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r
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to
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[
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ip
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eq
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tly
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ased
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ased
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s
ex
u
al
v
i
o
len
ce
.
T
h
is
'
T
o
x
ic"
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
m
ad
e
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
to
ac
ce
p
t
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
iv
en
b
y
th
eir
p
a
r
tn
er
s
as
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
an
ts
f
ee
l
h
u
r
t,
an
g
r
y
,
d
is
ap
p
o
in
ted
,
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
r
esen
tm
en
t
an
d
b
ea
r
o
th
er
n
eg
ativ
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
b
o
t
h
to
war
d
s
th
em
s
elv
es
an
d
o
th
er
s
.
W
h
en
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
e
in
ter
v
iews,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
h
ad
n
o
t
f
u
lly
r
ec
o
v
er
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
tr
ea
tm
en
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
wer
e
s
till
en
tan
g
led
in
t
h
e
s
h
ad
o
ws
o
f
th
e
p
ast,
wan
te
d
to
s
ee
th
e
p
er
p
etr
at
o
r
s
f
ee
l
wh
at
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
an
ts
f
elt
,
a
n
d
s
till
h
eld
g
r
u
d
g
es
an
d
g
r
ea
t
an
g
er
to
war
d
s
th
e
p
er
p
et
r
ato
r
s
.
T
h
ese
th
in
g
s
will
m
ak
e
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
itu
atio
n
,
in
th
is
ca
s
e
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t,
will
g
et
wo
r
s
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
in
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
wh
o
wan
t
to
liv
e
a
b
etter
life
th
an
b
ef
o
r
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
m
a
k
e
p
ea
ce
with
m
em
o
r
ies
in
t
h
eir
p
ast,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ich
is
b
y
b
u
ild
in
g
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
[
9
]
.
Fo
r
g
iv
en
ess
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
af
f
ec
tiv
e
ch
an
g
e
in
in
d
i
v
id
u
als,
wh
ich
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
th
em
to
s
h
o
w
g
o
o
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
t
o
war
d
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
h
av
e
m
ad
e
m
is
tak
es
o
r
h
u
r
t
th
em
[
1
0
]
.
Fo
r
g
iv
en
ess
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
c
ess
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
al
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
to
b
e
ab
le
to
b
e
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
n
eg
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
s
with
in
th
e
m
s
elv
es,
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
r
esen
tm
en
t,
d
is
ap
p
o
in
tm
en
t,
h
u
r
t
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
p
ast
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
an
d
to
b
e
a
b
le
to
b
u
ild
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
o
th
er
p
e
o
p
le.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
,
it
lead
s
to
th
e
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
a
n
x
iety
,
an
g
er
,
a
n
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
[
1
0
]
.
Mc
C
u
ll
o
u
g
h
s
t
ates
t
h
at
f
o
r
g
i
v
e
n
ess
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
h
r
ee
as
p
e
cts
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
is
a
v
o
id
a
n
c
e
m
o
t
iv
ati
o
n
,
n
am
el
y
,
d
e
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
t
o
a
v
o
id
p
e
o
p
le
wh
o
h
a
v
e
h
u
r
t
t
h
e
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
r
e
v
e
n
g
e
m
o
ti
v
at
io
n
,
n
am
el
y
,
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
t
o
t
ak
e
r
e
v
e
n
g
e
o
n
p
e
o
p
le
wh
o
h
a
v
e
h
u
r
t
th
e
m
.
T
h
e
t
h
i
r
d
is
b
en
e
v
o
le
n
c
e
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
,
th
a
t
is
,
t
h
e
m
o
ti
v
ati
o
n
o
r
d
es
ir
e
t
o
d
o
g
o
o
d
t
o
p
e
o
p
le
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
h
u
r
t
t
h
e
m
[
1
0
]
.
A
p
e
r
s
o
n
,
i
n
th
is
ca
s
e
a
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
wh
o
is
a
v
i
cti
m
o
f
a
t
o
x
i
c
r
e
lati
o
n
s
h
i
p
,
wh
o
h
as
lo
w
l
e
v
els
o
f
f
o
r
g
i
v
en
ess
o
r
is
u
n
a
b
le
t
o
f
o
r
g
i
v
e
o
th
e
r
s
,
wil
l
g
i
v
e
r
is
e
t
o
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
f
ee
l
in
g
s
o
f
in
s
e
cu
r
it
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
wi
th
in
h
e
r
s
elf
,
b
ec
o
m
e
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
ll
y
u
n
s
t
a
b
le
,
a
n
d
a
f
f
ec
t
th
ei
r
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
w
it
h
o
t
h
er
p
e
o
p
l
e.
St
u
d
e
n
ts
w
h
o
a
r
e
u
n
a
b
l
e
t
o
f
o
r
g
i
v
e
c
a
n
als
o
n
o
t
e
x
p
e
r
ie
n
c
e
h
a
p
p
i
n
ess
i
n
t
h
ei
r
liv
es
[
1
1
]
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
als
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
g
i
v
e
n
ess
a
r
e
u
n
a
b
l
e
t
o
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
an
d
r
est
o
r
e
t
h
e
ir
in
t
er
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
ip
s
w
it
h
o
t
h
er
p
e
o
p
le
,
th
er
e
b
y
e
n
a
b
l
i
n
g
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
ls
t
o
li
v
e
a
b
et
te
r
li
f
e
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
,
it
c
an
also
tr
ig
g
e
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
b
r
i
n
g
p
ea
ce
i
n
th
eir
liv
es,
an
d
g
iv
e
t
h
em
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
em
s
e
lv
es
[
1
3
]
.
W
h
eth
e
r
o
r
n
o
t
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
is
f
o
r
m
ed
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
ix
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
em
p
ath
y
,
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
,
lev
el
o
f
in
ju
r
y
,
p
er
s
o
n
ality
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
q
u
ality
o
f
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
,
an
d
ap
o
lo
g
y
.
W
h
en
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
ap
o
l
o
g
ize
to
o
th
e
r
p
e
o
p
le,
d
ef
in
itely
th
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
em
p
ath
y
with
in
th
em
s
elv
es
an
d
tr
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
[
1
4
]
.
E
m
p
at
h
y
is
d
e
f
in
ed
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
wh
ich
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al,
in
th
is
ca
s
e
a
s
tu
d
en
t
wh
o
is
a
v
ictim
o
f
a
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
is
ab
le
to
f
ee
l
th
e
em
o
tio
n
s
o
r
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le,
is
ab
l
e
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
o
r
m
is
f
o
r
tu
n
es
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
o
t
h
er
s
,
an
d
h
a
s
a
ten
d
en
cy
to
tak
e
o
th
er
p
e
o
p
le'
s
p
o
in
ts
o
f
v
iew
[
1
5
]
.
E
m
p
ath
y
h
as
two
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
R
o
g
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
is
s
ee
in
g
th
e
in
ter
n
al
f
r
a
m
e
o
f
m
in
d
o
f
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
t
h
er
p
e
o
p
le
as if
th
ey
wer
e
in
o
t
h
er
p
e
o
p
le'
s
liv
es
[
1
6
]
.
E
m
p
ath
y
is
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
ased
o
n
f
o
u
r
asp
ec
ts
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t a
s
p
ec
t
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
tak
in
g
,
wh
ic
h
is
r
elate
d
to
h
o
w
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
ar
e
ab
le
t
o
tak
e
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le'
s
p
o
in
ts
o
f
v
iew.
Seco
n
d
l
y
is
f
a
n
tasy
,
wh
ich
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
r
ea
ctio
n
s
th
at
will
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
T
h
ir
d
ly
,
em
p
ath
ic
co
n
ce
r
n
,
wh
ic
h
is
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
em
p
ath
etic
f
ee
lin
g
s
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
o
th
er
p
e
o
p
le.
Fo
u
r
th
is
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
is
tr
ess
,
wh
ich
is
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
p
er
s
o
n
al
a
n
x
iety
in
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
in
g
to
u
n
p
leasan
t
th
i
n
g
s
[
1
5
]
.
A
s
tu
d
en
t
w
h
o
h
as
lo
w
e
m
p
ath
y
will
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
n
eg
at
iv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
h
e
o
r
s
h
e
f
ee
ls
,
wh
ich
ca
n
i
n
ter
f
er
e
with
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
s
elf
-
ac
tu
aliza
tio
n
[
1
7
]
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
h
a
v
e
lo
w
e
m
p
ath
y
also
h
a
v
e
a
ten
d
e
n
cy
to
b
eh
a
v
e
ag
g
r
es
s
iv
ely
to
war
d
s
o
th
e
r
p
eo
p
le
[
1
8
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
a
s
tu
d
en
t
wh
o
h
as
g
o
o
d
e
m
p
ath
y
c
an
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
n
eg
at
iv
e
e
m
o
ti
o
n
s
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
m
o
r
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
o
th
er
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
g
o
o
d
em
p
at
h
y
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
will
also
h
av
e
th
e
d
esire
to
h
elp
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
[
2
0
]
.
A
s
tu
d
en
t's
ab
ilit
y
to
f
o
r
g
iv
e
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
h
o
w
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
is
ab
le
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
o
th
e
r
p
eo
p
le'
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
r
em
p
ath
ize.
W
h
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
f
o
r
g
iv
e
t
h
e
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
h
a
v
e
h
u
r
t
th
e
m
,
th
e
y
will
f
ee
l
ca
lm
an
d
p
ea
ce
f
u
l
with
in
th
em
s
elv
e
s
b
ec
au
s
e
wh
en
in
d
iv
id
u
als
f
o
r
g
iv
e,
in
n
er
c
h
an
g
es
o
cc
u
r
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
em
p
a
th
y
is
a
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
elem
en
t
in
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
b
ec
au
s
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
em
p
ath
y
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
ab
le
to
f
o
r
g
iv
e
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
to
war
d
s
th
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
wh
o
h
u
r
t
th
em
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
-
8
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6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
26
:
2
7
4
-
282
276
wh
o
h
av
e
l
o
w
em
p
ath
y
ten
d
to
f
in
d
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
f
o
r
g
iv
e
o
th
er
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
u
n
ab
l
e
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
[
2
2
]
.
R
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Sag
af
i
a
an
d
Salv
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
em
p
ath
y
an
d
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
a
ch
ea
tin
g
p
ar
en
t (
r
=
0
.
3
8
3
)
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
em
p
ath
y
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
.
T
h
e
b
etter
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
s
en
s
e
o
f
e
m
p
ath
y
,
th
e
b
etter
f
o
r
g
i
v
en
ess
h
e
o
r
s
h
e
will
s
h
o
w
to
th
o
s
e
wh
o
h
u
r
t
h
im
o
r
h
e
r
.
J
ian
g
(
2
0
2
0
)
also
s
aid
th
at
em
p
ath
y
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lesc
en
ts
(
r
=
0
.
3
3
)
[
2
4
]
.
A
d
o
lescen
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
r
el
ativ
ely
h
ig
h
em
p
at
h
y
h
av
e
a
te
n
d
en
cy
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
o
th
er
p
e
o
p
le'
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
to
b
e
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
n
o
t
s
elf
is
h
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast
to
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
Kim
,
Kap
lan
,
Oliv
er
,
an
d
W
h
itm
o
y
er
o
n
C
h
r
is
tian
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
it
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
em
p
at
h
y
an
d
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
g
en
d
er
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
an
d
t
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
e
m
p
ath
etic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
th
at
ex
is
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
u
b
jects
[
2
5
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ict
im
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
s
till
h
av
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
with
in
th
em
s
elv
es
,
wh
ich
m
ak
e
th
e
m
f
ee
l
u
n
co
m
f
o
r
t
ab
le
with
th
em
s
elv
es
an
d
with
o
th
er
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
s
ep
ar
ated
an
d
ar
e
s
till
tr
ap
p
ed
in
th
eir
'
to
x
ic'
p
ast.
Stu
d
en
ts
s
till
f
in
d
it
d
if
f
icu
l
t
to
b
e
a
b
le
to
m
ak
e
p
ea
ce
with
th
e
th
in
g
s
th
ey
h
av
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
s
til
l
h
o
ld
g
r
u
d
g
es
ag
ain
s
t
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
h
av
e
h
u
r
t
th
em
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
e
h
ar
m
to
th
em
s
elv
es
p
h
y
s
ically
,
m
en
tally
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ically
,
m
ak
i
n
g
th
em
m
o
r
e
ca
u
tio
u
s
in
d
atin
g
an
d
b
eliev
in
g
th
at
to
x
ic
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
ep
air
ed
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
to
em
p
ath
ize
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
to
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
h
av
e
h
u
r
t
th
em
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
f
in
d
in
n
er
p
ea
ce
an
d
b
e
ab
le
to
m
o
v
e
o
n
to
co
n
t
in
u
e
liv
in
g
to
g
eth
er
with
th
e
p
eo
p
l
e
ar
o
u
n
d
th
em
.
Fo
r
g
iv
en
ess
p
r
o
m
o
tes
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
an
d
th
r
iv
i
n
g
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
d
esire
to
r
esear
ch
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
em
p
ath
y
an
d
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
em
p
ath
y
an
d
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
en
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
in
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
is
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
em
p
ath
y
an
d
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
in
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
i
c
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
em
p
ath
y
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
b
y
a
s
tu
d
en
t
wh
o
is
a
v
ictim
o
f
a
t
o
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
h
er
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
will
b
e.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
lo
wer
th
e
em
p
ath
y
a
s
tu
d
e
n
t w
h
o
is
a
v
ictim
o
f
a
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
h
as,
th
e
lo
wer
h
er
f
o
r
g
i
v
en
ess
will b
e
2
.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n a
nd
pa
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
is
q
u
an
ti
tativ
e
r
esear
ch
with
a
co
r
r
elati
o
n
al
d
esig
n
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
em
p
ath
y
a
n
d
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
I
n
d
o
n
esian
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
lin
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
u
s
ed
was
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
in
cid
en
tal
s
am
p
lin
g
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
will p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
to
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t f
ills
o
u
t th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
ask
f
o
r
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t'
s
co
n
s
en
t
to
b
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
th
e
p
ar
t
icip
an
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
to
d
eter
m
in
e
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
an
d
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
tep
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
v
a
r
iab
les.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
h
av
in
g
b
e
en
tr
ea
ted
i
n
a
t
o
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
y
a
p
a
r
tn
er
wh
o
was
at
r
is
k
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical,
m
en
tal,
s
o
cial,
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
al
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Fo
r
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
tu
d
ies,
a
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
3
0
in
d
iv
id
u
als
is
ty
p
ically
d
ee
m
ed
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ad
eq
u
ate
p
ar
ticip
a
n
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
.
Fro
m
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
3
5
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
m
et
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
an
d
th
e
n
u
s
ed
as
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
v
al
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
1
4
0
/PU
-
F.Ps
i
/VI
I
I
/2
0
2
3
f
r
o
m
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
Saty
a
W
ac
an
a
C
h
r
is
tian
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
Par
ticip
an
t
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
2
.
2
.
M
et
ho
d o
f
co
llect
ing
da
t
a
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
e
d
a
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
s
ca
le
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
n
em
p
ath
y
an
d
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
em
p
ath
y
s
ca
le
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
I
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
R
ea
ctiv
ity
I
n
d
ex
(
I
R
I
)
f
r
o
m
Dav
is
(
1
9
8
0
)
,
wh
ich
r
ef
er
s
to
asp
ec
ts
o
f
em
p
ath
y
,
n
am
ely
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
tak
in
g
,
f
a
n
tasy
,
em
p
ath
ic
co
n
ce
r
n
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
is
tr
ess
.
On
th
e
em
p
ath
y
s
ca
le,
th
er
e
ar
e
3
6
item
s
[
1
5
]
,
wh
ic
h
wer
e
th
en
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
I
n
d
o
n
esian
an
d
v
alid
ated
b
y
th
r
e
e
ex
p
er
t
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Me
a
s
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r
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n
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o
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v
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at
h
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u
s
es
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n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
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n
t
en
t
v
alid
ity
,
wh
ich
aim
to
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ee
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itab
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f
item
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th
e
th
eo
r
etica
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ed
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d
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itab
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o
f
ite
m
s
with
p
ar
ticip
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t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
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T
h
e
an
s
wer
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
n
th
e
e
m
p
ath
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s
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le
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s
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th
e
L
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t
m
o
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el
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o
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o
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tio
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ely
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u
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n
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lts
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f
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item
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is
cr
im
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test
s
h
o
wed
th
at
2
4
item
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et
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
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th
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>
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(
v
er
y
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le)
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T
h
e
Fo
r
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v
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Scale
is
m
ea
s
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r
ed
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s
in
g
th
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tr
an
s
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r
elate
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ter
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er
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n
al
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ti
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s
(
T
R
I
M
-
1
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)
f
r
o
m
Mc
C
u
llo
u
g
h
[
1
0
]
,
w
h
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
av
o
id
an
ce
m
o
tiv
atio
n
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r
e
v
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o
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n
s
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d
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en
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On
th
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f
o
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g
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ess
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ca
le,
th
er
e
ar
e
1
7
item
s
,
wh
ic
h
wer
e
t
h
en
tr
a
n
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lated
in
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
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6
E
mp
a
th
y
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n
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g
ive
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ess
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tu
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t v
ictims
o
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xic
r
ela
tio
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s
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ip
s
…
(
F
ela
n
i O
mie
Timp
a
l
)
277
I
n
d
o
n
esian
an
d
v
alid
ated
b
y
th
r
ee
ex
p
er
t
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
.
Me
as
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
v
alid
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th
e
f
o
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g
iv
en
ess
s
ca
le
u
s
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co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
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c
o
n
ten
t
v
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wh
ich
aim
to
s
ee
t
h
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u
itab
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s
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e
th
eo
r
etica
l
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asis
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s
ed
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
u
itab
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f
item
s
with
p
ar
tic
ip
an
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
an
s
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
n
th
e
em
p
at
h
y
s
ca
le
u
s
es
th
e
L
ik
er
t
m
o
d
el
with
f
o
u
r
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p
tio
n
s
,
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a
m
e
ly
v
er
y
s
u
itab
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s
u
itab
le,
u
n
s
u
itab
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d
v
e
r
y
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n
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u
itab
le
.
T
h
e
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lts
o
f
th
e
item
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
test
s
h
o
wed
th
a
t
all
item
s
m
et
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
c
r
iter
ia
(
p
>0
.
3
0
)
with
aitem
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
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e
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an
g
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g
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o
m
0
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3
7
4
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5
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6
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d
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le
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f
0
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8
4
3
(
v
er
y
r
eliab
le)
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
l
y
s
is
t
ec
hn
iq
ue
T
h
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
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elatio
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s
h
ip
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etwe
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ath
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d
f
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co
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l
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e
test
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with
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elp
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tical
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s
,
n
am
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B
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p
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5
f
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33
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7
3
.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
em
p
at
h
y
s
co
r
e
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
ar
e
in
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
teg
o
r
y
with
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
5
8
%
(
m
ea
n
7
2
.
7
5
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
o
f
1
0
.
4
1
7
)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
t
h
e
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
s
co
r
es
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
in
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
te
g
o
r
y
with
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
5
6
.
3
%
(
m
ea
n
5
1
.
0
6
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
7
.
8
7
)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
ateg
o
r
izatio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
v
ar
ia
b
les
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
M
e
a
n
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
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a
t
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o
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P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
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I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
Emp
a
t
h
y
40
93
7
2
.
7
5
1
0
.
4
1
7
58
H
i
g
h
F
o
r
g
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v
e
n
e
ss
21
67
5
1
.
0
6
7
.
8
7
5
6
.
3
H
i
g
h
3
.
2
.
No
r
m
a
lit
y
a
s
s
um
ptio
n t
est
Fro
m
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
test
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
K
-
S
-
Z
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
em
p
ath
y
v
ar
iab
le
was
1
.
0
4
9
with
s
ig
.
=
0
.
221
(
p
>0
.
0
5
)
,
an
d
th
e
K
-
S
-
Z
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
v
ar
iab
le
is
1
.
3
2
3
with
s
ig
.
=
0
.
0
6
0
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
ea
c
h
v
ar
iab
le
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
0
.
0
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
em
p
ath
y
an
d
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
v
ar
i
ab
les
ar
e
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
b
o
th
r
esear
ch
v
ar
iab
l
es
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
d
ata
is
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
co
r
r
e
latio
n
al
an
aly
s
is
[
3
0
]
.
3
.
3
.
L
inea
rit
y
a
s
s
um
ptio
n t
e
s
t
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
lin
ea
r
ity
test
,
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
F
linearity
is
o
b
tain
ed
as
2
1
.
6
5
1
with
s
ig
.
=
0
.
0
0
0
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
em
p
ath
y
an
d
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
i
n
s
tu
d
en
t
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
is
lin
ea
r
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
a
g
o
o
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
a
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
v
ar
iab
les b
ein
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
26
:
2
7
4
-
282
278
3
.
4
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
t
esting
T
h
e
Kar
l Pea
r
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
t
est in
T
ab
le
3
,
a
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t b
etwe
en
em
p
ath
y
wa
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
0
.
2
2
8
with
s
ig
=
0
.
0
0
0
(
p
<0
.
0
1
)
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
r
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
em
p
ath
y
a
n
d
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
in
s
t
u
d
en
t
v
ictim
s
o
f
t
o
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
em
p
ath
y
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
e
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
test
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
asp
ec
t
o
f
e
m
p
ath
y
with
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
asp
ec
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2
4
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.
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m
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Par
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280
in
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as h
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t th
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v
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th
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[
3
2
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.
Par
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Un
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d
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also
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lled
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tiv
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[
1
5
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[
3
3
]
.
E
m
p
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h
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elate
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to
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is
s
tu
d
y
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
-
tak
i
n
g
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
-
tak
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
o
r
ar
e
ab
le
to
s
ee
f
r
o
m
an
o
th
er
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew
.
T
h
is
m
a
k
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
b
le
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
e
y
ar
e
f
ac
in
g
wis
ely
.
s
o
th
at
h
e
is
ab
le
to
f
o
r
g
iv
e
th
o
s
e
wh
o
h
a
v
e
h
u
r
t
h
er
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
Fly
n
n
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
is
also
in
lin
e
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
Xiao
et
a
l
.
r
esear
ch
,
wh
er
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
em
p
ath
y
,
st
u
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
p
o
licy
o
f
b
ein
g
ab
le
to
h
elp
o
th
er
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
[
3
5
]
.
Fu
n
d
am
en
tally
,
em
p
ath
y
in
v
o
lv
es
an
ab
ilit
y
to
en
ter
o
r
b
e
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
wo
r
l
d
o
f
o
th
e
r
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
f
an
tasy
ab
ilit
ies,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ar
e
ab
le
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
m
o
r
e
d
ee
p
ly
h
o
w
o
t
h
er
p
e
o
p
le'
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
Sach
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
wer
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
i
c
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
h
ad
g
o
o
d
ab
ilit
ies
in
th
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
e
m
p
ath
ic
co
n
ce
r
n
,
wh
ich
is
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
p
ay
atten
t
io
n
to
th
e
s
u
f
f
er
in
g
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
b
y
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
Kim
m
es,
wh
ich
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
ar
e
a
f
f
e
ctiv
ely
ab
le
t
o
f
ee
l
wh
at
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
f
ee
l
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
k
n
o
w
wh
at
is
n
ee
d
ed
b
y
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
h
av
e
m
ad
e
m
is
tak
es,
n
am
ely
t
h
e
n
ee
d
to
b
e
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
h
av
e
h
ig
h
an
x
iety
wh
e
n
f
ac
in
g
u
n
p
leasa
n
t
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
f
ee
l
h
u
r
t
g
iv
e
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
to
g
ain
p
ea
ce
o
f
m
in
d
.
I
t
also
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ar
e
ab
le
t
o
g
et
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
zo
n
e
t
h
at
m
ak
es
th
eir
m
in
d
s
u
n
p
leasan
t,
th
u
s
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
g
iv
en
es
s
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
wh
ich
s
tates
th
at
th
r
o
u
g
h
em
p
at
h
y
it
will
m
ak
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
iv
e
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
g
et
ca
lm
a
n
d
f
ee
l
h
a
p
p
y
in
th
e
liv
es
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
g
iv
es
m
ea
n
in
g
t
o
th
e
r
ea
d
e
r
s
,
in
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
t
o
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
wh
o
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
f
l
icts
in
th
eir
liv
es
ar
e
ab
l
e
to
b
u
ild
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
f
o
r
g
i
v
en
ess
f
o
r
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
em
p
at
h
y
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
r
esear
c
h
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Kam
as th
at
e
m
p
ath
y
in
wo
m
en
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
in
m
en
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
v
iew
th
at
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
en
t
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
p
ain
f
u
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
s
elv
es,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ab
le
to
b
u
ild
a
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
,
b
ec
au
s
e
b
asically
b
u
ild
in
g
a
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
i
s
n
o
t
an
ea
s
y
th
in
g
s
o
th
at
it
ca
n
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
em
p
er
s
o
n
ally
t
o
co
n
tin
u
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
eir
l
iv
es
an
d
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
ictu
r
e
f
o
r
r
ea
d
e
r
s
th
at
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
p
ea
ce
in
life
,
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
n
ee
d
to
d
ev
el
o
p
em
p
ath
y
with
in
th
em
s
elv
es
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
life
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
ex
p
er
ien
ce
wh
ic
h
in
tu
r
n
ca
n
h
elp
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
b
u
ild
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
f
o
r
g
i
v
en
ess
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
n
o
t
to
r
etu
r
n
to
a
to
x
ic
cir
cle
b
u
t
h
elp
s
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
c
o
n
tin
u
e
to
li
v
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
life
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
clea
r
ly
h
as
lim
itatio
n
s
,
in
wh
ic
h
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
f
o
u
n
d
a
n
o
b
s
tacle
,
n
am
ely
th
at
it
was
q
u
ite
d
if
f
icu
l
t
to
f
in
d
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
wan
t
ed
to
o
p
e
n
u
p
ab
o
u
t
th
e
to
x
ic
tr
ea
tm
en
t t
h
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
also
o
n
ly
in
v
o
lv
ed
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
4
.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
cl
u
d
e
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
em
p
at
h
y
a
n
d
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
in
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
ar
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
em
p
ath
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
.
T
h
at
is
,
wh
en
th
er
e
is
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
e
m
p
ath
y
,
th
e
n
th
er
e
is
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
ea
ce
in
o
n
e'
s
life
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
,
s
o
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
em
p
ath
y
with
in
th
em
s
elv
es,
d
esp
i
te
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
life
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
,
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
h
elp
in
d
iv
id
u
als
b
u
ild
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
an
d
cr
e
ate
h
ar
m
o
n
y
i
n
th
eir
liv
es.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e,
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
th
at
will
ex
am
in
e
em
p
ath
y
an
d
f
o
r
g
iv
en
ess
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
g
e
n
d
er
s
s
o
th
at
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
l
ev
el
o
f
em
p
ath
y
an
d
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
ess
ca
n
b
e
k
n
o
wn
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
v
ictim
s
o
f
to
x
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
E
mp
a
th
y
a
n
d
fo
r
g
ive
n
ess
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t v
ictims
o
f to
xic
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
…
(
F
ela
n
i O
mie
Timp
a
l
)
281
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
C
.
M
.
Y
o
u
n
g
a
n
d
A
.
H
u
w
a
e
,
“
E
mo
t
i
o
n
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
a
t
i
n
g
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
h
a
t
g
o
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
x
i
c
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
sh
i
p
,
”
Psy
c
h
o
c
e
n
t
r
u
m
Re
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
5
7
–
2
6
7
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
6
5
3
9
/
p
c
r
.
4
3
8
9
3
.
[
2
]
Y
.
D
e
n
g
a
n
d
X
.
Y
a
o
,
“
P
e
r
s
o
n
-
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
f
i
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
a
c
t
i
v
e
so
c
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
:
R
e
c
i
p
r
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