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Driv
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ch
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6
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p
p
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4
7
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486
476
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:
h
ttp
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p
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s
.
ia
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A nov
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-
swi
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D
C
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DC conv
e
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usi
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the
cou
pled
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ult
r
a
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hig
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ltag
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K
im
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Anh Ng
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ha
i A
nh
Au Tra
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ha
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o
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ha
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a
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Art
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nfo
AB
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ticle
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y:
R
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Ma
r
3
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Dec
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p
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p
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DC
c
o
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a
q
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a
d
ra
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to
p
o
lo
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n
d
a
c
o
u
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led
in
d
u
c
to
r
(CI).
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h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
c
o
n
v
e
rter
(P
C)
u
ti
li
z
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s
a
sin
g
le
sw
it
c
h
,
sim
p
li
fy
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
in
g
sw
it
c
h
in
g
l
o
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e
s.
A
p
a
ss
iv
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c
lam
p
c
ircu
it
re
c
y
c
les
lea
k
a
g
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e
n
e
rg
y
,
re
d
u
c
in
g
v
o
lt
a
g
e
stre
ss
(VS)
o
n
th
e
M
OSF
ET
a
n
d
e
n
a
b
li
n
g
t
h
e
imp
lem
e
n
tati
o
n
o
f
a
l
o
w
on
-
sta
te
re
sista
n
c
e
sw
it
c
h
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r
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
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d
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
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th
e
q
u
a
d
ra
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c
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c
tu
re
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n
d
p
a
ss
iv
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c
lam
p
c
ircu
i
t
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
to
h
i
g
h
e
r
v
o
lt
a
g
e
g
a
in
(VG
)
a
n
d
b
e
tt
e
r
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
Th
e
c
o
n
v
e
rter’s
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
p
rin
c
i
p
les
,
ste
a
d
y
-
s
tate
a
n
a
ly
sis,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
se
lec
ti
o
n
c
rit
e
ria
a
re
d
isc
u
ss
e
d
in
d
e
tail.
Th
e
in
flu
e
n
c
e
o
f
m
a
g
n
e
ti
z
i
n
g
in
d
u
c
tan
c
e
,
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le,
a
n
d
p
a
ra
siti
c
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
n
th
e
VG
is
a
lso
in
v
e
stig
a
ted
,
a
l
o
n
g
with
th
e
s
y
ste
m
’s
d
y
n
a
m
ic
re
sp
o
n
se
u
n
d
e
r
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
v
a
riatio
n
s
to
e
n
s
u
re
sta
b
le
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
with
e
x
isti
n
g
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
rs
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
it
s
a
d
v
a
n
ta
g
e
s.
T
h
e
PC
is
v
e
rifi
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
S
I
M
P
LI
S
sim
u
latio
n
s,
w
h
e
re
k
e
y
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
m
e
tri
c
s
su
c
h
a
s
V
G
a
n
d
sw
it
c
h
in
g
stre
ss
a
re
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
.
F
u
rt
h
e
rm
o
re
,
a
h
a
rd
wa
re
p
ro
t
o
ty
p
e
with
a
p
o
we
r
ra
ti
n
g
o
f
3
0
0
W
is b
u
il
t
to
c
o
n
firm t
h
e
th
e
o
ry
a
n
d
sh
o
wc
a
se
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
rter’s
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
Ex
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
re
su
lt
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
h
ig
h
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
sta
b
le o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
su
b
sta
n
ti
a
l
VG
,
v
a
li
d
a
ti
n
g
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
rter’s
fe
a
sib
il
it
y
f
o
r
re
n
e
wa
b
l
e
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
s
(RES
)
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
C
o
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
Hig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
Sin
g
le
s
witch
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
T
h
ai
An
h
Au
T
r
an
Facu
lty
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
T
h
e
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Dan
an
g
-
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
54
Ng
u
y
en
L
u
o
n
g
B
an
g
Stre
et
,
L
ien
C
h
ieu
W
ar
d
,
Dan
a
n
g
5
5
0
0
0
0
,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail:
ttaau
@
d
u
t.u
d
n
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ith
th
e
r
is
in
g
g
lo
b
al
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
a
n
d
in
cr
e
asin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
k
ey
t
o
a
ch
iev
in
g
a
clea
n
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
tu
r
e
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
ef
f
o
r
ts
co
n
tin
u
e
to
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
e
n
h
an
cin
g
t
h
ese
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
f
f
icie
n
cy
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
m
o
d
er
n
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els,
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
win
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
es,
an
d
wav
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ty
p
ically
g
en
e
r
ate
lo
w
an
d
f
lu
ct
u
atin
g
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es,
cr
ea
tin
g
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
6
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e,
co
n
v
er
ter
s
with
h
ig
h
VG
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
an
d
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
i
n
R
E
S
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
attain
h
ig
h
VG
b
y
e
x
ten
d
in
g
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
Yet
,
as
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
n
ity
,
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
s
in
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
,
s
witc
h
,
an
d
d
io
d
e
ca
u
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es,
r
ed
u
cin
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
i
n
cr
e
asin
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tr
ess
o
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ex
tr
em
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cles
lead
to
s
lo
w
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
e
r
e
n
ce
(
E
MI
)
.
T
o
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
t
h
ese
is
s
u
es,
v
o
ltag
e
lift
an
d
s
u
p
er
-
lift
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
en
h
an
ce
VG
with
o
u
t
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
d
u
ty
cy
cles
[
8
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
es
e
m
eth
o
d
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
d
d
itio
n
al
p
ass
iv
e
an
d
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
,
lead
in
g
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
h
ig
h
e
r
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
at
h
ea
v
y
lo
ad
s
,
co
n
tr
o
l
ch
a
llen
g
es
d
u
e
to
m
u
ltip
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
elem
en
ts
,
g
r
ea
ter
VS
o
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
an
d
s
lo
wer
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
VG
lim
itatio
n
s
,
ca
s
ca
d
e
b
o
o
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
o
ve
l sin
g
le
-
s
w
itch
DC
–
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
th
e
co
u
p
led
i
n
d
u
cto
r
w
ith
…
(
K
im
-
A
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
)
477
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
s
e
m
u
ltip
le
b
o
o
s
t
s
tag
es
in
s
er
ies,
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ex
tr
em
e
d
u
ty
cy
cles
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
an
d
s
witch
es,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
cir
cu
it
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
.
Pre
cise
co
n
tr
o
l
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
ad
d
in
g
d
esig
n
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
s
witch
in
g
l
o
s
s
es.
Switch
ed
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
tech
n
iq
u
es
ac
h
iev
e
h
i
g
h
VG
with
o
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
b
en
ef
its
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
,
lo
w
E
MI
,
an
d
s
im
p
lifie
d
co
n
tr
o
l
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
also
h
av
e
d
r
a
wb
ac
k
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
lim
ite
d
lo
a
d
ca
p
ac
ity
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
VS
o
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
h
ig
h
er
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
a
f
ix
ed
VG,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
v
ar
y
in
g
in
p
u
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Switch
ed
in
d
u
cto
r
s
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
3
]
b
o
o
s
t
VG
an
d
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
.
E
v
en
s
o
,
th
e
y
in
cr
ea
s
e
cir
cu
it c
o
m
p
le
x
ity
,
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
E
MI
.
T
h
e
C
I
b
o
o
s
t
s
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
s
.
I
t
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
t
l
y
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
b
y
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
al
l
y
l
i
n
k
i
n
g
t
w
o
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
.
A
C
I
i
s
e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
t
i
m
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
h
i
g
h
VG
[
2
4
]
.
N
e
v
e
r
t
h
e
l
ess
,
t
h
i
s
d
es
i
g
n
f
a
c
es
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
,
c
a
u
s
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
V
S
.
T
h
es
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
p
i
k
es
c
a
n
c
a
u
s
e
ex
c
e
s
s
i
v
e
VS
o
n
t
h
e
s
e
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
ll
y
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
r
e
l
i
a
b
il
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
C
l
a
m
p
i
n
g
c
i
r
cu
i
t
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
i
o
d
e
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
c
l
a
m
p
i
n
g
,
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
v
o
l
ta
g
e
s
p
i
k
es
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
o
n
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
ce
s
b
y
a
b
s
o
r
b
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
n
g
e
x
c
e
s
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
N
o
n
e
t
h
e
l
e
s
s
,
t
h
e
y
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
r
a
w
b
a
c
k
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
i
p
p
l
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
r
a
is
e
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
l
o
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
E
M
I
.
T
h
is
c
a
n
n
eg
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
v
e
r
al
l
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
a
n
d
m
a
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
i
l
te
r
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
a
d
d
i
n
g
t
o
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
.
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
m
u
l
ti
p
l
i
e
r
c
e
ll
s
h
e
l
p
b
o
o
s
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
i
n
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
d
i
o
d
e
s
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
y
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
o
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
a
l
l
o
w
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
l
a
r
e
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
y
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
ci
r
c
u
i
t
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
m
a
y
c
a
u
s
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
m
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
h
a
v
e
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
.
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
i
c
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
wi
th
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
c
u
t
r
i
p
p
l
e
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
V
G
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
i
d
e
a
l
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
g
a
i
n
a
p
p
li
c
a
tio
n
s
.
A
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
ic
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
f
e
a
t
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
VS
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
[
31
]
.
N
e
v
e
r
t
h
e
l
e
s
s
,
i
t
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
es
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
f
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
l
i
m
i
t
i
n
g
i
ts
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
A
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
s
n
u
b
b
er
i
n
a
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
s
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
p
i
k
e
s
wi
t
h
o
u
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
l
o
s
s
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
[
3
2
]
,
b
u
t
i
t
s
V
G
r
e
m
ai
n
s
li
m
i
t
ed
.
A
h
i
g
h
V
G
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
w
i
t
h
s
m
o
o
t
h
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
u
s
i
n
g
a
C
I
is
a
l
s
o
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
[
3
3
]
;
e
v
e
n
s
o
,
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
V
G
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
a
h
i
g
h
t
u
r
n
s
r
a
t
i
o
o
f
th
e
C
I
a
n
d
a
l
a
r
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
W
h
il
e
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
i
c
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
s
i
g
n
if
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
V
G
,
t
h
e
r
e
is
s
t
il
l
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
.
Af
ter
ev
alu
atin
g
t
h
e
m
er
its
an
d
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
a
n
ew
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
ea
t
u
r
es:
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
b
o
o
s
t
s
tag
e
a
n
d
a
C
I
,
a
q
u
ad
r
atic
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er
attain
s
ex
tr
em
el
y
h
ig
h
VG
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
m
i
n
im
al
VS
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
s
witch
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
-
s
id
e
in
d
u
cto
r
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
with
m
i
n
im
al
r
ip
p
le,
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
p
ass
iv
e
clam
p
s
u
p
p
r
ess
es
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
es,
l
o
wer
in
g
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
i
g
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
.
2.
O
P
E
RAT
I
NG
P
RINC
I
P
L
E
S
T
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
PC
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
cir
c
u
it
co
m
p
r
is
es
in
d
u
cto
r
L
1
,
s
in
g
le
s
witch
S
,
s
ix
d
io
d
es
lab
eled
1
to
6
,
f
iv
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
1
~
4
an
d
0
,
an
d
a
C
I
.
T
h
e
C
I
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
p
r
im
ar
y
(
N
P
)
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
(
N
S
)
win
d
in
g
s
,
with
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
L
m
an
d
L
k
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
m
ag
n
etizin
g
an
d
le
ak
ag
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
-
cla
m
p
-
cir
cu
it
m
a
d
e
u
p
o
f
D
3
a
n
d
C
2
h
elp
s
r
ec
y
cle
leak
ag
e
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
clam
p
VS
o
n
s
witch
S
.
Fo
r
co
n
v
en
ien
t a
n
aly
s
is
,
th
e
cir
cu
it o
p
er
ates u
n
d
er
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
:
˗
All p
o
wer
d
ev
ices a
r
e
tr
ea
te
d
as id
ea
l;
˗
All c
ap
ac
ito
r
s
p
o
s
s
ess
h
ig
h
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
es,
allo
win
g
th
e
ir
v
o
ltag
es to
r
em
ai
n
alm
o
s
t u
n
ch
an
g
e
d
;
˗
T
h
e
C
I
'
s
win
d
in
g
r
atio
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
n
=
N
S
/
N
P
.
T
h
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
PC
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
(
gs
)
,
th
e
m
ag
n
etizin
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
Lm
)
,
t
h
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
Lk
)
,
an
d
th
e
VS
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
(
ds
)
,
an
d
th
e
d
io
d
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
(
D1
−
D6
)
,
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
PC
’
s
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es
ar
e
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
an
d
a
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
.
˗
Mo
d
e
I
(
0
−
1
)
[
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
]
:
gs
is
h
ig
h
,
is
ON.
2
an
d
5
ar
e
ON,
wh
il
e
1
,
3
,
4
,
an
d
6
r
em
ain
OFF.
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
,
an
d
b
o
th
an
d
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
.
in
s
u
p
p
lies
1
.
in
an
d
1
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
e
n
er
g
y
to
,
,
an
d
also
to
2
an
d
4
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
C
I
.
Sim
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
3
tr
an
s
f
er
s
en
er
g
y
to
2
an
d
4
,
wh
ile
0
d
eliv
er
s
p
o
wer
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
ter
m
i
n
ate
s
wh
en
gs
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
to
lo
w
at
=
1
.
˗
Mo
d
e
II
(
1
−
2
)
[
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
]
:
gs
is
lo
w,
is
OFF.
2
,
4
,
an
d
5
ar
e
OFF,
w
h
ile
1
,
3
,
an
d
6
ar
e
ON.
is
less
th
an
,
with
r
em
ain
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e.
B
o
th
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
1
is
en
er
g
ized
b
y
1
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
1
,
in
,
m
,
an
d
k
tr
an
s
f
er
en
er
g
y
to
c
h
ar
g
e
2
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
0
is
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
m
,
1
,
in
,
an
d
4
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
ter
m
in
ates w
h
e
n
2
is
f
u
lly
ch
ar
g
e
d
an
d
4
tu
r
n
s
o
n
at
=
2
.
˗
Mo
d
e
III
(
2
−
3
)
[
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
]
:
gs
is
l
o
w,
is
OFF.
2
an
d
5
ar
e
OFF,
wh
ile
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
d
i
o
d
es
ar
e
ON.
is
les
s
th
an
,
with
r
em
ain
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e.
B
o
th
an
d
d
ec
r
e
ase.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
,
alo
n
g
with
1
,
m
,
k
,
an
d
4
,
s
u
p
p
lies
en
er
g
y
to
3
,
an
d
t
o
g
eth
er
with
th
e
en
er
g
y
in
C
4
,
d
eliv
er
s
p
o
wer
to
th
e
lo
a
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
io
d
e
D
6
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
2
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ec
y
clin
g
th
e
leak
ag
e
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
3
eq
u
als
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
ter
m
in
ates w
h
en
3
an
d
r
ea
ch
es z
er
o
at
=
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
476
-
486
478
˗
Mo
d
e
IV
(
3
−
4
)
[
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
d
)
]
:
gs
is
lo
w,
s
witch
is
OFF.
2
,
3
,
an
d
5
ar
e
OFF,
wh
ile
1
,
4
,
an
d
6
ar
e
ON.
=
0
,
wh
ile
r
em
ain
s
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
.
1
co
n
tin
u
es
to
b
e
ch
a
r
g
ed
b
y
1
.
Me
an
wh
ile
,
2
an
d
Lm
,
in
s
u
p
p
ly
en
er
g
y
to
ch
ar
g
e
3
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
2
,
4
,
an
d
m
,
in
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
o
wer
to
0
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
co
n
clu
d
es wh
en
gs
is
h
ig
h
at
=
4
.
V
in
v
L1
I
in
L
1
i
L1
v
C1
C
1
i
C1
D
1
v
D1
i
D1
D
2
v
D2
i
D2
v
C2
C
2
N
P
L
m
i
Lm
v
Lk
i
Lk
i
Np
v
Lm
D
3
v
D3
i
D3
S
v
g
s
i
ds
v
ds
i
C2
N
S
i
Ns
v
ns
D
4
v
D4
i
D4
C
3
v
C3
i
C3
D
5
v
D5
i
D5
i
C4
v
C4
C
4
D
6
v
D6
i
D6
i
C0
R
O
I
O
V
O
v
CO
C
O
L
k
t
t
t
t
t
v
gs
i
Lk
t
t
i
Lm
t
0
t
1
t
2
i
D1
i
D2
i
D3
i
D4
i
D5
i
D6
D
T
t
3
t
4
T
i
Lk
i
Lm
v
ds
t
t
(1
-
D)
T
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
PC
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Key
o
p
er
ati
n
g
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
PC
o
v
er
o
n
e
s
witch
in
g
p
er
io
d
V
in
v
L1
I
in
L
1
i
L1
v
C1
C
1
i
C1
D
1
D
2
v
D2
i
D2
v
C2
C
2
N
P
L
m
i
Lm
v
Lk
i
Lk
i
Np
v
Lm
D
3
S
v
g
s
i
ds
v
ds
i
C2
N
S
i
Ns
v
ns
D
4
C
3
v
C3
i
C3
D
5
v
D5
i
D5
i
C4
v
C4
C
4
D
6
i
C0
R
O
I
O
V
O
v
CO
C
O
L
k
V
in
v
L1
I
in
L
1
i
L1
v
C1
C
1
i
C1
D
1
v
D1
i
D1
D
2
v
C2
C
2
N
P
L
m
i
Lm
v
Lk
i
Lk
i
Np
v
Lm
D
3
v
D3
i
D3
S
i
C2
N
S
i
Ns
v
ns
D
4
C
3
D
5
i
C4
v
C4
C
4
D
6
v
D6
i
D6
i
C0
R
O
I
O
V
O
v
CO
C
O
L
k
(
a)
(
b
)
V
in
v
L1
I
in
L
1
i
L1
v
C1
C
1
i
C1
D
1
v
D1
i
D1
D
2
v
C2
C
2
N
P
L
m
i
Lm
v
Lk
i
Lk
i
Np
v
Lm
D
3
v
D3
i
D3
S
i
C2
N
S
i
Ns
v
ns
D
4
C
3
D
5
i
C4
v
C4
C
4
D
6
v
D6
i
D6
i
C0
R
O
I
O
V
O
v
CO
C
O
L
k
v
D4
i
D4
v
C3
i
C3
V
in
v
L1
I
in
L
1
i
L1
v
C1
C
1
i
C1
D
1
v
D1
i
D1
D
2
v
C2
C
2
N
P
L
m
i
Lm
i
Np
v
Lm
D
3
S
i
C2
N
S
i
Ns
v
ns
D
4
C
3
D
5
i
C4
v
C4
C
4
D
6
v
D6
i
D6
i
C0
R
O
I
O
V
O
v
CO
C
O
L
k
v
D4
i
D4
v
C3
i
C3
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
its
o
f
th
e
PC
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t o
p
e
r
atin
g
:
(
a)
m
o
d
e
I
,
(
b
)
m
o
d
e
I
I
,
(
c
)
m
o
d
e
I
I
I
,
an
d
(
d
)
m
o
d
e
I
V
3.
ST
E
ADY
-
S
T
A
T
E
CH
AR
A
CT
E
RIS
T
I
CS O
F
T
H
E
P
R
O
P
O
SE
D
CO
NVE
RT
E
R
3
.
1
.
VG
a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
th
is
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
ased
o
n
id
ea
l
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
t
h
at
all
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
d
e
v
ices
ar
e
id
ea
l
(
i.e
.
,
n
eg
lig
i
b
le
s
witch
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
d
io
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
)
,
a
n
d
all
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
(
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
)
ar
e
lo
s
s
less
,
h
av
in
g
n
eg
lig
i
b
le
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
(
E
SR
)
.
T
h
ese
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
allo
w
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
d
er
iv
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
v
o
ltag
e
-
g
ain
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic,
wh
ich
r
ef
lects
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
s
tep
-
u
p
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
PC
.
L
et
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
er
io
d
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
T
,
an
d
let
D
d
en
o
te
th
e
d
u
t
y
r
atio
o
f
s
witch
S.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
witch
-
ON
in
ter
v
al
,
0
<
<
,
b
y
u
s
in
g
Kir
c
h
h
o
f
f
’
s
v
o
ltag
e
law,
we
o
b
tain
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
o
ve
l sin
g
le
-
s
w
itch
DC
–
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
th
e
co
u
p
led
i
n
d
u
cto
r
w
ith
…
(
K
im
-
A
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
)
479
L1
=
in
(
1
)
Lm
=
in
+
C1
(
2
)
C4
+
C2
+
C1
+
in
=
C3
+
Lm
(
3
)
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
witch
-
OFF in
ter
v
al
,
<
<
:
L1
=
−
C1
(
4
)
Lm
=
−
C2
(
5
)
in
=
L1
+
(
+
1
)
Lm
+
C3
(
6
)
C0
=
C3
+
C4
(
7
)
B
y
en
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
v
o
lt
–
s
ec
o
n
d
b
alan
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
L
1
an
d
L
m
o
v
er
o
n
e
s
witch
in
g
p
e
r
io
d
T
y
ield
s
:
∫
L1
0
d
t +
∫
L1
d
t
=
∫
in
0
d
t +
∫
(
−
C1
)
d
t
=
0
(
8
)
∫
Lm
0
d
t +
∫
Lm
dt
=
∫
(
in
+
C1
)
0
d
t +
∫
(
−
C2
)
dt
=
0
(
9
)
Fro
m
(
8
)
,
C1
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
(
1
0
)
.
in
+
(
1
−
)
C1
=
0
→
C1
=
in
1
−
(
1
0
)
B
ased
o
n
(
9
)
a
n
d
(
1
0
)
,
C2
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
:
(
in
+
C1
)
−
(
1
−
)
C2
=
0
→
C2
=
(
in
+
C1
)
1
−
=
in
(
1
−
)
2
(
1
1
)
Usi
n
g
(
4
)
–
(
6
)
a
n
d
co
m
b
in
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
elatio
n
s
f
o
r
1
an
d
2
f
r
o
m
(
1
0
)
a
n
d
(
1
1
)
,
C3
is
o
b
tain
ed
as
(
1
2
)
.
C3
=
in
−
L1
−
(
+
1
)
Lm
=
in
+
C1
+
(
+
1
)
C2
=
in
+
1
−
in
+
(
+
1
)
(
1
−
)
2
in
=
1
+
(
1
−
)
2
in
(
1
2
)
B
ased
o
n
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
3
)
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
f
o
r
1
–
3
in
(
1
0
)
–
(
1
2
)
,
C4
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
3
)
.
C4
=
C3
+
Lm
−
C1
−
in
−
C2
=
C3
+
(
in
+
C1
)
−
C1
−
in
−
C2
=
1
+
(
1
−
)
2
in
+
(
in
+
1
−
in
)
−
1
−
in
−
in
−
in
(
1
−
)
2
=
(
1
−
)
2
in
(
1
3
)
R
ep
lacin
g
(
1
2
)
an
d
(
1
3
)
in
(
7
)
,
T
h
e
PC
's VG
is
(
1
4
)
.
M
=
O
in
=
C0
=
C3
+
C4
=
1
+
(
1
−
)
2
in
+
(
1
−
)
2
in
=
+
1
+
(
1
−
)
2
(
1
4
)
3
.
2
.
VS a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
VSs
o
n
p
o
wer
d
ev
ices a
r
e
:
{
S
=
D3
=
in
+
C1
+
C2
=
in
+
in
1
−
+
in
(
1
−
)
2
=
1
(
1
−
)
2
in
=
1
+
1
+
O
D1
=
D2
=
in
+
C1
=
in
+
1
−
in
=
1
1
−
in
=
1
−
+
1
+
O
D4
=
D5
=
D6
=
C4
=
(
1
−
)
2
in
=
+
1
+
O
whe
r
e
D6
=
Co
−
C3
=
C4
(
1
5
)
3
.
3
.
Co
nv
er
t
er
des
ig
n c
o
ns
idera
t
io
ns
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
K
ir
ch
h
o
f
f
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t la
w
(
KC
L
)
g
iv
es
th
e
(
1
6
)
-
(
1
8
)
.
1
∫
D4
0
=
1
∫
(
O
−
C0
−
C3
−
C4
)
0
=
O
(
1
6
)
1
∫
D3
0
=
1
∫
(
D4
+
C4
−
C2
)
0
=
O
(
1
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
476
-
486
480
1
∫
D6
0
=
1
∫
(
O
−
C
0
)
0
=
O
(
1
8
)
Du
r
in
g
DT
~
T
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
KC
L
,
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t e
q
u
ati
o
n
is
d
er
iv
ed
:
1
∫
Lm
dt
=
1
∫
(
D4
+
D6
)
dt
+
1
∫
D3
(
1
9
)
Fro
m
(
1
6
)
–
(
1
9
)
,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
in
d
u
cto
r
is
(
2
0
)
.
1
∫
Lm
dt
=
O
(
1
+
2
)
(
2
0
)
Fro
m
(
2
0
)
,
Lm
_
av
e
is
d
ed
u
ce
d
as
(
2
1
)
.
Lm
_
av
e
=
(
2
+
1
)
O
1
−
(
2
1
)
T
h
e
r
ip
p
le
c
u
r
r
e
n
t o
f
th
e
C
I
is
(
2
2
)
.
∆
Lm
=
Lm
_
m
ax
−
Lm
_
m
i
n
(
2
2
)
W
ith
in
t
∈
(
0
÷
)
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
m
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
(
2
3
)
.
Lm
=
m
Lm
→
Lm
=
Lm
m
(
2
3
)
Usi
n
g
(
2
2
)
a
n
d
(
2
3
)
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t v
ar
iatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
m
is
(
2
4
)
.
∆
Lm
=
∫
Lm
0
dt
=
∫
Lm
m
0
dt
=
Lm
m
(
2
4
)
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ec
en
tly
ca
lc
u
lated
(
2
4
)
,
we
d
e
r
iv
e:
∆
Lm
=
in
+
C1
m
(
2
5
)
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
cir
cu
it
o
p
e
r
ates
u
n
d
er
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e,
h
al
f
o
f
th
e
r
ip
p
le
c
u
r
r
en
t
∆
Lm
/
2
o
f
L
m
m
u
s
t
b
e
less
th
an
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
Lm
_
av
e
.
Fro
m
(
2
1
)
an
d
(
2
5
)
,
th
e
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
is
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
(
2
6
)
:
m
=
o
2
0
(
2
+
1
)
(
2
6
)
wh
er
e,
0
=
in
in
I
n
r
ea
lity
,
s
elec
tin
g
4
0
% o
f
th
e
lo
ad
,
s
o
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
is
d
esig
n
ed
as
(
2
7
)
.
m
_
d
es
i
g
n
=
o
in
2
0
(
2
+
1
)
∗
0
.
4
(
2
7
)
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t in
1
is
b
ased
o
n
its
v
ar
iatio
n
o
v
e
r
t
∈
(
0
÷
)
:
L1
_
av
e
=
∆
L1
2
=
1
∫
L1
2
0
=
L1
2
1
(
2
8
)
B
ased
o
n
(
2
8
)
,
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
i
n
d
u
cto
r
1
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
(
2
9
)
.
L1
_
d
es
i
g
n
=
in
2
2
∗
0
.
4
∗
0
(
2
9
)
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
elec
tio
n
is
b
ase
d
o
n
(
3
0
)
:
{
0
=
(
1
−
)
O
s
0
∆
0
1
=
(
1
−
)
in
s
∆
C1
{
2
,
4
=
in
s
∆
C2
,
4
3
=
(
1
−
)
in
s
∆
C2
,
4
(
3
0
)
wh
er
e,
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le,
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
an
d
lo
ad
r
esis
to
r
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
∆
O
,
s
,
an
d
0
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
o
ve
l sin
g
le
-
s
w
itch
DC
–
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
th
e
co
u
p
led
i
n
d
u
cto
r
w
ith
…
(
K
im
-
A
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
)
481
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n a
nd
ex
periment
a
l r
esu
lt
s
To
s
u
b
s
tan
tiate
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
,
a
3
0
0
W
co
n
v
er
t
er
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
was
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
,
s
im
u
lated
in
Simp
lis
/Si
m
etr
ix
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
s
=
50
k
Hz
,
in
=
24
V
,
O
=
400
V
.
Fro
m
(
1
4
)
,
t
h
e
n
o
m
in
al
VG
an
d
th
e
d
u
ty
r
atio
ar
e
g
iv
en
b
y
M
=
1
6
.
6
7
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
(
1
4
)
,
th
e
VG
v
er
s
u
s
d
u
ty
cy
cle
D
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
C
I
tu
r
n
r
atio
s
:
n
=
1
.
5
t
o
3
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
o
ac
h
i
ev
e
a
s
u
itab
le
tu
r
n
s
r
atio
,
n
is
s
elec
ted
as
2
.
L
m
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
(
2
7
)
a
n
d
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
8
2
µH
.
Usi
n
g
(
2
9
)
,
L
1
is
d
esig
n
ed
as
2
5
µH
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
as
(
3
0
)
.
T
ab
le
1
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e.
Volt
age
gai
n
(
M
)
Du
t
y Cyc
l
e
(
D
)
n
=
1.5
n
=
2
n
=
2.5
n
=
3
0.51
M
=
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
VG
cu
r
v
es v
er
s
u
s
d
u
ty
cy
cle
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t tu
r
n
r
atio
s
T
ab
le
1
.
Har
d
war
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
PC
D
e
v
i
c
e
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
D
1
–
D
5
D
S
EP3
0
-
06A
D
6
M
U
R
3
0
6
0
P
T
S
I
R
F
P
2
5
0
N
C
1
4
7
µ
F
C
O
3
3
0
µ
F
C
2
–
C
4
5
6
µ
F
CI
Lm
=
8
2
µ
H
;
Lk
=
1
.
8
µ
H
L
1
2
5
µ
H
N
p
:
N
s
1
:
2
Fig
u
r
es
5
(
a)
a
n
d
5
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
im
u
lated
cir
cu
it
d
ia
g
r
am
a
n
d
s
etu
p
o
f
th
e
PC
in
S
im
p
lis
/S
im
etr
ix
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
d
is
p
lay
v
gs
,
Lm
an
d
Lk
o
f
th
e
C
I
,
L1
,
ds
,
an
d
O
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
alig
n
well
with
th
e
an
aly
tical
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
e
m
ain
s
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
le
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
VS
o
n
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
is
lo
w
an
d
ex
h
ib
its
a
wav
ef
o
r
m
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
.
O
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
0
0
V
as
d
esig
n
ed
,
with
m
in
im
al
d
ev
iatio
n
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
ef
f
i
cien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
io
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
f
iles
.
I
t
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
wa
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
clo
s
ely
m
atch
th
e
an
al
y
tical
th
eo
r
y
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
PC
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
m
a
g
n
etizin
g
in
d
u
ctan
ce
(
m
)
to
ler
an
ce
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
was
v
er
i
f
ied
b
y
s
im
u
latin
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
with
m
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
±
5
%
in
Sime
tr
ix
-
SIM
PLI
S.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
f
o
r
9
5
%,
1
0
0
%,
a
n
d
1
0
5
%
m
v
alu
es
,
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
m
ca
u
s
es
a
s
lig
h
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
O
,
wh
ile
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
m
s
lig
h
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
ar
e,
h
o
wev
er
,
m
i
n
im
al
an
d
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
s
tay
s
s
tab
le,
ev
en
with
ty
p
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
to
ler
an
ce
s
.
T
o
v
er
if
y
th
e
PC
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
lab
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
was
b
u
ilt.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
ap
p
ea
r
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e.
T
h
e
lab
s
etu
p
in
clu
d
es
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e,
a
co
n
tr
o
l
b
o
ar
d
,
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
,
an
d
an
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e
f
o
r
wav
ef
o
r
m
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
PC
ap
p
ea
r
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
,
wh
ile
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
v
gs
,
v
ds
,
V
in
,
an
d
V
O
.
B
ased
o
n
(
1
4
)
in
t
h
e
r
ev
is
ed
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
,
with
a
n
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
o
f
O
=
3
0
0
W
,
O
=
4
0
0
V,
in
=
2
4
V,
a
n
d
n
=
2
,
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l
D
is
ca
lcu
lated
to
b
e
5
0
.
9
%.
Ho
wev
er
,
u
n
d
e
r
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
d
u
e
to
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as E
SR
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
co
r
e
lo
s
s
es,
d
io
d
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es,
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
e
s
,
an
d
n
o
n
-
id
ea
l
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
d
u
ty
cy
cle
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
h
ar
d
war
e
is
m
ar
g
in
ally
h
i
g
h
er
(
5
1
.
3
%)
th
a
n
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
v
alu
e
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
O
=
4
0
0
V.
As
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
th
e
VS
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
M
OSFET
r
em
ain
s
lo
w
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
d
esig
n
an
aly
s
is
,
wh
ile
O
is
s
tab
ly
h
eld
at
400
V.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
ea
k
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
r
ea
ch
es
9
3
.
6
%,
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
th
e
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
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u
r
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5
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Simu
latio
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m
o
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el
a
n
d
s
etu
p
o
f
t
h
e
PC
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a)
d
iag
r
a
m
an
d
(
b
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s
etu
p
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gs
D
T
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T
T
i
Lm
i
Lk
i
L1
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ds
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o
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1
t
2
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3
t
4
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gs
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T
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T
T
i
D
1
i
D
2
i
D
3
i
D
4
i
D
5
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
(
a)
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b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Simu
latio
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wav
ef
o
r
m
s
: (
a)
gs
,
ds
,
L1
an
d
(
b
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gs
,
Lk
,
Lm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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4
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ter u
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r
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Load
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oard
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Fig
u
r
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8
.
Har
d
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e
im
p
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e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
PC
: (
a)
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
an
d
(
b
)
ex
p
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im
en
tal
s
etu
p
v
gs
(20V
/
d
i
v)
v
ds
(100
V
/
d
i
v)
V
in
(20
V
/
d
i
v)
V
o
u
t
(20
0
V
/
d
i
v)
15V
100
V
24
V
400
V
10
µs
V
o
=
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(
a)
(
b
)
V
i
n
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2
0
V/d
iv
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2
4
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3
6
V
V
ou
t
(
2
0
0
V/d
iv
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4
0
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o
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1
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v
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0
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7
5
A
0
.
2
5
A
V
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iv
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0
0
V
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
esu
lts
: (
a)
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
with
V
in
=
2
4
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V
O
=
4
0
0
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an
d
P
o
=
3
0
0
W
,
tr
an
s
ien
t r
esp
o
n
s
es u
n
d
e
r
(
b
)
i
n
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
,
an
d
(
c)
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
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th
e
PC
was f
u
r
th
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am
in
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d
u
n
d
er
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c
o
n
d
itio
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s
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p
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o
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iatio
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i
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
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:
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was
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ea
s
ed
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o
m
2
4
V
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3
6
V
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ile
d
eliv
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in
g
3
0
0
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.
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h
o
ld
s
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at
4
0
0
V,
ex
h
ib
itin
g
o
n
ly
m
in
o
r
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
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d
a
s
h
o
r
t
s
ettlin
g
tim
e,
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em
o
n
s
tr
atin
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r
o
b
u
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t
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o
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ce
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iatio
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s
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ated
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Fi
g
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r
e
9
(
c
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:
th
e
lo
ad
was
s
tep
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ch
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
3
3
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3
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2
5
A)
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o
1
0
0
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7
5
A)
o
f
f
u
ll
lo
ad
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h
e
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ain
tain
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V
O
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r
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0
0
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with
s
m
all
tr
a
n
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ien
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iatio
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d
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ast
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er
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n
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ir
m
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g
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le
d
y
n
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ic
o
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atio
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4
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
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h o
t
her
co
nv
er
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T
ab
le
2
p
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o
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aly
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is
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m
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S),
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u
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I
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io
d
es
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r
s
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o
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er
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i
o
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d
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o
f
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T
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elo
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g
a
n
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o
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y
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ig
h
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d
m
in
im
ized
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f
o
r
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n
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ter
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er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
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u
r
e
1
0
p
r
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ts
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g
r
ap
h
ical
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m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
V
G
v
ar
iatio
n
with
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
c
le
am
o
n
g
th
e
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r
o
p
o
s
ed
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d
r
e
f
er
en
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d
co
n
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ter
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em
o
n
s
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atin
g
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at
th
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ain
s
th
e
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ig
h
est
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u
r
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ass
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I
t
f
ea
t
u
r
es
a
s
in
g
le
s
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,
s
im
ilar
to
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
3
]
,
wh
ich
s
im
p
lifie
s
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
witch
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g
lo
s
s
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
PC
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
o
n
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
an
d
o
n
e
C
I
,
f
ewe
r
th
an
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
an
d
r
eq
u
i
r
es
f
ewe
r
d
io
d
es
th
an
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
A
k
ey
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
e
PC
is
its
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
s
witch
VS
co
m
p
ar
e
to
o
th
er
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
allo
win
g
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
476
-
486
484
ef
f
icien
cy
.
W
ith
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s
u
p
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io
r
VG,
r
ed
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ce
d
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d
p
r
ac
tic
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im
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lem
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n
,
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e
PC
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ta
n
d
s
o
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t
as
a
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ig
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ly
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icien
t so
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tio
n
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o
r
h
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g
h
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licatio
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s
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ar
ticu
lar
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y
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R
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S
.
T
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le
2
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o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
p
u
b
lis
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ed
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n
v
er
ter
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d
th
e
PC
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
c
o
u
n
t
VG
V
S
o
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sw
i
t
c
h
(
/
O
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S
D
C
I
/
C
I
[
3
0
]
2
8
5
0
/
2
2
+
1
−
1
2
+
[
3
1
]
1
6
5
1
/
1
1
+
−
2
(
1
−
)
2
1
1
+
−
2
[
3
2
]
1
6
4
2
/
1
1
+
(
1
−
)
2
2
+
(
1
+
)
(
1
+
)
(
1
+
)
(
1
+
)
[
3
3
]
1
7
5
1
/
1
1
+
(
1
−
)
2
1
2
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
1
6
5
1
/
1
+
1
+
(
1
−
)
2
1
+
1
+
D
u
t
y C
yc
l
e
(
D
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
V
ol
tage
gai
n
(M
)
Pr
op
os
e
d
c
on
ve
r
t
e
r
[
33]
[
32]
[
31]
[
30]
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
VG
cu
r
v
es v
er
s
u
s
d
u
ty
cy
cle
at
n
=
2
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
u
ltra
-
h
i
g
h
VG
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
in
g
a
q
u
ad
r
atic
to
p
o
lo
g
y
with
a
C
I
.
T
h
e
PC
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
s
in
g
le
ac
tiv
e
s
w
itch
,
s
im
p
lify
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es.
A
p
ass
iv
e
clam
p
cir
cu
it
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
to
r
ec
y
c
le
th
e
leak
a
g
e
e
n
er
g
y
,
t
h
er
eb
y
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
VS
o
n
t
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
an
d
allo
win
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
lo
w
-
r
esis
tan
ce
s
wi
tch
to
en
h
an
ce
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
o
r
etica
l
an
aly
s
is
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
esig
n
,
v
alid
ates
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
PC
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
m
ag
n
etizin
g
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
d
u
ty
cy
cle,
an
d
p
ar
asit
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
n
th
e
VG
is
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
an
a
ly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
lo
ad
ch
an
g
es
h
as
also
b
ee
n
in
v
esti
g
ated
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
.
SIM
PLI
S
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
v
er
if
icatio
n
u
s
in
g
a
3
0
0
W
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
’
s
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
ex
ce
llen
t
VG
,
an
d
r
eliab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
ac
h
iev
es
a
p
ea
k
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
9
3
.
6
%,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
p
o
te
n
tial f
o
r
r
en
ewa
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le
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
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e
r
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.
F
UNDING
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NF
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M
A
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O
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h
is
r
esear
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r
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f
u
n
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g
.
AUTHO
R
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h
is
jo
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s
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C
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C
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to
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