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-
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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In
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ab
r
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with
in
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[
1
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u
r
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u
r
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c
h
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
ts
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
l
s
ta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
A
d
ip
o
le
an
te
n
n
a
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
s
q
u
ar
e
p
lates
ar
r
an
g
e
d
in
s
er
ies,
ea
ch
with
id
en
tical
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
d
is
tan
ce
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
q
u
ar
e
g
e
o
m
etr
y
is
d
ef
in
e
d
b
y
its
len
g
th
(
L
)
an
d
wid
th
(
W
)
.
Ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
b
an
d
wid
th
,
a
n
d
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
UHF
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
d
ip
o
le
a
n
ten
n
as is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
e
q
u
atio
n
s
[
1
8
]
.
=
1
2
∙
∙
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
t
h
e
=
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a;
=
co
n
s
tan
t
0
.
9
5
;
=
s
p
ee
d
o
f
lig
h
t,
3
×
10
8
m
/s
;
=
an
ten
n
a
len
g
th
.
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
d
i
elec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
[
2
0
]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
d
ip
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a
fo
r
p
a
r
tia
l d
is
ch
a
r
g
e
in
g
a
s
i
n
s
u
la
ted
s
w
itch
g
ea
r
(
R
ia
n
N
u
r
d
ia
n
s
ya
h
)
15
=
+
1
2
+
(
−
1
)
(
1
+
12
ℎ
)
−
1
/
2
2
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
t
h
e
=
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t;
=
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
ef
f
icien
t;
=
wid
th
o
f
an
ten
n
a;
ℎ
=
th
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
s
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
.
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
[
2
0
]
.
=
2
(
+
2
∆
)
√
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
,
=
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
;
=
s
p
ee
d
o
f
li
g
h
t,
3
×
10
8
m
/s
;
=
len
g
th
o
f
a
n
ten
n
a
.
Dip
o
le
an
ten
n
as
ar
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
i
m
ag
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
s
im
u
latio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
f
l
o
wch
ar
t
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Dip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
2
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
13
-
22
16
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
i
p
o
le
an
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
a
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
it
s
len
g
th
a
n
d
wid
t
h
.
A
g
ap
e
x
is
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
an
ten
n
a
elem
en
ts
,
a
n
d
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
m
ater
ial
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
p
atch
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
et
er
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
wid
th
an
d
le
n
g
th
o
f
t
h
e
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
o
p
tim
al
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
is
f
ab
r
icate
d
.
T
o
v
er
if
y
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
d
esig
n
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
th
e
tar
g
et
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
is
ev
al
u
ated
u
s
in
g
a
VNA.
T
h
is
ev
alu
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
e
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
etu
r
n
l
o
s
s
,
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
b
an
d
wid
th
,
a
n
d
an
ten
n
a
im
p
e
d
an
ce
.
T
h
e
C
o
b
alt
Ser
ies
C
1
2
2
0
VNA,
wh
ich
o
p
er
ates
o
v
er
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
0
0
k
Hz
to
2
0
GHz
,
is
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
PD
s
en
s
o
r
test
in
g
o
n
GI
S
ev
alu
ates
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
UHF
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
,
d
esig
n
ed
to
d
etec
t PD
ev
en
ts
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
GI
S m
o
d
el
em
p
lo
y
s
SF
6
in
s
u
latio
n
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
v
o
lta
g
e
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
in
clu
d
in
g
a
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
atin
g
o
f
3
6
k
V,
a
cu
r
r
en
t
r
atin
g
o
f
2
0
0
0
A,
a
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
atin
g
o
f
2
5
k
A
f
o
r
3
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
an
d
a
g
as
p
r
ess
u
r
e
r
atin
g
o
f
0
.
7
5
k
g
f
/
cm
²
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
in
clu
d
es
two
cir
cu
lar
win
d
o
ws,
ea
ch
with
a
d
iam
ete
r
o
f
5
0
m
m
,
f
o
r
th
e
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
A
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
s
h
ield
with
in
th
e
GI
S
p
r
e
v
en
ts
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
wav
es
f
r
o
m
escap
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
win
d
o
w
with
in
s
u
latin
g
m
ater
ial
allo
ws
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
PD
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
b
e
d
etec
ted
b
y
ex
ter
n
al
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
i
p
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
GI
S,
in
clo
s
e
p
r
o
x
i
m
ity
to
th
e
GI
S win
d
o
w.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
t
o
th
e
d
ip
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a'
s
len
g
th
a
n
d
wid
th
,
as we
ll a
s
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es o
f
an
t
en
n
a
an
d
PD sen
s
o
r
test
s
o
n
th
e
GI
S.
4
.
1
.
Dipo
le
a
nte
nn
a
cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ics
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
a
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
af
f
ec
t
ed
b
y
its
len
g
th
an
d
wid
th
.
A
g
ap
ex
is
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a,
a
n
d
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
an
ten
n
a
p
atch
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
s
p
ec
if
ically
ex
am
in
es v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
wid
th
an
d
len
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
d
ip
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a.
4
.
1
.
1
.
Dipo
le
a
nte
nn
a
width
cha
ng
e
I
n
th
e
wid
th
c
h
an
g
e
,
th
er
e
ar
e
eig
h
t
s
im
u
lated
s
izes,
in
clu
d
in
g
(
D
×
L
)
:
4
5
×
2
5
m
m
,
4
5
×
3
0
m
m
,
45
×
3
5
m
m
,
4
5
×
4
0
m
m
,
4
5
×
4
5
m
m
,
4
5
×
5
0
m
m
,
4
5
×
5
5
m
m
,
an
d
4
5
×
6
0
m
m
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
with
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
s
izes 4
5
×
3
0
m
m
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
s
izes
45
×
6
0
m
m
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
(
a)
4
5
×
3
0
m
m
a
n
d
(
b
)
4
5
×
6
0
m
m
Fo
r
th
e
wid
th
v
ar
iatio
n
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
h
eld
co
n
s
tan
t:
a
FR
4
-
ep
o
x
y
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
with
a
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
1
.
6
m
m
,
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
r
a
d
iu
s
o
f
1
0
2
m
m
,
a
g
a
p
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
2
m
m
,
an
d
a
n
an
te
n
n
a
len
g
th
o
f
4
5
m
m
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
wid
t
h
v
ar
iatio
n
o
n
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
v
ar
y
in
g
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
wid
th
s
in
d
icat
ed
th
at
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
with
th
e
wid
est
b
an
d
wid
th
,
8
1
9
MH
z,
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
at
a
wid
th
o
f
4
5
m
m
an
d
a
l
en
g
th
o
f
4
0
m
m
,
ac
c
o
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
a
r
etu
r
n
l
o
s
s
o
f
-
2
8
.
2
1
d
B
.
Fo
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tan
d
in
g
wav
e
r
atio
(
VSW
R
)
s
im
u
la
tio
n
,
th
e
th
r
ee
o
p
tim
al
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
an
d
b
an
d
wid
t
h
:
4
5
×
3
5
m
m
,
4
5
×
4
0
m
m
,
an
d
4
5
×
4
5
m
m
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
to
p
th
r
ee
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
s
im
u
latio
n
s
f
o
r
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
wid
th
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
d
ip
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a
fo
r
p
a
r
tia
l d
is
ch
a
r
g
e
in
g
a
s
i
n
s
u
la
ted
s
w
itch
g
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17
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.
Simu
lated
r
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ip
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3
4
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p
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latio
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o
r
th
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t
h
r
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tim
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T
h
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8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
2
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
13
-
22
18
Simu
latio
n
o
f
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
len
g
th
v
ar
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n
s
in
d
icate
d
th
a
t
th
e
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5
×
4
0
m
m
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
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n
ac
h
iev
ed
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m
in
im
u
m
r
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r
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s
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o
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-
2
8
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4
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r
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e
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tan
d
in
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e
r
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R
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m
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m
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n
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m
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h
e
r
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lts
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r
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ab
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ata
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ig
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is
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
,
with
b
an
d
wid
th
ex
h
ib
itin
g
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
as
wid
th
ch
an
g
es.
Op
tim
al
b
an
d
wid
th
a
n
d
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
ar
e
ac
h
iev
ed
at
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
4
5
m
m
b
y
4
0
m
m
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
d
ip
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
est at
th
ese
s
p
ec
if
ic
wid
th
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
wid
t
h
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
n
(
a)
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
an
d
(
b
)
b
an
d
wid
th
4
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
leng
t
h v
a
ria
t
io
n
On
d
ip
o
le
an
te
n
n
as,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
len
g
th
ch
an
g
es
u
s
ed
is
f
r
o
m
2
5
×
4
0
m
m
to
5
0
×
4
0
m
m
.
C
h
an
g
es in
an
ten
n
a
le
n
g
th
,
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
s
ize
to
th
e
n
ex
t s
ize
b
y
5
m
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
v
ar
y
in
g
an
ten
n
a
len
g
t
h
in
t
h
r
e
e
s
tag
es.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
le
n
g
th
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
d
ip
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a
fo
r
p
a
r
tia
l d
is
ch
a
r
g
e
in
g
a
s
i
n
s
u
la
ted
s
w
itch
g
ea
r
(
R
ia
n
N
u
r
d
ia
n
s
ya
h
)
19
d
ep
icts
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
a
n
ten
n
a
len
g
th
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
c)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
b
an
d
wid
th
with
r
esp
ec
t to
an
te
n
n
a
len
g
t
h
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
len
g
t
h
v
ar
iatio
n
o
n
(
a
)
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
,
(
b
)
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
,
an
d
(
c)
b
an
d
wid
th
As
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
d
i
p
o
le
an
ten
n
a
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
g
r
ea
ter
an
ten
n
a
len
g
th
r
esu
lts
in
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
m
in
im
u
m
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
v
alu
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
b
an
d
wid
th
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
v
ar
iab
le
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
len
g
th
,
with
s
o
m
e
len
g
th
s
y
ie
ld
in
g
lar
g
er
b
a
n
d
wid
th
s
an
d
o
th
er
s
s
m
aller
.
T
h
e
UHF
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
a
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
(
1
)
.
B
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
len
g
th
v
alu
es
,
s
u
ch
as
2
5
m
m
,
3
5
m
m
,
a
n
d
4
5
m
m
,
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ca
lcu
l
atio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
a
b
le
6
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
f
o
r
a
n
ten
n
a
s
izes o
f
2
5
m
m
,
3
5
m
m
,
an
d
4
5
m
m
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
t
h
e
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
lead
s
to
a
d
ec
r
e
ase
in
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
s
im
u
l
ated
v
alu
es
d
if
f
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
b
o
t
h
m
et
h
o
d
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
am
e
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
p
r
i
n
cip
le:
a
lo
n
g
er
d
i
p
o
le
a
n
t
en
n
a
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
lo
wer
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
Op
tim
izin
g
d
ip
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
e
q
u
ir
es
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
its
len
g
th
.
R
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
len
g
th
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
b
an
d
wid
th
,
wh
i
le
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
len
g
th
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
ca
r
e
f
u
l
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
le
n
g
th
is
ess
en
tial
to
a
ch
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
ab
le
6
.
Simu
latio
n
a
n
d
ca
lc
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
a
n
ten
n
a
len
g
th
S
i
z
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
mm
)
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
G
H
z
)
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
25
1
,
3
5
,
7
35
1
,
4
4
,
0
7
45
1
,
3
3
,
1
6
4
.
3
.
P
D
m
ea
s
urem
ent
re
s
ult
s
o
n G
I
S
B
ased
o
n
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
len
g
th
an
d
wid
th
,
th
e
th
r
ee
m
o
s
t e
f
f
e
ctiv
e
an
ten
n
as we
r
e
s
elec
ted
: 3
5
×
4
0
m
m
,
45
×
4
0
m
m
,
an
d
4
5
×
4
5
m
m
.
F
o
r
th
e
PD
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
i
n
GI
S,
a
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
with
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
4
5
×
4
5
m
m
was u
tili
ze
d
.
PD te
s
t o
n
s
o
lid
in
s
u
latio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
in
s
u
latio
n
[
2
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
2
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
13
-
22
20
4
.
3
.
1
.
P
DIV
m
ea
s
urem
ent
Par
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
PDI
V)
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
wh
ich
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
PD)
is
f
ir
s
t
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
t.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
g
r
ad
u
ally
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
a
lev
el
wh
er
e
n
o
PD
i
s
d
etec
ted
u
n
til
PD
ap
p
ea
r
s
.
Me
asu
r
in
g
PDI
V
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
in
itiate
PD
in
th
e
test
o
b
ject.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
PDI
V
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
th
e
R
C
d
etec
to
r
.
T
ab
le
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
PD
I
V
test
s
f
o
r
th
e
R
C
d
etec
to
r
an
d
th
e
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
s
en
s
o
r
.
T
h
e
PDI
V
test
in
d
icate
d
th
at
P
DI
V
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
at
v
o
ltag
es e
x
ce
ed
in
g
9
k
V,
wh
ic
h
s
er
v
es a
s
a
r
ef
er
en
c
e
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
PD
test
s
.
R
e
s
u
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ip
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
n
e
g
ativ
e
PDI
V
ap
p
ea
r
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
PDI
V.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
ati
o
n
alig
n
s
with
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
PD
in
n
ee
d
le
-
p
late
elec
tr
o
d
es
test
ed
u
n
d
er
air
in
s
u
latio
n
.
Fo
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
PD,
elec
tr
o
n
s
o
r
ig
in
ate
f
r
o
m
th
e
SF
6
g
as,
wh
er
ea
s
f
o
r
n
eg
ativ
e
PD,
elec
tr
o
n
s
ar
e
em
itted
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
ee
d
le.
Ne
g
ativ
e
PD
o
cc
u
r
s
f
ir
s
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
to
g
e
n
er
ate
an
in
itiatin
g
elec
tr
o
n
o
n
th
e
n
ee
d
le
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
elec
tr
o
n
f
r
o
m
SF
6
g
as.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
t
o
in
itiate
n
eg
ativ
e
PD a
r
e
lo
w
er
th
an
th
o
s
e
f
o
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
PD.
T
ab
le
7
.
Neg
ativ
e
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
PDI
V
o
n
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
S
e
n
s
o
r
n
a
me
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
P
D
I
V
(
k
V
)
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
P
D
I
V
(
k
V
)
R
C
d
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
1
0
.
3
k
V
1
0
.
0
6
k
V
D
i
p
o
l
e
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
1
3
.
3
k
V
1
0
.
0
6
k
V
4
.
3
.
2
.
Wa
v
ef
o
rm
m
ea
s
urem
e
nt
B
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
PDI
V
test
in
g
,
PDI
V
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
v
o
l
tag
es
ex
ce
ed
in
g
9
k
V.
Fo
r
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
th
e
p
a
r
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
v
o
ltag
es
ab
o
v
e
b
o
th
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
PDI
V
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
PD
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
at
a
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el,
s
p
ec
if
ic
ally
at
1
6
k
V.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a,
as
d
etec
ted
b
y
b
o
th
th
e
R
C
d
etec
to
r
an
d
th
e
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
s
en
s
o
r
,
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
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52
In
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J
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p
Sci
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4
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Ap
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B
I
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G
RAP
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AUTH
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h
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T.
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tu
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tac
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:
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n
d
a
fa
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a
h
@u
n
si
l.
a
c
.
id
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.