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g
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
L
o
R
a
’
s
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
d
iv
er
s
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
p
l
o
r
e
d
b
y
W
ix
ted
et
a
l.
[
8
]
,
wh
o
test
ed
lo
n
g
r
an
g
e
wid
e
ar
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
L
o
R
aWAN
)
in
u
r
b
an
s
ettin
g
s
,
an
d
B
au
m
g
ar
tn
er
et
a
l.
[
9
]
,
wh
o
e
v
alu
ated
it
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
o
th
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
L
o
R
a
r
em
ain
s
r
eliab
le
o
v
er
d
is
tan
ce
s
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
2
.
2
k
m
i
n
d
en
s
e
u
r
b
a
n
ar
ea
s
t
o
6
.
5
k
m
in
r
u
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tab
ili
ty
p
o
s
itio
n
s
L
o
R
a
as
a
v
er
s
ati
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
d
is
aster
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
g
iv
en
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
ter
r
ain
an
d
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
th
at
m
u
s
t b
e
tak
e
n
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t.
B
ey
o
n
d
b
asic
L
o
R
a
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
,
s
ev
er
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
en
h
an
ce
d
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
es
f
o
r
d
is
aster
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Sy
ed
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
m
esh
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
u
s
in
g
Me
s
h
tast
ic
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
in
teg
r
ated
with
am
p
h
ib
io
u
s
r
o
v
er
s
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
r
eliab
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
lo
o
d
-
af
f
ec
ted
ar
ea
s
.
Vith
ay
ath
il
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
h
y
b
r
id
wir
eless
f
id
elity
(
Wi
-
Fi
)
/Lo
R
a
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
with
ca
p
tiv
e
p
o
r
tal
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
b
o
th
lo
ca
l
d
ev
ice
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
ity
an
d
lo
n
g
-
r
an
g
e
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Fo
r
h
ig
h
l
y
d
is
r
u
p
te
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
Sch
m
id
t
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
a
d
elay
-
to
ler
an
t
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
(
DT
N)
s
y
s
tem
o
v
er
L
o
R
a,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
s
to
r
e
-
an
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ca
n
m
ai
n
tain
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ev
e
n
w
h
en
d
ir
ec
t
lin
k
s
ar
e
u
n
av
ailab
le.
Per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
cr
itical
in
d
is
aster
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
;
L
o
p
es
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
id
en
tifie
d
k
e
y
n
etwo
r
k
p
a
r
am
eter
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
co
llis
io
n
h
an
d
lin
g
,
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
ity
,
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
ter
v
al
s
,
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
s
tr
ess
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
with
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
r
ates
(
DE
R
)
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
b
el
o
w
9
5
%
wh
en
ce
r
tai
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
ar
e
ex
ce
e
d
ed
.
−
Alter
n
ativ
e
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
wid
e
a
r
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
L
PW
AN
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies f
o
r
d
is
aster
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
C
o
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
to
L
o
R
a
-
b
a
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
o
th
er
L
PW
AN
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
f
o
r
em
er
g
en
cy
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
N
ar
r
o
wb
an
d
in
te
r
n
et
o
f
t
h
in
g
s
(
NB
-
I
o
T
)
ac
h
ie
v
es
a
s
tab
le
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
(
R
SS
I
:
-
5
5
.
6
to
-
7
4
.
6
d
B
m
)
u
p
to
4
5
8
m
with
ze
r
o
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
[
1
4
]
,
b
u
t
cr
itically
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
al
ce
llu
lar
b
ase
s
tatio
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
,
wh
ich
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
aster
s
.
Z
ig
B
ee
o
f
f
er
s
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
m
esh
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
(
2
m
W
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
)
b
u
t
is
s
ev
er
ely
r
an
g
e
-
lim
ited
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
o
n
ly
u
p
to
4
0
m
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
f
lo
o
r
,
with
co
m
p
le
te
f
ailu
r
e
b
ey
o
n
d
two
f
lo
o
r
s
[
1
4
]
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
is
aster
zo
n
es
s
p
an
n
in
g
h
u
n
d
r
e
d
s
o
f
m
ete
r
s
.
W
ir
eles
s
s
m
ar
t
u
b
iq
u
ito
u
s
n
etwo
r
k
(
W
i
-
SUN)
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
esh
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
with
2
9
8
m
o
u
t
d
o
o
r
r
an
g
e
[
1
5
]
,
b
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
m
p
lex
m
u
lti
-
n
o
d
e
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
an
d
m
esh
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
L
o
R
a
co
m
b
in
es
lo
n
g
-
r
an
g
e,
lo
w
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
,
an
d
co
m
p
lete
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
,
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ess
en
tial f
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
d
is
aster
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
−
E
m
er
g
en
c
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
h
allen
g
es
Po
s
t
-
d
is
aster
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
o
s
es
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
allen
g
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
d
am
ag
ed
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
u
n
r
eliab
le
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Dee
p
ak
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
i
d
en
tifie
d
t
h
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
i
n
p
o
s
t
-
d
is
aster
s
ettin
g
s
:
co
n
g
ested
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
p
ar
tial
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
is
o
lated
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
I
n
is
o
lated
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
wh
er
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
is
u
n
av
ailab
le,
m
o
b
ile
ad
-
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
MA
NE
T
s
)
o
r
d
r
o
n
e
-
ass
is
ted
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
to
estab
lis
h
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
wir
eless
co
v
er
a
g
e.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
an
d
f
au
lt to
le
r
an
ce
o
f
f
er
e
d
b
y
MA
NE
T
s
m
ak
e
th
em
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
ese
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
i
d
e
a
,
L
ie
s
e
r
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
d
e
l
a
y
-
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
M
A
N
E
T
a
r
c
h
i
te
c
t
u
r
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
io
n
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
r
e
l
y
i
n
g
o
n
f
i
x
e
d
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
s
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
r
e
le
v
an
t
i
n
d
i
s
a
s
t
e
r
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
,
c
i
v
il
i
a
n
-
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
r
e
p
a
r
a
m
o
u
n
t
.
M
o
b
i
l
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
p
u
b
l
ic
in
t
o
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
h
a
v
e
a
l
s
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
i
n
c
r
e
as
i
n
g
l
y
c
o
m
m
o
n
,
a
s
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
e
d
b
y
T
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
,
w
h
o
n
o
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
e
ap
p
s
a
r
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
l
y
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
f
a
c
i
l
it
a
t
i
n
g
o
n
-
s
it
e
co
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
we
e
n
c
i
v
i
li
a
n
s
a
n
d
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
r
s
.
−
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
a
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
L
o
R
a
-
b
ased
tex
tin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
d
is
aster
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Desp
ite
lev
er
ag
in
g
an
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
lik
e
L
o
R
a,
a
well
-
k
n
o
wn
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
in
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
p
r
e
s
en
ted
walk
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
p
r
a
ctica
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
en
r
ic
h
ed
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
u
s
in
g
L
o
R
a
f
o
r
wir
eless
m
ess
ag
in
g
wh
ile
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
c
o
llap
s
ed
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
was
ev
alu
a
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
an
g
e
test
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
-
d
ef
in
ed
r
ad
i
o
(
SDR
)
an
al
y
s
is
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
SDR
in
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
ad
d
s
an
o
t
h
er
d
im
en
s
io
n
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
wir
eless
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
N
ex
t g
en
era
tio
n
Lo
R
a
-
b
a
s
ed
r
esil
ien
t c
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
s
yste
m
fo
r
d
is
a
s
ter mit
ig
a
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
Al
-
B
a
r
a
a
E
b
a
d
)
373
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
in
cip
les,
wh
ich
lin
k
s
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
ce
p
ts
with
r
ea
lity
.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
is
co
m
p
atib
le
with
m
o
s
t
W
in
d
o
ws
an
d
An
d
r
o
id
o
p
er
ati
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
am
o
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
u
s
er
s
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
L
o
R
a
n
etwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
c
u
s
to
m
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
ch
em
e.
A
k
ey
a
d
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
is
d
esig
n
is
th
at
ev
en
if
o
n
e
d
e
v
ice
is
n
o
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e,
th
e
u
s
er
ca
n
s
till
tr
ig
g
er
a
b
u
zz
er
to
n
o
tify
th
e
r
ec
ip
ie
n
t,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
c
r
itical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
m
ain
tain
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
em
er
g
en
cies.
Star
tin
g
with
L
o
R
a
as
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
l,
th
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es
wer
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ated
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
a
d
d
r
ess
es
d
is
aster
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
is
s
u
es,
th
er
eb
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
escu
e
an
d
r
elief
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
Ou
r
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
co
m
p
r
is
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
k
ey
s
tep
s
:
s
y
s
te
m
d
esig
n
,
r
an
g
e
test
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
with
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
SDR
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
d
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
in
d
icato
r
(
R
SS
I
)
eq
u
atio
n
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
i
s
to
b
u
ild
a
d
ev
ice
u
tili
zin
g
L
o
R
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
tex
t
m
ess
ag
in
g
o
v
e
r
l
o
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
Sin
ce
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
to
b
u
ild
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
ev
ices f
o
r
e
m
er
g
en
cy
ca
s
es,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
th
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
:
−
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
o
p
er
ates w
ith
a
m
i
n
im
u
m
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
−
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
is
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
r
o
to
ty
p
i
n
g
an
d
u
s
ag
e
−
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
is
co
m
p
atib
le
with
m
o
s
t o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
W
in
d
o
ws an
d
An
d
r
o
id
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
was
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
an
g
e
-
test
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
.
R
SS
I
an
d
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SNR
)
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
,
an
d
th
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
an
d
v
is
u
alize
d
f
o
r
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
W
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
L
o
R
a
s
ig
n
als o
v
er
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
u
s
in
g
SDR
.
T
h
is
g
iv
es
m
o
r
e
in
s
ig
h
t in
t
o
th
e
s
ig
n
al
’
s
b
eh
av
io
r
.
A
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
is
as
f
o
llo
ws.
T
h
e
lo
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
p
ath
-
lo
s
s
(
L
DPL)
m
o
d
el
is
a
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
in
d
o
o
r
an
d
o
u
td
o
o
r
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
p
ath
-
lo
s
s
v
alu
e
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itt
er
(
T
x
)
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
(
R
x
)
[
1
9
]
.
(
)
=
(
0
)
+
10
(
d
)
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
(
)
is
th
e
p
ath
-
lo
s
s
at
d
is
tan
ce
(
m
eter
s
)
in
th
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
(
0
)
is
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
ath
-
lo
s
s
at
d
is
tan
ce
0
with
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
cl
o
s
e
to
th
e
T
x
.
I
t
is
o
f
ten
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
1
m
e
ter
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
is
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
T
x
an
d
R
x
in
m
eter
s
,
an
d
is
th
e
p
ath
-
lo
s
s
ex
p
o
n
en
t (
PLE
)
a
d
ju
s
ted
to
th
e
test
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
as su
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
PLE
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
2
2
]
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
P
LE,
(
)
F
r
e
e
s
p
a
c
e
2
U
r
b
a
n
a
r
e
a
c
e
l
l
u
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
o
2
.
7
–
3
.
5
S
h
a
d
o
w
e
d
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
l
l
u
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
o
3
–
5
In
-
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
l
i
n
e
o
f
si
g
h
t
(L
o
S)
1
.
6
–
5
O
b
st
r
u
c
t
e
d
i
n
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
1
.
6
–
1
.
8
O
b
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
e
s
4
–
6
I
n
d
o
o
r
o
f
f
i
c
e
2
–
3
So
,
th
e
R
SS
I
ca
lcu
latio
n
is
as f
o
llo
ws
[
2
2
]
:
=
+
+
10
(
d
)
+
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
R
SS
I
an
d
,
wh
ich
r
ef
e
r
to
th
e
T
x
t
r
an
s
m
itted
p
o
wer
,
ar
e
b
o
th
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
in
d
B
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
2
.
1
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
d
esig
n
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
T
h
e
L
o
R
a
-
b
ased
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
m
ad
e
o
f
two
d
ev
ices.
T
h
ese
d
ev
ices
es
tab
lis
h
an
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
L
o
R
a
-
b
ased
n
etwo
r
k
.
On
ce
th
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
ices,
th
e
u
s
er
ca
n
u
s
e
th
e
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
f
o
r
te
x
t
m
ess
ag
in
g
v
ia
th
e
L
o
R
a
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
L
o
R
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
o
v
er
co
m
in
g
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
GSM
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
I
n
o
u
r
d
esig
n
,
we
u
s
ed
an
Ar
d
u
in
o
Nan
o
b
o
ar
d
with
AT
m
eg
a3
2
8
P
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
,
a
L
o
R
a
T
r
an
s
ce
iv
er
(
R
a
-
0
1
)
m
o
d
u
le
with
Sem
tech
’
s
(
SX1
2
7
8
)
i
n
teg
r
ated
c
ir
cu
it
(
IC
)
,
a
B
lu
eto
o
th
m
o
d
u
le
(
HC
0
5
)
,
a
5
V
b
u
z
z
e
r
,
a
s
w
i
t
c
h
,
a
n
d
a
s
in
g
l
e
9
V
A
A
A
a
l
k
a
li
n
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
l
o
c
k
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
3
7
1
-
3
8
6
374
Af
ter
in
s
tallin
g
th
e
Ser
ial
B
lu
eto
o
th
T
e
r
m
in
al
ap
p
,
th
e
u
s
er
ca
n
co
n
n
ec
t
to
th
e
d
ev
ice
v
ia
B
lu
eto
o
th
u
s
in
g
th
eir
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e.
E
ac
h
d
e
v
ice
h
as
a
p
r
ed
e
f
in
ed
ad
d
r
ess
,
s
u
ch
as
0
x
B
B
an
d
0
x
FF
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
f
ea
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
u
s
er
s
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
L
o
R
a
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
m
ess
ag
es
ar
e
th
en
s
en
t
v
ia
L
o
R
a
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
to
th
e
r
ec
ip
ien
t
d
e
v
ice,
wh
er
e
th
e
r
ec
ip
ien
t
c
an
r
ea
d
th
em
i
n
th
e
a
p
p
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
ca
n
s
en
d
a
ca
ll
s
ig
n
al
t
h
at
tr
ig
g
er
s
t
h
e
b
u
zz
er
.
E
v
en
if
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ices
was
n
o
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
an
y
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e,
th
e
u
s
er
ca
n
s
ti
ll
ac
tiv
ate
th
e
b
u
zz
er
to
n
o
tify
th
e
r
ec
ip
ien
t.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
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k
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f
o
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r
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th
e
“L
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lib
r
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p
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o
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ical
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ch
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/r
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aw
p
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k
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d
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en
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y
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b
a
n
d
wid
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d
SF
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h
e
lib
r
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s
u
p
p
o
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ts
C
o
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R
ate,
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ich
is
ad
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itio
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ata
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h
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p
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to
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f
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r
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tio
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h
ile
th
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u
r
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iag
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Fig
u
r
e
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Fig
u
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i
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ased
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ates
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n
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v
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id
p
ac
k
et
co
lli
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io
n
s
[
1
8
]
-
[
23]
.
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p
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wh
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h
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ca
s
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m
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last
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3
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in
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with
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s
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n
th
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th
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zz
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laten
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cr
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with
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d
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s
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ch
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d
th
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s
u
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d
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m
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u
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ac
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tain
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ly
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g
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m
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m
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ag
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to
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tim
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ten
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ates,
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m
ess
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en
c
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ix
m
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ag
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r
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t
h
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wo
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s
e
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ce
n
ar
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s
in
h
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h
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o
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n
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ch
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s
,
in
ten
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co
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am
o
n
g
m
u
ltip
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r
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s
is
cr
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l,
with
an
av
er
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o
f
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2
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ess
ag
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r
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atter
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atter
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ally
d
u
r
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l
m
o
m
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ts
.
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h
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s
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lo
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lif
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v
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d
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h
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is
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B
y
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o
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o
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t
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p
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t
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0
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e
c
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s
.
H
o
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b
a
s
is
m
et
r
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cs
a
r
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m
o
r
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r
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l
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t
t
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m
e
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s
.
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s
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(
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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T
h
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at
in
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atter
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ab
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Switch
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ly
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ican
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am
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h
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6
m
A
s
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y
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r
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r
em
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th
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o
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in
an
t
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n
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u
m
er
,
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d
s
u
ch
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f
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m
e
asu
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es
will
ex
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
to
8
d
ay
s
,
as
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
Ad
d
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ally
,
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e
m
ed
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m
ac
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o
d
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s
tain
s
1
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2
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
with
p
er
i
o
d
ic
em
er
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cy
m
ess
ag
in
g
,
r
e
p
r
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g
o
n
ly
a
2
0
%
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ed
u
ctio
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f
r
o
m
id
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m
o
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e.
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v
en
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h
ig
h
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ac
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ity
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o
d
e,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
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3
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f
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e
in
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m
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k
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b
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e
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r
r
e
n
t
p
r
im
ar
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eter
m
in
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t
o
f
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atter
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O
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ly
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3
7
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ed
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ch
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f
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icien
t
f
o
r
m
o
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t
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I
n
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lo
o
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r
alk
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b
atter
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o
p
tio
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h
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er
ca
p
ac
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is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
ex
ten
d
th
e
life
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m
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
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Nev
er
th
ele
s
s
,
th
e
p
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u
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p
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3
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9
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1
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3
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ased
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m
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eter
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y
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R
SS
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eter
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ests
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lo
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SF
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to
m
in
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ize
laten
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[
2
8
]
.
2
.
2
.
Net
w
o
rk
a
rc
hite
ct
ure
a
nd
m
ea
s
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ent
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et
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s
T
h
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p
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n
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etwe
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h
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e
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ices
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h
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ig
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m
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en
m
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n
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s
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ts
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l
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g
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e
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f
L
o
R
a
m
o
d
u
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ig
h
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r
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g
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m
m
u
n
ica
tio
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r
an
g
e
b
u
t
a
l
o
wer
d
ata
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
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ate.
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h
e
id
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L
o
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co
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f
ig
u
r
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ep
en
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th
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p
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ty
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e.
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n
f
ac
t,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
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d
is
tan
ce
ca
n
b
e
e
x
ten
d
ed
with
a
b
an
d
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th
o
f
less
th
an
1
2
5
KHz
,
b
u
t
at
t
h
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
laten
cy
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
h
as
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
ca
p
tu
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
an
g
e,
wh
ich
is
th
e
allo
wab
le
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
its
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
a
n
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
’
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
T
h
is
r
an
g
e
d
eter
m
in
es
h
o
w
m
u
ch
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
f
r
eq
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en
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ca
n
d
if
f
er
wh
ile
s
till
allo
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th
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u
cc
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lly
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t
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ig
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al.
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y
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ce
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e
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h
.
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o
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s
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ate,
if
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e
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e
1
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,
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e
r
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ld
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d
to
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e
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n
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en
4
3
3
.
9
9
7
5
MH
z
an
d
4
3
4
.
0
0
2
5
MH
z.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
SF
d
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in
es th
e
n
o
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e
p
er
f
o
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an
ce
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SF
6
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d
SF
1
2
g
iv
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a
-
7
.
5
d
B
an
d
a
-
20
d
B
b
elo
w
n
o
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p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
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r
esp
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tiv
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.
T
h
e
lar
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er
SF
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
wid
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r
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g
e;
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
is
th
at
h
ig
h
er
SF
p
ac
k
ets
tak
e
lo
n
g
er
to
tr
a
n
s
m
it.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
an
SF
o
f
1
2
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d
a
B
W
o
f
1
2
5
KHz
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
is
attain
ed
with
th
e
le
ast
p
ac
k
ag
e
lo
s
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
d
in
g
r
ate
ca
n
also
r
esu
lt
in
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
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ain
s
at
t
h
e
lim
it
o
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e
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,
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r
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4
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d
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8
.
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e
h
ig
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4
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r
ate
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[
2
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.
A
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it
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o
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R
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s
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4
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R
eg
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ased
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ased
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er
B
lu
eto
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th
f
o
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u
s
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I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
B
lu
eto
o
th
lin
k
h
an
d
les
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ca
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b
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ile
th
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L
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R
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lin
k
h
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e
wir
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m
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etwe
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v
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T
o
g
eth
er
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th
e
y
f
o
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m
a
two
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h
o
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s
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cr
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n
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k
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etwo
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ca
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ig
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em
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th
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t o
f
a
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o
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n
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tiv
ity
to
a
n
o
d
e
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
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f
n
o
d
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
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tr
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Lo
R
a
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ter mit
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tio
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n
d
…
(
Al
-
B
a
r
a
a
E
b
a
d
)
377
T
ab
le
4
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t p
ar
am
e
ter
s
an
d
s
ettin
g
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
n
a
m
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
s
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
4
3
3
M
H
z
SF
1
2
=
4
0
9
6
c
h
i
p
s/
sy
m
b
o
l
Tr
a
n
sm
i
t
t
e
r
h
e
i
g
h
t
5
m
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
h
e
i
g
h
t
1
.
2
m
Tr
a
n
sm
i
t
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
1
7
d
B
m
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
g
a
i
n
2
.
1
5
d
B
i
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
1
2
5
K
H
z
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
s
h
o
ws th
e
p
o
t
en
tial o
f
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
two
-
h
o
p
m
esh
to
p
o
lo
g
y
n
etwo
r
k
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
o
f
m
ess
ag
es
is
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
s
in
ce
ev
er
y
L
o
R
a
d
ev
i
ce
s
en
d
s
a
m
ess
ag
e
to
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
L
o
R
a
d
ev
ice
u
s
in
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
ad
d
r
ess
.
B
es
id
es
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
,
m
ess
ag
es
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ad
d
r
ess
es
ar
e
ig
n
o
r
ed
.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
u
s
er
n
am
e
is
wh
at
ap
p
e
ar
s
in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
lay
er
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
lay
er
ad
d
r
ess
es
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
in
h
e
x
ad
ec
im
al.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
l
e,
0
x
B
B
is
th
e
ac
tu
al
ad
d
r
ess
o
f
User
1
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
an
d
0
x
FF
is
s
et
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
c
asti
n
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
co
u
n
ter
is
r
eset
at
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
ev
er
y
s
ess
io
n
,
m
ak
in
g
it
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
tr
o
u
b
lesh
o
o
tin
g
.
L
ik
ewise,
th
e
m
ess
ag
e
len
g
t
h
in
b
y
tes
p
r
o
v
id
es
i
n
s
ig
h
t
in
to
ca
s
es
o
f
m
is
m
atch
an
d
d
ata
co
r
r
u
p
tio
n
.
Af
ter
war
d
,
o
v
er
-
th
e
-
ai
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
cc
u
r
s
o
n
ce
th
e
p
ac
k
et
is
en
d
ed
af
ter
wr
itin
g
to
th
e
in
ter
n
al
b
u
f
f
er
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
th
e
L
o
R
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
l sh
o
win
g
th
e
d
ata
f
lo
w
in
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
3
7
1
-
3
8
6
378
Du
r
in
g
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
f
ix
in
g
th
e
T
x
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
R
x
was
p
lace
d
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
T
x
was
p
lace
d
at
a
h
eig
h
t
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
5
m
.
Me
asu
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
tak
en
at
s
ev
er
al
lo
ca
tio
n
s
u
n
til
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
was
r
ea
ch
ed
,
o
r
th
e
R
x
co
u
l
d
n
o
lo
n
g
er
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
m
ess
ag
e
s
en
t
b
y
th
e
T
x
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
R
SS
I
lev
el.
Af
ter
war
d
,
R
SS
I
,
SNR
,
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
r
ea
d
in
g
s
wer
e
r
etr
iev
ed
in
C
SV f
o
r
m
at
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
aly
s
is
.
2
.
3
.
Ra
ng
e
t
est
ex
perim
ent
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
wer
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
in
t
h
e
I
s
lam
ic
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Ma
d
i
n
ah
(
I
UM
)
ca
m
p
u
s
in
Ma
d
in
ah
,
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia.
T
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
c
h
o
s
en
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
test
was
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ca
m
p
u
s
p
ar
k
in
g
lo
t,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
s
ite
is
f
lat
w
ith
a
co
m
p
lete
L
o
S,
an
d
it
is
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
s
o
m
e
b
u
ild
in
g
s
.
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
to
o
k
p
lace
in
th
e
Ma
d
in
ah
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
J
u
n
e.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
tim
e
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
,
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
a
r
e
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
4
0
°
C
with
a
h
u
m
id
it
y
o
f
8
%.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
co
u
ld
n
’
t
ex
ce
ed
8
0
m
d
u
e
to
th
e
ex
tr
em
ely
h
ig
h
g
r
o
u
n
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
L
o
S
r
an
g
e
test
with
T
x
an
d
R
x
f
o
r
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
2
3
7
.
5
m
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
n
o
th
er
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
T
x
was
p
lace
d
n
ea
r
a
win
d
o
w
o
n
th
e
th
ir
d
f
l
o
o
r
o
f
a
b
u
ild
in
g
f
ac
in
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
R
x
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
was
3
0
°
C
,
an
d
th
e
h
u
m
i
d
ity
was
1
3
%.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
team
a
ch
iev
ed
a
m
ax
im
u
m
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
2
3
7
.
5
m
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
in
cr
ea
s
ed
as
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
altitu
d
e
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Fo
r
em
p
ir
ical
a
n
aly
s
is
,
we
co
n
d
u
cted
two
r
a
n
g
e
test
s
u
n
d
er
a
s
im
ilar
s
etu
p
wh
er
e
R
SS
I
an
d
SNR
r
ea
d
in
g
s
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
.
W
h
il
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
was
at
a
5
m
i
n
ter
v
al,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
test
was
f
o
r
ev
er
y
m
eter
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
f
in
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
PLE
v
alu
e
is
u
s
ed
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
L
DPL.
T
h
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
is
ap
p
lied
,
wh
ich
is
m
o
d
eled
with
th
e
p
at
h
-
lo
s
s
eq
u
atio
n
em
p
ir
ically
[
1
3
]
.
=
+
(
6
)
(
)
=
(
0
)
+
10
(
d
)
(
7
)
=
+
(
8
)
W
ith
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
as
th
e
in
itial
v
alu
e
o
f
p
ath
-
lo
s
s
,
wh
ich
is
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
lo
s
s
at
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
is
tan
ce
,
0
an
d
is
th
e
PLE
v
alu
e
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
1
0
,
a
n
d
is
th
e
lo
g
ar
ith
m
i
c
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
e
r
d
is
tan
ce
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
is
tan
ce
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
PLE
v
alu
e
is
/
10
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
d
atasets
wer
e
m
e
r
g
ed
,
with
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
av
e
r
ag
ed
t
o
m
itig
ate
s
p
atial
s
am
p
lin
g
b
ias
an
d
en
h
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
R
SS
I
an
d
SNR
v
alu
es
in
L
o
S
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
is
d
ir
ec
ted
to
war
d
s
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
r
ef
lectio
n
,
r
ef
r
ac
tio
n
,
d
if
f
r
ac
ti
o
n
,
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
,
wh
ich
af
f
ec
t
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ascr
ib
ed
to
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
b
u
ild
in
g
s
o
r
th
e
d
r
y
,
h
o
t
wea
th
er
,
as
t
h
e
laten
cy
is
m
o
r
e
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
b
o
th
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
an
d
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ically
with
d
is
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
r
eliab
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
u
p
t
o
1
6
5
m
,
with
co
n
s
is
ten
t
R
SS
I
/SN
R
tr
en
d
s
an
d
m
in
im
al
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
.
B
ey
o
n
d
1
6
5
m
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
m
ain
tain
co
n
n
e
ctiv
ity
f
o
r
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
,
b
u
t
it
e
x
h
ib
its
s
ev
er
e
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
,
wh
ich
m
a
y
af
f
ec
t th
e
r
esu
lts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
N
ex
t g
en
era
tio
n
Lo
R
a
-
b
a
s
ed
r
esil
ien
t c
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
s
yste
m
fo
r
d
is
a
s
ter mit
ig
a
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
Al
-
B
a
r
a
a
E
b
a
d
)
379
SNR
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
co
r
r
elate
d
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
with
R
SS
I
d
ec
lin
e,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
n
o
is
e
f
lo
o
r
is
a
k
ey
lim
itin
g
f
ac
to
r
at
L
o
R
a
s
,
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
SNR
is
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
ig
n
al
q
u
alit
y
th
an
R
SS
I
.
At
d
is
tan
ce
s
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
1
0
0
m
,
th
e
SNR
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
e
L
o
R
a
d
em
o
d
u
latio
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
ty
p
ically
-
2
0
d
B
,
wh
ich
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
i
n
c
r
ea
s
ed
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
b
ey
o
n
d
t
h
is
r
an
g
e
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
SNR
p
lo
t
f
o
llo
ws
a
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
-
lik
e
tr
en
d
,
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
s
h
ar
p
ly
with
in
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
4
0
m
,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
T
h
is
b
eh
av
i
o
r
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
wir
eless
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
ig
n
al
p
o
wer
ty
p
ically
d
ec
ay
s
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ically
with
d
is
tan
ce
d
u
e
to
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
p
ath
-
lo
s
s
.
T
h
e
R
SS
I
p
lo
t
ex
h
ib
its
a
r
ap
id
l
o
g
ar
ith
m
ic
d
ec
ay
f
r
o
m
-
1
1
5
d
B
m
at
1
m
to
-
1
2
6
d
B
m
at
2
0
m
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
.
T
h
is
s
teep
d
e
clin
e
alig
n
s
with
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
p
a
th
-
lo
s
s
(
=
2
)
b
u
t
is
m
itig
ated
b
y
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
ef
le
ctio
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
in
th
e
n
ea
r
f
ield
,
ty
p
ical
o
f
o
p
en
L
o
S
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
R
SS
I
co
n
v
e
r
g
es
to
a
n
o
is
e
-
lim
ited
f
lo
o
r
o
f
-
1
2
8
d
B
m
t
o
-
1
2
9
d
B
m
,
p
er
s
is
tin
g
u
n
til
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
ails
at
a
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
1
6
5
m
.
T
y
p
ically
,
th
e
n
o
is
e
f
lo
o
r
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
lim
it
o
f
s
en
s
itiv
ity
;
h
o
wev
er
,
L
o
R
a
o
p
er
ates
b
elo
w
th
is
lev
el
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
ex
em
p
lifie
s
r
esil
ien
ce
,
u
n
lik
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
e
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
d
o
o
r
ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
t m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
in
L
o
S c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
(
a)
SNR
(
d
B
)
an
d
(
b
)
R
SS
I
(
d
B
m
)
Fig
u
r
e
s
8
(
a)
an
d
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
e
r
r
o
r
b
ar
s
,
wh
ich
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
v
ar
i
ab
ilit
y
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
m
u
ltip
ath
f
ad
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
.
E
ac
h
d
ata
p
o
i
n
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
is
tan
ce
,
wh
er
ea
s
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
b
a
r
s
in
d
icate
t
h
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
r
ep
ea
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
as
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
in
cr
ea
s
es,
m
ak
in
g
tr
en
d
s
m
o
r
e
o
b
s
er
v
a
b
le.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le
,
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
SNR
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
g
o
es
as
lo
w
a
s
±
0
.
3
5
.
I
t
im
p
lies
t
h
at
th
e
s
ig
n
al
s
h
o
u
ld
tr
av
el
en
o
u
g
h
d
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
a
b
etter
d
escr
ip
tio
n
a
n
d
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
ath
.
B
y
ex
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
v
alu
e,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
o
f
SNR
is
±
2
.
3
,
w
h
ile
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
R
SS
I
is
±
0
.
8
6
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Stan
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
e
r
r
o
r
b
ar
s
f
o
r
th
e
r
ep
e
ated
test
s
o
f
(
a)
SNR
an
d
(
b
)
R
SS
I
,
wh
i
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
3
7
1
-
3
8
6
380
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
R
SS
I
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
co
llected
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
d
is
p
lay
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
ig
n
al
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
ce
n
es
d
u
e
to
m
u
ltip
ath
f
a
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
in
th
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
n
o
is
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
a
c
h
allen
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
t
esti
n
g
an
d
an
aly
s
is
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
Kalm
an
fi
l
ter
is
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
i
s
o
latin
g
th
e
tr
u
e
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
o
is
e
-
in
d
u
ce
d
v
ar
ian
ce
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
Kalm
an
f
ilter
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
ar
e
tu
n
ed
t
o
f
it
th
e
R
SS
I
f
ilter
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Firstl
y
,
n
o
is
e
with
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
ex
am
in
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
two
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
R
r
ef
lectin
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
n
o
is
e,
an
d
Q
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
in
te
r
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
n
o
is
e.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Kalm
an
f
ilter
r
esu
lts
th
at
is
o
late
th
e
tr
u
e
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
o
is
e
-
in
d
u
ce
d
v
ar
ian
ce
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
as
th
e
h
ei
g
h
t
o
f
T
x
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
wo
u
l
d
in
cr
ea
s
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
wh
en
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
ar
e
lo
w,
th
e
n
o
is
e
p
o
wer
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
b
etter
SNR
v
alu
es
ar
e
ac
h
iev
ed
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
h
o
t w
ea
th
er
m
ay
s
lo
w
d
o
wn
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
u
e
t
o
o
v
e
r
h
ea
tin
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
co
ld
we
ath
er
ten
d
s
to
d
r
ain
b
atter
ies m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
ly
th
a
n
war
m
wea
th
er
[
2
9
]
.
As s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
a
)
,
th
e
PLE
is
p
lo
tted
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
wh
en
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
is
less
f
o
r
th
e
L
o
S
s
etu
p
,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
PLE
v
alu
e
is
at
its
h
ig
h
est,
clo
s
er
to
=
2
.
As
e
x
p
ec
t
ed
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
wh
en
th
e
R
x
is
d
is
p
lace
d
in
o
u
t
d
o
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
PLE
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
v
io
latin
g
th
e
id
ea
lized
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
v
alu
e.
T
h
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
ar
is
es
f
r
o
m
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
ef
lectio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
,
wh
ich
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
ir
ec
t a
n
d
r
ef
lect
ed
s
ig
n
al
p
ath
s
.
Fo
r
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
f
o
cu
s
was
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
p
r
e
-
s
atu
r
atio
n
r
eg
io
n
(
1
–
20
m
)
,
w
h
er
e
s
ig
n
al
d
y
n
am
ics
d
o
m
in
ate.
T
h
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
d
ec
a
y
alig
n
s
clo
s
ely
with
th
e
L
DPL
m
o
d
el.
Af
ter
av
er
ag
i
n
g
R
SS
I
r
aw
d
ata
an
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
a
f
iltra
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e,
th
e
L
DP
L
m
o
d
el
was
esti
m
ated
.
T
h
e
L
DPL
m
o
d
el
r
elies
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
R
SS
I
an
d
th
e
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
s
ca
le
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
esti
m
atio
n
lin
e
y
iel
d
s
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
(
9
)
.
(
)
=
−
12
.
6
(
)
−
115
(
9
)
−
E
s
tim
ated
PLE
(
)
=
1
.
2
6
−
I
n
ter
ce
p
t (
R
SS
I
at
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
i
s
tan
ce
)
=
-
1
1
5
d
B
m
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Path
-
lo
s
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
za
tio
n
o
f
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t f
o
r
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l in
s
ig
h
ts
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
al
b
eh
av
i
o
r
:
(
a)
PLE
v
s
.
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
(
b
)
L
DPL
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t 2
0
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.