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[
1
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4
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Ad
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
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2
I
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J
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Vo
l
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15
,
No
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2
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Ap
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20
2
6
:
1
0
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5
9
1052
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ial
p
ass
io
n
am
o
n
g
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
ies h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
o
n
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es,
in
ten
tio
n
s
,
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
[
9
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
to
s
h
a
p
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ca
r
ee
r
asp
ir
atio
n
s
an
d
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
co
m
p
ete
n
cies.
Ho
wev
er
,
lim
ited
atten
tio
n
h
as
b
e
en
g
iv
e
n
t
o
h
o
w
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
tr
ai
n
in
g
s
p
e
cif
ically
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
in
th
is
g
r
o
u
p
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
s
u
ch
as
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
an
d
E
SE.
I
n
t
h
e
s
am
e
m
an
n
e
r
,
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
it
f
o
s
ter
s
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
r
em
ain
u
n
d
e
r
ex
p
lo
r
ed
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
e
n
g
in
e
er
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[1
0
]
.
T
h
is
g
ap
lim
its
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
tail
o
r
ed
to
t
h
eir
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ee
d
s
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
is
g
ap
,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
co
n
d
u
ct
an
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
th
at
c
o
n
n
ec
ts
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
with
p
ass
io
n
an
d
in
ten
tio
n
in
th
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
c
o
n
tex
t.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
e
s
,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
h
o
w
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
af
f
ec
ts
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
an
d
in
ten
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
r
o
les
o
f
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
an
d
E
SE.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
p
lan
n
e
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
(
T
PB
)
an
d
s
o
cial
co
g
n
itiv
e
th
eo
r
y
(
SC
T
)
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
u
n
co
v
er
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
b
y
wh
ic
h
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
i
n
g
f
o
s
ter
s
p
ass
io
n
an
d
in
ten
tio
n
f
o
r
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
d
o
in
g
s
o
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
ad
v
an
cin
g
r
esear
ch
o
n
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
i
p
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
o
f
f
e
r
s
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
m
in
d
s
ets with
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
tr
ain
in
g
.
2.
H
YP
O
T
H
E
S
I
S DE
VE
L
O
P
M
E
N
T
2
.
1
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
dev
elo
pm
ent
f
o
r
ent
re
preneuria
l pa
s
s
io
n
Prio
r
r
esear
ch
h
as
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
i
al
p
ass
io
n
an
d
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
[1
1
]
.
As
a
k
e
y
d
r
i
v
in
g
f
o
r
ce
,
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
m
o
tiv
ates
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
p
u
r
s
u
e
n
ew
v
en
tu
r
es
b
y
h
e
lp
in
g
th
em
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
o
f
s
tar
tin
g
a
b
u
s
in
ess
[1
2
]
.
Sin
ce
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
to
w
ar
d
b
u
s
in
ess
cr
ea
tio
n
,
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
ass
io
n
f
o
r
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
is
lik
ely
to
f
o
s
ter
th
is
in
ten
tio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
T
PB
,
wh
ich
p
o
s
its
th
at
in
t
en
tio
n
s
ar
e
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
i
al
p
ass
io
n
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
p
l
ay
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
in
ten
tio
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
am
o
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
ly
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
:
f
o
r
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
ass
io
n
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
in
ten
tio
n
f
o
r
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
(
H1
)
.
2
.
2
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
dev
elo
pm
ent
f
o
r
s
ub
j
ec
t
iv
e
no
rm
s
Su
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
r
ef
e
r
to
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
o
f
h
o
w
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
th
er
s
v
iew
th
ei
r
b
eh
av
io
r
[1
3
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
T
PB
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ly
lin
k
ed
to
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
,
as
f
am
ily
,
f
r
ien
d
s
,
an
d
co
lleag
u
es
o
f
ten
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
e
’
s
d
ec
is
io
n
to
s
t
ar
t
a
b
u
s
in
ess
[1
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
g
en
er
ally
ex
e
r
t
a
wea
k
er
ef
f
e
ct
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
attitu
d
es
o
r
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
[
1
3
]
.
T
o
ex
p
lain
h
o
w
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
tr
ai
n
in
g
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
s
ter
s
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
i
al
p
ass
io
n
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
m
ed
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
w
h
er
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
s
h
a
p
es
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
af
f
ec
t
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
i
al
p
ass
io
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
:
f
o
r
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
m
ed
i
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
tr
ai
n
in
g
an
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
(
H2
)
.
2
.
3
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
dev
elo
pm
ent
f
o
r
E
S
E
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
i
n
g
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
s
h
o
wn
to
en
h
an
ce
E
SE
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[1
5
]
,
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
S
C
T
.
SC
T
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
tr
ai
n
in
g
f
o
s
ter
s
E
SE
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
icar
i
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
,
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
ien
c
es,
an
d
s
k
ill
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
in
ter
v
i
ews
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
a
t
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Ho
C
h
i
Min
h
C
i
ty
in
clu
d
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ex
p
er
ien
tial
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
u
ch
as
ca
s
e
co
m
p
etitio
n
s
,
g
u
est
talk
s
,
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
o
jects,
wh
ich
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
s
k
ills
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
.
Sin
ce
h
ig
h
e
r
E
SE
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
in
d
iv
id
u
als’
b
elie
f
in
th
eir
a
b
ilit
y
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
s
tar
tu
p
ch
allen
g
es,
i
t
is
also
ex
p
ec
ted
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
:
f
o
r
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
E
SE
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
(
H3
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
in
flu
en
ce
o
f tra
in
in
g
,
s
u
b
j
ec
tive
n
o
r
ms,
a
n
d
s
elf
-
effica
cy
o
n
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ia
l
…
(
Tr
ieu
K
h
o
a
N
g
u
ye
n
)
1053
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
m
et
ho
d
Data
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
f
in
a
l
-
y
ea
r
m
ec
h
an
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
H
o
C
h
i
Min
h
C
ity
(
I
UH)
,
a
lar
g
e
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
in
s
o
u
th
e
r
n
Vietn
am
[1
6
]
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Me
ch
an
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
(
FME
)
.
B
etwe
en
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
em
ester
o
f
2
0
2
2
a
n
d
two
s
em
ester
s
o
f
2
0
2
3
,
lectu
r
er
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
d
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
g
r
a
d
u
ati
o
n
th
esis
d
ef
en
s
es.
A
to
tal
o
f
3
8
0
u
s
ab
le
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es we
r
e
r
etu
r
n
ed
,
y
iel
d
in
g
a
h
ig
h
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate
o
f
9
7
.
7
%.
T
h
is
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
o
f
s
im
ilar
r
esear
ch
[
1
3
]
,
[1
7
]
.
Af
ter
r
em
o
v
in
g
1
2
in
co
m
p
lete
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
th
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
in
clu
d
ed
3
6
8
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
.
Sam
p
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
le
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
r
e
p
r
esen
tativ
e
o
f
m
ec
h
an
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
I
UH
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
r
ate.
Ho
wev
er
,
we
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
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p
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m
ay
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t
f
u
lly
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p
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iv
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ity
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f
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tu
d
en
ts
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r
o
s
s
o
th
e
r
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g
in
ee
r
in
g
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
ts
o
r
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
Vietn
am
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
th
er
ef
o
r
e
ex
ten
d
th
e
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tu
d
y
to
m
u
ltip
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ep
ar
tm
e
n
ts
an
d
u
n
iv
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s
ities
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
izab
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y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
co
l
lecte
d
s
am
p
les in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
R
a
n
k
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
A
g
e
18
-
20
1
5
3
4
1
.
5
8
21
-
23
1
6
5
4
4
.
8
3
24
-
26
18
4
.
8
9
A
b
o
v
e
2
6
32
8
.
6
9
G
e
n
d
e
r
F
e
mal
e
13
3
.
5
3
M
a
l
e
3
5
5
9
6
.
4
7
H
o
me
t
o
w
n
M
i
d
d
l
e
1
5
0
4
0
.
7
6
N
o
r
t
h
16
4
.
3
4
S
o
u
t
h
2
0
2
5
4
.
8
9
3
.
2
.
T
o
o
l a
nd
m
ea
s
ures
T
h
is
s
tu
d
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p
lo
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ed
s
ev
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-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
les,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
7
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
,
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
th
eir
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
18
]
.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
tr
ain
in
g
was
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
o
n
a
s
ca
le
f
r
o
m
1
(
co
m
p
letely
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le)
to
7
(
to
tally
p
o
s
s
ib
le)
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
ca
les
f
o
r
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
tr
ain
in
g
,
E
SE,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
,
en
t
r
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
,
a
n
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
wer
e
a
d
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
to
f
it
th
e
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
o
n
t
ex
t.
E
n
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
tr
ain
i
n
g
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
s
ca
les
f
r
o
m
Ng
u
y
en
[1
3
]
a
n
d
L
iñ
án
et
a
l.
[
19
]
,
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies.
E
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
e
u
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
(
s
ix
item
s
,
α
=0
.
9
4
3
)
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
L
iñ
án
et
a
l.
[
19
]
.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
(
f
iv
e
item
s
,
α
=0
.
7
2
)
,
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
“f
o
u
n
d
in
g
”
d
o
m
ai
n
,
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
Ah
s
an
et
a
l.
[
7
]
.
Su
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
(
th
r
ee
ite
m
s
,
α
=0
.
9
0
4
)
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
L
iao
et
a
l
.
[2
0
]
.
E
SE
(
s
ix
item
s
,
α
=0
.
8
2
)
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
estab
lis
h
ed
s
ca
les
f
r
o
m
Ng
u
y
en
[1
3
]
.
R
eliab
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y
an
d
v
alid
ity
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
C
r
o
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ac
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s
alp
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a
(
C
A)
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c
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m
p
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ite
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(
C
R
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av
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ex
tr
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AVE
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a
n
d
d
is
cr
im
in
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t
v
alid
ity
,
with
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
a
d
ap
ted
s
ca
les
wer
e
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
f
o
r
th
is
co
n
tex
t
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
,
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
E
n
g
lis
h
item
s
wer
e
t
r
an
s
lated
in
to
Vietn
am
ese
an
d
th
en
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
lated
i
n
to
E
n
g
lis
h
b
y
b
ilin
g
u
al
ex
p
er
ts
.
Deta
ils
o
f
all
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
an
d
th
eir
v
alid
ity
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
,
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t item
s
,
s
ca
le
an
ch
o
r
s
,
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
N
o
.
o
f
i
t
e
ms
S
a
mp
l
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
t
e
ms
S
c
a
l
e
a
n
c
h
o
r
s
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
S
o
u
r
c
e
En
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
5
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
l
a
n
d
s
c
a
p
e
;
i
n
c
l
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
p
u
r
s
u
e
a
st
a
r
t
u
p
;
e
sse
n
t
i
a
l
sk
i
l
l
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
b
e
c
o
me
a
s
t
a
r
t
u
p
1
=
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
i
mp
o
ss
i
b
l
e
t
o
7
=
t
o
t
a
l
l
y
p
o
ss
i
b
l
e
C
R
=
0
.
9
4
9
;
C
A
=
0
.
9
3
3
;
A
V
E=
0
.
7
8
8
[1
3
]
,
[
19
]
En
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
6
M
y
c
a
r
e
e
r
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
s
t
o
b
e
c
o
me
a
n
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
;
I
a
m
c
o
mm
i
t
t
e
d
t
o
st
a
r
t
i
n
g
a
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
1
=
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
t
o
7
=
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
C
R
=
0
.
9
5
0
;
C
A
=
0
.
9
3
6
;
A
V
E=
0
.
7
5
9
[
19
]
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
o
r
ms
3
M
y
c
l
o
ses
t
f
a
m
i
l
y
w
o
u
l
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
my
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
t
o
s
t
a
r
t
a
b
u
si
n
e
ss
;
M
y
c
l
o
s
e
st
f
r
i
e
n
d
s w
o
u
l
d
a
p
p
r
o
v
e
1
=
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
t
o
7
=
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
C
R
=
0
.
9
3
3
;
C
A
=
0
.
8
9
3
;
A
V
E=
0
.
8
2
4
[2
0
]
,
[2
1
]
ESE
6
A
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
so
l
v
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
;
ma
n
a
g
i
n
g
mo
n
e
y
;
b
e
i
n
g
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
;
ma
k
i
n
g
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
s
1
=
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
t
o
7
=
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
C
R
=
0
.
9
2
8
;
C
A
=
0
.
9
0
6
;
A
V
E=
0
.
6
8
1
[1
3
]
,
[2
2
]
En
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
p
a
ss
i
o
n
5
S
t
a
r
t
i
n
g
a
n
e
w
b
u
si
n
e
s
s
i
s
t
h
r
i
l
l
i
n
g
;
B
e
c
o
m
i
n
g
a
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss
f
o
u
n
d
e
r
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
o
m
e
a
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
s
p
e
c
t
o
f
m
y
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
1
=
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
t
o
7
=
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
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e
C
R
=
0
.
9
4
0
;
C
A
=
0
.
9
2
0
;
A
V
E=
0
.
7
5
7
[
7
]
,
[2
3
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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c
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Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
0
5
1
-
1
0
5
9
1054
T
ab
le
3
.
Ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
es
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
s
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
o
r
ms
(
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
[2
1
]
)
C
R
=
0
.
9
3
3
;
C
A
=
0
.
8
9
3
;
A
V
E
=
0
.
8
2
4
H
o
w
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
o
y
o
u
a
g
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e
e
o
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d
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f
o
l
l
o
w
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d
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c
l
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
s,
u
si
n
g
a
sca
l
e
f
r
o
m
1
(
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
)
t
o
7
(
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
)
?
I
f
I
w
e
r
e
t
o
d
e
c
i
d
e
t
o
s
t
a
r
t
a
b
u
si
n
e
ss
,
my
c
l
o
ses
t
f
a
m
i
l
y
w
o
u
l
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
a
t
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
0
.
9
0
7
I
f
I
d
e
c
i
d
e
t
o
st
a
r
t
a
b
u
si
n
e
ss
,
m
y
c
l
o
s
e
st
f
r
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s w
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t
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n
0
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9
2
4
I
f
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c
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c
o
l
l
e
a
g
u
e
s a
n
d
a
s
so
c
i
a
t
e
s
w
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l
d
s
u
p
p
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r
t
t
h
a
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d
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c
i
si
o
n
0
.
8
9
2
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
sh
i
p
(
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
[
19
]
)
C
R
=
0
.
9
4
9
;
C
A
=
0
.
9
3
3
;
A
V
E=
0
.
7
8
8
H
o
w
m
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c
h
d
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t
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k
st
a
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P
l
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r
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sc
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m
1
(
c
o
mp
l
e
t
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l
y
i
m
p
o
ssi
b
l
e
)
t
o
7
(
t
o
t
a
l
l
y
p
o
ssi
b
l
e
)
.
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
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g
o
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n
t
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p
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r
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a
l
l
a
n
d
sc
a
p
e
0
.
8
8
4
G
r
e
a
t
e
r
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
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o
n
o
f
t
h
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f
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g
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r
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o
f
t
h
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st
a
r
t
u
p
0
.
8
9
5
Th
e
i
n
c
l
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n
a
t
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t
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e
st
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p
0
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9
0
0
Th
e
e
ss
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n
t
i
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l
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k
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t
o
b
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c
o
m
e
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st
a
r
t
u
p
0
.
8
6
2
Th
e
d
e
si
r
e
t
o
b
e
c
o
me
a
s
t
a
r
t
u
p
0
.
8
9
7
ESE
(
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
[2
2
]
)
C
R
=
0
.
9
2
8
;
C
A
=
0
.
9
0
6
;
A
V
E=
0
.
6
8
1
To
a
ssess
y
o
u
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
h
o
w
s
t
r
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o
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a
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sa
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w
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st
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me
n
t
s
o
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a
s
c
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l
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f
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o
m
1
(
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
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e
)
t
o
7
(
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
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e
)
?
Th
e
a
b
i
l
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t
y
t
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b
l
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ms
0
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8
1
9
M
a
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a
g
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m
o
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y
0
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7
8
4
B
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n
g
c
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v
e
0
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8
1
1
G
e
t
t
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n
g
p
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w
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t
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y
o
u
0
.
8
5
6
B
e
i
n
g
a
l
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d
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r
0
.
8
3
3
M
a
k
i
n
g
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
s
0
.
8
4
8
En
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
p
a
ssi
o
n
(
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
[2
3
]
)
C
R
=
0
.
9
4
0
;
C
A
=
0
.
9
2
0
;
A
V
E
=
0
.
7
5
7
H
o
w
m
u
c
h
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o
y
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d
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s
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t
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me
n
t
s,
u
s
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g
a
s
c
a
l
e
f
r
o
m
1
(
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
)
t
o
7
(
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
)
?
S
t
a
r
t
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n
g
a
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b
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si
n
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ss
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s
t
h
r
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l
l
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n
g
0
.
8
9
6
G
u
i
d
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n
g
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n
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w
b
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t
o
w
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d
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ss w
i
l
l
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f
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l
f
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l
l
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g
0
.
8
9
5
I
a
m d
r
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v
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n
d
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t
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x
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p
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d
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t
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v
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c
e
s
0
.
8
7
0
I
f
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n
d
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x
c
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x
p
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s
0
.
8
5
4
B
e
c
o
m
i
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a
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s
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ss f
o
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d
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r
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o
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c
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me
a
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o
f
my
i
d
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n
t
i
t
y
0
.
8
3
4
En
t
r
e
p
r
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n
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u
r
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
(
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
[
19
]
)
C
R
=
0
.
9
5
0
;
C
A
=
0
.
9
3
6
;
A
V
E
=
0
.
7
5
9
H
o
w
s
t
r
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g
l
y
d
o
y
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a
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w
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t
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f
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l
o
w
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s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
s,
u
si
n
g
a
sc
a
l
e
f
r
o
m
1
(
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
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sa
g
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e
)
t
o
7
(
st
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o
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g
l
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g
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)
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a
m w
i
l
l
i
n
g
t
o
d
o
w
h
a
t
e
v
e
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i
t
t
a
k
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s
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me
a
n
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n
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r
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p
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u
r
0
.
8
0
9
M
y
c
a
r
e
e
r
o
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j
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t
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o
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me
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r
0
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8
7
4
I
w
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l
l
p
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t
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f
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st
a
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a
n
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ma
n
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my
o
w
n
b
u
si
n
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ss
0
.
8
6
7
I
a
m c
o
mm
i
t
t
e
d
t
o
st
a
r
t
i
n
g
a
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss
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n
t
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f
u
t
u
r
e
0
.
9
0
6
I
h
a
v
e
g
i
v
e
n
ser
i
o
u
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
s
t
a
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t
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g
a
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s
i
n
e
ss
0
.
8
9
6
I
a
m st
r
o
n
g
l
y
c
o
mm
i
t
t
e
d
t
o
st
a
r
t
i
n
g
a
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss s
o
m
e
d
a
y
0
.
8
7
3
3
.
3
.
Av
o
idi
ng
co
m
mo
n m
et
ho
d
v
a
ria
nce
(
CM
V)
C
o
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
v
ar
ian
ce
(
C
MV
)
r
ef
er
s
to
p
o
te
n
tial
b
i
as
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
am
e
s
u
r
v
ey
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
all
v
a
r
iab
les
[
1
3
]
.
T
o
m
in
im
ize
C
MV
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ap
p
lied
an
ex
-
an
te
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
s
im
p
lify
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
an
o
n
y
m
ity
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
n
o
h
ig
h
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
(
r
>
0
.
9
0
)
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
,
s
h
o
win
g
n
o
C
MV
co
n
ce
r
n
s
[2
4
]
.
Var
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
V
I
F)
v
al
u
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
1
to
1
.
6
9
4
,
well
b
elo
w
th
e
3
.
3
0
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
f
u
r
th
e
r
c
o
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
ab
s
en
c
e
o
f
C
MV
is
s
u
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
Har
m
an
’
s
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
f
u
r
th
er
ass
ess
p
o
ten
tial
C
MV
[2
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ac
to
r
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
3
6
.
5
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
,
wh
ich
is
b
elo
w
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
5
0
%
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est th
at
C
MV
is
u
n
lik
ely
to
p
o
s
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t t
h
r
ea
t in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
m
et
ho
ds
Par
tial
-
least
s
q
u
ar
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
was
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
its
s
u
i
tab
ilit
y
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
co
m
p
le
x
m
o
d
els
an
d
its
to
ler
a
n
ce
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
al
d
ata
[2
6
]
.
PLS
-
SEM
is
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
o
v
er
co
v
ar
ian
ce
-
b
ased
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
lex
m
o
d
els,
s
m
all
s
am
p
les,
an
d
u
n
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
I
t
also
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
well
with
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
3
6
8
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
W
ith
in
t
h
e
PLS
-
SEM
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
wer
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
,
CA
,
an
d
C
R
wer
e
a
s
s
es
s
ed
to
estab
lis
h
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
wh
ile
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
AVE
v
alu
es
ex
ce
ed
ed
0
.
5
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
f
u
r
th
er
v
er
if
ied
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
–
L
ar
ck
er
cr
iter
io
n
an
d
h
eter
o
tr
ait
–
m
o
n
o
tr
ait
(
HT
MT
)
r
atio
s
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tep
s
en
s
u
r
e
d
th
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
m
et
th
e
ac
ce
p
ted
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
ali
d
ity
p
r
io
r
to
test
in
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
in
flu
en
ce
o
f tra
in
in
g
,
s
u
b
j
ec
tive
n
o
r
ms,
a
n
d
s
elf
-
effica
cy
o
n
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ia
l
…
(
Tr
ieu
K
h
o
a
N
g
u
ye
n
)
1055
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
ab
le
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
all
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
im
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
co
n
n
ec
ted
(
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
,
with
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
etwe
en
in
ten
tio
n
f
o
r
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
an
d
s
tar
tu
p
p
ass
io
n
(
0
.
7
4
)
.
T
h
e
VI
Fs
in
d
icate
th
at
m
u
lti
co
llin
ea
r
ity
b
ias
d
id
n
o
t
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
VI
F
v
alu
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
to
1
.
4
0
2
,
well
b
elo
w
th
e
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
p
o
in
t o
f
5
[
2
7
].
On
th
e
d
iag
o
n
al
,
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
ts
o
f
th
e
AVE
esti
m
ates
ar
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
b
o
ld
,
SD
d
en
o
t
es
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
.
I
n
th
e
lo
wer
-
lef
t
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
co
n
s
t
r
u
cts.
W
h
ile
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
-
r
ig
h
t
s
ec
tio
n
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
HT
MT
v
alu
es.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
F
d
en
o
tes
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
HT
MT
is
n
o
t
co
m
p
u
ted
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
,
all
HT
MT
v
alu
es
a
r
e
b
el
o
w
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
8
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
al
id
ity
[
2
4
].
T
ab
le
4
.
Ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
es
N
o
.
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
M
e
a
n
SD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
ET
4
.
8
1
1
.
3
1
0
.
8
9
F
F
F
F
2
ESE
4
.
8
0
1
.
0
7
0
.
4
7
7
*
*
0
.
8
3
F
F
F
F
3
EI
4
.
9
0
1
.
3
5
0
.
5
4
7
*
*
0
.
5
9
1
*
*
0
.
8
7
F
F
F
F
4
EP
5
.
1
5
1
.
2
1
0
.
4
9
2
*
*
0
.
6
2
9
*
*
0
.
7
4
*
*
0
.
8
7
F
F
F
F
5
SN
5
.
1
1
1
.
2
3
0
.
4
3
0
*
*
0
.
5
6
2
*
*
0
.
6
0
*
*
0
.
6
4
9
*
*
0
.
9
1
F
F
F
F
6
G
e
n
d
e
r
0
.
6
4
0
.
4
8
-
0
.
0
2
0
.
1
4
4
*
*
0
.
0
1
-
0
.
0
1
-
0
.
0
3
NA
F
F
F
7
A
g
e
1
8
2
0
0
.
4
5
0
.
5
0
0
.
1
6
4
*
*
-
0
.
0
6
0
.
0
8
0
.
1
0
0
.
0
4
-
0
.
7
6
*
*
NA
F
F
8
A
g
e
2
1
2
3
0
.
4
9
0
.
5
0
-
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
0
-
0
.
0
2
-
0
.
0
6
-
0
.
0
2
0
.
6
8
*
*
-
0
.
8
9
*
*
NA
F
9
A
g
e
2
4
2
6
0
.
0
5
0
.
2
3
-
0
.
2
0
*
*
-
0
.
0
9
-
0
.
1
5
*
*
-
0
.
1
2
9
*
-
0
.
0
6
0
.
1
8
*
*
-
0
.
2
2
*
*
-
0
.
2
3
*
*
NA
*
*
A
t
t
h
e
0
.
0
1
l
e
v
e
l
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
,
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
e
d
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
.
*
A
t
t
h
e
0
.
0
5
l
e
v
e
l
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
,
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
e
d
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
a
l
l
y
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
.
N
o
t
e
:
ET
=
E
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
;
E
S
E
=
E
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
;
EI
=
En
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
;
EP
=
E
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
p
a
ssi
o
n
;
SN
=
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
o
r
ms
.
T
ab
le
5
.
HT
MT
r
atio
s
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
p
a
i
r
ET
-
ESE
ET
-
EI
ET
-
EP
ET
-
SN
ESE
-
EI
ESE
-
EP
ESE
-
SN
EI
-
EP
EI
-
SN
EP
-
EI
H
TM
T
0
.
5
2
1
0
.
5
9
0
0
.
5
3
1
0
.
4
7
0
0
.
6
3
6
0
.
6
9
0
0
.
6
1
7
0
.
7
9
7
0
.
6
5
4
0
.
7
1
4
4
.
1
.
T
he
ev
a
lua
t
io
n o
f
t
he
m
e
a
s
urem
ent
mo
dels
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
m
et
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
with
CR
an
d
CA
ex
c
ee
d
in
g
0
.
7
.
AVE
v
alu
es
wer
e
ab
o
v
e
0
.
5
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
[2
7
]
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
w
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
as
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
AVE
ex
ce
e
d
ed
in
ter
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
,
an
d
HT
MT
r
atio
s
wer
e
b
elo
w
0
.
8
5
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
[
2
7
].
4
.
2
.
T
he
s
t
ruct
ura
l m
o
del o
f
t
his
s
t
ud
y
B
o
th
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
co
ef
f
ic
ien
t (
R
²)
an
d
th
e
Q²
v
alu
es we
r
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
Q²
v
al
u
es,
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
co
ef
f
ic
ien
t
(
R
²)
,
an
d
th
e
p
ath
c
o
ef
f
ic
ien
ts
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
all
R
²
v
alu
es
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
0
.
1
0
,
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
all
Q²
v
alu
es
ar
e
ab
o
v
e
ze
r
o
,
th
er
eb
y
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
ad
eq
u
ate
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
[
28
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
p
at
h
esti
m
ates in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
0
5
1
-
1
0
5
9
1056
4
.
3
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
t
esting
f
o
r
t
he
curr
ent
s
t
ud
y
Path
co
ef
f
icien
ts
wer
e
test
ed
u
s
in
g
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
i
n
g
with
5
,
0
0
0
s
am
p
les
an
d
3
6
8
ca
s
es.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
h
a
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
en
t
r
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
te
n
tio
n
(
with
β=0
.
7
4
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
H1
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
is
at
th
e
0
.
0
0
1
lev
el.
Fo
llo
win
g
Hair
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
m
e
d
iatio
n
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
p
ar
tially
m
ed
iate
d
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
o
n
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
.
B
o
th
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
β=0
.
1
6
9
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
β=0
.
1
6
3
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
we
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
with
a
v
ar
ian
ce
a
cc
o
u
n
ted
f
o
r
(
VAF)
o
f
0
.
3
4
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
m
o
d
er
ate
m
ed
iatio
n
,
th
u
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
H2
.
Similar
ly
,
E
SE
also
p
ar
tial
ly
m
ed
iated
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
β=0
.
1
6
1
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
β=0
.
1
6
3
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
we
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
with
a
VA
F
o
f
0
.
3
2
7
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
m
o
d
er
ate
m
e
d
iatio
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
H3
.
4
.
4
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
po
s
t
-
ho
c
a
na
ly
s
is
An
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ap
an
aly
s
is
(
I
PMA)
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
id
en
tif
y
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
wer
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
tr
ain
in
g
(
0
.
4
9
3
)
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
(
0
.
3
9
1
)
,
a
n
d
E
SE
(
0
.
3
3
6
)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
6
.
Su
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
s
h
o
wed
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
(
6
8
.
5
7
0
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
tr
ain
in
g
(
6
3
.
5
4
1
)
an
d
E
SE
(
6
3
.
3
6
0
)
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
tr
ain
in
g
h
ad
th
e
g
r
ea
test
ef
f
ec
t,
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
em
ain
e
d
r
elativ
e
ly
lo
w,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
it
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
em
p
h
asized
in
th
is
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
T
ab
le
6
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
I
PMA
f
o
r
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
To
t
a
l
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
En
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
0
.
4
9
3
6
3
.
5
4
1
ESE
0
.
3
3
6
6
3
.
3
6
0
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
o
r
ms
0
.
3
9
1
6
8
.
5
7
0
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
T
ab
le
6
s
h
o
w
th
at
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
tr
ain
i
n
g
(
0
.
4
9
3
)
h
a
d
a
g
r
ea
te
r
im
p
ac
t
o
n
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
th
an
E
SE
(
0
.
3
3
6
)
an
d
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
(
0
.
3
9
1
)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
was
lo
w
(
6
3
.
5
4
1
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
(
6
8
.
5
7
0
)
.
T
h
is
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
wed
th
at
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
i
al
tr
ain
in
g
h
as
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
ad
eq
u
ate
atten
tio
n
at
th
is
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
wh
ile
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
i
n
g
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
,
its
cu
r
r
en
t
d
e
liv
er
y
is
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
r
ed
esig
n
a
n
d
g
r
ea
t
er
em
p
h
asis
o
n
e
x
p
er
ien
tial le
ar
n
in
g
.
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
Dr
awin
g
o
n
SC
T
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
in
ed
h
o
w
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
h
ap
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
an
d
i
n
ten
tio
n
.
Su
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
[
1
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
co
n
tr
a
d
icts
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
a
wea
k
o
r
n
eg
lig
ib
le
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
o
n
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
o
u
tco
m
es
[
19
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
s
tu
d
en
t
s
am
p
les,
wh
er
e
attitu
d
e
o
r
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
d
o
m
in
ates
in
ten
tio
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
A
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ex
p
lan
atio
n
f
o
r
th
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
lies
in
th
e
tech
n
ical
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
er
e
c
ar
ee
r
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ar
e
o
f
te
n
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
f
am
ily
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
an
d
p
ee
r
ap
p
r
o
v
al,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
an
em
e
r
g
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
y
lik
e
Vietn
am
.
Su
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
f
am
ily
,
f
r
ien
d
s
,
an
d
p
ee
r
s
f
o
s
ter
s
em
o
tio
n
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
ac
tiv
ities
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
b
u
ild
s
p
ass
io
n
f
o
r
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
a
v
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
(
β=0
.
391
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
o
f
s
o
cial
ap
p
r
o
v
al
in
s
h
ap
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
em
o
tio
n
al
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t
to
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
im
p
lies
th
at
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
co
u
ld
b
e
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
b
y
ex
p
licitly
in
v
o
lv
in
g
f
am
ily
an
d
p
ee
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
jo
in
t
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
m
en
to
r
s
h
ip
in
itiativ
es,
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
p
r
o
jects
th
at
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
t
h
e
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
b
eh
av
io
r
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
s
o
cial
elem
en
ts
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
m
ay
cr
ea
te
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
b
u
ild
s
k
ills
b
u
t a
ls
o
d
ev
elo
p
p
ass
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
a
t
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
en
t
r
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
,
alig
n
in
g
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
29
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
c
o
n
tr
ad
icts
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
at
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
o
f
ten
h
av
e
a
wea
k
er
o
r
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
b
u
s
in
ess
o
u
tco
m
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
o
th
er
an
tece
d
en
t
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
attitu
d
e
o
r
co
g
n
itiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
1
]
.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
c
an
s
h
if
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
h
o
w
o
th
er
s
v
iew
t
h
eir
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t,
th
u
s
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
p
ass
io
n
.
T
h
is
m
a
y
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
er
ce
iv
e
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
b
eh
a
v
io
r
as so
cially
v
alu
ed
an
d
ac
c
ep
tab
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
in
flu
en
ce
o
f tra
in
in
g
,
s
u
b
j
ec
tive
n
o
r
ms,
a
n
d
s
elf
-
effica
cy
o
n
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ia
l
…
(
Tr
ieu
K
h
o
a
N
g
u
ye
n
)
1057
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
E
SE
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
m
ed
iate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
o
n
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
3
]
.
Pro
g
r
am
s
in
clu
d
in
g
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies,
g
u
est
talk
s
,
an
d
s
tar
tu
p
co
m
p
etitio
n
s
lik
ely
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
k
ills
a
n
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
th
e
r
eb
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
b
o
th
E
SE
an
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
p
r
ac
tical
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
h
ac
k
ath
o
n
s
,
m
en
t
o
r
s
h
ip
f
r
o
m
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
an
d
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
f
am
ily
o
r
p
ee
r
s
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
u
ild
co
n
f
id
en
ce
a
n
d
f
ee
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
in
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
en
tr
e
p
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
s
o
m
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[3
0
]
,
wh
ic
h
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
E
SE
h
ad
o
n
ly
a
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
ac
t
o
r
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le,
e
s
p
ec
ially
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
am
p
les.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
m
ed
iatin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
b
s
er
v
ed
h
er
e
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
w
ith
in
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
tr
ain
i
n
g
is
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
tr
an
s
late
in
to
p
ass
io
n
wh
en
it
s
u
cc
ee
d
s
in
en
h
an
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
o
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
te
n
d
s
SC
T
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
e
n
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
in
p
u
t
th
at
s
h
ap
es
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
in
d
i
r
ec
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
E
SE
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
b
ased
m
ec
h
an
is
m
with
in
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
t
h
e
T
PB
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
p
lay
a
m
o
r
e
cr
itical
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
in
tr
a
n
s
latin
g
tr
ain
in
g
in
to
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
a
m
o
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
an
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
ass
u
m
ed
,
th
e
r
eb
y
r
ef
i
n
in
g
T
PB
’
s
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
i
n
tech
n
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
tex
ts
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
also
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
was
d
r
awn
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
f
r
o
m
f
in
al
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
FME
at
I
UH,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
tr
o
n
g
i
n
s
ig
h
t
s
f
o
r
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h
is
g
r
o
u
p
b
u
t
m
ay
n
o
t
f
u
lly
r
e
p
r
esen
t
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
t
u
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
Vietn
am
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
l
d
u
s
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
d
ata
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
u
n
iv
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s
ities
o
r
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
to
test
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eth
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th
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i
n
d
in
g
s
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o
ld
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e
y
o
n
d
o
n
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
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d
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
b
o
th
th
eo
r
y
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d
p
r
ac
tice
b
y
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i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
r
o
les
o
f
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
tr
ain
in
g
,
E
SE,
an
d
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
as
k
e
y
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
am
o
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Usi
n
g
PLS
-
SEM
a
n
d
I
PMA
a
n
aly
s
es,
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
e
n
tr
ep
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eu
r
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ip
tr
ain
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ig
n
if
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ce
s
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o
th
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s
u
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o
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m
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,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
f
o
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ter
en
tr
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r
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ass
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d
,
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ltima
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t
en
tio
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h
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ir
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m
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er
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Fro
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a
th
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r
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p
er
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tu
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th
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ap
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p
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u
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ten
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s
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ep
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u
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
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e
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h
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th
e
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o
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s
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war
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e
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a
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p
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m
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tu
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o
f
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er
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n
o
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el
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o
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ed
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u
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r
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ig
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ality
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atin
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ep
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r
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ip
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ain
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g
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r
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ass
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g
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ee
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g
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ca
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d
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s
t
th
at
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ip
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am
s
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g
s
h
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lace
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ter
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p
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asis
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cu
ltiv
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u
p
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cial
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m
en
ts
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n
teg
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atin
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en
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ep
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h
ip
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ain
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o
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ay
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elp
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ter
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o
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ten
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m
o
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tio
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ay
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icac
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F
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Un
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Un
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an
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f
ac
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.
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[1
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5
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[1
6
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