
o
m
ai
n
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
id
e
n
tifie
s
in
tellectu
al,
co
n
ce
p
tu
al,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
p
atte
r
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
a
b
o
d
y
o
f
AI
-
wr
itin
g
s
tu
d
ies
[
5
1
]
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ics
with
n
etwo
r
k
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
v
ia
VOSv
iewe
r
,
it
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
tr
ac
k
s
p
u
b
licatio
n
tr
e
n
d
s
b
u
t
also
u
n
co
v
e
r
s
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
r
esear
c
h
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
s
an
d
eth
ical
o
r
ien
t
atio
n
s
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
f
ield
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
m
ap
p
in
g
th
e
i
n
tellectu
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
AI
in
wr
itin
g
,
en
ab
lin
g
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
its
ev
o
lv
in
g
d
y
n
a
m
ics
[
5
3
]
,
[
5
4
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
au
th
o
r
co
-
citatio
n
an
d
co
-
w
o
r
d
a
n
aly
s
is
,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
iag
r
am
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
s
h
if
ts
an
d
th
em
atic
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
with
in
th
e
AI
-
wr
itin
g
d
o
m
ain
[
5
5
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ac
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
es
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
ica
l
li
m
it
ati
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
eli
a
n
ce
o
n
th
e
Sc
o
p
u
s
d
at
a
b
ase
m
a
y
l
ea
d
to
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
b
ias
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
i
n
cl
u
s
i
o
n
o
f
E
n
g
l
is
h
-
o
n
ly
a
r
ti
cl
es
r
est
r
i
cts
lin
g
u
is
t
ic
d
i
v
er
s
it
y
an
d
m
a
y
o
v
e
r
l
o
o
k
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
p
e
r
s
p
e
cti
v
es
.
T
h
e
s
e
lec
te
d
tim
ef
r
a
m
e
(
2
0
2
1
t
o
2
0
2
4
)
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
r
e
ce
n
t
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
b
u
t
e
x
cl
u
d
es
e
a
r
li
er
f
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
al
w
o
r
k
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
u
s
e
o
f
VOS
v
ie
we
r
’
s
cl
u
s
te
r
i
n
g
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
m
a
y
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
v
is
u
al
iz
ati
o
n
a
n
d
in
te
r
p
r
etat
io
n
.
D
esp
ite
t
h
ese
c
o
n
s
t
r
ai
n
ts
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
em
ai
n
s
tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
t
,
r
ep
lic
ab
le
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
r
eti
ca
l
ly
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
i
n
m
a
p
p
in
g
e
v
o
lv
in
g
r
ese
ar
ch
l
an
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
A
I
in
w
r
it
in
g
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
n
etwo
r
k
an
al
y
s
is
o
n
AI
in
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
ad
d
r
ess
es
f
o
u
r
k
ey
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i
)
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
in
AI
an
d
w
r
itin
g
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
,
ii
)
s
u
b
ject
d
o
m
ain
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
AI
in
wr
itin
g
r
esear
ch
,
iii
)
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
r
elate
d
to
A
I
-
wr
itin
g
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
iv
)
p
atter
n
s
o
f
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
a
u
th
o
r
s
i
n
th
is
f
ield
.
E
ac
h
r
esu
lt
is
ex
am
in
ed
in
d
etail,
o
f
f
er
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
AI
-
wr
itin
g
r
esear
ch
an
d
r
ev
ea
lin
g
em
er
g
in
g
tr
e
n
d
s
,
d
o
m
in
an
t
th
em
es,
an
d
c
r
o
s
s
-
n
atio
n
al
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
th
at
s
h
ap
e
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
i
s
d
o
m
ain
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
llec
tiv
ely
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
4
.
1
.
Wha
t
a
re
t
he
re
s
ea
rc
h t
re
nd
s
in A
I
a
nd
writ
i
ng
a
cc
o
rding
t
o
t
he
y
ea
r
o
f
pu
bli
ca
t
io
n?
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
u
p
war
d
tr
en
d
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
AI
in
wr
itin
g
b
etwe
en
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
an
d
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
.
Star
tin
g
with
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
0
0
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
in
2
0
2
1
,
t
h
e
v
o
lu
m
e
r
em
ain
ed
r
elativ
el
y
s
tab
le
in
2
0
2
2
,
r
ef
lectin
g
m
o
d
est
ea
r
ly
in
ter
est
in
th
is
f
ield
.
Ho
wev
er
,
2
0
2
3
witn
ess
ed
a
s
h
ar
p
r
is
e,
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
4
0
0
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
a
g
r
o
win
g
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
AI
’
s
p
o
ten
tial
in
wr
itin
g
task
s
.
B
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r
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ests
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o
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s
o
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s
in
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ce
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ativ
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tech
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p
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in
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e
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n
g
e
n
er
ativ
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n
d
its
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r
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in
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r
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u
n
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er
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in
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id
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r
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icate
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ce
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h
o
w
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v
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d
o
m
ai
n
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g
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o
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id
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ir
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u
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ates
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A
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ese
ar
c
h
ar
ea
s
e
x
p
l
o
r
in
g
A
I
’
s
p
o
te
n
ti
a
l i
n
wr
iti
n
g
.
T
h
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
ce
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
(
2
7
.
3
%)
an
d
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
(
1
7
.
3
%)
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
AI
in
wr
itin
g
is
n
o
lo
n
g
er
co
n
f
in
e
d
to
tech
n
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
u
t
ex
ten
d
s
in
to
h
u
m
an
is
tic
in
q
u
ir
y
.
C
o
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
o
d
els
an
d
g
e
n
er
ati
v
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ile
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
em
p
h
asize
th
eir
eth
ical
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
s
h
ar
e
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
m
e
d
ic
in
e,
an
d
ar
ts
a
n
d
h
u
m
an
ities
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
AI
’
s
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
is
cip
lin
es,
f
r
o
m
au
to
m
ate
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
to
cr
ea
tiv
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
.
Yet,
th
e
r
elativ
e
u
n
d
er
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
a
r
ts
an
d
h
u
m
an
ities
(
5
.
4
%)
e
x
p
o
s
es
a
r
esear
ch
g
ap
:
th
e
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
AI
-
ass
is
ted
wr
itin
g
r
em
ain
in
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
e
x
am
in
ed
.
T
h
is
im
b
alan
ce
ca
lls
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
i
n
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
wo
r
k
t
h
at
co
n
n
ec
ts
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t w
ith
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
eth
ical
cr
itiq
u
e.
4
.
3
.
Wha
t
a
re
t
he
m
o
s
t
po
pu
la
r
k
ey
wo
rds
re
la
t
ed
t
o
t
he
AI
-
writ
ing
s
t
ud
y
?
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
VOSv
iew
er
n
etwo
r
k
m
a
p
p
in
g
,
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
k
ey
wo
r
d
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
an
d
to
tal
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
,
o
f
f
er
s
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tate
o
f
wr
itin
g
AI
r
esear
ch
.
L
ar
g
e
r
n
o
d
es
in
d
icate
h
ig
h
er
k
ey
wo
r
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
wh
ile
co
l
o
r
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
cl
u
s
ter
s
o
f
r
elate
d
r
esear
ch
t
h
em
es
s
u
ch
as
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
o
d
els
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
r
ed
)
,
h
u
m
a
n
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
m
ed
ical
eth
ics
(
g
r
ee
n
)
,
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
b
lu
e)
.
T
h
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
‘
ar
tific
ial
i
n
tellig
en
c
e’
d
o
m
in
ates
with
9
9
2
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
to
tal
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
5
,
3
0
9
,
r
ef
lectin
g
its
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
th
e
f
ield
.
C
lo
s
ely
r
elate
d
ter
m
s
lik
e
‘
AI
’
(
7
0
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
,
4
8
1
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
)
,
‘
C
h
atGPT
’
(
3
1
5
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
,
2
,
2
1
2
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
)
,
an
d
‘
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
’
(
6
9
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
,
3
6
5
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
)
em
p
h
asize
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
p
r
o
m
in
en
ce
o
f
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
AI
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
th
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
AI
’
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ati
v
e
c
ap
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
ex
p
an
d
in
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
to
o
ls
lik
e
C
h
atGPT
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
wr
itin
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
i
es.
Oth
er
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
te
r
m
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
an
d
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
AI
i
n
wr
itin
g
.
Key
wo
r
d
s
lik
e
‘
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
’
(
4
3
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
an
d
2
9
2
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
)
an
d
‘
p
lag
iar
is
m
’
(
3
9
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
an
d
3
9
3
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
)
in
d
ic
ate
th
e
f
ield
’
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
eth
ical
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ch
allen
g
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
teg
r
ity
co
n
ce
r
n
s
in
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tex
t
s
.
T
er
m
s
s
u
ch
as
‘
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
’
(
8
9
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
an
d
8
1
5
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
)
an
d
‘
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
’
(
1
4
7
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
an
d
1
,
1
6
2
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
)
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
AI
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
tex
t
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
‘
h
u
m
an
’
(
2
3
5
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
a
n
d
2
,
8
0
0
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
)
an
d
‘
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
(
1
9
7
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
c
es
an
d
1
,
2
8
6
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
)
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
A
I
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
with
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
tr
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
n
etwo
r
k
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
b
r
o
ad
an
d
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
AI
i
n
wr
itin
g
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
an
d
its
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
p
u
b
lis
h
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
ce
o
f
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
s
u
ch
as
“Ch
atGPT
,
”
“a
ca
d
e
m
ic
wr
itin
g
,
”
an
d
“p
lag
iar
is
m
”
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
h
as
s
h
if
ted
f
r
o
m
tech
n
ical
ef
f
icien
cy
to
et
h
ical
ac
co
u
n
ta
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
r
is
e
o
f
C
h
atGPT
-
r
elate
d
ter
m
s
af
ter
2
0
2
3
im
p
lies
g
r
o
win
g
s
ch
o
lar
ly
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
AI
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
o
r
i
g
in
ality
,
a
n
d
in
tellectu
al
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
t
p
air
in
g
o
f
“stu
d
en
ts
”
an
d
“
h
u
m
a
n
”
with
“AI
”
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
a
s
tr
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
o
cu
s
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
ac
ad
em
ic
i
n
teg
r
ity
an
d
lear
n
in
g
eth
ics.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
co
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
tech
n
ical
ter
m
s
(
“m
ac
h
in
e
le
ar
n
in
g
,
”
“NL
P”)
with
m
o
r
al
o
n
es
(
“e
th
ics,”
“a
u
t
h
o
r
s
h
ip
”)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
u
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
AI
-
w
r
itin
g
r
esear
c
h
,
b
alan
cin
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
with
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
elativ
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
r
elate
d
to
cu
ltu
r
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
alis
m
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
p
o
in
ts
to
n
eg
lect
ed
ar
ea
s
d
eser
v
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
4
.
4
.
Wha
t
a
re
t
he
pa
t
t
er
ns
o
f
inte
rna
t
io
na
l c
o
lla
bo
ra
t
i
o
n a
m
o
ng
a
utho
rs in AI
-
writ
in
g
re
s
ea
rc
h?
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
c
o
-
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
i
p
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
b
a
s
ed
o
n
i
n
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
l
la
b
o
r
a
t
io
n
,
w
h
ic
h
em
p
h
a
s
i
z
e
s
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
i
n
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
co
n
tr
i
b
u
t
io
n
s
to
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
o
f
“
ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
ig
e
n
c
e
in
w
r
i
t
in
g
”
s
tu
d
y
.
L
a
r
g
e
r
n
o
d
e
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
te
a
h
ig
h
e
r
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
io
n
s
,
w
h
i
l
e
co
l
o
r
s
r
ep
r
e
s
en
t
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
ly
co
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
.
T
h
ic
k
er
l
in
e
s
b
e
t
we
e
n
co
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
s
i
g
n
if
y
s
t
r
o
n
g
er
c
o
l
la
b
o
r
a
t
iv
e
r
e
l
a
t
io
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
Un
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
l
e
a
d
s
w
i
t
h
3
7
2
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s
,
4
,
1
6
0
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
a
to
t
a
l
l
i
n
k
s
t
r
e
n
g
th
o
f
1
9
8
,
r
e
f
le
c
t
i
n
g
i
ts
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
r
o
l
e
in
d
r
i
v
in
g
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
an
d
f
o
s
t
e
r
in
g
i
n
t
er
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
c
o
l
l
ab
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
l
y
,
t
h
e
Un
i
t
e
d
K
in
g
d
o
m
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
w
i
t
h
1
0
1
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s
,
2
,
1
0
5
c
i
ta
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
a
h
ig
h
l
i
n
k
s
t
r
en
g
th
o
f
1
2
3
,
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
in
g
i
t
s
p
r
o
m
i
n
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[
4
9
]
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[
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0
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-
025
-
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-
8.
[
5
1
]
B
.
G
u
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,
S
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L
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s,
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[
5
2
]
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S
.
I
sw
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–
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9
,
2
0
2
3
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[
5
3
]
S
.
M
.
Q
a
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,
A
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a
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s,
Y
.
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e
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:
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r
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me
t
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o
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[
5
4
]
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.
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.
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me
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k
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a
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.
,
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a
b
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[
5
5
]
J.
S
t
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r
o
v
á
a
n
d
M
.
O
n
d
r
i
š
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á
,
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f
o
r
mat
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o
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t
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s
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s:
d
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c
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Pr
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B
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AUTH
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Wa
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l
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ti
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a
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m
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wle
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g
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in
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ti
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riah
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s.
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h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
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:
wa
n
ru
sy
d
iah
@g
ra
d
u
a
te.u
tm.m
y
.
Dr
.
Zil
a
l
S
a
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h
o
l
d
s
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Ba
c
h
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lo
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f
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e
with
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c
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ti
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m
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tu
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d
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P
h
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iq
h
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n
d
Te
c
h
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e
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Tek
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o
l
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M
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lay
sia
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sh
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lec
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t
Un
i
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Tek
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o
l
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g
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M
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lay
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wit
h
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re
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s
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m
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)
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n
d
it
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teg
ra
ti
o
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with
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h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
so
lu
ti
o
n
s.
He
r
w
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rk
sp
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s
in
terd
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ip
li
n
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ry
f
ield
s
su
c
h
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s
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fo
rm
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ti
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s,
p
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li
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y
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law
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m
ist
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,
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i
g
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l
m
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rk
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ti
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g
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d
in
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strial
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si
g
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p
e
c
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s
in
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tati
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d
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ix
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d
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th
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re
se
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rc
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e
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s,
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p
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p
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ro
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ro
ss
h
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r
p
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ts.
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r
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
in
t
e
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sts
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lso
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x
ten
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t
o
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ip
li
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li
k
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p
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n
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li
t
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s
y
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h
o
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g
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o
siti
v
e
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sy
c
h
o
lo
g
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n
d
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c
ial
p
s
y
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h
o
l
o
g
y
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
z
il
a
l@u
tm.m
y
.
Dr
.
H
a
fiza
Aba
s
h
o
l
d
s
a
B
.
Sc
.
(Ho
n
s)
i
n
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Uta
ra
M
a
lay
sia
(UU
M
),
a
n
M
.
Sc
.
i
n
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
P
u
tr
a
M
a
lay
sia
(UPM
),
a
n
d
a
P
h
.
D
.
i
n
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
lay
sia
(UK
M
).
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Artifi
c
ial
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
Un
i
v
e
rsit
i
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Ku
a
la
L
u
m
p
u
r
,
wh
e
re
sh
e
h
a
s
se
rv
e
d
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s
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n
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c
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d
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e
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r
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r
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v
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r
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y
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rs
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n
d
se
c
u
re
d
3
0
re
se
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rc
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g
ra
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ts
fro
m
UT
M
,
g
o
v
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rn
m
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n
t
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g
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n
c
ies
,
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n
d
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ti
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l
sc
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s
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c
h
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m
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t
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l
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ra
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t
sc
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m
e
(F
RG
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n
d
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x
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lo
ra
t
o
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re
se
a
rc
h
g
ra
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t
sc
h
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m
e
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).
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r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
i
n
c
lu
d
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e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
,
so
c
ial
sk
il
ls,
a
n
d
so
ft
sk
il
ls.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
a
fiza
.
k
l@u
tm.m
y
.
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