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ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
ies
is
in
tr
in
s
ically
v
ar
y
in
g
a
n
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
d
itio
n
ed
b
y
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
m
ak
e
a
v
eh
icle
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
as
d
e
s
ir
ed
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
I
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
les
(
E
V)
,
ty
p
ically
an
en
e
r
g
y
t
r
an
s
f
er
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
in
v
o
lv
es
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
s
f
o
r
r
e
g
u
latin
g
b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lev
els
b
etwe
en
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
(
E
SS
)
an
d
th
e
Mo
to
r
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Op
er
atin
g
lo
a
d
s
,
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
r
estrictio
n
s
,
d
u
ty
r
atio
,
an
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els m
u
s
t a
ll b
e
tak
e
n
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t b
y
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
s
ch
em
e
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
E
V
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
,
in
g
en
e
r
al,
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
t
o
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
(
e.
g
.
,
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
an
d
C
u
k
)
an
d
is
o
lated
(
e
.
g
.
,
f
ly
b
ac
k
,
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll,
an
d
r
eso
n
an
t
)
t
y
p
es
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
N
o
n
-
is
o
lated
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
s
m
all
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t f
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
t
o
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
le
v
els,
wh
er
ea
s
is
o
lated
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
f
f
e
r
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
,
wh
ich
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
s
af
ety
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
[
1
4
]
-
[
1
6
]
.
T
o
p
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
th
e
C
u
k
co
n
v
e
r
ter
d
eliv
er
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
with
less
r
ip
p
le
an
d
ar
e
h
e
n
ce
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
s
en
s
itiv
e
lo
ad
s
[
1
7
]
.
Fly
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
u
s
ed
in
l
o
w
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
in
ce
th
e
y
p
o
s
s
ess
a
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
an
d
s
im
p
licity
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Pu
s
h
-
Pu
ll
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
h
o
wev
e
r
,
ar
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
-
b
ased
is
o
lated
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
with
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
b
u
t
s
tr
in
g
en
t
s
witch
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
to
av
o
id
s
h
o
r
t
c
ir
cu
its
an
d
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
'
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
s
tab
ili
ty
b
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
lik
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
a
l
co
n
tr
o
l,
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
tech
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
r
esear
ch
ed
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
witch
lo
s
s
es
,
an
d
m
a
n
ag
in
g
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
p
ar
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
cu
k
,
f
ly
b
ac
k
,
an
d
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ac
r
o
s
s
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
lo
ad
s
an
d
v
o
ltag
es,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
la
n
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
E
lectr
ical
v
eh
icle
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
m
etr
ic
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es,
cu
r
r
en
ts
,
a
n
d
p
o
wer
s
,
ar
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
to
o
l
to
f
in
d
th
e
b
est
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
es
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies:
cu
k
,
f
ly
b
ac
k
,
an
d
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
in
E
V
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
th
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
ad
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
els
at
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
id
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
is
o
latio
n
ty
p
e,
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
class
if
ied
as n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
(
c
u
k
)
a
n
d
is
o
la
ted
(
f
ly
b
ac
k
an
d
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
)
.
2
.
1
.
Co
nv
er
t
er
c
la
s
s
if
ica
t
io
n
T
h
e
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
E
Vs
ar
e
g
en
e
r
ally
cl
ass
if
ied
as:
−
No
n
-
is
o
lated
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
ty
p
ically
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
p
o
wer
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
lac
k
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
f
r
o
m
i
n
p
u
t
to
o
u
tp
u
t
b
u
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
co
m
p
ac
tn
ess
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
E
x
am
p
les ar
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
to
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
in
ter
leav
ed
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
,
an
d
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
−
I
s
o
lated
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
u
s
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
ical
is
o
latio
n
an
d
ar
e
b
est
u
s
ed
f
o
r
lo
w
to
m
ed
iu
m
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
ex
a
m
p
les ar
e
Fly
b
ac
k
,
Pu
s
h
-
Pu
ll,
an
d
R
eso
n
an
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
tax
o
n
o
m
y
o
f
E
V
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
in
to
is
o
lated
an
d
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
co
n
v
er
ter
s
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
V
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
c
lass
i
f
icatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
518
-
5
32
520
2
.
2
.
Cuk
co
nv
er
t
er
(
no
n
-
i
s
o
la
t
ed
)
T
h
e
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
b
o
th
s
tep
s
d
o
wn
an
d
s
tep
s
u
p
v
o
ltag
e.
I
t
tr
an
s
f
er
s
en
er
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
u
s
es
o
n
e
m
ag
n
e
tic
co
r
e,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cu
r
r
en
t
at
o
u
t
p
u
t
an
d
in
p
u
t
with
lo
wer
r
ip
p
le.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
as
well
as
r
ed
u
cin
g
n
o
is
e.
T
h
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
m
o
d
el
was d
e
v
elo
p
ed
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
−
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es: 3
0
V,
4
0
V,
a
n
d
5
0
V
−
L
o
ad
ty
p
es:
r
esis
tiv
e
(
R
)
,
r
esis
tiv
e
-
in
d
u
ctiv
e
(
R
L
)
,
r
esis
tiv
e
-
in
d
u
ctiv
e
-
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
(
R
L
C
)
,
an
d
o
p
e
n
cir
cu
it (
OC
)
−
Switch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
: 2
0
k
Hz
−
L
C
f
ilter
s
: p
r
o
p
er
ly
s
ized
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
i
n
th
e
c
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
(
1
)
.
=
(
−
1
−
)
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
,
is
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
is
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
.
T
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
s
ig
n
in
d
icate
s
p
o
lar
ity
in
v
e
r
s
io
n
b
etwe
en
i
n
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
c
ir
cu
it o
f
th
e
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
u
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
2
.
3
.
F
l
y
ba
ck
c
o
nv
er
t
er
(
i
s
o
l
a
t
ed)
T
h
e
Fly
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
te
r
is
an
is
o
lated
to
p
o
lo
g
y
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
.
I
t
s
to
r
es
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
’
s
m
ag
n
etizin
g
in
d
u
ctan
ce
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
ON
s
tate
o
f
th
e
s
witch
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
s
it
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
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p
u
t
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o
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es: 3
0
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4
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n
d
5
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V
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
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lec
&
Dr
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s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
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3.
RE
SU
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S AN
D
D
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SCU
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les f
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c
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m
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
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1
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6
:
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2
1
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at
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c
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ir
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k
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ter
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ally
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ig
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u
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5
.
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lin
k
m
o
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k
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ter
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u
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.
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n
p
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t
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.
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t lo
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f d
iffer
en
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter to
p
o
lo
g
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r
E
V
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
B
o
d
a
p
a
ti V
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k
a
ta
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j
a
n
n
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u
r
e
7
.
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t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
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k
co
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v
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te
r
Fig
u
r
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8
.
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p
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t w
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te
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u
r
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9
.
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p
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wer
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ef
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
c
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
518
-
5
32
524
3
.
2
.
F
l
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ck
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rm
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nce
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h
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ac
k
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n
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er
ter
m
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el
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
was
also
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u
n
d
er
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
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n
p
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t
v
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an
d
o
u
tp
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t
r
esp
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n
s
e
ar
e
r
e
co
r
d
ed
in
Fig
u
r
es
1
1
t
o
1
4
.
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h
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
ex
h
ib
ited
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
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ain
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r
ticu
lar
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n
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L
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d
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in
d
icate
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in
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2
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ac
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v
e
r
ter
d
eliv
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e
d
a
p
ea
k
o
u
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t
p
o
wer
o
f
3
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4
.
4
W
f
o
r
an
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
0
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u
n
d
er
R
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lo
ad
co
n
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itio
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s
.
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h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
h
ad
g
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d
v
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r
eg
u
latio
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an
d
tr
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s
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o
r
m
e
r
u
tili
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n
.
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n
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ea
l
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ig
h
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ip
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le
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d
m
a
g
n
etizin
g
cu
r
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en
t
f
lu
ctu
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n
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wer
e,
h
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wev
er
,
n
o
t
iced
u
n
d
er
s
p
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itio
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s
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f
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u
r
e
1
0
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f
f
ly
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ac
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ter
Fig
u
r
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1
1
.
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n
p
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v
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lta
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wav
e
f
o
r
m
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f
th
e
f
ly
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
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