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AI
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s
:
Aca
d
em
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wr
itin
g
AI
to
o
ls
Per
ce
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r
is
k
th
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r
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Stru
ctu
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al
eq
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m
o
d
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UT
AUT
T
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is i
s
a
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o
p
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c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
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CC B
Y
-
SA
li
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.
C
o
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r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
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L
ai
T
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T
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Dep
ar
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Au
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I
n
s
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Acc
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a
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d
Au
d
itin
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T
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u
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n
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m
ai
Un
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s
ity
No
.
7
9
Ho
T
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Ma
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C
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Gi
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Han
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Vietn
am
E
m
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tm
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ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
to
o
ls
to
m
o
n
ito
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ed
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ca
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p
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s
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co
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u
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an
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d
d
iag
n
o
s
e
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
1
]
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
elin
g
,
in
tellig
en
t
an
al
y
tics
,
an
d
au
to
m
ated
co
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
b
ein
g
ap
p
lied
to
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o
lv
e
cr
itical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
q
u
ality
[
2
]
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
in
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
s
ch
o
lar
ly
wr
itin
g
,
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
to
o
ls
lik
e
C
h
atGPT
h
av
e
em
er
g
e
d
as
p
o
wer
f
u
l
ass
ets
f
o
r
task
s
s
u
ch
as
au
to
m
ated
d
r
af
t
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
a
r
ticle
s
u
m
m
ar
izatio
n
,
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
t
o
m
ak
e
th
e
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
aster
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
u
tili
ty
o
f
AI
s
p
an
s
th
e
en
t
ir
e
r
esear
ch
life
cy
cle.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
h
ase,
AI
ca
n
ass
is
t
r
esear
ch
er
s
b
y
id
en
tif
y
in
g
r
el
ev
an
t
p
a
p
er
s
,
s
u
m
m
a
r
izin
g
k
e
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
a
r
ea
s
o
f
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
,
th
er
eb
y
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
4
]
.
AI
ca
p
a
city
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ast
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
id
en
tify
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
is
p
ar
ate
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
r
p
ass
es
h
u
m
an
lim
itatio
n
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
r
esear
c
h
er
s
to
u
n
co
v
er
n
o
v
el
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
p
i
n
p
o
in
t
cr
itical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ap
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
7
3
7
-
1
7
4
8
1738
I
n
th
e
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
AI
ca
n
g
e
n
er
ate
in
it
ial
d
r
af
ts
,
s
u
g
g
est
titl
es,
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
s
ec
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
d
ata.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
p
r
o
v
es
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
ed
itin
g
,
f
o
r
m
attin
g
,
clar
if
y
in
g
c
o
m
p
l
ex
s
en
ten
ce
s
,
an
d
d
r
af
tin
g
a
b
s
tr
ac
ts
.
W
h
ile
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
m
ay
r
eq
u
ir
e
h
u
m
a
n
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t,
t
h
e
tim
e
-
s
av
in
g
b
e
n
ef
its
ar
e
u
n
d
en
ia
b
le
[
3
]
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
m
ay
ev
en
in
clu
d
e
th
e
au
to
m
ated
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
f
i
g
u
r
es a
n
d
tab
le
s
to
v
is
u
alize
d
ata.
Ho
wev
er
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
ese
b
en
ef
its
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
in
ac
a
d
em
i
c
wr
itin
g
p
r
esen
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
eth
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
Ke
y
is
s
u
es
in
clu
d
e
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
atin
g
in
ac
cu
r
ate
o
r
b
iased
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
e
h
eig
h
ten
ed
r
is
k
o
f
p
lag
iar
i
s
m
,
th
r
ea
ts
to
ac
ad
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
,
an
d
d
ata
p
r
i
v
ac
y
v
io
latio
n
s
[
6
]
.
AI
-
g
e
n
er
ate
d
tex
t
m
ay
lack
th
e
n
u
an
ce
,
s
t
y
le,
an
d
o
r
ig
in
ality
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
wr
itin
g
,
m
ak
in
g
it
d
etec
tab
le
b
y
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
s
k
ep
tical
r
ev
iewe
r
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
eth
ical
d
ilem
m
a
o
f
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ac
u
te
wh
en
AI
p
lay
s
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
o
le
in
co
n
ten
t
cr
ea
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
u
s
in
g
AI
to
r
ep
h
r
ase
tex
t
to
av
o
id
p
l
ag
iar
is
m
d
etec
tio
n
,
wh
ile
tech
n
ically
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
r
aises
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
s
ch
o
lar
ly
eth
ics
an
d
is
lar
g
ely
co
n
s
id
er
ed
u
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
[
8
]
.
T
h
ese
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
r
is
k
s
n
ec
ess
itate
a
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
to
g
o
v
er
n
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
u
s
e
o
f
AI
in
s
cien
tific
wr
itin
g
[
3
]
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
s
h
ap
e
lectu
r
e
r
s
’
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
AI
wr
itin
g
to
o
ls
is
cr
u
cial
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ese
to
o
ls
in
f
lu
en
ce
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
b
u
t
also
th
e
eth
ics
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
s
ch
o
la
r
ly
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
I
n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
f
ac
e
d
ilem
m
as
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
au
t
h
o
r
s
h
ip
,
o
r
ig
in
ality
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
in
t
eg
r
ity
wh
en
u
s
in
g
AI
-
g
en
er
ated
co
n
ten
t
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
ey
o
n
d
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
s
-
s
u
ch
as
eth
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ac
cu
r
ac
ies
-
m
u
s
t
also
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
wh
en
ex
am
in
in
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
W
h
ile
th
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
AI
in
ac
ad
em
ia
is
g
r
o
win
g
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esear
ch
g
ap
ex
is
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
its
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
y
f
ac
u
lty
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
t
r
ies.
Mo
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
s
itu
ated
i
n
W
ester
n
co
n
tex
ts
[
1
0
]
−
[
1
2
]
,
leav
in
g
t
h
e
u
n
iq
u
e
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
cu
ltu
r
al,
a
n
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
n
atio
n
s
lik
e
Vietn
am
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
lacu
n
a,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
em
p
ir
ically
v
alid
a
te
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
t
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
AI
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
wr
itin
g
am
o
n
g
Vietn
am
ese
lectu
r
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
is
g
u
id
ed
b
y
a
n
in
teg
r
ated
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
u
n
i
f
ied
th
eo
r
y
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
a
n
d
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
UT
AUT
)
with
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
th
eo
r
y
(
P
R
T
)
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
b
o
th
th
e
d
r
iv
e
r
s
an
d
d
eter
r
en
ts
o
f
th
is
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
u
r
s
u
es
th
r
ee
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
es:
i
)
t
o
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
UT
AUT
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
(
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ex
p
ec
ta
n
cy
(
PE)
,
ef
f
o
r
t
ex
p
ec
tan
cy
(EE)
,
s
o
cia
l
in
f
lu
en
ce
(
SI)
,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
FC
)
)
in
f
lu
en
ce
lectu
r
er
s
’
b
e
h
av
io
r
a
l
in
ten
tio
n
(
B
I
)
to
u
s
e
AI
to
o
l
s
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
;
ii
)
t
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
s
(
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
is
k
(
PR
)
a
n
d
et
h
ical
r
is
k
(
E
R
)
)
in
m
o
d
er
atin
g
o
r
d
ir
ec
tl
y
af
f
ec
tin
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
s
;
an
d
iii
)
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
o
v
er
all
ex
p
la
n
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
ex
ten
d
e
d
UT
AUT
m
o
d
el
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
BI
an
d
ac
tu
al
u
s
ag
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
am
o
n
g
Vietn
am
ese
lectu
r
er
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
r
etica
lly
,
it
ex
ten
d
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
liter
at
u
r
e
b
y
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
th
e
u
tili
tar
ian
f
o
cu
s
o
f
UT
AUT
with
th
e
cr
u
cial
b
ar
r
ier
-
ce
n
tr
ic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
PR
T
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
b
alan
ce
d
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
it
v
alid
ates
th
is
in
teg
r
ated
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
with
in
th
e
u
n
d
er
-
r
es
ea
r
ch
ed
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
in
d
esig
n
in
g
ta
r
g
eted
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
licies,
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
in
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
n
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
a
n
d
f
o
r
AI
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
in
cr
ea
ti
n
g
to
o
ls
th
at
b
etter
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
f
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
A
ND
H
YP
O
T
H
E
S
E
S D
E
V
E
L
O
P
M
E
N
T
2
.
1
.
T
he
un
if
ied t
heo
ry
o
f
a
c
ce
pta
nce
a
nd
us
e
o
f
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
W
h
en
n
ew
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
e
m
er
g
e,
u
s
er
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
is
a
cr
itical
p
r
er
e
q
u
is
ite
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
UT
AUT
m
o
d
el,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Ven
k
at
esh
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
b
y
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
eig
h
t
p
r
o
m
i
n
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
th
e
o
r
i
es,
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
in
ex
p
lain
in
g
u
s
er
s
’
BI
an
d
ac
tu
al
u
s
ag
e
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
i
d
en
tifie
s
f
o
u
r
co
r
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts as d
ir
ec
t
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
u
s
er
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
PE
,
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ich
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
b
eliev
es
th
at
u
s
in
g
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
will
en
h
an
c
e
th
eir
jo
b
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
PE
is
a
cr
u
cial
d
eter
m
in
an
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
wr
itin
g
co
n
tex
t,
lectu
r
er
s
ar
e
lik
ely
to
p
er
ce
i
v
e
AI
to
o
ls
as
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
w
r
itin
g
q
u
ality
,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
g
r
am
m
atica
l
er
r
o
r
s
,
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
W
h
en
u
s
er
s
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
t
h
at
AI
wr
itin
g
to
o
ls
h
elp
th
e
m
ac
h
iev
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
o
b
jectiv
es
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
in
clin
ed
to
ad
o
p
t
th
em
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
f
o
u
n
d
PE
t
o
b
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
BI
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
d
o
p
tio
n
[
1
1
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
PE
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
b
elie
f
am
o
n
g
lectu
r
e
r
s
th
at
AI
to
o
ls
will
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
wr
itin
g
q
u
ality
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
h
y
p
o
th
esizes:
PE
p
o
s
iti
v
ely
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
lectu
r
e
r
s
’
BI
to
u
s
e
AI
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
(
H1
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f a
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
to
o
ls
fo
r
a
ca
d
emic
w
r
itin
g
(
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
u
H
o
a
i
)
1739
EE
,
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ea
s
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
.
E
E
,
o
r
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
is
an
o
th
er
v
ital
f
ac
to
r
[
1
3
]
.
AI
-
b
ased
wr
itin
g
to
o
ls
th
at
ar
e
in
t
u
itiv
e,
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
,
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
in
im
al
tech
n
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ten
d
to
f
o
s
ter
h
ig
h
er
ad
o
p
tio
n
r
ates
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
lectu
r
e
r
s
o
f
ten
f
ac
e
tim
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
;
th
u
s
,
a
s
y
s
tem
th
at
s
im
p
lifie
s
th
e
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
c
ess
is
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
em
b
r
ac
ed
.
Prio
r
r
esear
c
h
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
a
f
f
ec
ts
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
attitu
d
es
an
d
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
war
d
ad
o
p
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
E
E
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
b
elief
th
at
AI
to
o
ls
ar
e
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
i
n
im
al
ef
f
o
r
t
to
o
p
er
ate.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es:
EE
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
lectu
r
er
s
’
BI
to
u
s
e
AI
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
wr
it
in
g
(
H2
)
.
SI
,
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
a
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
p
er
ce
i
v
es
th
at
im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
th
er
s
b
eliev
e
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
u
s
e
th
e
n
ew
s
y
s
tem
.
SI
r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
ex
te
n
t
to
wh
ich
in
d
iv
id
u
als
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
at
im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
t
h
er
s
(
e.
g
.
,
c
o
lleag
u
es,
p
ee
r
s
,
o
r
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
)
b
eliev
e
t
h
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
u
s
e
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
ac
ad
em
ic
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
lectu
r
e
r
s
’
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
p
ee
r
n
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
o
f
co
lleag
u
es,
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
,
an
d
p
ee
r
s
ca
n
cr
ea
te
a
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
es
o
r
d
is
co
u
r
ag
es
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
2
2
]
.
W
h
en
s
en
io
r
f
ac
u
lty
o
r
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
en
d
o
r
s
e
AI
wr
itin
g
to
o
ls
as
leg
itima
te
aid
s
,
o
th
er
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
f
o
llo
w
s
u
it.
S
tu
d
ies
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
h
av
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
s
h
o
wn
th
at
SI
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
e
d
icts
BI
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
ali
ze
s
SI
as
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ic
h
lectu
r
er
s
f
ee
l
t
h
at
in
f
lu
en
tial
f
ig
u
r
es
in
th
eir
n
et
wo
r
k
e
n
d
o
r
s
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
h
y
p
o
th
esizes:
SI
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
lectu
r
er
s
’
BI
to
u
s
e
AI
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
wr
itin
g
(
H3
)
.
FC
,
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ich
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
b
eliev
es
an
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
al
an
d
tech
n
ical
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
ex
is
ts
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
FC
r
ef
er
to
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
AI
wr
itin
g
to
o
ls
,
FC
m
ay
i
n
clu
d
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
s
tab
le
in
ter
n
et,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
u
id
elin
es,
an
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
.
W
h
en
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
AI
to
o
l u
s
e,
lectu
r
er
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
en
g
a
g
e
with
s
u
ch
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
2
4
]
.
Ad
eq
u
ate
ac
ce
s
s
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
s
,
tr
ain
in
g
,
an
d
tech
n
ical
ass
is
ta
n
ce
ar
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
W
ith
o
u
t
s
u
ch
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
,
ev
en
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
m
ay
f
ail
to
b
e
a
d
o
p
ted
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
d
e
f
in
es
FC
a
s
lectu
r
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
h
a
v
in
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
e
AI
to
o
ls
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
h
y
p
o
th
esizes:
FC
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
lectu
r
er
s
’
ac
tu
al
u
s
e
o
f
AI
t
o
o
ls
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
(
H4
)
.
2
.
2
.
P
er
ce
i
v
ed
risk
t
heo
ry
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
AI
-
b
ased
wr
itin
g
to
o
ls
,
UT
AUT
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
len
s
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
wh
y
an
d
h
o
w
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
a
d
o
p
t
s
u
ch
to
o
ls
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
UT
AUT
e
m
p
h
asizes
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
p
licitly
co
n
s
id
er
p
o
ten
ti
al
d
eter
r
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
r
is
k
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
o
m
is
s
io
n
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
an
t
to
AI
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
wh
er
e
eth
ical
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ar
e
s
alien
t.
T
h
u
s
,
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
t
h
e
P
R
T
[
2
9
]
en
h
an
ce
s
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
d
e
p
th
b
y
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial d
o
wn
s
id
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
AI
to
o
l
u
s
ag
e
.
I
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
AI
t
o
o
ls
,
lectu
r
er
s
m
ay
p
er
ce
iv
e
r
is
k
s
r
elate
d
to
d
ata
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
eth
ical
m
is
co
n
d
u
ct,
o
r
r
e
p
u
tatio
n
d
am
ag
e.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
in
to
th
e
UT
A
UT
m
o
d
el
h
elp
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
em
er
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
3
0
]
.
T
wo
m
aj
o
r
ty
p
es
o
f
r
is
k
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
a
n
t
to
AI
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
ac
ad
em
ia:
PR
an
d
E
R
.
PR
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ili
ty
th
at
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
a
y
f
ail
to
d
eliv
er
ex
p
ec
te
d
r
esu
lts
[
3
0
]
.
PR
is
h
eig
h
ten
ed
b
y
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
b
ias
an
d
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Fo
r
AI
w
r
itin
g
to
o
ls
,
l
ec
tu
r
er
s
m
ay
wo
r
r
y
ab
o
u
t
i
n
ac
cu
r
ate
p
ar
a
p
h
r
asin
g
,
f
ac
tu
al
er
r
o
r
s
,
o
r
lo
s
s
o
f
o
r
ig
i
n
ality
in
th
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
.
W
h
en
u
s
er
s
b
eliev
e
a
s
y
s
tem
’
s
o
u
tp
u
t
m
ay
b
e
d
is
cr
im
in
ato
r
y
,
u
n
r
eliab
le,
o
r
u
n
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
,
th
eir
r
is
k
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
lead
in
g
to
r
esis
tan
ce
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
I
f
u
s
er
s
b
eliev
e
th
at
AI
to
o
l
s
co
u
ld
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
co
n
ten
t
q
u
ality
,
th
ey
m
ig
h
t
b
e
h
esit
an
t
to
r
ely
o
n
th
e
m
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
en
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
PR
is
m
an
ag
ea
b
le
o
r
o
u
tw
eig
h
ed
b
y
b
en
ef
its
,
u
s
er
s
’
ad
o
p
tio
n
i
n
ten
tio
n
s
in
c
r
ea
s
e.
Prio
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
l
o
wer
PR
en
h
an
ce
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
en
ticity
o
f
AI
-
g
en
er
ated
co
n
ten
t
is
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
to
u
s
er
tr
u
s
t;
f
r
eq
u
en
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
f
lawe
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
er
o
d
es
th
is
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
th
er
ef
o
r
e
h
y
p
o
th
esizes:
PR
n
eg
ativ
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
lectu
r
er
s
’
BI
to
u
s
e
AI
to
o
ls
(
H5
)
.
E
R
r
elate
s
to
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
v
er
m
o
r
al
o
r
eth
ical
is
s
u
es
th
at
m
ay
ar
is
e
f
r
o
m
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
e,
s
u
ch
as
p
lag
iar
is
m
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
m
is
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
,
an
d
v
io
latio
n
o
f
a
ca
d
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
[
9
]
.
W
h
en
u
s
er
s
s
u
s
p
ec
t
th
at
AI
to
o
ls
“
p
lag
iar
ize
”
h
u
m
an
cr
ea
t
iv
ity
o
r
b
lu
r
cr
ea
tiv
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
i
es,
th
eir
eth
ical
tr
u
s
t
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
ec
lin
es
[
3
4
]
.
L
ec
tu
r
er
s
m
ay
wo
r
r
y
th
at
u
s
in
g
AI
-
g
en
e
r
ated
tex
t
ch
allen
g
es
th
e
o
r
ig
in
ality
o
f
th
eir
s
ch
o
lar
ly
wo
r
k
o
r
lead
s
to
eth
ical
b
r
ea
ch
es.
T
r
u
s
t
i
n
AI
en
co
m
p
ass
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
tech
n
ical
r
eliab
ilit
y
b
u
t
also
eth
ic
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
-
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
in
tellectu
al
p
r
o
p
er
ty
,
d
ata
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
a
n
d
clea
r
u
s
ag
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
[
3
5
]
.
An
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
e
th
ical
tr
u
s
t c
an
lead
u
s
er
s
to
d
is
en
g
a
g
e,
e
v
en
i
f
th
e
to
o
l
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
ally
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
if
u
s
er
s
p
er
ce
i
v
e
t
h
at
AI
to
o
ls
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
,
th
e
y
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ac
ce
p
t
th
em
as
l
eg
itima
te
aid
s
.
Prio
r
liter
atu
r
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
eth
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
as
a
k
e
y
d
eter
m
i
n
a
n
t
o
f
AI
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
[
3
2
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
h
y
p
o
th
esizes:
ER
n
eg
ativ
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
lectu
r
er
s
’
BI
to
u
s
e
AI
to
o
ls
(
H6
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
7
3
7
-
1
7
4
8
1740
2
.
3
.
B
eha
v
io
r
a
l
inte
ntio
n
a
nd
us
a
g
e
beha
v
io
r
B
I
r
ef
lects
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
u
s
e
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ile
UB
d
en
o
tes
ac
tu
al
u
s
e
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
UT
AUT
m
o
d
el
p
o
s
its
th
at
B
I
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
ed
icts
UB
,
wh
ich
h
as b
ee
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
ac
r
o
s
s
d
i
v
er
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
1
]
.
N
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
a
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
its
ev
en
tu
al
u
s
ag
e
[
1
6
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
AI
wr
itin
g
to
o
ls
,
lectu
r
er
s
’
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
i
s
ex
p
ec
ted
to
lead
to
ac
tu
al
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
teac
h
in
g
,
r
esear
c
h
,
an
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
:
BI
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
lectu
r
er
s
’
ac
tu
al
u
s
e
o
f
AI
to
o
l
s
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
(
H7
)
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
B
ased
o
n
th
e
UT
AUT
a
n
d
PR
T
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
m
o
d
el
to
ex
p
lain
lectu
r
e
r
s
’
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
AI
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
in
te
g
r
ates
s
ix
ex
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
c
o
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
:
PE,
E
E
,
SI,
FC
,
PR
,
an
d
E
R
to
p
r
ed
ict
B
I
an
d
UB
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
el:
PE,
E
E
,
SI,
PR
,
an
d
E
R
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
B
I
;
FC
an
d
B
I
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
UB
.
All
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ar
e
co
n
ce
p
t
u
alize
d
as
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltip
le
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ated
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
en
a
b
les
a
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
b
ala
n
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
AI
ad
o
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
lectu
r
er
s
.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
r
is
ed
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
l
ec
tu
r
er
s
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
em
p
lo
y
ed
at
2
7
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ac
r
o
s
s
Vietn
am
.
As
a
d
ef
in
itiv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
am
e
was
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le,
a
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
was
u
tili
ze
d
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
an
d
s
n
o
wb
a
llin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
I
n
itial
s
u
r
v
e
y
in
v
itatio
n
s
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
n
tacts
at
m
ajo
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
k
ey
ac
ad
em
ic
h
u
b
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
Han
o
i,
Ho
C
h
i
Min
h
C
ity
,
an
d
Da
Na
n
g
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
th
en
en
c
o
u
r
ag
e
d
to
f
o
r
war
d
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
to
th
eir
co
lleag
u
es
to
b
r
o
a
d
en
th
e
s
am
p
le
’
s
r
ea
ch
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ac
h
iev
ed
a
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
o
f
4
0
4
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
3
.
2
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
ins
t
rum
ent
Data
co
llectio
n
was
ad
m
in
is
t
er
ed
u
s
in
g
an
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
h
o
s
ted
o
n
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
.
T
o
g
u
ar
an
tee
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
,
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
f
o
r
war
d
-
b
ac
k
war
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
was
f
ir
s
t
tr
an
s
lated
f
r
o
m
E
n
g
lis
h
t
o
Vietn
am
ese
b
y
a
b
ilin
g
u
al
ac
ad
e
m
ic
an
d
t
h
en
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
lated
b
y
an
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
ex
p
er
t.
T
h
e
f
i
n
al
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
co
m
p
r
is
ed
two
d
is
tin
ct
p
ar
ts
.
Sectio
n
1
g
ath
er
ed
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
p
r
o
f
iles
,
in
clu
d
in
g
g
e
n
d
er
,
ag
e
,
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
is
cip
lin
e,
an
d
r
esear
ch
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Sectio
n
2
ass
es
s
ed
th
e
eig
h
t la
ten
t c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
,
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
item
s
wer
e
ad
ap
te
d
f
r
o
m
estab
lis
h
ed
liter
atu
r
e,
as
d
etailed
in
T
ab
le
1
(
co
v
er
in
g
PE,
E
E
,
SI,
FC
,
PR
,
E
R
,
B
I
,
an
d
U
B
)
.
All
item
s
wer
e
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
to
r
ef
lect
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
AI
to
o
ls
in
ac
ad
e
m
ic
wr
i
tin
g
an
d
wer
e
ev
alu
ate
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
to
5
(1
=stro
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
;
2
=d
is
ag
r
ee
;
3
=n
e
u
tr
al;
4
=a
g
r
ee
;
5
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
)
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
m
ain
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
with
3
0
l
ec
tu
r
er
s
.
Feed
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
is
p
ilo
t p
h
ase
led
to
m
in
o
r
r
ef
in
e
m
en
ts
in
wo
r
d
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
cla
r
ity
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t’
s
f
i
n
a
l v
alid
ity
.
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
co
llected
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
a
two
-
s
tag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
em
p
lo
y
in
g
I
B
M
SP
SS
Statis
t
ics
2
6
an
d
AM
OS 2
4
.
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
an
aly
s
is
: th
e
d
ataset
was in
itial
ly
s
cr
ee
n
ed
f
o
r
m
is
s
in
g
v
alu
es,
o
u
tlier
s
,
an
d
n
o
r
m
ality
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
wer
e
g
en
er
ated
in
SP
SS
to
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
i
le
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
ea
ch
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
s
ca
le
wer
e
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
was
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
aly
tical
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
to
te
s
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
two
s
eq
u
en
tial step
s
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
m
o
del a
na
ly
s
is
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
el’
s
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
C
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
was
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
>0
.
5
)
,
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
estab
lis
h
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
ck
er
cr
iter
io
n
.
C
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
>0
.
7
)
was a
ls
o
ca
lcu
lated
to
co
n
f
ir
m
s
ca
le
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
Str
uct
ura
l m
o
del a
na
l
y
s
is
F
o
llo
win
g
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el,
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
was
an
aly
ze
d
to
test
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
e
twee
n
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
a
b
atter
y
o
f
in
d
ices,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
a
r
e/d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
r
atio
(
χ²/
d
f
<3
)
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
e
x
(
C
FI>
0
.
9
)
,
T
u
c
k
er
-
L
ewis
in
d
e
x
(
T
L
I
>
0
.
9
)
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MS
E
A<
0
.
0
8
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f a
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
to
o
ls
fo
r
a
ca
d
emic
w
r
itin
g
(
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
u
H
o
a
i
)
1741
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t item
s
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
I
t
e
ms
I
t
e
m
S
o
u
r
c
e
PE
P
E1
I
t
h
i
n
k
u
s
i
n
g
A
I
t
o
o
l
s i
s
u
s
e
f
u
l
f
o
r
m
y
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
3
7
]
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A
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s f
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4
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]
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2
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p
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d
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w
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s re
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o
my
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s
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4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
4
.
1
.
1
.
Respo
nd
ent
dem
o
g
ra
ph
ics
Of
th
e
to
tal
4
1
2
r
esp
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n
s
es
c
o
llected
,
4
0
4
wer
e
c
o
m
p
lete
an
d
v
alid
an
d
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
f
in
al
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
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s
tu
d
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s
am
p
le
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p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
T
h
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aly
s
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s
h
o
wed
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at
th
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s
am
p
le
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elativ
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b
alan
ce
d
an
d
d
iv
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s
e.
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ter
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f
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en
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er
,
th
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p
r
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p
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tio
n
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f
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m
e
n
was
in
th
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m
ajo
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ity
(
5
5
.
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4
%).
T
h
e
p
r
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d
o
m
in
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4
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,
in
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icatin
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at
th
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m
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ity
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f
p
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ticip
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r
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ity
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th
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lar
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est
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r
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p
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n
(
3
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.
4
%).
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n
p
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ticu
lar
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th
e
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ity
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f
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ce
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with
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2
6
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g
m
o
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th
an
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0
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s
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ce
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e
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em
o
g
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ap
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ity
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d
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th
o
f
ex
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ce
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am
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r
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th
at
th
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d
ata
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llected
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ig
h
ly
r
ep
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tativ
e,
p
r
o
v
id
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g
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s
o
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d
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test
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
n
AI
to
o
l a
cc
ep
tan
ce
in
ac
a
d
em
ic
wr
i
tin
g
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
m
o
del a
s
s
es
s
m
ent
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
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alu
ated
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
C
R
.
T
ab
le
3
d
etails
th
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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v
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&
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d
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I
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N:
2252
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1743
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le
6
,
s
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Fig
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e
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R
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is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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15
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20
26
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1
7
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1744
T
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6
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R
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H
y
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s
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t
d
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B
e
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l
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t
i
o
p
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R
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l
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3
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8
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u
p
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a.
Facto
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
an
tece
d
en
ts
o
f
ac
ad
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ics
’
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
AI
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itin
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to
o
ls
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th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
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el
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ig
n
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ican
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7
7
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9
%
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th
e
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ia
n
ce
in
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I
(
R
2
=0
.
7
7
9
)
.
T
h
e
r
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alid
ated
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iv
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
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y
p
o
th
eses
.
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ec
if
ically
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PE
em
er
g
ed
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th
e
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tr
o
n
g
est
d
r
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er
tin
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b
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tial
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im
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ac
t
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1
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ated
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n
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3
0
8
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0
0
1
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d
E
R
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0
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1
9
4
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<
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0
0
1
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ad
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ig
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ica
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t
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eg
ativ
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ts
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n
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I
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o
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tin
g
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d
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h
ese
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g
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ar
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ticu
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ly
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ig
h
tf
u
l
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e
n
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d
in
th
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n
tex
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o
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th
e
r
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en
t
d
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o
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h
ics.
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h
e
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ar
am
o
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n
t
im
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o
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tan
ce
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u
g
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ests
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at
th
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s
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le
o
f
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r
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m
i
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tly
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p
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ce
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4
8
% with
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r
s
o
f
ex
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er
ien
ce
)
is
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
ag
m
atic.
T
h
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ad
o
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t
AI
is
d
r
iv
en
p
r
im
ar
ily
b
y
t
h
e
tan
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i
b
le
im
p
r
o
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en
ts
it
ca
n
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r
in
g
to
th
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wo
r
k
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r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
n
eg
ativ
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
PR
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u
n
d
er
s
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o
r
es
th
at
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o
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lis
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ed
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r
ch
er
s
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e
f
ea
r
t
h
at
an
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I
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o
l
m
ig
h
t
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m
p
r
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is
e
th
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q
u
ality
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r
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teg
r
ity
o
f
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o
u
tp
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t is a
m
ajo
r
d
eter
r
en
t.
b.
Facto
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
u
s
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
Nex
t,
th
e
m
o
d
el
e
v
alu
ated
th
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
th
e
ac
tu
al
u
s
e
o
f
AI
wr
itin
g
to
o
ls
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
w
as
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
7
5
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
UB
(
R
²=
0
.
7
5
3
)
.
B
I
was
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
UB
,
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
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ath
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o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
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.
5
4
4
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
H7
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
a
t
a
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ten
tio
n
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
d
r
iv
er
o
f
a
ctu
al
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
FC
also
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
d
ir
ec
t p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
UB
(
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.
4
7
7
,
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<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
H4
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
f
o
r
t
h
e
ac
ad
em
ics
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
,
tr
an
s
l
atin
g
in
ten
tio
n
in
to
ac
tio
n
is
h
ea
v
ily
r
elian
t
o
n
h
av
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
eso
u
r
c
es
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
FC
)
.
E
v
en
with
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ten
t,
p
r
ac
tical
b
ar
r
ier
s
ca
n
im
p
ed
e
th
e
ac
tu
al
u
s
e
o
f
AI
t
o
o
ls
in
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
all
s
ev
en
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
,
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
R
²
v
alu
es
c
o
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
’
s
r
o
b
u
s
t
ab
i
lity
to
ex
p
lain
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
d
r
iv
in
g
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
AI
wr
itin
g
to
o
ls
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
4
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
life
r
atio
n
o
f
AI
is
f
u
n
d
am
en
tally
r
esh
a
p
in
g
t
h
e
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esear
ch
,
h
er
ald
in
g
a
n
ew
p
h
ase
with
in
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
“e
r
a
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
”
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
d
ig
italizatio
n
an
d
h
y
p
er
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
PE
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
wer
f
u
l
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
ad
o
p
t
io
n
in
ten
tio
n
(
β=0
.
5
8
5
)
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
r
o
b
u
s
t
em
p
ir
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
e
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
o
f
Gr
ass
in
i
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
a
n
d
W
an
g
[
2
0
]
.
As
th
ey
s
u
g
g
est,
ac
ad
em
ics
ar
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tally
p
r
a
g
m
atic
u
s
er
s
;
th
eir
willin
g
n
ess
to
ad
o
p
t
a
n
ew
to
o
l
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
b
elief
t
h
at
it
will
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
a
n
d
wr
itin
g
q
u
ality
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
o
f
AI
to
m
ak
e
th
e
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
“
f
aster
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
”
is
th
e
c
en
tr
al
v
alu
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
itio
n
f
o
r
th
i
s
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
[
3
]
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
E
E
(
β=0
.
4
3
8
)
a
lig
n
s
p
er
f
ec
tly
with
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
o
f
B
u
d
h
ath
o
k
i
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
a
n
d
G
u
g
g
em
o
s
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
.
E
v
en
f
o
r
a
h
ig
h
ly
ed
u
ca
te
d
u
s
er
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
e
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
is
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
in
tu
itiv
e
an
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
n
atu
r
e
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
to
o
ls
lo
wer
s
th
e
b
ar
r
ier
to
en
tr
y
f
o
r
b
u
s
y
ac
ad
e
m
ics,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
with
an
d
in
te
g
r
ate
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
in
to
th
eir
wo
r
k
f
lo
w.
SI
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
r
iv
e
r
o
f
in
ten
tio
n
(
β
=0
.
4
3
4
)
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
th
e
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
o
f
Gu
g
g
em
o
s
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
r
ess
u
r
es
with
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
as
m
o
r
e
s
ch
o
lar
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
team
s
b
eg
in
to
u
s
e
AI
t
o
o
ls
,
a
n
etwo
r
k
ef
f
ec
t
is
cr
ea
ted
,
en
c
o
u
r
ag
in
g
n
o
n
-
u
s
er
s
to
ad
o
p
t
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
m
a
in
tain
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ed
g
e
an
d
alig
n
with
ev
o
lv
in
g
ac
ad
em
i
c
n
o
r
m
s
.
C
r
u
cially
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
,
d
ir
e
ct
lin
k
b
etwe
en
FC
a
n
d
UB
(
β=0
.
4
7
7
)
.
T
h
is
em
p
ir
ically
v
alid
ates
th
e
ass
er
tio
n
s
o
f
Hsu
[
2
6
]
,
Alan
zi
an
d
R
atten
[
2
7
]
th
at
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
a
n
d
tech
n
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
ar
e
n
o
t
m
er
ely
h
elp
f
u
l
b
u
t
ess
en
tial.
I
t u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es th
at
e
v
en
wh
en
lectu
r
er
s
p
o
s
s
ess
a
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
AI
,
th
is
in
ten
tio
n
ca
n
n
o
t b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
t
o
ac
tu
al
u
s
e
with
o
u
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
s
u
ch
as
ac
ce
s
s
to
p
r
em
iu
m
to
o
l
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
s
,
o
f
f
icial
g
u
id
elin
es,
an
d
ad
eq
u
ate
tr
ain
i
n
g
.
A
k
ey
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
its
q
u
a
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
s
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
f
u
l
n
eg
ativ
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
PR
(
β=
-
0
.
3
0
8
)
o
n
i
n
ten
tio
n
r
eso
n
ates
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
with
th
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
aised
b
y
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
ic
b
ias
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
u
n
r
eliab
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
2
2
A
d
o
p
tio
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o
f a
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
to
o
ls
fo
r
a
ca
d
emic
w
r
itin
g
(
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
u
H
o
a
i
)
1745
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ics,
wh
o
s
e
ca
r
ee
r
s
ar
e
b
u
ilt
o
n
in
tellectu
al
r
ig
o
r
,
th
e
f
ea
r
o
f
AI
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
f
lawe
d
o
r
i
n
ac
cu
r
at
e
co
n
ten
t is th
e
s
in
g
le
g
r
ea
test
d
eter
r
en
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
E
R
(
β
=
-
0
.
1
9
4
)
alig
n
s
with
th
e
wi
d
e
-
r
an
g
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
ac
a
d
em
ic
in
te
g
r
ity
,
p
la
g
iar
is
m
,
an
d
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
[
6
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
em
p
ir
ically
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
n
o
tio
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
J
ia
et
a
l.
[
3
4
]
th
at
wh
en
u
s
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
an
eth
ical
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
-
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
u
n
in
ten
tio
n
al
p
lag
ia
r
is
m
o
r
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
v
io
latio
n
s
-
th
eir
tr
u
s
t
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
er
o
d
es,
lead
in
g
to
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
o
f
B
I
o
n
UB
(
β=
0
.
5
4
4
)
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
at
io
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
estab
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
UT
AUT
m
o
d
el
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
6
]
,
[
3
6
]
,
ce
m
en
tin
g
its
r
o
le
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
tece
d
en
t
o
f
ac
tu
al
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
AI
to
o
ls
f
o
r
a
ca
d
em
ic
r
esear
ch
b
y
Vietn
am
ese
lectu
r
er
s
is
a
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
r
iv
en
b
y
a
r
atio
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
b
en
ef
its
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
,
b
u
t sig
n
i
f
ican
tly
tem
p
er
ed
b
y
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
r
is
k
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
in
teg
r
ated
t
h
e
U
T
AUT
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
PR
T
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
PE
an
d
E
E
ar
e
k
ey
d
r
i
v
er
s
o
f
in
ten
tio
n
,
wh
ile
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
r
is
k
is
a
f
o
r
m
id
ab
le
b
ar
r
ie
r
.
T
o
t
r
an
s
late
in
ten
tio
n
in
to
ac
tu
al
u
s
e,
b
o
th
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
s
tr
o
n
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
FC
ar
e
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le.
As
AI
co
n
tin
u
es
to
ev
o
l
v
e,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
,
cr
itical,
an
d
eth
ical
ad
o
p
tio
n
will
b
e
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esear
ch
in
Vietn
am
.
T
h
is
r
ese
a
r
c
h
m
a
k
es
tw
o
p
r
i
m
ar
y
th
eo
r
eti
ca
l
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
s
.
First
,
it
v
a
li
d
at
es
th
e
co
r
e
U
T
AUT
m
o
d
el
wit
h
i
n
t
h
e
n
o
v
el
co
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
AI
to
o
l
ad
o
p
ti
o
n
i
n
a
d
e
v
el
o
p
i
n
g
n
a
ti
o
n
’
s
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
its
cr
o
s
s
-
c
u
lt
u
r
al
a
p
p
li
ca
b
il
it
y
.
Se
co
n
d
,
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
tl
y
,
i
t
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
tes
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
a
u
g
m
e
n
ti
n
g
U
T
AU
T
wit
h
PR
T
.
Fo
r
e
m
e
r
g
in
g
a
n
d
p
o
te
n
t
ial
ly
d
is
r
u
p
t
iv
e
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
l
ik
e
AI
,
wh
e
r
e
u
s
er
t
r
u
s
t
is
n
o
t
y
e
t
esta
b
l
is
h
e
d
an
d
t
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es
a
r
e
u
n
ce
r
t
ai
n
,
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
ti
o
n
is
a
c
r
u
ci
al
i
n
h
i
b
it
o
r
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
ad
v
o
ca
t
e
f
o
r
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
r
is
k
as a
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
wh
en
s
tu
d
y
in
g
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
AI
a
n
d
o
th
er
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
y
ield
s
ev
er
al
p
r
ac
tical
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
an
d
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
at
o
r
s
:
i
)
p
r
o
m
o
te
v
alu
e:
f
o
cu
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
s
o
n
h
o
w
s
p
ec
if
ic
AI
to
o
ls
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
u
tc
o
m
es
(
e.
g
.
,
p
u
b
licatio
n
r
ates,
g
r
an
t
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
)
;
ii
)
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t:
in
v
est
in
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
licen
s
es
f
o
r
r
ep
u
tab
le
AI
to
o
ls
,
o
r
g
an
ize
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
tr
ain
i
n
g
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
an
d
estab
lis
h
clea
r
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
-
wi
d
e
g
u
id
elin
es
o
n
th
e
eth
ical
u
s
e
o
f
AI
to
m
itig
ate
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
;
an
d
iii
)
ad
d
r
ess
r
is
k
s
:
p
r
o
ac
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
lectu
r
er
s
’
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
eth
ics
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
o
p
en
d
ialo
g
u
e
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
n
h
o
w
to
u
s
e
AI
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
an
d
cr
itically
.
Fo
r
AI
to
o
l
d
ev
elo
p
e
r
s
:
i)
p
r
io
r
itize
u
s
ab
ilit
y
:
d
esig
n
t
o
o
ls
with
in
tu
itiv
e
in
ter
f
ac
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
clea
r
tu
to
r
ials
an
d
ii
)
b
u
ild
tr
u
s
t:
b
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
ab
o
u
t
d
ata
p
r
i
v
ac
y
p
o
licies,
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
lim
itat
io
n
s
,
an
d
h
o
w
t
h
e
to
o
l
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
cited
.
Featu
r
es
th
at
h
elp
u
s
er
s
ch
ec
k
f
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
ac
cu
r
ac
y
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
co
m
b
at
PR
.
Fo
r
lectu
r
er
s
:
d
ev
elo
p
a
cr
itical
f
o
r
m
o
f
“
AI
liter
ac
y
”
th
at
in
v
o
lv
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
u
s
in
g
th
e
to
o
ls
b
u
t
also
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
eir
lim
itat
io
n
s
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
th
eir
o
u
tp
u
t w
ith
s
ch
o
lar
ly
r
ig
o
r
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
s
u
b
ject
to
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
.
First,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
an
d
s
n
o
wb
all
s
am
p
li
n
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
am
p
le
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
f
u
lly
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
o
f
th
e
en
tire
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
lectu
r
er
s
,
wh
ich
lim
its
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