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Stu
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[
9
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I
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H
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Desp
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n
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
P
V
c
o
o
li
n
g
a
p
p
lic
ati
o
n
s
r
em
ai
n
li
m
it
ed
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ai
m
s
t
o
an
al
y
ze
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
cti
v
e
n
ess
o
f
an
a
d
ap
ti
v
e
t
u
n
in
g
f
u
z
zy
-
P
I
D
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
a
n
d
a
Z
ie
g
l
er
-
Ni
c
h
o
ls
P
I
D
co
n
t
r
o
ll
er
i
n
r
e
g
u
la
ti
n
g
PV
m
o
d
u
le
te
m
p
e
r
at
u
r
es
.
T
h
e
E
SP
3
2
m
i
cr
o
co
n
t
r
o
ll
er
is
u
s
e
d
as
t
h
e
ce
n
t
r
a
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
u
n
it
,
im
p
l
em
en
ti
n
g
b
o
t
h
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
t
r
at
eg
ies
.
Ke
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
m
e
tr
ics
—
i
n
c
l
u
d
in
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
r
e
g
u
l
ati
o
n
,
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
tim
e,
a
n
d
s
te
ad
y
-
s
ta
t
e
e
r
r
o
r
—
ar
e
e
v
al
u
a
te
d
to
d
et
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
B
u
ild
in
g
u
p
o
n
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esea
r
ch
o
n
a
d
ap
ti
v
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
P
V
co
o
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
4
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
an
d
Z
ieg
l
er
-
Ni
ch
o
ls
PID
tu
n
in
g
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
r
o
o
f
to
p
PV
co
o
lin
g
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
y
ex
p
er
im
en
tally
ev
alu
atin
g
b
o
t
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
u
zz
y
-
PID
a
n
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PID
m
eth
o
d
s
u
n
d
er
id
en
tical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
ills
a
n
o
tab
le
g
ap
in
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
ea
ch
m
eth
o
d
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ed
u
c
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t,
o
f
f
er
in
g
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
y
n
am
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
ad
v
an
cin
g
s
m
ar
t r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Ro
o
f
t
o
p
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
t
em
des
ig
n
2
.
1
.
1
.
Co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
t
em
circ
uit
des
ig
n
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
As
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
f
o
u
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els,
ar
r
an
g
e
d
in
two
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
tr
in
g
s
.
E
ac
h
s
tr
in
g
is
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
:
i)
T
h
e
E
SP
3
2
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
ll
ec
ts
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
p
an
els
;
ii)
W
h
en
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
lim
it,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
-
PID
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
ac
tiv
ates
th
e
wate
r
p
u
m
p
a
n
d
m
o
to
r
iz
ed
v
alv
e
;
iii)
T
h
e
wate
r
p
u
m
p
s
p
r
ay
s
wate
r
o
n
t
o
th
e
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
wh
ile
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
ized
v
alv
e
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
f
l
o
w
r
ate,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
co
o
lin
g
;
an
d
i
v
)
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
h
an
ce
s
PV p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
,
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
life
s
p
an
o
f
th
e
p
an
els.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
m
o
d
u
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
C
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f a
d
a
p
tive
tu
n
in
g
fu
z
z
y
P
I
D
a
n
d
Zieg
ler
-
N
ich
o
ls
P
I
D
fo
r
…
(
Yu
s
n
a
n
B
a
d
r
u
z
z
a
ma
n
)
1065
2
.
1
.
2
.
Co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
t
em
circ
uit
co
ntr
o
l pa
nel
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
is
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
o
o
f
to
p
PV
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
in
s
tal
led
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
ject.
As
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
T
h
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
u
tili
ze
s
a
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
u
n
it
th
at
co
n
v
er
t
s
2
2
0
V
AC
to
5
V
DC
,
en
ab
lin
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
E
SP
3
2
m
ic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
u
n
it,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
th
e
I
o
T
p
latf
o
r
m
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
E
SP
3
2
is
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
a
MA
X4
8
5
in
ter
f
ac
e
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
le
s
er
ial
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Vo
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
ar
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
PZE
M
-
0
1
7
m
o
d
u
les
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
ad
d
r
ess
es: 0
x
0
0
1
f
o
r
PV1
,
0
x
0
0
2
f
o
r
PV2
,
an
d
0
x
0
0
3
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
PZE
M
-
0
1
6
m
o
d
u
le
with
ad
d
r
ess
0
x
0
0
4
m
o
n
ito
r
s
th
e
in
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t.
Sh
u
n
t
r
esis
to
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
y
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
,
allo
win
g
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
PZ
E
M
m
o
d
u
les
to
ca
lcu
late
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
f
o
r
PV1
,
PV2
,
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
ely
.
C
ir
cu
it
p
r
o
tectio
n
is
en
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
e
d
ic
ated
DC
m
in
iatu
r
e
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
s
(
MCB
s
)
f
o
r
PV1
,
PV2
,
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
,
wh
ile
an
AC
MCB
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
s
th
e
en
tire
I
o
T
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
m
o
d
u
le
2
.
1
.
3
.
I
nte
rnet
o
f
t
hin
g
s
s
y
s
t
em
a
rc
hite
ct
ure
T
h
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
a
r
ch
it
ec
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
d
ep
icted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
E
SP
3
2
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
it,
m
an
ag
in
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
ac
tiv
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
n
ec
ts
to
th
e
in
ter
n
et
v
ia
Wi
-
Fi
,
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
d
em
to
tr
an
s
m
it
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
to
th
e
B
ly
n
k
clo
u
d
s
er
v
er
.
a.
T
h
e
B
ly
n
k
clo
u
d
s
er
v
er
ac
ts
as a
n
in
ter
m
ed
iar
y
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
th
e
u
s
er
i
n
ter
f
ac
e.
b.
User
s
ca
n
r
em
o
tely
m
o
n
ito
r
a
n
d
co
n
t
r
o
l th
e
s
y
s
tem
v
ia
th
e
B
ly
n
k
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
(
iOS/An
d
r
o
id
)
.
c.
Data
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
allo
w
u
s
er
s
to
an
aly
ze
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
tr
e
n
d
s
o
v
e
r
tim
e
.
T
h
is
I
o
T
-
b
ased
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
e
n
s
u
r
es
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
r
em
o
te
co
n
tr
o
l,
o
p
tim
izin
g
PV
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
0
6
3
-
1
0
7
4
1066
2
.
2
.
M
a
t
hem
a
t
ica
l
m
o
delin
g
o
f
t
he
m
o
t
o
rize
d v
a
lv
e
T
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
tu
n
in
g
,
a
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
m
o
t
o
r
iz
ed
v
alv
e
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
s
y
s
tem
id
en
tific
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
alv
e
o
p
en
in
g
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
an
d
PV
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
ed
u
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[
1
6
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.
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T
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Data
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atica
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u
r
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Fig
u
r
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4
in
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icate
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t
h
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s
im
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lated
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u
r
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4
.
C
o
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lated
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s
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ated
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.
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h
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T
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:
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wh
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ter
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.
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r
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e
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es p
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ab
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3
.
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u
r
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5
.
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lo
ck
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r
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o
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n
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o
l sy
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Su
s
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o
s
cillatio
n
s
with
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1
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cr
T
ab
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3
.
Z
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ler
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ls
m
eth
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d
PID
p
ar
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ete
r
r
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lts
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n
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D
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0
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2
4
2
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4
.
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uzzy
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D
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en
h
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ce
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tem
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n
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er
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y
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en
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r
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n
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en
tal
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n
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itio
n
s
,
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ad
ap
tiv
e
f
u
zz
y
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PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
illu
s
tr
ates
its
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
FLC
d
y
n
a
m
ically
ad
ju
s
ts
PID
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
,
,
)
b
ased
o
n
:
a.
E
r
r
o
r
(
(
)
)
: D
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
s
etp
o
in
t a
n
d
ac
tu
al
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
b.
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r
r
o
r
r
ate
(
)
: Rate
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
ese
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ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
u
p
d
ate
d
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ased
o
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
er
r
o
r
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n
d
itio
n
s
,
allo
win
g
th
e
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y
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tem
to
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to
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h
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n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
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ac
to
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s
.
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h
e
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n
tr
o
ller
o
u
tp
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t,
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in
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r
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o
r
ates
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e
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d
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s
ted
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alu
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f
,
i
,
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d
,
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eter
m
in
es
th
e
v
al
v
e
o
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en
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g
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tag
e,
r
eg
u
latin
g
th
e
wa
ter
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lo
w
o
n
th
e
PV
p
an
el
s
u
r
f
ac
e
to
o
p
tim
ize
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o
o
l
in
g
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er
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o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
d
ap
tiv
e
tu
n
in
g
f
u
zz
y
PID
2
.
4
.
1
.
F
uzzy
m
e
m
bersh
ip f
un
ct
io
ns
f
o
r
inp
uts
T
h
e
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
iab
les
f
o
r
th
e
er
r
o
r
(
)
an
d
er
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o
r
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h
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e
(
)
ar
e
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ied
as
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er
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all
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,
s
m
all
(
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,
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ed
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m
(
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,
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ig
(
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,
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d
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er
y
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i
g
(
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.
a.
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h
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
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ar
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les f
o
r
th
e
er
r
o
r
(
)
,
T
h
e
u
n
iv
er
s
e
o
f
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
r
an
g
es f
r
o
m
-
6
to
2
2
.
b.
T
h
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
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ar
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les f
o
r
th
e
r
ate
o
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er
r
o
r
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h
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(
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,
T
h
e
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n
iv
er
s
e
o
f
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
r
an
g
es f
r
o
m
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2
to
2
.
2
.
4
.
2
.
F
uzzy
m
e
m
bersh
ip f
un
ct
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ns
f
o
r
P
I
D
o
utput
s
T
h
e
FLC
d
y
n
a
m
ically
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
PID
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
,
an
d
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
an
d
its
r
ate
o
f
ch
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g
e.
T
h
e
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
th
ese
o
u
tp
u
ts
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
iab
les
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
g
ain
(
)
an
d
i
n
teg
r
al
g
ain
(
)
ar
e
v
er
y
lo
w
(
)
,
lo
w
(
)
,
h
ig
h
(
)
,
an
d
v
er
y
h
ig
h
(
)
.
a.
T
h
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
iab
les
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
g
ain
(
)
,
T
h
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
e
o
f
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
r
an
g
es f
r
o
m
3
to
9
.
b.
T
h
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
iab
les f
o
r
in
t
eg
r
al
g
ain
(
)
,
T
h
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
e
o
f
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
r
an
g
es f
r
o
m
0
.
1
5
to
0
.
3
.
T
h
e
d
e
r
iv
ativ
e
g
ain
(
)
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
I
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
f
o
u
r
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
iab
les:
v
er
y
lo
w
(
)
,
lo
w
(
)
,
h
ig
h
(
)
,
an
d
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
(
)
,
wit
h
a
u
n
iv
er
s
e
o
f
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
to
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
C
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f a
d
a
p
tive
tu
n
in
g
fu
z
z
y
P
I
D
a
n
d
Zieg
ler
-
N
ich
o
ls
P
I
D
fo
r
…
(
Yu
s
n
a
n
B
a
d
r
u
z
z
a
ma
n
)
1069
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Me
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
p
u
t
(
a)
(
)
an
d
(
b
)
(
)
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Me
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
u
tp
u
t (
a)
an
d
(
b
)
2
.
4
.
3
.
F
uzzy
rule
ba
s
e
a
nd
a
da
ptiv
e
co
ntr
o
l m
ec
ha
nis
m
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
r
u
le
b
ase
d
eter
m
i
n
es
h
o
w
th
e
PID
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
ad
ju
s
ted
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
er
r
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
u
le
b
ase
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
to
:
i
)
I
n
cr
ea
s
e
wh
en
er
r
o
r
s
ar
e
lar
g
e
to
ac
ce
le
r
ate
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
,
ii)
Ad
ju
s
t
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
with
o
u
t
ca
u
s
in
g
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
an
d
iii)
Mo
d
if
y
to
m
in
im
ize
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
ettlin
g
tim
e.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
u
zz
y
tu
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PI
D
tu
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
U
n
lik
e
s
tatic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
u
zz
y
-
PID
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
r
ec
alib
r
ates
i
ts
elf
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
o
p
er
a
tio
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
a
two
-
d
ay
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
wo
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
a
r
o
o
f
to
p
PV
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
On
th
e
f
ir
s
t
d
a
y
,
th
e
Z
ieg
ler
-
Nich
o
ls
PID
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
was
test
ed
,
wh
ile
o
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
ay
,
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
u
zz
y
-
PID
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ma
m
d
an
i
m
eth
o
d
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
u
r
5
5
0
W
p
s
o
lar
p
an
els,
ar
r
an
g
ed
i
n
two
s
tr
in
g
s
: o
n
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
a
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
o
th
e
r
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
co
n
tr
o
l
with
o
u
t
an
y
co
o
lin
g
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
Key
d
ata
co
llected
in
clu
d
ed
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
PV
s
tr
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
to
r
i
ze
d
v
alv
e
o
p
e
n
in
g
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
was c
o
n
tr
o
lled
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
’
s
o
u
t
p
u
t.
3
.
1
.
P
I
D
co
ntr
o
ller
ex
perim
ent
us
ing
t
he
Z
ieg
ler
-
Nicho
l
s
m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
Z
ieg
l
er
-
Nich
o
ls
PID
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
was
ev
alu
ate
d
in
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
a
s
etp
o
in
t
o
f
3
6
°C
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
As
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
d
u
e
to
u
n
co
n
t
r
o
llab
le
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
o
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
ese
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
a
±
5
%
to
ler
an
ce
was
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
PI
D
co
n
tr
o
l
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ain
tai
n
ed
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
clo
s
e
to
th
e
s
etp
o
in
t,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
s
ettlin
g
tim
e
o
f
6
.
4
5
m
in
u
tes
an
d
a
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
o
f
1
.
3
4
5
%.
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
c
o
o
lin
g
o
n
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t,
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
p
o
we
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
o
led
PV
s
tr
in
g
w
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
u
n
co
o
le
d
PV
s
tr
in
g
,
as
d
ep
ict
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
i
n
d
icate
a
9
.
6
3
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
PID
-
b
ased
t
h
er
m
al
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
-
in
d
u
c
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
lo
s
s
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
0
6
3
-
1
0
7
4
1070
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
R
esp
o
n
s
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
PID
co
n
tr
o
l Z
ie
g
ler
-
Nich
o
ls
m
eth
o
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Ou
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
P
V
s
tr
in
g
with
PID
co
n
tr
o
l Z
ie
g
ler
-
Nich
o
ls
m
eth
o
d
3
.
2
.
Ada
ptiv
e
f
uzzy
-
P
I
D
co
ntr
o
ller
ex
perim
ent
us
ing
t
he
M
a
m
da
ni
m
et
ho
d
A
s
im
ilar
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
et
u
p
was
a
p
p
lied
to
e
v
alu
at
e
th
e
a
d
ap
tiv
e
f
u
zz
y
-
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
As
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
,
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
u
zz
y
-
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tab
le
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
with
a
lo
n
g
er
s
ettlin
g
tim
e
o
f
9
.
1
5
m
in
u
tes
b
u
t
a
lo
wer
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
o
f
0
.
9
3
%,
in
d
icatin
g
s
u
p
er
io
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
d
esire
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
co
o
lin
g
o
n
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
was
also
an
aly
ze
d
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
W
ith
an
av
er
ag
e
1
0
.
0
8
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t,
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
u
zz
y
-
PID
co
n
tr
o
l m
eth
o
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
lig
h
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t o
v
er
th
e
Z
ieg
ler
-
Nich
o
ls
PID
m
eth
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
R
esp
o
n
s
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
u
zz
y
-
PID
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
r
Ma
m
d
an
i m
et
h
o
d
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
9
:
0
1
0
9
:
1
5
0
9
:
2
9
0
9
:
4
3
0
9
:
5
7
1
0
:
1
1
1
0
:
2
5
1
0
:
3
9
1
0
:
5
3
1
1
:
0
7
1
1
:
2
1
1
1
:
3
5
1
1
:
4
9
1
2
:
0
3
1
2
:
1
7
1
2
:
3
1
1
2
:
4
5
1
2
:
5
9
1
3
:
1
3
1
3
:
2
7
1
3
:
4
1
1
3
:
5
5
1
4
:
0
9
1
4
:
2
3
1
4
:
3
7
1
4
:
5
1
Te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
(
O
)
WIB
t
i
m
e
P
I
D
co
ntr
o
l Z
ieg
ler
-
Nicho
ls
m
et
ho
d
PV
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
wi
t
h
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
PV
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
wi
t
ho
ut
c
o
o
li
n
g
S
e
t
p
o
i
n
t
3
6°
C
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
6
0
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
Po
we
r
(
W)
WIB ti
me
O
utput
po
w
er
o
f
P
V
s
t
ring
w
it
h P
I
D
co
ntr
o
l Z
ieg
ler
-
Nicho
ls
m
et
ho
d
P
V
st
r
i
n
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
w
i
t
h
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
P
V
st
r
i
n
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
9
:
0
0
0
9
:
1
4
0
9
:
2
8
0
9
:
4
2
0
9
:
5
6
1
0
:
1
0
1
0
:
2
4
1
0
:
3
8
1
0
:
5
2
1
1
:
0
6
1
1
:
2
0
1
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I
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