I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
3
1
9
~
3
2
7
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
5
.
i
1
.
pp
319
-
327
319
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ija
p
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/
O
ptima
l
ba
tt
ery s
elect
io
n
for elec
tr
ic vehicles
:
a co
m
pa
ra
tive
ra
nking
appro
a
ch
Ra
m
a
na
P
illa
1
,
Rebba
Sa
s
idh
a
r
2
,
M
a
llet
i Sre
edha
r
3
,
T
en
t
u
P
a
pi Na
idu
4
,
Sh
a
ik
Ra
f
i K
ira
n
5
,
Va
s
up
a
lli
M
a
no
j
1
,
K
a
ly
a
na
K
ira
n K
um
a
r
6
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
G
M
R
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
G
M
R
I
T)
–
D
e
e
m
e
d
t
o
b
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
R
a
j
a
m,
I
n
d
i
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
A
v
a
n
t
h
i
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
V
i
z
i
a
n
a
g
a
r
a
m
,
I
n
d
i
a
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
I
n
st
r
u
men
t
a
t
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
V
a
l
l
u
r
u
p
a
l
l
i
N
a
g
e
sw
a
r
a
r
a
o
V
i
g
n
a
n
a
Jy
o
t
h
i
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
H
y
d
e
r
a
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
i
a
4
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
Le
n
d
i
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
V
i
z
i
a
n
a
g
a
r
a
m,
I
n
d
i
a
5
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
S
r
i
V
e
n
k
a
t
e
sw
a
r
a
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
T
i
r
u
p
a
t
i
,
I
n
d
i
a
6
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
A
d
i
t
y
a
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
Te
k
k
a
l
i
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
8
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
1
3
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
an
9
,
2
0
2
6
El
e
c
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
(EVs)
h
a
v
e
e
m
e
rg
e
d
a
s
a
n
e
c
o
-
frien
d
ly
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
t
o
trad
it
io
n
a
l
in
tern
a
l
c
o
m
b
u
stio
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
s,
with
b
a
tt
e
ry
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
p
lay
i
n
g
a
p
iv
o
tal
ro
le
in
th
e
ir
su
c
c
e
ss
.
Ke
y
fa
c
to
rs
li
k
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
n
sit
y
,
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t,
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sp
e
e
d
,
d
u
ra
b
il
it
y
,
c
o
st,
sa
fe
ty
,
a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
a
c
t
h
i
n
g
e
o
n
th
e
c
h
o
ice
o
f
b
a
tt
e
ry
.
Va
rio
u
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
i
n
li
th
iu
m
-
io
n
b
a
tt
e
ries
a
re
a
ss
e
ss
e
d
fo
r
th
e
ir
su
it
a
b
il
i
ty
i
n
E
Vs
.
Th
e
rig
h
t
b
a
tt
e
r
y
is
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
fo
r
o
p
ti
m
a
l
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
,
e
x
ten
d
e
d
ra
n
g
e
,
a
n
d
su
sta
in
a
b
i
li
ty
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
o
ffe
rs
a
n
i
n
-
d
e
p
th
lo
o
k
a
t
b
a
tt
e
ry
se
lec
ti
o
n
i
n
EVs,
e
x
a
m
in
in
g
d
iffere
n
t
t
y
p
e
s i
n
li
th
iu
m
-
io
n
a
n
d
th
e
ir
p
ro
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
s.
A
d
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
,
it
e
x
p
l
o
re
s
in
to
t
h
re
e
p
ro
m
i
n
e
n
t
d
e
c
isio
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s:
fu
z
z
y
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
h
iera
rc
h
y
p
ro
c
e
ss
(F
AH
P
),
e
v
a
lu
a
t
io
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
istan
c
e
fro
m
a
v
e
ra
g
e
so
l
u
ti
o
n
(EDAS)
,
a
n
d
p
re
fe
re
n
c
e
ra
n
k
in
g
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
e
n
r
ich
m
e
n
t
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
-
II
(
P
ROM
ET
HEE
II
).
F
AH
P
ra
n
k
s
b
a
tt
e
ries
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
ir
re
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
to
sp
e
c
ifi
c
EV
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts,
wh
il
e
EDAS
a
n
d
P
RO
M
ET
HEE
II
p
ro
v
i
d
e
a
m
u
lt
i
-
c
rit
e
ria
fra
m
e
wo
rk
.
T
h
e
se
me
th
o
d
s
o
f
fe
r
v
a
lu
a
b
le
in
si
g
h
ts
i
n
to
c
h
o
o
si
n
g
th
e
m
o
st
s
u
it
a
b
le
l
i
th
iu
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
tt
e
ry
f
o
r
EVs.
Th
e
st
u
d
y
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
s
th
e
imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
m
e
ti
c
u
l
o
u
s
b
a
tt
e
ry
se
lec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
t
h
e
e
ffica
c
y
o
f
d
e
c
isio
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
li
k
e
F
AH
P
,
EDAS,
a
n
d
P
ROME
TH
EE
II.
As
b
a
tt
e
ry
tec
h
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s,
fu
tu
re
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
s
li
k
e
s
o
li
d
-
sta
te
a
n
d
so
d
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
a
tt
e
ries
c
o
u
l
d
re
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
ize
th
e
EV
in
d
u
str
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
V
b
atter
ies
E
v
alu
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
a
v
er
ag
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
Fu
zz
y
an
aly
tic
h
ier
a
r
ch
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Mu
lti
-
cr
iter
ia
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
-
II
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Vasu
p
alli M
an
o
j
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
GM
R
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
GM
R
I
T
)
–
Dee
m
ed
to
b
e
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
R
ajam
,
An
d
h
r
a
Pra
d
esh
-
5
3
2
1
2
7
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
m
an
o
j.v
@
g
m
r
it.e
d
u
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
As
th
e
wo
r
ld
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
to
wa
r
d
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
s
tan
d
o
u
t
am
o
n
g
clea
n
er
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
W
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
wo
r
r
y
o
v
e
r
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e,
th
e
d
ep
letio
n
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
an
d
wo
r
s
en
in
g
air
q
u
ality
,
th
e
n
e
ed
to
r
e
d
u
ce
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
h
as
g
r
o
wn
.
B
ec
au
s
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
I
C
E
em
it
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
i
d
e
an
d
o
th
er
p
o
llu
tio
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
as
well
as
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
f
u
r
th
er
in
g
e
x
is
tin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
s
,
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
r
ed
u
c
e
I
C
E
v
eh
icles
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
.
E
Vs
h
a
v
e
ze
r
o
tail
p
ip
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
th
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
ey
ar
e
r
e
co
g
n
ize
d
as
m
o
r
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
319
-
3
2
7
320
alter
n
ativ
es
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Switch
in
g
f
r
o
m
I
C
E
v
eh
icles
to
E
Vs
g
r
e
atly
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
u
r
b
an
p
o
llu
tan
t
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
to
g
eth
er
with
em
is
s
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
N
Ox
an
d
p
ar
ticu
late
m
atter
,
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
d
is
ea
s
es
,
an
d
clim
ate
r
is
k
s
[
3
]
.
Ov
er
all,
E
Vs h
elp
f
u
lf
ill in
ter
n
atio
n
al
a
n
d
n
atio
n
al
clim
ate
o
b
jectiv
es su
ch
as th
e
Par
is
Ag
r
ee
m
en
t
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
ies
in
to
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
[
4
]
.
E
Vs
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
en
er
g
y
s
ec
u
r
it
y
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
o
m
esti
ca
lly
g
en
er
ated
elec
tr
i
city
f
r
o
m
a
d
iv
er
s
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
:
win
d
,
s
o
lar
,
a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
,
is
less
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
c
h
an
g
es
i
n
g
lo
b
al
o
il
m
a
r
k
ets,
th
er
e
b
y
co
n
tin
u
in
g
to
b
u
il
d
r
esil
ien
ce
in
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
5
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
e
m
er
g
in
g
E
V
in
d
u
s
tr
y
is
f
o
s
ter
in
g
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
in
s
ec
to
r
s
lik
e:
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
,
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e;
all
o
f
wh
ic
h
ar
e
c
r
ea
tin
g
j
o
b
s
an
d
s
tim
u
latin
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
B
atter
ies
an
d
th
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
b
atter
y
ch
em
is
tr
y
,
s
ize,
an
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ar
e
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
el
ec
tr
i
c
v
eh
icle
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
r
a
n
g
e,
s
af
ety
,
co
s
t,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
B
atter
y
ch
em
is
tr
y
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
o
v
er
all
u
tili
ty
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
E
Vs
[
8
]
.
L
ith
i
u
m
-
io
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
em
er
g
e
d
as
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
t
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
E
Vs,
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
its
h
i
g
h
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
cy
cle
life
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
L
ith
iu
m
-
i
o
n
b
atter
ies
u
s
e
lith
iu
m
-
b
ased
c
h
em
is
tr
ies
s
u
ch
as:
lith
iu
m
co
b
al
t
o
x
id
e
(
L
C
O)
,
lith
iu
m
ir
o
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
ate
(
L
FP
)
,
an
d
lith
iu
m
n
ick
el
m
an
g
a
n
ese
co
b
alt
o
x
id
e
(
NM
C
)
;
en
ab
lin
g
d
if
f
er
en
t tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
s
t,
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
,
th
e
r
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
cy
cle
life
[
1
1
]
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
L
C
O
b
atter
ies
a
r
e
o
f
ten
s
ee
n
in
p
o
r
ta
b
le
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
h
av
in
g
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
b
u
t
th
er
m
al
in
s
tab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es,
l
im
i
tin
g
th
eir
u
s
ag
e
in
lar
g
er
E
V
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
2
]
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
FA
HP
-
T
OPSIS
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
g
r
ee
n
m
ater
ial
s
elec
tio
n
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
d
etailed
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
f
u
zz
y
an
aly
tic
h
ier
ar
c
h
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
FAHP)
s
tep
s
in
clu
d
in
g
f
u
zz
y
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
a
g
g
r
eg
atio
n
,
d
ef
u
zz
i
f
icatio
n
,
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
v
alid
atio
n
[
1
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
life
cy
cle
ass
es
s
m
en
t
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
s
tu
d
ies
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
h
o
w
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
b
atter
y
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
o
v
er
all
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
ic
m
o
b
ilit
y
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
B
atter
y
d
esig
n
m
a
y
also
im
p
ac
t c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
es,
weig
h
t
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cies.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
m
u
ltip
le
tech
n
ical,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
r
iter
ia
to
co
n
s
id
e
r
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
T
h
ese
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
cr
ea
te
a
co
m
p
licated
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
b
etwe
en
cr
iter
ia
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
1
6
]
.
Mu
lti
-
cr
iter
ia
d
ec
is
i
on
-
m
ak
in
g
(
MCDM
)
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
to
s
o
lv
e
th
ese
c
o
m
p
lex
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
7
]
.
MCDM
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
f
er
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
r
e
v
iewin
g
an
d
e
v
alu
atin
g
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
a
lter
n
ativ
es
ac
r
o
s
s
a
d
ef
in
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
o
n
f
lictin
g
cr
iter
ia.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
an
E
V
b
atter
y
,
MCDM
tech
n
iq
u
es
allo
w
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
er
s
to
co
m
p
ar
e
an
d
r
an
k
b
atter
ies
b
ased
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
etr
ics,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
s
t,
ca
p
ac
ity
,
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
ts
,
b
atter
y
life
s
p
an
a
n
d
ea
s
e
f
o
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
[
1
8
]
.
FAHP,
ev
alu
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
av
er
a
g
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
(
E
DAS)
,
an
d
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
r
an
k
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
e
n
r
ich
m
e
n
t
ev
alu
atio
n
-
I
I
(
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
)
a
r
e
ju
s
t
a
f
ew
o
f
th
e
m
an
y
MCDM
tech
n
iq
u
es
a
v
ailab
le
,
b
u
t
th
ey
ar
e
v
er
y
p
o
p
u
lar
d
u
e
to
th
eir
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
u
s
ed
th
ese
th
r
ee
m
eth
o
d
s
in
th
eir
o
wn
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
ch
as
b
a
tter
y
s
elec
tio
n
,
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
p
la
n
n
in
g
,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
E
DAS
m
eth
o
d
ev
alu
ates
alter
n
ativ
es
f
r
o
m
th
eir
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
awa
y
f
r
o
m
an
av
er
ag
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
E
DAS
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
way
to
av
o
id
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
licated
r
an
k
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
E
DAS
f
o
llo
ws
a
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
ca
n
ea
s
ily
h
an
d
le
n
o
r
m
alize
d
d
ata
[
2
0
]
.
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
u
s
es
an
o
u
tr
an
k
in
g
f
lo
w,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
an
o
v
er
all
r
an
k
in
g
o
f
al
ter
n
ativ
es
b
y
u
s
in
g
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
o
p
tio
n
to
a
n
o
th
er
to
g
i
v
e
m
ea
n
in
g
t
o
all
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
[
2
1
]
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
MCDM
m
eth
o
d
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
o
p
e
r
ate
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
,
th
e
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
tr
en
g
th
en
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
wh
en
co
m
b
in
ed
with
in
a
h
y
b
r
id
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
.
Mish
r
a
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
an
ex
am
p
le
u
s
in
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
FAHP
an
d
PR
O
ME
T
HE
E
I
I
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
an
k
ed
p
o
ten
tial
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
it
es
f
o
r
p
r
o
jects
an
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
to
ap
p
ly
th
is
to
b
atter
y
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
2
3
]
.
At
p
r
esen
t,
th
er
e
is
litt
le
r
esear
ch
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
MCDM
m
eth
o
d
s
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
o
f
E
V
b
atter
ies
u
s
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
v
er
if
icatio
n
.
Mo
s
t
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
tili
ze
d
o
n
ly
o
n
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
MCDM,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
v
ar
iatio
n
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
d
u
e
to
b
ias
o
n
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
weig
h
tin
g
s
o
r
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
o
r
eso
lv
e
th
is
g
ap
in
r
esear
ch
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
h
y
b
r
id
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
b
atter
ies
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
in
teg
r
atin
g
F
AHP,
E
DAS,
an
d
PR
OM
E
T
H
E
E
I
I
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
b
eg
in
s
with
FAHP
to
ca
lcu
late
f
u
zz
y
weig
h
ts
f
o
r
ea
c
h
cr
iter
io
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
n
th
e
f
u
zz
y
weig
h
ts
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
with
E
DAS
an
d
PR
O
ME
T
HE
E
I
I
to
r
an
k
a
s
et
o
f
b
atter
y
alter
n
ativ
es.
T
h
e
two
r
an
k
in
g
s
will
b
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
eliab
le
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
elec
tio
n
s
ar
e
also
alig
n
ed
with
em
er
g
i
n
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
(
I
E
E
E
2
9
9
3
-
2
0
2
5
)
aim
ed
at
o
u
tlin
in
g
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
-
li
f
e
E
V
b
atter
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
to
th
e
MCDM
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
e
s
elec
ted
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
will
b
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
g
lo
b
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
th
e
ele
ctr
ic
m
o
b
ilit
y
tr
an
s
itio
n
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
p
o
licy
,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
,
b
u
t a
ls
o
,
o
n
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
b
est
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
2
5
]
.
B
a
tter
ies
ar
e
at
th
e
h
ea
r
t
o
f
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
E
V.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
at
tr
an
s
itio
n
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
v
alid
ated
h
y
b
r
id
M
C
DM
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
elec
t
s
u
itab
le
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies to
c
o
m
p
ly
with
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
,
o
p
e
r
ate
ef
f
icien
tly
,
an
d
b
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
in
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Op
tima
l b
a
tter
y
s
elec
tio
n
fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icles:
a
co
mp
a
r
a
tive
r
a
n
kin
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
(
R
a
m
a
n
a
P
illa
)
321
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
I
n
MCDM
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
alter
n
ativ
e
o
f
te
n
in
v
o
lv
es
e
v
alu
atin
g
c
o
n
f
lict
in
g
cr
iter
ia
u
n
d
er
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
an
in
teg
r
ate
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
ess
en
tial.
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
h
y
b
r
id
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
th
at
co
m
b
i
n
es
FAH
P,
E
DAS,
an
d
PR
O
ME
T
HE
E
I
I
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
le
v
er
ag
es
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
ea
ch
:
FAHP
ca
p
tu
r
es
ex
p
e
r
t
ju
d
g
m
en
t
in
a
f
u
z
zy
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
cr
iter
io
n
weig
h
ts
,
E
DAS
em
p
h
asizes
d
is
tan
ce
-
b
ased
ev
alu
atio
n
,
a
n
d
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
ap
p
lies
an
o
u
tr
an
k
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
el
en
s
u
r
es
a
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t,
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
an
k
in
g
o
f
al
ter
n
ativ
es.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
in
co
m
p
lex
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
b
u
t
also
en
ab
les
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
an
k
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
b
atter
y
s
elec
tio
n
r
o
ad
m
ap
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
atter
y
s
elec
tio
n
r
o
a
d
m
ap
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
teg
r
ates
FAHP,
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
,
an
d
E
DAS
to
ass
ess
an
d
r
an
k
alter
n
ativ
es
with
in
an
MCDM
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
FAHP
is
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
lied
to
o
b
tain
th
e
cr
i
ter
ia
weig
h
ts
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ex
p
er
t
ju
d
g
m
e
n
ts
ex
p
r
ess
ed
u
n
d
er
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
.
T
h
ese
d
er
iv
ed
weig
h
ts
ar
e
th
en
u
s
ed
as
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
b
o
th
P
R
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
an
d
E
DAS,
en
ab
lin
g
a
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
r
an
k
i
n
g
s
.
I
n
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
,
a
n
o
r
m
alize
d
d
ec
is
io
n
m
atr
ix
is
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
M
a
t
r
i
x
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
L
e
a
v
i
n
g
O
u
t
r
a
n
k
f
l
o
w
E
n
t
e
r
i
n
g
O
u
t
r
a
n
k
f
l
o
w
P
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
d
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
N
e
t
o
u
t
r
a
n
k
f
l
o
w
R
a
n
k
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
s
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
F
r
o
m
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
S
u
m
o
f
P
D
A
S
u
m
o
f
N
D
A
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
S
P
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
S
N
R
a
n
k
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
s
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
W
e
i
g
h
t
s
F
A
H
P
M
e
t
h
o
d
R
a
n
k
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
i
o
n
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
P
R
O
M
E
T
H
E
E
I
I
E
D
A
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
319
-
3
2
7
322
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
,
an
d
p
air
wis
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
alter
n
ativ
es
ar
e
co
m
p
u
ted
.
A
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
ass
ig
n
ed
to
ea
ch
cr
iter
io
n
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
T
h
e
a
g
g
r
eg
ate
d
r
es
u
lts
y
ield
a
g
l
o
b
al
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
in
d
e
x
,
f
r
o
m
wh
ich
th
e
leav
in
g
a
n
d
e
n
ter
in
g
f
lo
ws
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
.
T
h
e
n
et
f
l
o
w
v
alu
e
u
ltima
tely
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
r
an
k
i
n
g
o
f
alter
n
a
tiv
es.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
E
DAS
b
eg
in
s
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
o
f
ea
ch
c
r
iter
io
n
.
Fo
r
ev
er
y
alter
n
ativ
e,
t
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
f
r
o
m
th
ese
av
e
r
ag
es
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
,
ag
g
r
eg
ate
d
,
a
n
d
n
o
r
m
alize
d
to
o
b
tain
SP
an
d
S
N
s
co
r
es.
T
h
ese
ar
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
an
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
co
r
e
,
wh
ic
h
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
r
a
n
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
tep
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
an
d
E
DAS
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
in
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
FAHP
i
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
weig
h
t
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ex
ten
d
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
AHP
with
f
u
z
zy
lo
g
ic,
en
a
b
lin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
ter
m
s
an
d
f
u
zz
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
—
an
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
wh
en
ex
p
er
t
in
p
u
t
is
im
p
r
ec
is
e
[
1
3
]
.
ED
AS
[
5
]
an
d
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
[
6
]
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
e
v
alu
atin
g
an
d
r
an
k
in
g
th
e
alter
n
ativ
es
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
s
tr
o
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
in
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
co
n
f
lictin
g
cr
iter
ia.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
FAHP,
E
DA
S,
an
d
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
e
v
alu
atin
g
an
d
r
an
k
in
g
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
b
atter
y
alter
n
ativ
es.
E
ac
h
m
eth
o
d
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
u
s
in
g
th
e
weig
h
ts
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
ex
p
er
t
in
p
u
t a
n
d
te
ch
n
ical
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
FAHP
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
r
elativ
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
at
io
n
cr
iter
ia,
wh
ich
wer
e
s
u
b
s
e
q
u
en
tly
ap
p
lied
in
b
o
th
t
h
e
E
DAS
an
d
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
m
eth
o
d
s
to
g
en
er
ate
alter
n
ativ
e
r
an
k
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
m
u
lti
-
m
eth
o
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
v
alid
ate
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
b
y
m
et
h
o
d
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
to
as
s
es
s
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
r
an
k
in
g
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
ac
co
m
p
an
y
ea
ch
m
et
h
o
d
t
o
cl
ar
if
y
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
th
e
r
atio
n
ale
b
eh
in
d
th
e
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
g
en
er
ated
.
3
.
1
.
F
AH
P
m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
p
air
wis
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
m
a
tr
ix
f
o
r
th
e
c
h
o
s
en
cr
iter
ia
h
as
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
b
ased
o
n
co
n
s
u
m
er
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
s
te
p
s
o
u
tlin
ed
i
n
th
e
AHP
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
FAHP
m
eth
o
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ca
p
tu
r
ed
e
x
p
er
t
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
weig
h
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
atio
(
C
R
=
0
.
0
2
5
9
4
)
was
well
b
elo
w
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
th
r
esh
o
ld
(
0
.
1
)
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
ju
d
g
m
e
n
ts
wer
e
r
eliab
le.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
w
eig
h
ts
em
p
h
asized
th
e
c
o
s
t,
cy
cle
life
,
an
d
weig
h
t
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
c
r
iter
ia,
wh
ich
alig
n
s
well
with
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
E
V
b
atter
y
s
elec
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
cr
iter
ia
weig
h
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Fu
zz
y
AHP
p
air
wis
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
m
atr
ix
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
r
o
p
(
v
o
l
t
s
)
C
u
t
o
f
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
v
o
l
t
s
)
1
0
0
%
o
f
S
O
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
v
o
l
t
s
)
L
i
f
e
c
y
c
l
e
s
C
o
s
t
(
$
/
k
W
h)
S
h
e
l
f
l
i
f
e
(
y
e
a
r
s
)
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
(
W
/
k
g
)
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
C
e
l
s
i
u
s
)
W
e
i
g
h
t
(
k
g
)
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
W
e
i
g
h
t
s
w
i
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
r
o
p
(
v
o
l
t
s
)
(
1
,
1
,
1
)
(
1
/
6
,
1
/
5
,
1
/
4
)
(
1
/
7
,
1
/
6
,
1
/
5
)
(
1
/
8
,
1
/
7
,
1
/
6
)
(
9
,
9
,
9
)
(
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
,
1
/
1
)
(
1
/
5
,
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
)
(
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
)
(
1
/
9
,
1
/
8
,
1
/
7
)
0
.
0
3
2
C
u
t
o
f
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
v
o
l
t
s
)
(
4
,
5
,
6
)
(
1
,
1
,
1
)
(
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
,
1
/
1
)
(
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
)
(
1
/
6
,
1
/
5
,
1
/
4
)
(
3
,
4
,
5
)
(
1
,
2
,
3
)
(
2
,
3
,
4
)
(
1
/
5
,
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
)
0
.
0
7
1
1
0
0
%
o
f
S
O
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
v
o
l
t
s
)
(
5
,
6
,
7
)
(
1
,
2
,
3
)
(
1
,
1
,
1
)
(
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
,
1
/
1
)
(
1
/
5
,
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
)
(
4
,
5
,
6
)
(
2
,
3
,
4
)
(
3
,
4
,
5
)
(
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
)
0
.
1
0
4
L
i
f
e
c
y
c
l
e
s
(
6
,
7
,
8
)
(
2
,
3
,
4
)
(
1
,
2
,
3
)
(
1
,
1
,
1
)
(
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
)
(
5
,
6
,
7
)
(
3
,
4
,
5
)
(
4
,
5
,
6
)
(
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
,
1
/
1
)
0
.
1
5
1
C
o
s
t
(
$
/
k
W
h)
(
9
,
9
,
9
,
)
(
4
,
5
,
6
)
(
3
,
4
,
5
)
(
2
,
3
,
4
)
(
1
,
1
,
1
)
(
7
,
8
,
9
)
(
5
,
6
,
7
)
(
6
,
7
,
8
)
(
1
,
2
,
3
)
0
.
3
1
5
S
h
e
l
f
l
i
f
e
(
y
e
a
r
s
)
(
1
,
2
,
3
)
(
1
/
5
,
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
)
(
1
/
6
,
1
/
5
,
1
/
4
)
(
1
/
7
,
1
/
6
,
1
/
5
)
(
1
/
9
,
1
/
8
,
1
/
7
)
(
1
,
1
,
1
)
(
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
)
(
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
,
1
/
1
)
(
1
/
8
,
1
/
7
,
1
/
6
)
0
.
0
2
5
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
(
W
/
k
g
)
(
3
,
4
,
5
)
(
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
,
1
/
1
)
(
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
)
(
1
/
5
,
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
)
(
1
/
7
,
1
/
6
,
1
/
5
)
(
2
,
3
,
4
)
(
1
,
1
,
1
)
(
1
,
2
,
3
)
(
1
/
6
,
1
/
5
,
1
/
4
)
0
.
0
4
9
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
C
e
l
s
i
u
s
)
(
2
,
3
,
4
)
(
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
)
(
1
/
5
,
1
/
4
,
1
/
3
)
(
1
/
6
,
1
/
5
,
1
/
4
)
(
1
/
8
,
1
/
7
,
1
/
6
)
(
1
,
2
,
3
)
(
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
,
1
/
1
)
(
1
,
1
,
1
)
(
1
/
7
,
1
/
6
,
1
/
5
)
0
.
0
3
4
W
e
i
g
h
t
(
k
g
)
(
7
,
8
,
9
)
(
3
,
4
,
5
)
(
2
,
3
,
4
)
(
1
,
2
,
3
)
(
1
/
3
,
1
/
2
,
1
/
1
)
(
6
,
7
,
8
)
(
4
,
5
,
6
)
(
5
,
6
,
7
)
(
1
,
1
,
1
)
0
.
2
1
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Op
tima
l b
a
tter
y
s
elec
tio
n
fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icles:
a
co
mp
a
r
a
tive
r
a
n
kin
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
(
R
a
m
a
n
a
P
illa
)
323
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
r
iter
ia
weig
h
ts
3
.
2
.
E
DAS
m
et
ho
d
On
e
o
f
th
e
av
ailab
le
MCDM
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
th
e
E
DAS
m
eth
o
d
u
s
es two
m
etr
ics;
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
av
er
ag
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
a
v
er
ag
e,
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
alter
n
ativ
es
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
t
is
f
air
ly
e
asy
to
g
et
th
e
av
er
ag
e
an
s
wer
;
all
we
h
av
e
to
d
o
is
tak
e
th
e
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
tio
n
s
o
n
ea
ch
c
r
iter
i
o
n
.
I
n
s
to
ch
asti
c
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
th
e
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
is
cr
u
cial.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
is
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
E
DAS
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
to
s
to
ch
as
tic
MCDM
i
s
s
u
es c
an
b
e
q
u
ite
ef
f
ec
t.
E
DAS
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
,
in
tu
itiv
e
r
an
k
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
b
ased
o
n
n
o
r
m
alize
d
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
Li
-
NC
A
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
to
p
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
r
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ASi
s
co
r
e.
T
h
is
v
alid
ates
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
’
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
id
en
tify
in
g
d
o
m
in
an
t
o
p
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
ev
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
es.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
av
er
ag
e
v
al
u
es su
g
g
ests
r
esu
lts
co
u
ld
s
h
if
t w
ith
d
if
f
e
r
en
t d
at
a
s
ets.
T
ab
le
2
.
E
DAS
r
an
k
p
r
e
f
er
en
c
e
A
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
s
SP
i
SN
i
N
S
P
i
N
S
N
i
AS
i
R
a
n
k
Li
t
h
i
u
m
c
o
b
a
l
t
o
x
i
d
e
(
L
i
C
o
O
2
)
0
.
0
5
5
6
0
.
2
2
1
7
0
.
1
9
9
7
0
0
.
0
9
9
9
10
Li
t
h
i
u
m
t
i
t
a
n
a
t
e
(
Li
2
Ti
O
3
)
0
.
2
7
8
3
0
.
2
0
5
6
1
0
.
0
7
2
7
0
.
5
3
6
4
4
Li
t
h
i
u
m
i
r
o
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
a
t
e
(
Li
F
e
P
O
4
)
0
.
1
9
2
6
0
.
1
9
9
9
0
.
6
9
2
0
.
0
9
8
5
0
.
3
9
5
3
6
Li
t
h
i
u
m
ma
n
g
a
n
e
se
o
x
i
d
e
(
Li
M
n
2
O
4
)
0
.
0
7
5
0
.
1
2
3
0
.
2
6
9
5
0
.
4
4
5
3
0
.
3
5
7
4
7
Li
t
h
i
u
m
n
i
c
k
e
l
c
o
b
a
l
t
a
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
o
x
i
d
e
(
Li
-
C
A
)
0
.
1
9
8
0
.
0
6
5
2
0
.
7
1
1
5
0
.
7
0
5
9
0
.
7
0
8
7
1
Li
t
h
i
u
m
n
i
c
k
e
l
ma
n
g
a
n
e
s
e
c
o
b
a
l
t
o
x
i
d
e
(
Li
-
M
C
)
0
.
0
4
1
1
0
.
1
3
1
6
0
.
1
4
7
8
0
.
4
0
6
5
0
.
2
7
7
1
9
Li
t
h
i
u
m
-
I
o
n
p
o
l
y
mer
(
Li
P
o
)
0
.
1
4
8
5
0
.
1
9
7
7
0
.
5
3
3
7
0
.
1
0
8
5
0
.
3
2
1
1
8
Li
t
h
i
u
m
-
I
o
n
ma
n
g
a
n
e
se
o
x
i
d
e
(
L
M
O
)
0
.
1
6
9
0
.
0
6
3
8
0
.
6
0
7
1
0
.
7
1
2
2
0
.
6
5
9
6
2
Li
t
h
i
u
m
si
l
i
c
o
n
(
L
i
-
S
i
)
0
.
1
4
3
2
0
.
0
9
8
7
0
.
5
1
4
6
0
.
5
5
4
8
0
.
5
3
4
7
5
Li
t
h
i
u
m
I
o
n
(
L
i
-
i
o
n
)
0
.
0
8
0
2
0
.
0
4
7
7
0
.
2
8
8
2
0
.
7
8
4
8
0
.
5
3
6
5
3
3
.
3
.
P
RO
M
E
T
H
E
E
I
I
m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
m
eth
o
d
co
m
m
en
ce
s
b
y
a
p
p
r
aisi
n
g
alter
n
ativ
es
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
aisal
r
elies
o
n
n
u
m
er
ical
d
ata
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
b
o
th
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia'
s
r
elativ
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
an
d
th
e
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ich
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
r
an
k
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
e
n
r
ich
m
e
n
t
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
s
,
alo
n
g
with
its
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
g
eo
m
etr
ical
a
n
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
.
T
ab
le
3
.
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
r
a
n
k
in
g
A
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
s
Le
a
v
i
n
g
f
l
o
w
α+(
a
)
En
t
e
r
i
n
g
f
l
o
w
α
-
(
a
)
α(
a
)
R
a
n
k
Li
C
o
O
2
0
.
1
1
0
.
2
3
-
0
.
1
1
8
Li
2
T
i
O
3
0
.
3
2
0
.
2
3
0
.
0
9
2
Li
F
e
P
O
4
0
.
0
7
0
.
2
6
-
0
.
1
9
10
Li
M
n
2
O
4
0
.
0
8
0
.
2
4
-
0
.
1
6
9
Li
-
CA
0
.
1
9
0
.
1
5
0
.
0
4
5
Li
-
MC
0
.
1
3
0
.
1
0
.
0
3
6
Li
P
o
0
.
2
4
0
.
1
6
0
.
0
8
3
LM
O
0
.
1
7
0
.
1
0
.
0
7
4
Li
-
Si
0
.
1
5
0
.
1
7
-
0
.
0
2
7
Li
-
i
o
n
0
.
1
9
0
.
0
8
0
.
1
1
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
319
-
3
2
7
324
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
,
in
itially
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
1
9
8
0
s
,
is
r
o
o
ted
in
m
at
h
em
atics
an
d
s
o
cio
lo
g
y
.
I
t
h
as
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t
o
v
er
th
e
y
e
ar
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
f
in
d
s
wid
esp
r
ea
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
g
l
o
b
ally
ac
r
o
s
s
a
d
iv
er
s
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
r
an
k
in
g
s
o
b
tain
e
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
two
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
th
eir
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
4
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
o
f
f
er
ed
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
a
n
ce
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
an
d
n
et
f
lo
ws.
Li
-
io
n
an
d
L
i₂T
iO₃
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
an
k
e
d
h
i
g
h
d
u
e
to
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
en
ter
in
g
an
d
leav
in
g
f
lo
w
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
v
e
r
o
t
h
er
alter
n
ativ
es.
T
h
e
o
u
tr
an
k
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
led
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
s
u
b
tle
s
tr
en
g
th
s
a
n
d
wea
k
n
ess
es n
o
t c
ap
tu
r
ed
b
y
E
DAS.
T
ab
le
4
.
Fin
al
r
a
n
k
in
g
M
C
D
M
m
e
t
h
o
d
ED
A
S
P
R
O
M
I
TH
EE
2
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
s
A
S
i
R
a
n
k
α(
a
)
R
a
n
k
Li
C
o
O
2
0
.
0
9
9
9
10
-
0
.
1
1
8
Li
2
T
i
O
3
0
.
5
3
6
4
4
0
.
0
9
2
Li
F
e
P
O
4
0
.
3
9
5
3
6
-
0
.
1
9
10
Li
M
n
2
O
4
0
.
3
5
7
4
7
-
0
.
1
6
9
Li
-
CA
0
.
7
0
8
7
1
0
.
0
4
5
Li
-
MC
0
.
2
7
7
1
9
0
.
0
3
6
Li
P
o
0
.
3
2
1
1
8
0
.
0
8
3
LM
O
0
.
6
5
9
6
2
0
.
0
7
4
Li
-
Si
0
.
5
3
4
7
5
-
0
.
0
2
7
Li
-
i
o
n
0
.
5
3
6
5
3
0
.
1
1
1
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
r
an
k
in
g
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
d
ata
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
E
DAS
an
d
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
s
h
o
w
L
i
-
NC
A
a
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
tr
o
n
g
an
d
s
tab
le
b
atter
y
m
ater
ial.
L
i
-
NC
A
r
ated
f
ir
s
t
i
n
th
e
E
DAS
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
s
in
g
th
e
ASi
with
a
b
est
ASi o
f
0
.
7
0
8
7
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
i
n
th
is
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
L
i
-
NC
A
r
ated
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
with
5
th
p
lace
b
ein
g
th
e
o
n
ly
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
with
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
α
(
a)
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
4
,
in
d
icatin
g
o
v
e
r
all
s
tr
en
g
th
.
L
ith
i
u
m
-
i
on
m
an
g
a
n
ese
o
x
id
e
also
r
ated
h
ig
h
ly
,
wh
ich
is
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
a
2
n
d
p
lace
r
an
k
in
g
in
E
DAS
with
an
ASi
o
f
0
.
6
5
9
6
an
d
a
4
th
p
lace
r
an
k
in
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
it
is
s
tab
le
in
b
o
th
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
L
i
-
io
n
r
ated
m
o
d
er
ately
as
it
also
p
lace
s
3
r
d
in
E
DAS
r
an
k
in
g
b
u
t
r
ated
1
s
t
in
PR
O
ME
T
HE
E
I
I
.
I
n
th
e
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
Li
-
io
n
ex
ce
ed
ed
all
alter
n
ativ
es
with
th
e
b
est
α
(
a)
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
1
1
,
in
d
icatin
g
it
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ep
ar
ed
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
L
T
O
clea
r
ly
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
ab
o
v
e,
wh
er
e
it
r
an
k
ed
4
th
in
E
DAS,
b
u
t
m
o
v
ed
to
2
n
d
p
lace
in
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
is
wo
u
ld
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
PR
OM
E
T
HE
E
I
I
ca
p
tu
r
es
m
o
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
d
d
itio
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
L
T
O
t
h
at
m
ay
n
o
t b
e
as c
lear
ly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
in
E
DAS.
T
h
is
is
a
clea
r
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
er
to
s
elec
t
a
s
tr
o
n
g
o
f
f
er
in
g
f
o
r
a
b
atter
y
,
an
d
it
h
as
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
ten
tial
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
er
’
s
em
p
h
asis
o
n
b
atter
ies
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
weig
h
ted
cr
iter
ia.
Ma
ter
ials
s
u
ch
as
lith
iu
m
s
ilico
n
,
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
p
o
l
y
m
er
,
an
d
lith
iu
m
n
ick
el
m
an
g
an
e
s
e
co
b
alt
o
x
id
e
h
av
e
a
m
o
d
e
r
ate
im
p
r
ess
io
n
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ater
ials
b
u
t
v
ar
y
i
n
g
r
an
k
s
,
im
p
ly
i
n
g
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
will d
ep
en
d
o
n
t
h
e
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
,
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
d
ev
ice
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
er
'
s
p
r
io
r
i
ties
in
th
e
k
ey
ar
ea
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
cr
iter
ia.
L
C
O
an
d
L
FP
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
a
n
k
lo
wer
in
b
o
th
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
p
o
ten
tially
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Op
tima
l b
a
tter
y
s
elec
tio
n
fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icles:
a
co
mp
a
r
a
tive
r
a
n
kin
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
(
R
a
m
a
n
a
P
illa
)
325
n
o
t
as
g
o
o
d
as
th
e
alter
n
ativ
es
r
ev
iewe
d
in
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
L
i
-
NC
A,
L
i
-
io
n
,
an
d
L
T
O
m
ater
ials
s
to
o
d
o
u
t
in
th
e
two
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
m
o
d
els,
a
n
d
f
in
al
m
at
er
ial
s
elec
tio
n
will n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
b
ased
o
n
ap
p
licatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
er
p
r
i
o
r
i
tis
atio
n
o
f
cr
iter
ia.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
t
o
th
an
k
th
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
GM
R
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
GM
R
I
T
)
–
Dee
m
ed
to
b
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
th
e
ess
en
tial r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ies to
co
m
p
lete
th
e
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
R
am
an
a
Pil
la
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
eb
b
a
Sas
id
h
ar
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ma
lleti Sr
ee
d
h
ar
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
T
en
tu
Pap
i N
aid
u
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Sh
aik
R
af
i K
ir
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Vasu
p
alli M
an
o
j
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Kaly
an
a
Kir
an
Ku
m
a
r
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
,
[
VM
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
V
.
P
a
l
e
v
i
č
i
u
s,
A
.
P
o
d
v
i
e
z
k
o
,
H
.
S
i
v
i
l
e
v
i
č
i
u
s,
a
n
d
O
.
P
r
e
n
t
k
o
v
s
k
i
s,
“
D
e
c
i
si
o
n
-
a
i
d
i
n
g
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
u
b
l
i
c
i
n
f
r
a
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s i
n
c
i
t
i
e
s a
n
d
r
e
s
o
r
t
s
o
f
Li
t
h
u
a
n
i
a
,
”
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
S
w
i
t
z
e
rl
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
u
1
0
0
4
0
9
0
4
.
[
2
]
P
.
Zi
e
mb
a
,
“
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
t
r
a
n
sp
o
r
t
u
n
d
e
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
—
a
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
st
u
d
y
o
n
f
u
z
z
y
mc
d
a
me
t
h
o
d
s,
”
E
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
4
2
2
7
7
8
6
.
[
3
]
V
.
M
a
n
o
j
,
V
.
S
.
S
r
a
v
a
n
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
w
a
t
h
i
,
“
A
m
u
l
t
i
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
EAI
E
n
d
o
r
sed
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
We
b
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
3
2
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
1
0
8
/
e
a
i
.
1
-
7
-
2
0
2
0
.
1
6
5
9
9
6
.
[
4
]
F
.
Ec
e
r
,
“
A
c
o
n
so
l
i
d
a
t
e
d
M
C
D
M
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
f
o
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
ssessm
e
n
t
o
f
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s b
a
se
d
o
n
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s,
”
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
En
e
rg
y
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
3
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser.2
0
2
1
.
1
1
0
9
1
6
.
[
5
]
M
.
K
.
G
h
o
r
a
b
a
e
e
,
E.
K
.
Za
v
a
d
s
k
a
s
,
L.
O
l
f
a
t
,
a
n
d
Z.
Tu
r
s
k
i
s
,
“
M
u
l
t
i
-
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
i
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y
c
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
a
n
e
w
met
h
o
d
o
f
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
(
ED
A
S
)
,
”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
a
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
3
5
–
4
5
1
,
Jan
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
3
8
8
/
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
c
a
.
2
0
1
5
.
5
7
.
[
6
]
V
.
M
a
n
o
j
,
A
.
S
w
a
t
h
i
,
a
n
d
V
.
T.
R
a
o
,
“
A
P
R
O
M
ETH
EE
b
a
se
d
m
u
l
t
i
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
ma
k
i
n
g
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
f
o
r
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
si
t
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
,
”
I
O
P
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
ri
e
s:
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
3
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
5
7
-
8
9
9
X
/
1
0
3
3
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
3
5
.
[
7
]
M
.
L
i
a
q
a
t
,
Y
.
Y
.
G
h
a
d
i
,
M
.
A
d
n
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
R
.
F
a
z
a
l
,
“
M
u
l
t
i
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
”
I
EEE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
6
4
8
9
0
–
6
4
9
0
3
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
2
.
3
1
8
3
1
0
5
.
[
8
]
V
.
M
a
n
o
j
,
P
.
R
a
t
h
n
a
l
a
,
S
.
R
.
S
u
r
a
,
S
.
N
.
S
a
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
V
.
R
.
M
u
r
t
h
y
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
e
r
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
u
si
n
g
mu
l
t
i
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
ma
k
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,”
Ec
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
–
2
1
7
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
9
1
2
/
2
7
1
9
7
0
5
0
/
1
5
2
1
3
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
319
-
3
2
7
326
[
9
]
A
.
S
w
a
t
h
i
a
n
d
C
.
S
e
e
l
a
,
“
N
a
n
o
e
m
u
l
s
i
f
i
e
d
d
i
e
s
e
l
-
b
i
o
d
i
e
se
l
b
l
e
n
d
sel
e
c
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
M
C
D
M
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
”
I
O
P
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
e
ri
e
s:
Ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
9
8
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
2
0
1
2
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
5
7
-
8
9
9
X
/
9
8
8
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
1
2
.
[
1
0
]
R
.
S
.
S
a
n
d
h
i
,
K
.
R
.
R
.
C
h
e
b
a
t
t
i
n
a
,
S
.
V
a
d
a
p
a
l
l
i
,
A
.
S
w
a
t
h
i
,
N
.
R
.
S
a
mb
a
n
a
,
a
n
d
U
.
C
.
P
a
t
h
e
m,
“
A
h
y
b
r
i
d
mu
l
t
i
-
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
-
mak
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
Ti
O
2
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
a
s
a
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
v
e
i
n
d
i
e
se
l
-
n
-
b
u
t
a
n
o
l
-
b
o
m
b
a
x
c
e
i
b
a
b
i
o
d
i
e
sel
b
l
e
n
d
s
f
o
r
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
I
C
e
n
g
i
n
e
s
,”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
T
r
e
n
d
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
7
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
5
–
7
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
4
4
4
5
/
2
2
3
1
5
3
8
1
/
I
JETT
-
V
7
0
I
2
P
2
1
0
.
[
1
1
]
E.
Ç
.
B
ü
y
ü
k
sel
ç
u
k
a
n
d
H
.
To
z
a
n
,
“
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
e
n
t
r
o
p
y
-
ED
A
S
me
t
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
f
i
e
d
c
a
r
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
,
”
K
o
c
a
e
l
i
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
I
C
O
LES
2
0
2
1
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
I
ssu
e
,
p
p
.
3
8
–
4
7
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
4
0
8
8
/
k
o
j
o
s
e
.
1
0
1
5
1
2
9
.
[
1
2
]
A
.
K
a
r
a
şa
n
,
İ
.
K
a
y
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
Er
d
o
ğ
a
n
,
“
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
f
u
z
z
y
M
C
D
M
m
e
t
h
o
d
:
a
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
T
u
r
k
e
y
,
”
N
e
u
r
a
l
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
5
5
3
–
4
5
7
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
0
0
5
2
1
-
018
-
3752
-
2.
[
1
3
]
W
.
C
h
e
n
g
,
M
.
H
u
,
a
n
d
C
.
W
u
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
g
r
e
e
n
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
f
u
z
z
y
A
H
P
-
TO
P
S
I
S
mo
d
e
l
f
o
r
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
sel
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
Wa
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
3
2
0
1
-
0
2
5
-
0
2
4
8
1
-
7.
[
1
4
]
R
.
S
h
a
r
ma,
R
a
h
u
l
,
M
.
S
h
a
r
m
a
,
a
n
d
J.
K
.
G
o
sw
a
m
y
,
“
Li
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
:
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
c
o
b
a
l
t
o
x
i
d
e
a
s
c
a
t
h
o
d
e
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
,
”
AI
P
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
6
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
6
3
/
5
.
0
0
1
7
3
4
1
.
[
1
5
]
Y
.
D
e
n
g
,
J.
L
i
,
T.
Li
,
X
.
G
a
o
,
a
n
d
C
.
Y
u
a
n
,
“
L
i
f
e
c
y
c
l
e
a
s
sessm
e
n
t
o
f
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
su
l
f
u
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
4
–
2
9
5
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
p
o
w
s
o
u
r
.
2
0
1
7
.
0
1
.
0
3
6
.
[
1
6
]
K
.
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
R
e
c
e
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
h
i
s
t
o
r
i
c
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
c
o
b
a
l
t
o
x
i
d
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
f
o
r
r
e
c
h
a
r
g
e
a
b
l
e
Li
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
S
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
6
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
p
o
w
so
u
r
.
2
0
2
0
.
2
2
8
0
6
2
.
[
1
7
]
M
.
K
.
L
o
g
a
n
a
t
h
a
n
,
B
.
M
i
sh
r
a
,
C
.
M
.
Ta
n
,
T.
K
o
n
g
s
v
i
k
,
a
n
d
R
.
N
.
R
a
i
,
“
M
u
l
t
i
-
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
ma
k
i
n
g
(
M
C
D
M
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
sel
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
Li
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
u
s
e
d
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
(
EV
s)
,
”
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
T
o
d
a
y
:
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
3
–
1
0
7
7
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
ma
t
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
7
.
1
7
9
.
[
1
8
]
X
.
C
h
e
n
,
W
.
S
h
e
n
,
Z
.
C
a
o
,
a
n
d
A
.
K
a
p
o
o
r
,
“
R
o
b
u
s
t
s
l
i
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
r
u
si
n
g
R
B
F
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
t
a
t
e
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
e
s
t
i
mat
i
o
n
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s,
”
i
n
2
0
1
4
9
t
h
I
EEE
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
I
EEE,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
4
2
–
4
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
I
EA
.
2
0
1
4
.
6
9
3
1
1
2
8
.
[
1
9
]
U
.
S
.
K
i
m
,
C
.
B
.
S
h
i
n
,
a
n
d
C
.
S
.
K
i
m,
“
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
-
u
p
o
f
a
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
p
o
l
y
mer
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
w
e
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
4
1
–
8
4
6
,
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
p
o
w
s
o
u
r
.
2
0
0
8
.
1
0
.
0
1
9
.
[
2
0
]
N
.
O
mar
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Li
t
h
i
u
m
i
r
o
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
a
t
e
b
a
s
e
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
-
a
s
sessm
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
a
g
i
n
g
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
c
y
c
l
e
l
i
f
e
m
o
d
e
l
,”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
5
–
1
5
8
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[
2
1
]
Z.
M
.
S
a
l
a
m
e
h
a
n
d
B
.
G
.
K
i
m
,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s,”
2
0
0
9
I
EEE
Po
w
e
r
a
n
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
G
e
n
e
ra
l
M
e
e
t
i
n
g
,
PE
S
’
0
9
,
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
P
ES.
2
0
0
9
.
5
2
7
5
4
0
4
.
[
2
2
]
H
.
M
i
s
h
r
a
,
A
.
K
.
Tr
i
p
a
t
h
i
,
A
.
K
.
S
h
a
r
ma,
a
n
d
G
.
S
r
e
e
L
a
x
sh
m
i
,
“
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
:
a
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
s
y
st
e
m
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
,”
E3
S
We
b
o
f
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
7
2
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
5
1
/
e
3
sc
o
n
f
/
2
0
2
4
4
7
2
0
1
0
2
0
.
[
2
3
]
K
.
Li
u
,
Y
.
S
h
a
n
g
,
Q
.
O
u
y
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
W
.
D
.
W
i
d
a
n
a
g
e
,
“
A
d
a
t
a
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
w
i
t
h
u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
q
u
a
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
f
u
t
u
r
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
g
u
s
e
f
u
l
l
i
f
e
o
f
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
1
7
0
–
3
1
8
0
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
2
0
.
2
9
7
3
8
7
6
.
[
2
4
]
Y
.
G
a
o
,
K
.
L
i
u
,
C
.
Z
h
u
,
X
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
D
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
C
o
-
e
st
i
ma
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
t
a
t
e
-
of
-
c
h
a
r
g
e
a
n
d
st
a
t
e
-
of
-
h
e
a
l
t
h
f
o
r
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
u
si
n
g
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
8
4
–
2
6
9
6
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
2
1
.
3
0
6
6
9
4
6
.
[
2
5
]
M
.
S
.
B
u
l
u
t
,
M
.
O
r
d
u
,
O
.
D
e
r
,
a
n
d
G
.
B
a
sar
,
“
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
t
h
e
r
m
o
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
sel
e
c
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
s
i
n
t
h
e
a
u
t
o
m
o
t
i
v
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
:
a
c
o
mp
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
m
u
l
t
i
-
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
ma
k
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
P
o
l
y
m
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
9
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
p
o
l
y
m
1
6
1
9
2
7
6
8
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Dr
.
Ra
m
a
n
a
Pi
ll
a
is
a
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
G
M
R
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(G
M
RIT)
–
De
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ra
jam
,
An
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
w
h
e
re
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
tea
c
h
in
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
a
st
2
4
y
e
a
rs.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
Tec
h
.
i
n
EE
E,
M
.
Tec
h
.
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
.
in
EE
E
fr
o
m
JN
TUH,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
/p
re
se
n
te
d
6
0
p
a
p
e
rs
in
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls/co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
o
f
re
p
u
te.
He
wa
s
c
o
-
a
u
th
o
re
d
1
5
tec
h
n
ica
l
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
wit
h
re
p
u
ted
p
u
b
li
sh
e
rs
li
k
e
Re
e
m
P
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
P
v
t.
Lt
d
.
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
e
s
P
re
ss
(In
d
ia)
P
v
t.
,
a
n
d
S
Ch
a
n
d
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
a
n
y
L
imited
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
sta
te
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ler
d
e
sig
n
fo
r
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
d
riv
e
s,
a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
c
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
o
n
tro
l
,
a
n
d
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
so
ft
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
to
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s.
He
w
a
s
a
li
fe
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IS
TE
,
IE
(In
d
ia)
,
a
n
d
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
se
v
e
ra
l
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic b
o
d
ies
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ra
m
a
n
a
.
p
il
la@
g
m
rit
.
e
d
u
.
in
.
Dr
.
Re
b
b
a
S
a
sid
h
a
r
wa
s
b
o
r
n
i
n
1
9
7
7
i
n
I
n
d
ia.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
JN
TU,
Ka
k
in
a
d
a
,
In
d
ia,
in
2
0
0
0
.
Th
e
n
h
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
M
.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
fro
m
JN
TU
-
H
y
d
e
ra
b
a
d
i
n
2
0
1
0
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
t
S
ri
Ve
n
k
a
tes
wa
ra
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ti
r
u
p
a
ti
,
in
2
0
2
1
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
ted
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
0
p
a
p
e
rs
in
v
a
ri
o
u
s
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
ty
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
d
ri
v
e
s
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
re
b
b
a
@a
ietta.ac
.
in
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Op
tima
l b
a
tter
y
s
elec
tio
n
fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icles:
a
co
mp
a
r
a
tive
r
a
n
kin
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
(
R
a
m
a
n
a
P
illa
)
327
Dr
.
Ma
ll
e
ti
S
r
e
e
d
h
a
r
wa
s
b
o
r
n
in
1
9
7
6
i
n
I
n
d
ia.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
i
s
B.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
i
n
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
An
d
h
ra
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Visa
k
h
a
p
a
tn
a
m
,
In
d
ia,
i
n
1
9
9
8
.
He
th
e
n
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
M
.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
i
n
d
u
strial
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
fr
o
m
An
d
h
ra
Un
i
v
e
rsity
in
2
0
0
2
,
a
n
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
fr
o
m
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
In
str
u
m
e
n
t
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
An
d
h
ra
Un
i
v
e
rsity
in
2
0
1
6
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
ted
2
0
p
a
p
e
rs
in
v
a
ri
o
u
s
in
tern
a
t
io
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
b
io
se
n
so
rs,
in
d
u
strial
in
str
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
in
str
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sre
e
d
h
a
r_
m
@v
n
rv
ji
e
t.
in
.
Dr
.
Te
n
tu
Pa
p
i
Na
i
d
u
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
Ba
c
h
e
l
o
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
i
n
2
0
0
8
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
M
a
ste
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
in
d
u
strial
d
ri
v
e
s
i
n
2
0
1
4
fr
o
m
JN
TU
Ka
k
in
a
d
a
,
A.
P
,
In
d
ia.
He
is
p
re
se
n
t
ly
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
is
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
An
n
a
m
a
lai
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
A
n
n
a
m
a
lain
a
g
a
r,
Tam
il
Na
d
u
.
He
is
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
a
t
Len
d
i
I
n
stit
u
te o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Vija
y
a
n
a
g
a
ra
m
,
AP.
His res
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts a
re
in
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s a
n
d
p
o
we
r
e
lec
t
ro
n
ics
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
tp
n
e
e
e
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
S
h
a
ik
Ra
fi
K
ira
n
wa
s
b
o
r
n
i
n
1
9
7
5
i
n
I
n
d
ia.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
i
s
B.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
,
In
d
ia,
in
1
9
9
9
.
He
th
e
n
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
M
.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sy
ste
m
s
fro
m
JN
T
UH
in
2
0
0
4
,
a
n
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
fro
m
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
JN
TUA
in
2
0
1
4
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
ted
m
o
re
th
a
n
5
0
p
a
p
e
rs
i
n
v
a
rio
u
s
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
sy
ste
m
id
e
n
ti
fica
ti
o
n
,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sy
ste
m
s
,
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
rs
,
P
V
sy
ste
m
s,
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
h
y
b
ri
d
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,
so
ft
c
o
m
p
u
t
in
g
,
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s.
He
is
a
ra
ti
fied
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
a
n
d
su
p
e
rv
iso
r
fr
o
m
JN
TUA
a
n
d
IEE
E
se
n
io
r
m
e
m
b
e
r
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ra
fik
iran
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
Va
sup
a
ll
i
M
a
n
o
j
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
1
9
8
8
in
I
n
d
ia.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
i
s
B.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
JN
TU,
Ka
k
i
n
a
d
a
,
In
d
ia,
in
2
0
1
0
.
He
th
e
n
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
M
.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
a
n
d
a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
G
ITAM
Un
iv
e
rsity
in
2
0
1
2
,
a
n
d
h
is P
h
.
D.
fr
o
m
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
S
ri
S
a
ty
a
S
a
i
Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
M
e
d
ica
l
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s,
Bh
o
p
a
l,
in
2
0
2
3
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
te
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
5
0
p
a
p
e
rs
in
v
a
ri
o
u
s
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
ty
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t,
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
n
o
j.
v
@g
m
rit
.
e
d
u
.
i
n
.
Dr
.
K
a
ly
a
n
a
K
ira
n
K
u
m
a
r
wa
s
b
o
rn
i
n
1
9
7
9
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Ja
wa
h
a
rlal
Ne
h
r
u
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
Un
i
v
e
rsity
(JN
TU),
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
i
n
2
0
0
1
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
M
.
E.
i
n
c
o
n
tro
l
s
y
ste
m
s
fro
m
An
d
h
ra
Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
in
2
0
0
4
,
a
n
d
wa
s
a
wa
rd
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
An
d
h
ra
Un
i
v
e
rsity
in
2
0
1
5
.
Dr.
Ka
ly
a
n
a
Kira
n
Ku
m
a
r
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
ted
m
o
re
th
a
n
4
0
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
i
n
v
a
rio
u
s
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
He
h
a
s
su
c
c
e
ss
fu
ll
y
c
o
m
p
lete
d
a
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
jec
t
sa
n
c
ti
o
n
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
Bo
a
rd
(S
E
RB
).
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
i
n
c
lu
d
e
c
o
n
tro
l
sy
ste
m
s,
m
o
d
e
l
o
rd
e
r
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
d
e
sig
n
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
rs,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t,
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l,
i
n
terv
a
l
sy
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
fra
c
ti
o
n
a
l
sy
ste
m
s
.
He
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
s
t
o
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
t
o
wa
rd
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
tal
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
a
ll
ied
d
o
m
a
in
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
k
i
ra
n
k
a
l
y
a
n
a
1
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.