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Resea
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I
J
E
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Vo
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15
,
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.
2
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A
p
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il
2
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6
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p
p
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~
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3
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3
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1
1114
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Ass
ess
ment of
sci
entif
ic
com
pet
enc
ies in seco
nda
ry
s
cho
o
l
students
:
e
x
plo
ri
ng
t
he r
ela
tions
hi
ps a
mo
ng
inquiry
,
ex
pla
na
tions
of
th
e phys
ica
l world,
a
nd t
he
desig
n of
technolo
g
ica
l so
lutions
Ang
el
E
dwi
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bli
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s
Sil
v
a
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G
iul
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rr
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Sa
la
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Art
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nfo
AB
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RAC
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A
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ticle
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to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
18
,
2
0
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5
R
ev
is
ed
J
an
29
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2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Feb
23
,
2
0
2
6
As
se
ss
in
g
sc
ien
ti
fic
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
ies
in
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
re
q
u
ires
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
ir
stru
c
tu
ra
l
re
latio
n
sh
ip
s,
y
e
t
li
m
it
e
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
th
e
se
in
terre
lati
o
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sh
ip
s
e
m
p
iri
c
a
ll
y
.
Th
is
stu
d
y
i
n
v
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sti
g
a
ted
h
o
w
sc
ien
ti
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in
q
u
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x
p
lan
a
ti
o
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o
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p
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p
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a
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d
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lu
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6
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P
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v
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a
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c
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q
u
a
ti
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o
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g
(P
LS
-
S
EM
).
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su
lt
s
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rm
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t
in
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sig
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iate
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s
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e
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d
a
ti
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a
l
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m
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y
f
o
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e
lo
p
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g
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x
p
lan
a
t
o
ry
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
so
lv
i
n
g
a
b
il
it
ies
,
su
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
in
t
e
g
ra
ted
c
u
rricu
lu
m
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
se
q
u
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ti
a
l
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d
a
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ica
l
a
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p
ro
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h
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s th
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p
ri
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r
it
ize
in
q
u
iry
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
I
n
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
Scien
tific
liter
ac
y
Seco
n
d
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
STE
M
co
m
p
eten
cies
Stru
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
An
g
el
E
d
win
Ob
litas
Sil
v
a
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
U
n
iv
er
s
id
ad
C
ésar
Vallejo
C
ar
r
eter
a
a
Pime
n
tel
Km
.
3
.
5
,
C
h
iclay
o
,
L
am
b
ay
e
q
u
e
,
Per
u
E
m
ail:
ao
b
litas
s
@
u
cv
v
ir
tu
al.
ed
u
.
p
e
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
s
c
ien
tific
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ch
allen
g
e
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Pro
g
r
am
m
e
f
o
r
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Stu
d
en
t
Ass
ess
m
en
t
(
PISA
)
ass
ess
m
en
ts
r
ev
ea
l
co
n
s
is
ten
t
d
ef
icien
cies
i
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
cien
tific
m
aster
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
t
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ex
p
lain
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
s
cien
tific
ally
,
ev
alu
ate
an
d
d
esig
n
s
cie
n
tific
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
in
ter
p
r
et
d
ata
an
d
ev
id
e
n
ce
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Seco
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
f
ac
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
with
p
r
o
b
lem
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
h
y
p
o
th
esis
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
d
r
awin
g
,
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
,
wi
th
lim
ited
p
r
o
g
r
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
els [
3
]
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ev
id
en
t
wh
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
ch
allen
g
es
in
d
is
ti
n
g
u
is
h
in
g
au
th
en
tic
in
q
u
i
r
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
d
ialo
g
b
etwe
en
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
e
v
elo
p
in
v
esti
g
ativ
e
s
k
ills
[
4
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
ass
ess
m
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
em
p
h
asiz
e
co
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
q
u
esti
o
n
an
d
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
,
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
d
r
awin
g
,
alth
o
u
g
h
v
alid
ated
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
r
ev
ea
l
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
au
th
e
n
tic
in
q
u
ir
y
s
k
ills
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
g
en
er
ally
r
em
ain
s
lo
w,
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
s
in
th
in
k
in
g
,
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
[
7
]
,
wh
er
ea
s
d
if
f
icu
lties
p
er
s
is
t
in
m
aster
in
g
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
s
k
ills
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ex
p
er
im
en
t
al
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ata
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
,
wh
ich
r
eq
u
i
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
[
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
s
s
ess
men
t o
f scien
tifi
c
co
mp
eten
cies in
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l s
tu
d
en
ts
:
… (
A
n
g
el
E
d
w
in
Ob
li
ta
s
S
ilva
)
1115
Desp
ite
wid
esp
r
ea
d
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
cien
tific
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
[
6
]
,
[
9
]
,
a
cr
itical
g
ap
p
er
s
is
ts
:
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
em
p
ir
ical
m
o
d
els
q
u
an
tify
i
n
g
ca
u
s
al
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
o
m
ain
s
.
E
x
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
ex
am
in
es
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
is
o
latio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
th
eir
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
i
n
ter
d
ep
e
n
d
en
cies
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
lim
itatio
n
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
m
aster
y
in
o
n
e
d
o
m
ain
(
e
.
g
.
,
i
n
q
u
ir
y
)
in
f
lu
en
c
es d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t i
n
o
th
e
r
s
(
e.
g
.
,
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
r
d
esig
n
)
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
ass
ess
m
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
f
ac
e
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
e
s
.
Ma
n
y
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
f
ail
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
d
ee
p
e
r
in
s
ig
h
ts
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
lim
ited
co
r
r
e
latio
n
s
b
etwe
en
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
c
o
m
p
eten
c
e
[
1
2
]
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
u
n
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
E
m
er
g
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
lik
e
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
s
an
d
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
y
et
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
ten
p
er
ce
i
v
e
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
as
ir
r
elev
a
n
t,
af
f
ec
tin
g
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
C
r
itically
,
s
u
b
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
s
u
ch
as
h
y
p
o
th
esis
g
en
er
atio
n
,
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
,
an
d
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
r
em
ain
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
in
ass
ess
m
en
ts
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
es
th
ese
g
ap
s
b
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
t
o
estab
lis
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
in
q
u
ir
y
,
ex
p
lan
atio
n
,
an
d
d
esig
n
co
m
p
eten
cies,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
f
o
r
in
teg
r
ated
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
a
n
aly
ze
s
th
r
e
e
c
en
tr
al
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
cien
tific
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
:
i)
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
(
I
N)
,
w
h
ich
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
ab
le
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
tr
ateg
ies,
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
ata,
a
n
d
th
e
cr
itical
ev
a
lu
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es;
ii)
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
(
E
X)
,
wh
i
ch
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
liv
in
g
b
ein
g
s
,
m
atter
,
en
er
g
y
,
b
io
d
iv
er
s
i
ty
,
E
ar
th
,
an
d
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
e
t
o
in
ter
p
r
et
n
at
u
r
al
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
an
d
e
v
alu
ate
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
im
p
licatio
n
s
;
an
d
iii)
d
esig
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
(
DE
)
,
wh
ich
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
alter
n
a
tiv
es,
th
e
d
etailed
d
esig
n
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es,
a
n
d
t
h
e
cr
iti
ca
l
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
a
n
d
im
p
ac
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
r
ef
lect
th
e
au
th
en
tic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
cien
tific
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
,
in
teg
r
a
tin
g
co
n
ten
t k
n
o
wled
g
e
with
i
n
q
u
ir
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
h
o
lis
tic
v
iew
o
f
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
ce
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
Per
u
v
ian
c
o
n
tex
t,
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
cies
f
ac
e
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
allen
g
es
d
o
c
u
m
en
ted
in
t
h
e
r
e
g
io
n
al
lite
r
atu
r
e.
PISA
test
s
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
in
Per
u
r
ev
ea
l
p
er
s
is
ten
t
d
ef
icien
cies
in
s
tu
d
en
t
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
cies,
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
-
b
ased
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es [
1
9
]
.
Fo
r
m
ati
v
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t h
as b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
cies
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
en
ef
itin
g
lo
wer
-
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
u
b
r
ics
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ata
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
k
ills
,
alth
o
u
g
h
lim
itatio
n
s
p
er
s
is
t
in
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
,
th
e
l
ac
k
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
,
an
d
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
b
etwe
en
g
e
n
d
er
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ca
n
lim
it
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
q
u
ir
y
s
k
ills
,
wh
er
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
esig
n
th
in
k
in
g
h
as
s
h
o
wn
p
o
ten
t
ial
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
d
esig
n
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
s
o
l
u
tio
n
-
b
u
ild
in
g
s
k
ills
in
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
c
o
u
r
s
es
[
2
5
]
,
alth
o
u
g
h
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
e
d
elib
e
r
ate
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
co
r
e
s
cien
ti
f
ic
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
ills
d
u
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
lan
n
in
g
,
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
in
to
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
[
2
6
]
.
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
r
ef
o
r
m
s
in
Per
u
s
ee
k
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
cien
tific
lear
n
in
g
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
m
p
eten
cies
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
s
o
l
v
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
r
ef
o
r
m
s
f
ac
es
o
b
s
tacle
s
r
elate
d
to
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
o
b
je
cti
v
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
to
d
ete
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
r
e
lat
io
n
s
h
i
p
s
a
m
o
n
g
s
cie
n
t
i
f
ic
in
q
u
i
r
y
s
k
il
ls
,
e
x
p
l
an
ati
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ic
al
w
o
r
l
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
e
co
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
ar
tia
l
le
as
t
s
q
u
a
r
es
S
E
M
(
PLS
-
SE
M)
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
o
b
j
ec
t
iv
es
i
n
c
lu
d
e
v
a
li
d
ati
n
g
t
h
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
e
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ti
es
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
asu
r
e
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
b
y
ass
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
an
d
d
is
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
n
t
v
ali
d
i
ty
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
cts;
e
x
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
d
i
r
ec
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
e
x
p
la
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
w
o
r
l
d
o
n
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
;
a
n
al
y
zi
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
s
ci
en
ti
f
ic
i
n
q
u
ir
y
o
n
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ical
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
;
a
n
d
d
et
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
c
i
en
t
if
ic
i
n
q
u
i
r
y
o
n
t
h
e
a
b
il
it
y
to
e
x
p
la
in
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
a
ll
o
ws
u
s
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
if
y
p
a
tte
r
n
s
o
f
d
i
r
e
ct
an
d
in
d
i
r
e
ct
in
f
l
u
en
ce
b
etwe
e
n
c
o
m
p
ete
n
cy
d
o
m
ai
n
s
,
f
ill
in
g
t
h
e
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
g
a
p
o
n
ca
u
s
a
l
c
o
n
n
ec
t
io
n
s
i
n
s
c
ie
n
c
e
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
an
d
l
ay
in
g
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
o
n
p
r
e
d
i
cti
v
e
m
o
d
els
o
f
s
cie
n
t
if
i
c
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
q
u
a
lit
at
iv
e
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
to
o
ls
an
d
m
ix
e
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
t
h
a
t
c
ap
tu
r
e
a
u
t
h
e
n
ti
c
i
n
q
u
i
r
y
a
n
d
m
o
d
el
-
b
as
ed
r
e
as
o
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
-
b
ase
d
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
al
in
t
er
v
en
ti
o
n
s
t
h
a
t i
n
t
e
g
r
ate
e
n
h
an
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
ize
d
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
y
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
ju
s
tific
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
f
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
to
g
u
id
e
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiated
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
an
in
teg
r
ate
d
an
d
s
eq
u
en
tial
m
an
n
er
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
e
n
h
an
ce
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
h
y
p
o
th
esis
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
an
d
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
cien
tific
b
asis
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
ca
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n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
th
at
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
co
n
n
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tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
in
q
u
ir
y
,
s
cien
tific
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
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&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
6
:
1
1
1
4
-
1
1
2
8
1116
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
esig
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
ad
d
r
ess
co
m
p
lex
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
tex
ts
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
will
b
e
ab
le
to
u
s
e
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
r
estru
ctu
r
e
s
cien
ce
cu
r
r
icu
la,
im
p
lem
en
t
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
cu
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ed
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
ep
is
tem
o
lo
g
ical
b
elief
s
an
d
l
o
ca
l
co
n
tex
tu
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
an
d
estab
lis
h
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
p
r
o
to
co
ls
th
at
r
ef
lect
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
cien
tific
lear
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
teg
r
at
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
th
at
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
r
elate
d
ass
ess
m
en
t [
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
ju
s
tific
atio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
ca
u
s
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
cies,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
f
o
r
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
em
p
h
asize
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
r
e
f
lect
th
e
au
th
en
tic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
cien
tific
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
n
ew
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
th
e
m
u
t
u
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
b
etwe
e
n
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
r
ec
e
n
t
th
eo
r
etica
l
ad
v
an
ce
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
r
e
aso
n
in
g
,
a
b
d
u
ctiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
will
allo
w
u
s
to
r
ef
in
e
ex
is
tin
g
th
eo
r
ies
o
n
s
cien
tific
s
k
ill
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
g
en
er
at
e
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
s
th
a
t
ad
d
r
ess
p
er
s
is
ten
t
g
ap
s
in
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
,
a
u
th
en
tic
in
q
u
i
r
y
q
u
esti
o
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
tio
n
,
an
d
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
id
e
n
tifie
d
i
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t scien
tific
liter
atu
r
e.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l f
o
un
da
t
io
ns
o
f
s
cient
if
ic
co
m
pet
encies
2
.
1
.
1
.
Ma
j
o
r
t
heo
re
t
ica
l mo
dels
in s
cie
nce
educa
t
io
n
T
h
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
els
h
a
v
e
e
v
o
lv
ed
to
war
d
m
u
ltid
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
r
ef
lectin
g
au
th
en
ti
c
s
cien
tific
p
r
ac
tice
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
r
e
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
:
i
)
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
-
b
ased
ass
es
s
m
en
t
em
p
h
asizes
in
q
u
i
r
y
s
k
ills
,
d
ata
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
an
d
e
p
is
tem
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
u
s
in
g
r
u
b
r
ics
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
to
o
ls
[
1
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
3
3
]
;
ii
)
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ca
p
ac
ity
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
u
s
e,
an
d
r
ev
is
e
s
cien
tific
m
o
d
els,
with
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
to
war
d
ap
p
licatio
n
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
ab
d
u
ctiv
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
[
1
4
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
;
an
d
iii
)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ex
p
lan
atio
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
lik
e
p
r
em
is
e
-
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
-
o
u
tco
m
e
(
PR
O)
an
d
th
in
k
in
g
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
im
p
r
o
v
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
q
u
ality
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
an
d
m
u
ltip
l
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
Do
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
if
f
er
en
tial
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M
)
d
is
cip
lin
es
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
,
with
PISA
em
p
h
asizin
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
a
p
p
licatio
n
[
3
9
]
.
C
r
itically
,
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
m
ed
iatio
n
in
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
in
q
u
i
r
y
co
m
p
eten
cies [
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Str
uct
ura
l int
eg
ra
t
io
n
o
f
co
m
pet
ency
do
ma
ins
W
h
ile
in
q
u
ir
y
,
ex
p
lan
atio
n
,
a
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
esig
n
ar
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
in
ter
r
elate
d
,
p
r
i
o
r
r
esear
c
h
ex
am
in
es
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
r
ath
er
t
h
an
ca
u
s
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
I
n
q
u
i
r
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
itiate
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
g
u
id
in
g
d
esig
n
an
d
ex
p
lan
atio
n
p
h
ases
,
th
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
le
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
au
th
e
n
tic
in
q
u
ir
y
f
r
o
m
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
q
u
esti
o
n
s
[
4
]
.
Desig
n
an
d
ex
p
lan
atio
n
in
ter
twin
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
p
is
tem
ic
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
en
g
ag
e
s
cien
tific
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
an
d
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
[
2
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
en
h
an
ce
in
teg
r
atio
n
[
1
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
teac
h
er
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
th
at
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
latf
o
r
m
s
th
at
b
en
ef
it
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
lim
ited
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
ex
is
tin
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
[
9
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
with
o
u
t
q
u
an
tify
in
g
d
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
d
o
m
ai
n
s
—
a
g
ap
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
.
T
h
ese
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
ca
n
also
b
e
in
ter
p
r
et
ed
f
r
o
m
an
e
p
is
tem
ic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
in
q
u
ir
y
[
4
3
]
.
2.
2
.
E
m
pirica
l e
v
idence
f
ro
m
inte
rna
t
io
na
l c
o
nte
x
t
s
2.
2
.
1
.
Dev
elo
pm
ent
a
l
t
ra
j
ec
t
o
ries a
nd
m
o
dera
t
ing
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
er
–
s
tu
d
e
n
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
d
i
g
ital
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
cien
tific
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
in
in
q
u
ir
y
co
n
te
x
ts
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
Stru
ctu
r
ed
in
q
u
ir
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
d
esig
n
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
,
s
tr
e
n
g
th
en
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
k
ills
an
d
s
cien
tific
th
in
k
in
g
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
,
wh
ile
teac
h
er
f
a
cilitatio
n
p
r
ed
icts
co
g
n
itiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
class
r
o
o
m
s
[
4
8
]
.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
an
d
ac
ti
v
e
-
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
in
q
u
ir
y
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
d
u
r
in
g
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
q
u
ir
y
-
o
r
ien
ted
STE
M
ac
tiv
ities
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
Dev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
r
esear
ch
also
s
h
o
ws
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
ies
ev
o
lv
e
ac
r
o
s
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
an
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
later
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
5
1
]
.
Aca
d
e
m
ic
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
g
u
id
ed
in
q
u
ir
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
in
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
[
5
2
]
,
[
5
3
]
,
wh
ile
b
r
o
ad
e
r
co
n
tex
tu
al
a
n
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
n
tin
u
e
to
s
h
ap
e
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
an
d
o
u
tco
m
es in
i
n
q
u
ir
y
-
b
as
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
5
4
]
–
[
5
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
s
s
ess
men
t o
f scien
tifi
c
co
mp
eten
cies in
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l s
tu
d
en
ts
:
… (
A
n
g
el
E
d
w
in
Ob
li
ta
s
S
ilva
)
1117
2.
2
.
2
.
P
eda
g
o
g
ica
l sca
f
f
o
ldi
ng
a
nd
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
inte
g
r
a
t
io
n
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
en
co
m
p
ass
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
f
o
r
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
au
to
n
o
m
y
[
5
7
]
,
in
cr
em
en
tal
s
tep
p
ed
g
u
id
a
n
ce
f
o
r
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
[
5
8
]
,
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
at
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
an
d
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
5
9
]
.
Gr
ap
h
ic
o
r
g
a
n
izer
s
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
d
etail
an
d
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
s
[
6
0
]
,
[
6
1
]
.
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
in
q
u
ir
y
p
h
ases
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
ata
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
m
o
d
eli
n
g
,
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
[
6
2
]
–
[
6
4
]
,
wh
ile
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
a
n
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
[
4
8
]
.
Mo
b
ile
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
m
o
tiv
ate
au
th
e
n
tic
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t [
6
5
]
,
th
o
u
g
h
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
r
em
ain
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
in
m
an
y
i
n
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
co
n
tex
ts
[
6
2
]
.
2.
2
.
3
.
P
er
s
is
t
ent
lim
it
a
t
io
ns
C
u
r
r
en
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
clu
d
e
in
ad
eq
u
ate
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
a
n
d
teac
h
er
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
ev
alu
atio
n
[
1
]
,
im
b
alan
ce
d
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
with
lo
w
ev
id
en
ce
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
k
ills
[
1
2
]
,
an
d
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
au
th
en
tic
in
q
u
ir
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
[
4
]
.
Mo
d
el
-
b
ased
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
also
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
[
1
4
]
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
b
ar
r
ier
s
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
en
t
ly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lim
ited
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
6
6
]
,
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
in
th
e
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
a
n
d
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
6
7
]
,
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
[
6
8
]
,
r
esis
tan
ce
to
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
c
h
an
g
e
[
6
9
]
,
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
u
n
d
er
-
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
class
r
o
o
m
s
[
7
0
]
.
N
o
tab
ly
,
ex
is
tin
g
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
NOSL
iT
an
d
PISA
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
ca
p
tu
r
e
co
m
p
eten
cies d
escr
ip
tiv
ely
b
u
t r
ar
ely
m
o
d
el
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
ter
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cies a
m
o
n
g
th
em
.
2.
3
.
O
pera
t
io
na
l def
ini
t
io
ns
2.
3
.
1
.
Scient
if
ic
inq
uiry
I
N
r
ep
r
esen
ts
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es:
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
r
esear
ch
a
b
le
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
d
esig
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
,
g
en
er
atin
g
an
d
an
aly
zin
g
d
ata,
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
ep
is
tem
ic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
eq
u
ir
es b
o
t
h
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
a
n
d
e
p
is
tem
ic
s
k
ills
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
2.
3
.
2
.
E
x
pla
na
t
io
n o
f
ph
y
s
ica
l pheno
m
ena
E
X
en
co
m
p
ass
es
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
ar
ticu
latin
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
a
b
ased
o
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
liv
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
atter
,
en
er
g
y
,
b
io
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
an
d
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
e
[
1
8
]
.
C
en
tr
a
l
to
th
is
co
m
p
eten
cy
is
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
—
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
,
u
s
in
g
,
an
d
r
e
v
is
in
g
s
cien
tific
m
o
d
els
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ca
u
s
al
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
estab
lis
h
ed
p
r
in
cip
les
[
1
4
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
[
7
1
]
,
[
7
2
]
.
2.
3
.
3
.
T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ica
l desig
n
DE
in
v
o
lv
es
cr
ea
tin
g
in
n
o
v
at
iv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
cien
tific
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
cr
iter
ia
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
id
en
tify
i
n
g
alter
n
ativ
es,
d
esig
n
in
g
d
etailed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es,
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
i
m
p
ac
t
[
2
7
]
,
[
7
3
]
.
Desig
n
in
teg
r
ates
s
cien
tific
ex
p
lan
atio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
an
aly
s
is
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ass
ess
m
en
t.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
e
l
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
r
esear
c
h
m
o
d
el
Note
:
I
N=
inves
ti
ga
tes
us
ing
s
c
ientif
ic
met
hods
;
E
X=
e
xplains
the
phys
ica
l
wor
l
d
;
DE
=
de
s
igns
a
nd
buil
ds
tec
hnolog
ica
l
s
olut
i
ons
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
6
:
1
1
1
4
-
1
1
2
8
1118
−
Hy
p
o
th
esis
1
:
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ex
p
lain
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
−
Hy
p
o
th
esis
2
:
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
cien
tifi
c
in
q
u
ir
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l so
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
.
−
Hy
p
o
th
esis
3
:
T
h
e
co
m
p
eten
c
e
o
f
i
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
cien
tific
m
eth
o
d
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
wo
r
ld
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h a
pp
ro
a
ch
a
nd
des
ig
n
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ad
o
p
ted
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
-
ca
u
s
al
d
esig
n
aim
ed
at
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
cien
tifi
c
co
m
p
eten
cies
o
f
I
N,
E
X,
a
n
d
DE
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
PLS
-
SEM
v
ia
Sm
ar
tPLS
v
er
s
io
n
4
s
o
f
twar
e,
w
h
ich
allo
wed
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
[
7
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
PLS
-
SEM
was
b
ased
o
n
its
a
b
ilit
y
to
h
an
d
le
c
o
m
p
lex
m
o
d
els
with
m
u
ltip
le
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
its
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
to
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
.
3
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
lic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
L
am
b
ay
eq
u
e,
Per
u
(
N=
8
5
,
1
6
2
in
2
0
2
3
)
[
7
5
]
.
St
r
atif
ied
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
s
am
p
lin
g
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
as
s
tr
ata.
Fro
m
1
2
elig
i
b
le
p
u
b
li
c
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
f
o
u
r
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
to
en
s
u
r
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
iv
er
s
ity
ac
r
o
s
s
u
r
b
an
an
d
p
er
i
-
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
.
W
ith
in
ea
ch
s
elec
ted
s
ch
o
o
l,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
allo
ca
te
d
b
y
g
r
ad
e
lev
el
(
g
r
ad
es 1
-
5
)
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
(
n
=
1
6
5
)
w
as
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el
an
d
5
%
m
ar
g
i
n
o
f
er
r
o
r
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
e
n
r
o
llm
en
t
i
n
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
with
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t.
Stu
d
en
ts
with
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
is
ab
ilit
ies
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
r
in
co
m
p
lete
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
.
T
h
e
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
tab
le
in
clu
d
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
g
en
d
er
,
g
r
a
d
e
lev
el,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
,
ag
e
r
an
g
e,
an
d
ar
ea
o
f
r
esid
en
ce
.
T
ab
le
1
.
So
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
n
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
78
4
7
.
3
F
e
mal
e
87
5
2
.
7
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
d
e
g
r
e
e
F
i
r
st
y
e
a
r
35
2
1
.
2
S
e
c
o
n
d
y
e
a
r
33
2
0
.
0
Th
i
r
d
y
e
a
r
32
1
9
.
4
F
o
u
r
t
h
y
e
a
r
34
2
0
.
6
F
i
f
t
h
y
e
a
r
31
1
8
.
8
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
I
E
1
56
3
3
.
9
I
E
2
39
2
3
.
6
I
E
3
34
2
0
.
6
I
E
4
36
2
1
.
8
A
g
e
12
-
1
3
y
e
a
r
s
28
1
7
.
0
14
-
1
5
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
65
3
9
.
4
16
-
1
7
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
72
4
3
.
6
A
r
e
a
o
f
r
e
si
d
e
n
c
e
U
r
b
a
n
1
6
5
1
0
0
.
0
N
o
t
e
:
N
=
1
6
5
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s fr
o
m
La
m
b
a
y
e
q
u
e
,
P
e
r
u
3
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
T
h
e
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
co
m
p
eten
c
y
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ass
ess
ed
th
r
ee
co
m
p
eten
cies
alig
n
e
d
with
Pe
r
u
'
s
Natio
n
al
B
asic
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
(
MI
NE
DU,
2
0
1
6
)
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
co
m
p
r
is
ed
1
7
item
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
I
N
(
8
item
s
)
,
E
X
(
3
item
s
)
,
an
d
DE
(
6
item
s
)
,
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
(
1
=
n
e
v
er
to
5
=a
lway
s
)
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
in
s
cien
tific
c
o
m
p
eten
cies.
C
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
was
estab
lis
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
er
t
ju
d
g
m
e
n
t
b
y
f
iv
e
s
p
ec
ialis
t
s
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cy
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
y
ield
in
g
Aik
en
'
s
V
co
ef
f
icien
ts
>0
.
8
5
f
o
r
all
item
s
[
7
6
]
.
T
h
is
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
ev
alu
ated
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
cu
r
r
ic
u
lar
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
f
o
r
th
e
Per
u
v
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t,
en
s
u
r
in
g
alig
n
m
en
t
with
n
atio
n
al
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
ac
ce
s
s
ib
il
ity
f
o
r
Per
u
v
ian
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
α
=0
.
9
0
0
f
o
r
th
e
t
o
tal
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
w
ith
d
im
en
s
io
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
alu
es
o
f
α
=
0
.
8
1
3
(
I
N)
,
α
=0
.
7
2
8
(
E
X)
,
an
d
α
=0
.
7
8
4
(
DE
)
,
all
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
0
.
7
0
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
[
7
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
s
s
ess
men
t o
f scien
tifi
c
co
mp
eten
cies in
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l s
tu
d
en
ts
:
… (
A
n
g
el
E
d
w
in
Ob
li
ta
s
S
ilva
)
1119
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n pro
ce
du
re
Data
co
llectio
n
was
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
v
ia
a
d
i
g
ital
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
2
0
2
4
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
af
ter
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
with
th
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
au
th
o
r
ities
an
d
o
b
tain
i
n
g
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
e
r
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
A
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
was
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
t
h
at
in
clu
d
e
d
:
i
)
an
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
s
ess
io
n
o
n
t
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
;
ii
)
o
b
tain
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
p
ar
en
ts
o
r
g
u
ar
d
ian
s
an
d
ass
en
t
f
r
o
m
u
n
d
er
a
g
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
iii
)
ad
m
in
is
ter
in
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
in
a
s
elf
-
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
f
o
r
m
at
with
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
;
an
d
iv
)
an
s
wer
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
tim
e
to
co
m
p
lete
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
2
5
m
in
u
tes
p
er
p
a
r
ticip
an
t.
T
h
e
an
o
n
y
m
ity
an
d
co
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
g
u
ar
an
teed
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
er
ical
co
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
3
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ases
v
ia
S
m
ar
tPLS
v
er
s
io
n
4
.
First,
an
e
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
was
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata
an
d
v
er
if
y
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
ality
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
A
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
was
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
b
y
esti
m
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
,
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
it
y
,
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
cr
iter
i
a
in
clu
d
ed
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
g
r
e
ater
th
an
0
.
7
0
,
av
er
a
g
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
5
0
,
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
0
.
7
0
,
an
d
a
h
eter
o
tr
ait
–
m
o
n
o
tr
ait
(
HT
MT
)
r
atio
less
th
an
0
.
8
5
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
test
ed
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
m
o
d
el
v
ia
th
e
PLS
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
t
h
e
tr
ajec
to
r
y
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
,
s
tatis
tical
s
i
g
n
if
ican
ce
v
alu
es
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
,
an
d
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
(
R
²)
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
t
s
tr
ap
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was
ap
p
l
ied
with
5
,
0
0
0
s
u
b
s
am
p
les
to
o
b
tain
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
ter
v
als
an
d
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
in
d
ices
ev
alu
ated
in
clu
d
ed
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR
)
(
<0
.
0
8
)
,
d
_
UL
S
an
d
d
_
G
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
,
χ²/d
f
(
1
-
3
)
,
a
n
d
n
o
r
m
e
d
f
it in
d
ex
(
NFI
)
(
>0
.
9
0
)
.
3
.
6
.
E
t
hica
l c
o
ns
idera
t
io
ns
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ad
h
er
ed
to
eth
ic
al
p
r
in
cip
les
f
o
r
h
u
m
a
n
s
u
b
je
cts
r
esear
ch
.
E
th
ics
co
m
m
itte
e
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
i
n
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
an
d
au
th
o
r
izatio
n
f
r
o
m
r
eg
i
o
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
au
t
h
o
r
ities
wer
e
o
b
tain
e
d
p
r
i
o
r
to
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
All
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
an
d
leg
al
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t
a
n
d
ass
en
t,
en
s
u
r
in
g
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
with
d
r
awa
l
r
ig
h
ts
.
C
o
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
was
m
ain
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ar
ticip
an
t
c
o
d
e
ass
ig
n
m
en
t,
with
n
o
p
er
s
o
n
all
y
id
en
tifia
b
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
ll
ec
ted
d
u
r
in
g
d
ig
ital
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
.
Data
wer
e
s
to
r
ed
o
n
p
ass
w
o
r
d
-
p
r
o
tecte
d
s
er
v
er
s
with
r
estricte
d
ac
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
wer
e
s
h
ar
ed
with
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
f
o
llo
win
g
C
ésar
Vallejo
Un
iv
er
s
ity
’
s
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics C
o
d
e
[
7
8
]
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
e
d
th
e
PLS‒
SE
M
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
allo
wed
f
o
r
a
C
FA
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
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en
t
m
o
d
el.
T
a
b
l
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
item
,
wh
ich
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
Hair
et
a
l.
[
7
9
]
,
m
o
s
tly
r
ea
ch
v
alu
es
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
0
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
item
s
ad
eq
u
ately
e
x
p
lain
t
h
e
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
with
wh
ich
th
ey
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
e
item
s
co
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
DE
,
E
X,
an
d
I
N
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
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d
l
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n
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v
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o
v
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0
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7
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m
o
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t
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s
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ich
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u
p
p
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ts
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eir
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n
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er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
item
s
h
a
v
e
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ad
in
g
s
s
lig
h
tly
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elo
w
th
e
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
ld
(
e.
g
.
,
I
N1
=0
.
5
1
7
,
I
N3
=
0
.
5
8
0
,
DE
4
=
0
.
6
5
7
)
,
th
ey
r
em
ain
with
in
a
n
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
r
an
g
e,
esp
ec
ially
c
o
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l su
p
p
o
r
t a
n
d
o
v
er
all
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el.
Similar
ly
,
all
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ev
alu
ate
d
h
a
v
e
AVE
v
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th
at
e
x
ce
e
d
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
5
0
:
DE
=0
.
5
1
9
,
E
X=
0
.
6
4
8
,
an
d
I
N=
0
.
5
2
3
,
as
in
d
icate
d
by
H
air
et
a
l.
[
7
4
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
h
as
a
d
eq
u
ate
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
,
w
h
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts an
aly
ze
d
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
in
ter
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
,
co
ef
f
i
cien
ts
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
(
R
²)
,
an
d
co
llin
ea
r
ity
in
d
ices
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
el
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
o
ass
ess
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
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f
icien
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u
s
ed
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wer
e
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
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m
ea
s
u
r
es
r
h
o
_
a
a
n
d
r
h
o
_
c
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
cr
iter
ia
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
[
7
4
]
,
[
7
7
]
,
v
alu
e
s
ab
o
v
e
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
7
0
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
ac
ce
p
tab
le
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
all
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
—
DE
(
0
.
8
1
3
,
0
.
8
1
6
,
0
.
8
6
6
)
,
E
X
(
0
.
7
2
8
,
0
.
7
3
1
,
0
.
8
4
6
)
,
an
d
I
N
(
0
.
7
8
4
,
0
.
8
0
3
,
0
.
8
4
1
)
—
m
ee
t
t
h
ese
cr
iter
ia,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
in
t
er
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
d
eter
m
in
at
io
n
(
R
²)
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
DE
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
h
as
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
5
8
9
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
I
N
an
d
E
X
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
ex
p
lain
5
8
.
9
%
o
f
its
v
ar
ian
ce
.
T
h
e
E
X
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
h
as
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
4
5
2
,
f
r
o
m
wh
ich
it
ca
n
b
e
in
f
er
r
ed
t
h
at
I
N
ex
p
lain
s
4
5
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2
%
o
f
its
v
ar
ian
ce
.
T
o
ass
ess
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
,
th
e
HT
MT
r
atio
cr
iter
io
n
wa
s
ap
p
lied
,
wh
o
s
e
v
alu
es
d
id
n
o
t
ex
ce
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t
h
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
8
5
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
R
aso
o
lim
an
esh
et
a
l.
[
8
0
]
,
th
u
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ci
n
g
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
el.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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H
o
w
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a
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T
ab
le
3
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
,
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
,
co
llin
ea
r
it
y
in
d
icato
r
s
,
a
n
d
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
v
alid
ity
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
C
o
m
p
o
si
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
r
h
o
_
a
)
C
o
m
p
o
si
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
r
h
o
_
c
)
R
2
V
I
F
DE
EX
IN
DE
0
.
8
1
3
0
.
8
1
6
0
.
8
6
6
0
.
5
8
9
1
.
8
2
6
EX
0
.
7
2
8
0
.
7
3
1
0
.
8
4
6
0
.
4
5
2
1
.
8
2
6
0
.
4
3
4
IN
0
.
7
8
4
0
.
8
0
3
0
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8
4
1
-
1
.
0
0
0
0
.
5
0
6
0
.
5
8
3
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ain
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
in
d
ices
f
o
r
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
a
llo
w
u
s
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
ex
te
n
t
to
wh
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th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
el
f
its
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
co
llected
.
As
n
o
ted
b
y
Far
h
i
et
a
l.
[
8
1
]
,
th
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
f
co
n
v
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g
en
t
v
alid
ity
b
y
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
d
eg
r
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o
f
co
r
r
esp
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n
d
en
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
e
s
tim
ated
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
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ata.
First,
th
e
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MR
in
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ex
o
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tai
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ed
a
v
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f
0
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0
7
8
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is
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elo
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th
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th
r
esh
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ld
o
f
0
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8
5
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Su
n
[
8
2
]
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
g
o
o
d
f
it
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el.
On
th
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d
,
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alu
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b
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d
_
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1
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1
8
4
)
a
n
d
d
_
G
(
0
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5
9
5
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in
d
ices
ar
e
also
ac
ce
p
tab
le,
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th
ey
m
ee
t
th
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s
tatis
tical
cr
iter
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n
p
>0
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0
5
,
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
R
in
g
le
et
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l.
[
8
3
]
in
d
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g
th
at
th
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ar
e
n
o
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if
ican
t d
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ated
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atr
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Klin
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[
8
4
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in
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o
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d
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Fin
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NFI
(
0
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9
6
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m
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8
8
2
2
A
s
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t o
f scien
tifi
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co
mp
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s
ec
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d
a
r
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ch
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A
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ilva
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1121
m
o
d
el.
T
a
k
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to
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
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a
s
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lly
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o
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n
d
f
it th
at
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n
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eth
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o
lo
g
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ac
ce
p
ted
i
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
T
ab
le
4
.
Go
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it in
d
ic
ato
r
s
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
Est
i
m
a
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d
m
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Th
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s
h
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S
R
M
R
0
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0
6
8
<
0
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8
5
H
a
i
r
e
t
a
l
.
[
7
4
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A
c
c
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p
t
a
b
l
e
d
_
U
LS
1
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1
8
4
p
>
0
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5
R
i
n
g
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e
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l
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[
8
3
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c
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p
t
a
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0
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9
5
p
>
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R
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l
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[
8
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A
c
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2
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f
1
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5
4
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1
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3
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[
7
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A
c
c
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p
t
a
b
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e
T
ab
le
5
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
ath
an
aly
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
t
o
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
m
o
d
el.
First,
th
e
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
X
a
n
d
DE
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
with
a
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
β=0
.
2
6
3
an
d
a
p
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
0
0
2
,
i
n
d
i
ca
tin
g
th
at
a
g
r
ea
ter
a
b
ilit
y
t
o
ex
p
lain
s
cien
tific
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ev
id
en
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
h
y
p
o
th
esis
1.
L
ik
ewise,
a
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
e
twee
n
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
a
n
d
DE
,
with
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
β=0
.
5
6
6
an
d
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
in
q
u
i
r
y
s
k
ills
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
in
th
e
m
o
d
el,
clea
r
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
2.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
h
y
p
o
th
esis
3
was
also
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
IN
an
d
E
X
,
with
a
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
β=0
.
6
7
3
an
d
a
v
alu
e
o
f
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
g
r
ea
ter
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
in
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ex
p
lain
s
cien
tific
p
h
en
o
m
en
a.
All
th
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
h
ad
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
ter
v
als
(
2
.
5
an
d
9
7
.
5
%
p
er
c
en
tiles
)
th
at
d
id
n
o
t
cr
o
s
s
th
e
ze
r
o
v
alu
e,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
s
tatis
tical
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
ak
en
to
g
et
h
er
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
an
d
allo
w
u
s
to
co
n
cl
u
d
e
t
h
at
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
p
la
y
s
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
b
o
th
ex
p
lain
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
5
.
T
esti
n
g
o
f
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
eses
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
P
a
t
h
P
v
a
l
u
e
s
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
S
TD
EV
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
i
l
e
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wit
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P
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z
er
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a
l
.
[
2
7
]
wh
o
a
r
g
u
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t
h
at
d
es
ig
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n
d
ex
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R
ö
n
n
e
b
ec
k
et
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l.
[
1
7
]
o
n
th
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
n
a
tu
r
e
o
f
s
c
ie
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cies
.
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o
f
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o
th
esis
2
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6
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el,
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lt a
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with
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4
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o
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tr
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cien
tific
p
r
o
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s
s
an
d
with
A
r
n
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ld
et
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l.
[
9
]
,
w
h
o
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
th
at
in
q
u
ir
y
en
c
o
m
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(
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6
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)
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ests
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ay
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wh
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u
p
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m
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n
d
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f
Po
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Mu
ñ
o
z
et
a
l.
[
2
]
o
n
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
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o
f
p
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b
lem
-
b
ased
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in
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ir
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ates
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ld
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t
with
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d
Hm
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v
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[
4
3
]
,
wh
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tu
alize
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elatio
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ip
(
β=
0
.
6
7
3
)
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u
g
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ests
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at
in
q
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ir
y
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x
p
er
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s
p
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v
id
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th
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co
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n
itiv
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ca
f
f
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l
d
in
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ec
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co
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tr
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p
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in
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am
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el
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ased
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n
in
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p
r
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p
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h
e
n
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et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
o
f
Vae
s
en
an
d
Ho
u
k
es
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
o
f
d
eter
m
in
a
tio
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tain
ed
(
R
²_
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=0
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,
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²_
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X=
0
.
4
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2
)
in
d
icate
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at
th
e
m
o
d
el
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s
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s
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tial
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o
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o
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p
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ac
tical
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elev
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p
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le
to
th
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im
ilar
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
2
]
an
d
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
in
q
u
ir
y
a
n
d
ex
p
la
n
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c
o
m
p
eten
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a
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
alth
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
ex
clu
s
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p
r
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s
o
f
th
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ev
elo
p
m
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n
t
o
f
a
d
v
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ce
d
s
c
ien
tific
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m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
e
e
x
ce
llen
t
co
n
v
e
r
g
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t
v
alid
ity
d
em
o
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,
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ain
with
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co
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p
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d
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m
o
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el,
wh
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is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
wi
th
th
e
f
lex
ib
le
cr
iter
ia
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Hair
et
a
l.
[
7
4
]
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
r
esear
ch
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
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t
ex
ts
.
T
h
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
in
d
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s
(
SR
MR
=0
.
0
6
8
,
NFI
=0
.
9
12
,
χ²/d
f
=
1
.
5
4
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)
p
r
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id
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eq
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f
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m
o
d
el,
co
m
p
ly
in
g
with
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
estab
lis
h
ed
f
o
r
PLS
-
SEM
.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
c
e
o
f
co
llin
ea
r
ity
p
r
o
b
lem
s
(
VI
F<
5
)
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
v
ali
d
ity
(
HT
MT
<
0
.
8
5
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ev
alu
ated
,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial f
o
r
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
th
e
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
id
en
tifie
d
.
A
m
ajo
r
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
its
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
n
at
u
r
e,
wh
ich
p
r
e
v
en
ts
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
d
ef
in
itiv
e
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ca
u
s
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
,
lo
n
g
itu
d
i
n
a
l
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
c
o
n
f
ir
m
t
h
ese
tem
p
o
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
was
lim
ited
to
p
u
b
lic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eg
io
n
o
f
Per
u
,
wh
ich
m
ay
lim
it
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
o
th
er
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
alth
o
u
g
h
v
alid
,
co
u
ld
b
e
co
m
p
lem
en
ted
in
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
with
o
b
s
er
v
ati
o
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ass
ess
m
en
ts
to
tr
ian
g
u
late
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
id
en
tifie
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
r
o
le
o
f
in
q
u
i
r
y
(
I
N→E
X:
β=
0
.
6
7
3
;
I
N→DE
:
β=
0
.
5
6
6
)
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
in
q
u
ir
y
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
as
th
e
en
tr
y
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
im
p
lem
en
t
g
r
ad
u
ated
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies:
b
eg
in
wit
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
i
n
q
u
ir
y
ac
tiv
ities
(
teac
h
er
-
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es),
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
g
u
i
d
ed
in
q
u
ir
y
(
s
tu
d
en
t
-
g
e
n
er
at
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
with
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t)
,
an
d
cu
l
m
in
ate
in
o
p
en
i
n
q
u
ir
y
(
s
tu
d
e
n
t
-
d
esig
n
ed
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
)
.
T
h
is
s
eq
u
en
ce
allo
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
in
ter
n
alize
in
q
u
ir
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
e
x
p
lan
ato
r
y
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
s
s
ess
men
t o
f scien
tifi
c
co
mp
eten
cies in
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l s
tu
d
en
ts
:
… (
A
n
g
el
E
d
w
in
Ob
li
ta
s
S
ilva
)
1123
T
h
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
ex
p
lan
atio
n
(
E
X→DE
:
β=
0
.
2
6
3
)
in
d
icate
s
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
ic
al
d
esig
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
p
licitly
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
ex
p
lan
at
o
r
y
ac
tiv
i
ties
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
b
ef
o
r
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
a
r
ticu
late
th
e
s
cien
tific
p
r
in
cip
les
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
th
eir
d
esig
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
-
en
h
an
ce
d
co
lla
b
o
r
ativ
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
[
2
8
]
.
Pra
ctica
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
cl
u
d
e
u
s
in
g
g
r
ap
h
ic
o
r
g
an
izer
s
t
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
[
6
0
]
,
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
th
e
PR
O
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
w
r
itten
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
[
3
6
]
,
a
n
d
in
te
g
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
ls
th
at
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
c
ep
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
d
esig
n
ex
ec
u
tio
n
[
6
2
]
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
in
te
r
n
atio
n
al
r
esear
ch
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
in
q
u
ir
y
'
s
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
c
o
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
,
wh
ile
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
is
ev
id
en
ce
to
L
atin
Am
er
ican
co
n
tex
ts
wh
er
e
lim
ited
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
elin
g
ex
is
ts
.
T
h
e
ex
p
lain
ed
v
ar
ian
ce
(
R
²=
0
.
4
5
2
f
o
r
E
X;
R
²=
0
.
589
f
o
r
DE
)
e
x
ce
e
d
s
v
alu
es
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
s
im
ilar
co
n
te
x
ts
[
1
2
]
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ca
p
tu
r
e
in
ter
d
ep
en
d
en
cies
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ie
s
s
h
o
win
g
m
o
d
est
in
q
u
ir
y
s
k
ill
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
[
4
9
]
,
o
u
r
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
in
d
icate
s
tr
o
n
g
er
co
m
p
eten
cy
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
r
ef
lectin
g
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
em
p
h
ases
in
Per
u
'
s
Natio
n
al
B
asic E
d
u
ca
tio
n
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
L
atin
Am
er
ican
r
esear
ch
h
as
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
p
er
s
is
ten
t
g
ap
s
i
n
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
[
7
]
,
with
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
ef
icien
cies
in
ev
id
en
ce
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
[
1
2
]
.
O
u
r
r
e
s
u
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
ese
g
ap
s
m
ay
s
tem
f
r
o
m
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
ed
i
n
q
u
ir
y
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
r
ath
er
th
a
n
is
o
lated
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
ef
icits
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
asts
with
Asi
an
co
n
tex
t
s
wh
er
e
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
c
o
m
p
et
en
cies
d
ev
elo
p
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
[
3
9
]
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
p
o
ten
tial c
u
ltu
r
al
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
t
h
at
war
r
an
t
f
u
r
th
e
r
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
Sev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
co
n
s
tr
ain
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
First,
th
e
m
o
d
est
s
am
p
le
s
ize
(
n
=1
6
5
)
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
le
Per
u
v
ian
r
eg
io
n
lim
its
s
tati
s
ti
ca
l
p
o
wer
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
r
estricts
ex
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
L
am
b
ay
eq
u
e
co
n
tex
t.
Ge
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
iv
er
s
ity
with
in
Per
u
m
ay
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
m
p
eten
cy
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
in
r
u
r
al
o
r
h
ig
h
la
n
d
r
e
g
io
n
s
with
d
is
tin
ct
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
a
ta
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
p
o
ten
tial
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
iases
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
an
d
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
m
ay
o
v
er
esti
m
ate
o
r
u
n
d
er
esti
m
ate
th
eir
co
m
p
eten
cies,
af
f
ec
tin
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
v
alid
i
ty
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
tr
ian
g
u
late
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ts
with
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
-
b
ased
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
e
v
alu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
p
r
ec
lu
d
es
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
en
ce
d
esp
ite
SEM
's
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
m
o
d
elin
g
.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
g
r
ad
e
lev
els
wo
u
ld
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
ca
u
s
al
claim
s
an
d
illu
m
in
ate
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
tal
tr
ajec
to
r
ies.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
IN
,
EX
,
a
n
d
DE
co
n
s
titu
te
an
in
teg
r
ate
d
s
y
s
tem
.
PLS
-
SEM
v
alid
ated
th
r
ee
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
:
in
q
u
ir
y
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
ed
icts
ex
p
lan
atio
n
(
β=
0
.
6
7
3
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
d
esig
n
(
β=
0
.
5
6
6
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
wh
ile
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
d
esig
n
(
β=
0
.
2
6
3
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
2
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
ex
p
lain
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
ar
ian
ce
(
R
²_
E
X=
6
7
.
3
%;
R
²_
DE
=7
1
.
8
%),
with
ex
ce
lle
n
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
α
=0
.
9
0
0
)
an
d
f
i
t
in
d
ices
(
SR
MR=0
.
0
6
8
,
NFI
=0
.
9
1
2
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
in
q
u
ir
y
’
s
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
r
o
le
in
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
o
th
er
c
o
m
p
eten
cie
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
d
i
r
ec
tly
in
f
o
r
m
Per
u
’
s
Natio
n
al
B
asic
E
d
u
c
atio
n
C
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
im
p
lem
en
tat
io
n
,
wh
ic
h
em
p
h
asizes
in
teg
r
ated
c
o
m
p
e
ten
cy
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
b
u
t
lack
s
em
p
ir
ical
g
u
id
an
ce
o
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
eq
u
en
cin
g
.
R
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
eliv
er
y
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
in
q
u
ir
y
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
as
th
e
en
tr
y
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cy
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
’
s
o
n
g
o
in
g
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
r
ev
is
io
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
ex
p
licit
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
to
o
p
en
i
n
q
u
ir
y
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
g
r
ad
es.
Fo
r
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
m
u
s
t
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
co
n
ten
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
in
q
u
ir
y
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
p
r
ep
ar
at
io
n
in
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
au
th
en
tic
in
q
u
ir
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
ex
p
lan
at
io
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
in
to
d
esig
n
ac
tiv
ities
.
C
u
r
r
en
t p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
ad
eq
u
ately
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
d
em
a
n
d
s
,
n
ec
e
s
s
itatin
g
r
ef
o
r
m
s
in
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
an
d
in
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
d
esig
n
s
tr
ac
k
in
g
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
g
r
a
d
es
wo
u
ld
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ca
u
s
al
claim
s
an
d
illu
m
in
ate
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
tr
ajec
to
r
ies,
t
esti
n
g
wh
eth
er
in
q
u
ir
y
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
s
in
ea
r
ly
g
r
ad
es
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
e
x
p
lan
a
tio
n
an
d
d
esig
n
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
.
Mix
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l
m
o
d
elin
g
with
q
u
alitativ
e
c
ase
s
tu
d
ies
wo
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
ec
h
an
is
tic
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
C
la
s
s
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tin
g
teac
h
er
s
ca
f
f
o
l
d
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
v
iews
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
d
esig
n
ac
tiv
ities
wo
u
ld
r
ev
ea
l
b
ar
r
ier
s
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
ab
s
en
t f
r
o
m
q
u
an
ti
tativ
e
d
ata.
I
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
tu
d
ies
test
in
g
d
esig
n
th
in
k
in
g
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ies
o
f
f
er
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
av
en
u
es.
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
tr
ials
co
m
p
ar
in
g
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
with
d
esig
n
th
i
n
k
in
g
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
(
em
p
ath
ize
-
d
e
f
in
e
-
i
d
ea
te
-
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
-
test
)
in
teg
r
ated
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
e
n
h
an
ce
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
co
u
ld
d
eter
m
in
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
t
h
e
in
q
u
ir
y
d
esig
n
p
at
h
way
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
lim
i
ted
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
n
ca
u
s
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
in
teg
r
ated
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
o
f
f
er
in
g
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