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r
ed
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
an
d
r
elatio
n
al
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
s
y
s
tem
atic
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
an
d
v
alid
ate
d
b
y
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
R
ec
en
t
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
h
a
s
id
en
tifie
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
p
e
ten
cies
th
at
co
m
b
in
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
attitu
d
es
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
co
n
tex
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
s
elf
-
awa
r
e
n
ess
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
eth
ical
co
n
d
u
ct
[
3
]
.
E
ar
lier
s
tu
d
ies
s
im
ilar
ly
em
p
h
asized
f
air
n
ess
,
s
o
u
n
d
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t,
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
i
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
tr
u
s
t
a
n
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
[
4
]
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
clar
if
y
wh
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
en
tails
,
th
ey
o
f
f
er
lim
ited
g
u
i
d
an
ce
o
n
h
o
w
s
u
ch
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
ev
al
u
ated
ac
r
o
s
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
r
h
o
w
p
er
cip
ie
n
ce
o
f
th
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
f
o
r
m
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
id
en
tific
atio
n
.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
em
er
g
en
ce
th
eo
r
y
ex
p
lain
s
h
o
w
lead
er
s
ar
is
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
in
d
iv
id
u
al
attr
ib
u
tes,
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
[
5
]
.
I
n
teg
r
ativ
e
r
ev
iews
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
er
g
en
ce
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
ar
e
e
n
ac
ted
an
d
in
te
r
p
r
eted
with
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
e
v
alu
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
ex
a
m
in
e
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
n
o
t
o
n
ly
co
n
ce
p
tu
ally
b
u
t th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t w
ith
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
So
cial
id
en
tity
-
b
ased
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
lead
er
s
g
ain
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
wh
en
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
as
p
r
o
to
ty
p
ical
an
d
m
o
r
ally
alig
n
ed
with
g
r
o
u
p
v
alu
es
[
7
]
.
Fo
llo
wer
s
’
r
ea
ctio
n
s
ar
e
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
ju
d
g
m
e
n
ts
o
f
f
air
n
ess
,
m
o
r
ality
,
a
n
d
eth
ical
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
wh
ich
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
lead
er
s
h
ip
leg
itima
cy
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
o
u
tco
m
es
[
8
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
lim
ited
r
esear
ch
with
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
in
teg
r
ated
q
u
alitativ
e
in
s
ig
h
t
s
with
q
u
an
titativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
to
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ass
es
s
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
c
e
o
f
s
u
ch
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
co
n
s
tr
ain
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
id
en
tify
em
er
g
en
t le
ad
e
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
ev
i
d
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
r
ath
er
th
an
in
f
o
r
m
al
r
ec
o
g
n
iti
o
n
alo
n
e
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
es
th
is
ev
alu
ativ
e
g
ap
b
y
e
x
am
in
in
g
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
ass
ess
ed
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
,
an
d
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
with
in
a
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
:
i)
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
lead
er
s
h
i
p
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
em
er
g
en
t
lead
er
s
as
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
;
ii)
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
p
er
cip
ie
n
ce
o
f
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
tr
aits
,
s
elf
-
awa
r
en
ess
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
d
eleg
atio
n
,
a
g
ilit
y
an
d
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
wis
d
o
m
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tin
g
ch
a
n
g
e;
iii)
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
p
er
cip
ien
c
e
o
f
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
f
ac
u
lt
y
m
em
b
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
ese
d
o
m
a
in
s
;
an
d
iv
)
d
ev
elo
p
an
in
teg
r
ated
lead
er
s
h
ip
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
co
m
b
i
n
ed
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
g
u
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
wh
ich
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
t
itativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ev
alu
atin
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
er
g
e
n
ce
with
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
ercip
ien
ce
o
f le
a
d
ers
h
ip
ch
a
r
a
cteris
t
ics in
id
en
tifyin
g
eme
r
g
en
t le
a
d
er
(
R
ey
n
a
ld
o
V
.
R
u
g
a
)
1553
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
L
ea
dersh
ip a
s
a
s
o
cia
lly
co
ns
t
ruct
ed
a
nd
identit
y
-
ba
s
ed
pro
ce
s
s
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
a
s
o
cial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
s
h
ar
e
d
id
en
tity
,
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
co
llectiv
e
m
ea
n
in
g
r
ath
er
th
a
n
f
o
r
m
al
au
th
o
r
ity
alo
n
e.
L
ea
d
er
s
g
ain
in
f
lu
en
ce
wh
en
th
e
y
ar
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
g
r
o
u
p
v
alu
es
an
d
asp
ir
atio
n
s
.
Ho
u
et
a
l.
[
9
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
id
en
tity
-
b
ased
lead
er
s
h
ip
en
h
an
ce
s
team
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
id
e
,
wh
ile
W
u
et
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
al
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
em
e
r
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
–
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
c
ess
es
a
lig
n
ed
with
g
r
o
u
p
n
o
r
m
s
r
ath
er
th
an
p
o
s
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t le
ad
e
r
s
h
ip
as a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
s
o
cial
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
an
t d
u
r
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ch
an
g
e.
I
n
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
alig
n
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
o
als
with
s
h
ar
ed
v
alu
es
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
taf
f
.
J
in
g
a
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
s
h
ap
e
em
p
lo
y
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
ch
an
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
s
ty
le,
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
o
cial
i
d
en
tity
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
e
x
p
lain
s
th
at
lead
er
s
em
er
g
e
wh
en
s
ee
n
as
r
e
p
r
esen
tativ
e
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
c
ap
ab
le
o
f
ad
v
an
cin
g
co
llectiv
e
i
n
ter
ests
[
1
2
]
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
af
f
i
r
m
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
a
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
,
s
h
ar
ed
id
e
n
tity
,
an
d
co
lle
ctiv
e
en
d
o
r
s
em
en
t
r
ath
er
th
an
f
o
r
m
al
d
esig
n
atio
n
.
2
.
2
.
I
ns
t
it
utio
na
l
press
ures
a
nd
lea
dersh
i
p identif
ica
t
io
n
in hig
her
educa
t
io
n
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
id
en
tific
atio
n
in
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
es a
r
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
r
ef
o
r
m
s
,
ac
c
o
u
n
tab
ilit
y
d
e
m
an
d
s
,
a
n
d
p
er
i
o
d
s
o
f
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
h
o
w
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
is
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
ed
an
d
leg
itimiz
ed
with
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
as
th
ey
s
et
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
-
b
ased
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
[
1
3
]
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
r
esea
r
ch
r
ef
lects
a
g
r
o
win
g
em
p
h
asis
o
n
s
y
s
tem
ic
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
lea
d
e
r
s
h
ip
id
en
tific
atio
n
is
clo
s
ely
t
ied
to
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
r
io
r
ities
,
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
,
an
d
s
h
if
tin
g
p
o
lic
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
p
r
ess
u
r
es
b
ec
o
m
e
ev
e
n
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
co
n
tex
ts
,
wh
er
e
lead
er
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
r
esp
o
n
d
s
wif
tly
to
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
.
I
n
s
u
ch
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
id
en
tific
atio
n
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
n
o
t o
n
ly
b
y
f
o
r
m
al
r
o
les
b
u
t
also
b
y
lead
er
s
’
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
n
av
ig
ate
ch
a
n
g
e,
m
a
n
a
g
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
d
em
an
d
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
5
]
.
C
o
lle
ctiv
ely
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
em
er
g
es
at
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
es,
an
d
lead
er
s
’
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es to
co
m
p
lex
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es.
2
.
3
.
Co
re
lea
dersh
ip co
m
pet
encies in h
ig
her
educa
t
io
n c
o
nte
x
t
s
C
o
r
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
cr
e
asin
g
ly
ce
n
ter
o
n
r
elatio
n
al,
eth
ical,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
ca
p
ac
ities
th
at
en
ab
l
e
lead
er
s
to
n
av
i
g
ate
co
m
p
le
x
ac
ad
em
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
I
n
cl
u
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
cr
itical,
as
it
f
o
s
t
er
s
ex
tr
a
-
r
o
le
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
h
ar
e
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
o
p
en
n
ess
,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
d
ig
ital
er
a,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
also
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
tr
ateg
ic
v
is
io
n
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
g
u
id
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
c
h
an
g
e
wh
ile
alig
n
in
g
d
ig
ital
i
n
itiativ
es
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
o
als
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
v
alu
es
[
1
7
]
.
Mo
r
al
in
teg
r
it
y
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
f
u
r
t
h
er
u
n
d
er
p
in
lead
er
s
h
ip
cr
ed
i
b
ilit
y
,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
esear
c
h
-
in
t
en
s
iv
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
wh
er
e
eth
ical
ju
d
g
m
en
t
a
n
d
m
an
ag
er
ial
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
g
ain
in
g
f
ac
u
lty
tr
u
s
t
[
1
8
]
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
s
h
o
w
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ex
ten
d
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
t
ec
h
n
ical
ex
p
er
tis
e
to
en
co
m
p
ass
in
clu
s
iv
ity
,
m
o
r
al
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
to
ev
o
l
v
in
g
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
2
.
4
.
L
ea
dersh
ip
em
er
g
ence
a
s
a
m
ulti
-
lev
el
a
nd
dy
na
m
ic
ph
eno
m
eno
n
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
em
er
g
en
ce
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
v
iewe
d
as
a
d
y
n
am
ic,
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
in
d
iv
id
u
al
attr
ib
u
tes
,
i
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
R
ath
er
th
an
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
f
o
r
m
al
p
o
s
itio
n
alo
n
e,
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
d
ev
elo
p
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
s
o
cial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
wh
ic
h
in
d
iv
id
u
als
g
ain
in
f
lu
en
ce
b
y
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
s
it
u
atio
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
an
d
b
ein
g
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
b
y
o
th
er
s
.
Han
n
a
e
t
a
l.
[
1
9
]
d
escr
ib
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
er
g
e
n
ce
as
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
e
v
o
lv
in
g
,
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
co
n
tex
t
u
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
with
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
b
etwe
en
in
d
iv
id
u
als
an
d
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Similar
ly
,
Xu
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
s
h
ar
ed
lead
er
s
h
i
p
em
er
g
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
team
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
wh
ich
r
o
les
s
h
if
t
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
task
n
ee
d
s
,
ex
p
e
r
tis
e,
an
d
r
elatio
n
al
d
y
n
am
ics.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
t
h
ese
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es h
ig
h
lig
h
t le
ad
er
s
h
ip
e
m
er
g
e
n
ce
as f
lu
id
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
o
cial
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
with
in
ch
an
g
in
g
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
3.
M
AT
E
R
I
AL
A
ND
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
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a
co
n
v
er
g
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t
p
a
r
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ix
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m
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h
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d
s
d
esig
n
to
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
p
er
ce
p
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n
o
f
lead
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s
h
ip
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
in
id
en
tify
in
g
em
er
g
en
t
lead
er
s
.
Qu
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
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co
llected
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im
u
ltan
eo
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p
ar
ately
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d
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r
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g
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ter
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etatio
n
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
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m
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r
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e
n
s
iv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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15
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20
26
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1
5
5
1
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1
5
6
1
1554
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
e
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er
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en
ce
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
allo
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t
h
e
s
tu
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to
c
o
m
b
in
e
m
ea
s
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r
a
b
le
in
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icato
r
s
with
co
n
tex
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ig
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ts
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ter
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ip
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ctu
r
e
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
r
elatio
n
al
ju
d
g
m
en
t
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
illu
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
t p
ar
allel
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
3
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
1
8
9
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
n
in
e
s
atellite
ca
m
p
u
s
es
o
f
R
o
m
b
lo
n
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
in
th
e
Pro
v
in
ce
o
f
R
o
m
b
lo
n
.
T
h
ese
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
5
4
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
1
3
5
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
T
h
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
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g
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o
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p
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d
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d
2
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ep
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2
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at
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8
d
ir
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o
r
s
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an
d
6
d
ea
n
s
.
A
p
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r
p
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p
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tech
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iq
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was
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t
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ticip
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wh
o
h
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d
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ir
ec
t
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
lead
er
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h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
a
n
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
r
esp
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en
ts
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o
s
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u
f
f
icien
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d
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ag
em
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n
t
with
in
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
to
p
r
o
v
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e
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o
r
m
e
d
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d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ev
alu
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
lea
d
er
s
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ip
em
er
g
en
ce
with
in
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
.
3
.
2
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
Data
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tr
an
d
s
wer
e
c
o
llected
co
n
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
.
T
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
u
s
ed
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
u
r
v
ey
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
p
er
cip
ie
n
ce
o
f
lead
er
s
h
i
p
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
lin
k
ed
to
em
er
g
en
t
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
tr
aits
,
s
elf
-
awa
r
en
ess
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
d
eleg
atio
n
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
wis
d
o
m
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tin
g
ch
a
n
g
e
.
T
h
ese
d
o
m
ain
s
wer
e
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
estab
lis
h
ed
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
an
d
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
m
p
eten
cy
liter
atu
r
e
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
,
with
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
t
r
e
v
iew
to
en
s
u
r
e
clar
ity
,
r
elev
an
ce
,
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
.
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
wr
itten
n
a
r
r
ati
v
es
in
wh
ich
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
ter
p
r
eted
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
er
g
e
n
ce
with
in
th
eir
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
.
W
h
ile
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
a
b
led
r
ef
lectiv
e
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
-
wid
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
is
ten
t
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
co
llectio
n
en
s
u
r
ed
eq
u
al
p
r
io
r
ity
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
tr
an
d
s
an
d
m
i
n
im
ized
tem
p
o
r
al
b
ias,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
c
o
m
p
le
m
en
tar
ity
a
n
d
b
alan
ce
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esu
lt
s
with
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
n
ar
r
ativ
es
allo
wed
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
atter
n
s
to
b
e
in
ter
p
r
et
ed
alo
n
g
s
id
e
e
v
alu
ativ
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
en
h
an
cin
g
co
n
tex
tu
al
d
e
p
th
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
lev
el
s
tatis
tical
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Qu
an
titativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
z
ed
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
to
d
eter
m
in
e
lev
els
o
f
p
er
ci
p
ien
ce
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
am
p
les
t
-
test
s
to
ex
am
in
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
ad
m
in
i
s
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
o
m
ain
s
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
.
Qu
alitativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
th
em
atica
lly
to
id
en
tif
y
p
atter
n
s
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
r
elate
d
to
lead
er
s
h
ip
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
er
g
e
n
ce
.
Atten
tio
n
was
g
iv
en
to
b
o
th
co
d
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
s
atu
r
atio
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
an
aly
tic
ad
eq
u
ac
y
,
with
m
ea
n
in
g
s
atu
r
atio
n
ac
h
iev
ed
wh
en
n
o
n
ew
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
in
s
ig
h
ts
em
er
g
ed
f
r
o
m
ad
d
itio
n
al
n
ar
r
ativ
es
[
2
4
]
.
W
h
ile
w
r
itten
n
ar
r
ativ
es
m
ay
lim
it
d
i
r
ec
t
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
th
em
a
tic
an
aly
s
is
en
ab
led
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
ativ
e
cr
iter
ia
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
u
s
ed
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
ercip
ien
ce
o
f le
a
d
ers
h
ip
ch
a
r
a
cteris
t
ics in
id
en
tifyin
g
eme
r
g
en
t le
a
d
er
(
R
ey
n
a
ld
o
V
.
R
u
g
a
)
1555
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
with
i
n
th
eir
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
r
esu
lts
with
q
u
alitativ
e
th
em
es
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
ex
p
la
n
a
to
r
y
v
alid
ity
b
y
lin
k
i
n
g
s
tatis
tical
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
to
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
’
in
ter
p
r
etiv
e
ac
co
u
n
ts
o
f
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tice.
3
.
4
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
io
n o
f
qu
a
lita
t
iv
e
a
nd
qu
a
ntit
a
t
iv
e
f
ind
ing
s
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
at
th
e
in
t
er
p
r
etatio
n
p
h
ase,
wh
er
e
q
u
ali
tativ
e
th
em
es
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
alo
n
g
s
id
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esu
lts
to
id
en
ti
f
y
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
,
co
m
p
lem
en
t
ar
ity
,
an
d
d
iv
er
g
en
ce
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
s
ep
ar
ate
d
ata
s
tr
a
n
d
s
in
to
a
co
h
er
en
t
e
v
alu
ativ
e
ac
co
u
n
t
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
co
r
e
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
in
cip
les
[
2
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
q
u
alitativ
e
r
ef
lectio
n
s
an
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
jo
in
tly
in
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
co
r
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
tr
aits
an
d
s
elf
-
awa
r
en
ess
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
d
eleg
atio
n
,
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
wis
d
o
m
,
a
n
d
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
ef
f
ec
t
c
h
an
g
e.
T
h
ese
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
wer
e
s
y
n
th
esized
in
to
an
in
teg
r
ated
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
id
en
tif
y
in
g
em
er
g
en
t
lead
er
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
was
f
u
r
th
er
in
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
e
m
er
g
en
ce
th
e
o
r
y
,
wh
ich
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
as
a
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
in
d
iv
id
u
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
an
d
co
n
te
x
tu
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
in
teg
r
ated
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
d
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
a
n
d
ass
ess
ed
with
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
teg
r
ated
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
i
d
en
tify
in
g
em
er
g
en
t le
a
d
er
s
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
an
in
teg
r
ated
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
q
u
an
titat
iv
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
n
th
e
p
e
r
cip
ien
ce
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
in
id
en
tify
in
g
em
e
r
g
en
t
lead
er
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
p
er
cip
ien
ce
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
lev
el
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
,
r
ec
o
g
n
it
io
n
,
an
d
ev
al
u
ativ
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
s
ig
n
al
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
em
e
r
g
en
ce
with
in
an
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
t.
Qu
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
in
f
er
e
n
tial
s
tatis
tic
s
,
wh
ile
q
u
alitativ
e
ev
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
wr
itten
n
ar
r
ativ
e
r
ef
lectio
n
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
co
n
tex
tu
al
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
in
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
th
ese
s
tr
an
d
s
en
ab
led
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
er
g
e
n
ce
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
i
n
b
o
t
h
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
liv
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
4
.
1
.
L
ea
dersh
ip cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics a
s
s
o
cia
t
ed
wit
h e
m
er
g
ent
lea
ders
T
ab
le
1
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
b
o
th
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
v
ie
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
e
r
g
en
ce
as
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
aily
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
s
h
ar
ed
v
alu
es,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
es
t
o
ch
allen
g
es
r
ath
er
th
an
f
o
r
m
al
p
o
s
itio
n
alo
n
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
5
5
1
-
1
5
6
1
1556
Par
ticip
an
ts
d
escr
ib
ed
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
as
d
em
an
d
in
g
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
p
atien
ce
,
s
o
u
n
d
ju
d
g
m
en
t,
an
d
f
air
n
ess
.
T
h
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
t
r
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
an
d
m
o
r
al
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
th
at
lead
er
s
g
ain
r
ec
o
g
n
iti
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
u
s
t
an
d
eth
ical
co
n
d
u
ct.
T
h
is
r
ef
lects
th
e
r
elatio
n
al
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
wh
er
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
f
o
s
ter
s
h
ar
ed
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
E
th
ical
b
eh
av
io
r
a
n
d
clea
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
th
u
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
s
o
cial
s
ig
n
als
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
s
h
a
r
ed
id
en
tity
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
co
llab
o
r
at
iv
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
n
ar
r
ativ
es
also
s
h
o
w
th
at
r
elatio
n
al
q
u
alities
alo
n
e
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t.
Facu
lty
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ig
h
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h
ted
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ec
is
iv
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ess
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ad
ap
tab
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s
o
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y
,
in
d
icatin
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t
h
at
lead
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s
m
u
s
t
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
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co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
co
n
f
id
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ch
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g
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s
itu
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s
.
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ea
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e
r
s
h
ip
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e
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g
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ce
th
er
ef
o
r
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r
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lects
a
b
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r
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b
ilit
y
a
n
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
Har
m
s
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
s
im
ilar
ly
ar
g
u
e
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
em
er
g
e
as
lead
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s
wh
en
p
er
ce
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as
b
o
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h
s
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to
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th
er
s
an
d
ca
p
ab
l
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o
f
g
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g
th
em
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
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s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
in
s
titu
ti
o
n
s
s
h
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ld
ass
ess
lead
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h
ip
n
o
t
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ly
t
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f
o
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m
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tials
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u
t
t
h
r
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o
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le
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ess
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m
m
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ap
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b
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d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
in
ev
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y
d
ay
p
r
ac
tice.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
Th
e
m
e
S
u
b
t
h
e
me
R
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
a
t
i
v
e
n
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
s
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
a
s a
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
i
n
g
r
o
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e
R
e
si
l
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c
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i
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l
e
a
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s
h
i
p
“
L
e
a
d
e
rsh
i
p
i
s
n
o
t
e
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sy
.
I
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
t
h
a
t
t
e
s
t
p
a
t
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e
n
c
e
a
n
d
s
t
re
n
g
t
h
,
e
sp
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
w
h
e
n
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
m
a
n
y
p
e
o
p
l
e
.
”
(
A
1
,
A
3
)
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
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c
a
t
i
o
n
a
s a
d
e
l
i
b
e
r
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t
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
C
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
sel
e
c
t
i
o
n
“
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
l
e
a
d
e
rs s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
d
o
n
e
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
t
o
e
n
s
u
re
t
h
a
t
t
h
o
se
c
h
o
se
n
a
re
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
o
f
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
res
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
y
.
”
(
A
2
)
Et
h
i
c
a
l
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
F
a
i
r
n
e
ss
a
n
d
i
mp
a
r
t
i
a
l
i
t
y
“
Fa
i
r
n
e
ss i
s
e
ss
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
n
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
l
e
a
d
e
rs,
a
n
d
p
e
rs
o
n
a
l
p
re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
e
v
e
r
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
t
h
e
p
ro
c
e
ss.
”
(
A
1
,
A
4
)
Tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
i
n
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
p
r
o
c
e
sse
s
A
b
se
n
c
e
o
f
b
i
a
s
“
Bi
a
s
h
a
s
n
o
p
l
a
c
e
i
n
l
e
a
d
e
rsh
i
p
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
Ev
e
ry
o
n
e
m
u
st
b
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s.
”
(
A
3
)
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
a
c
o
r
e
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
C
l
e
a
r
a
n
d
o
p
e
n
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
“
L
e
a
d
e
rs m
u
s
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
s
o
t
h
a
t
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
re
u
n
d
e
rst
o
o
d
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
rn
s
a
re
h
e
a
r
d
.
”
(
A
2
,
F
1
)
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
ma
k
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
S
o
u
n
d
j
u
d
g
me
n
t
“
L
e
a
d
e
rsh
i
p
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
b
a
sed
o
n
c
l
e
a
r
c
ri
t
e
r
i
a
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
s.
”
(
A
4
)
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
A
g
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
“
A
l
e
a
d
e
r m
u
st
t
h
i
n
k
q
u
i
c
k
l
y
a
n
d
a
d
j
u
st
w
h
e
n
si
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
”
(
F
2
,
F
4
)
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
S
o
c
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
“
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s m
a
t
t
e
r
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
l
e
a
d
e
rs
d
e
a
l
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
re
n
t
p
e
o
p
l
e
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
y
.
”
(
F
3
)
O
p
e
n
n
e
ss
t
o
c
h
a
n
g
e
R
e
c
e
p
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss t
o
i
mp
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
“
L
e
a
d
e
rs
sh
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
p
e
n
t
o
n
e
w
f
ra
m
e
w
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rks
t
h
a
t
i
m
p
r
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v
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l
e
a
d
e
rs
h
i
p
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
”
(
A
2
,
F
1
)
4
.
2
.
L
ev
el
o
f
perc
ipi
ence
o
f
bo
t
h g
ro
up
s
re
g
a
rding
lea
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ip
cha
ra
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Fig
u
r
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4
s
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co
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.
Hig
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T
h
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with
Har
m
s
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
wh
o
em
p
h
asize
th
e
r
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r
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an
d
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im
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ased
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to
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s
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Fig
u
r
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4
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L
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p
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m
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c
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ac
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s
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No
r
d
in
[
2
8
]
s
im
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ly
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o
tes
th
at
lead
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s
h
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co
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p
eten
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ar
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Gian
n
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et
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l.
[
2
9
]
f
u
r
th
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ar
g
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th
at
lead
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s
h
ip
r
ec
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en
ce
s
r
a
th
e
r
t
h
a
n
p
o
s
it
io
n
al
o
n
e
.
As
Z
h
o
u
an
d
D
e
n
e
en
[
3
0
]
s
u
g
g
est
,
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
s
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
o
r
g
an
iza
ti
o
n
al
c
o
n
te
x
t
o
f
te
n
d
e
v
el
o
p
c
o
m
p
a
r
ab
le
v
iews
d
u
e
t
o
s
h
a
r
ed
p
o
lic
ies
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
i
n
t
er
ac
t
i
o
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
em
er
g
e
d
ac
r
o
s
s
ce
r
tain
d
o
m
ain
s
.
Ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
p
lace
d
g
r
ea
ter
e
m
p
h
asis
o
n
d
eleg
atio
n
,
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tin
g
ch
a
n
g
e,
wh
ich
ar
e
m
o
r
e
v
is
ib
le
in
m
an
ag
e
r
ial
r
o
le
s
.
Facu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
ten
d
ed
t
o
v
iew
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
a
n
d
co
lle
g
ial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
s
lig
h
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t
em
p
h
ases
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
n
o
te
th
at
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
c
o
n
tex
t
-
a
n
d
r
o
le
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t,
m
ak
i
n
g
s
u
c
h
v
ar
iatio
n
s
e
x
p
ec
ted
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
id
en
tific
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n
p
r
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ce
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s
es
s
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ld
co
n
s
id
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o
th
s
h
ar
ed
i
n
s
titu
tio
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al
v
alu
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n
d
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-
b
ased
p
er
s
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tiv
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u
p
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t
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er
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t le
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ip
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ab
le
2
.
T
-
test
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
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p
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ce
o
f
th
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two
g
r
o
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p
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r
esp
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en
ts
Le
a
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M
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-
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p
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v
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p
=
0
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0
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R
e
mar
k
s
P
e
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l
t
r
a
i
t
s
0
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0
0
5
9
0
.
2
2
0
0
.
8
2
6
NS
S
e
l
f
-
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r
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ss
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2
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NS
C
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n
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1
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NS
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2
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2
9
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3
S
A
g
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l
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t
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0
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C
u
l
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v
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o
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-
0
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0
1
5
6
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0
.
6
7
6
0
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5
0
0
NS
Ef
f
e
c
t
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h
a
n
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e
0
.
0
6
0
0
2
.
2
0
6
0
.
0
3
0
S
N
o
t
e
:
N
S
=
n
o
t
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
;
S
=
s
i
g
n
i
f
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n
t
a
t
p
<
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
L
E
A
DW
I
S
E
i
n
t
eg
r
a
te
d
lea
d
er
s
h
i
p
f
r
a
m
ew
o
r
k
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
izes
le
a
d
e
r
s
h
ip
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
as
a
r
e
lat
io
n
a
l
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
l
a
y
e
r
e
d
p
r
o
c
ess
in
w
h
i
c
h
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
ca
p
ac
it
ies
,
c
o
n
te
x
t
u
a
l
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
,
a
n
d
et
h
i
ca
l
o
r
ie
n
t
ati
o
n
s
c
o
n
v
er
g
e
,
as
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
A
t
its
f
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
,
l
ea
d
er
s
h
i
p
t
r
a
its
(
L
)
e
m
p
h
asiz
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
is
p
o
s
iti
o
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
c
r
e
d
i
b
i
lit
y
,
co
m
p
et
e
n
c
e,
a
n
d
s
el
f
-
aw
ar
en
ess
.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
i
p
tr
aits
ar
e
s
o
cia
ll
y
in
te
r
p
r
ete
d
,
as
lea
d
er
s
ar
e
r
e
co
g
n
iz
e
d
n
o
t o
n
l
y
b
y
w
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
p
o
s
s
ess
b
u
t
b
y
h
o
w
t
h
e
ir
a
cti
o
n
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
n
ti
o
n
s
a
r
e
p
e
r
c
e
iv
e
d
o
v
er
ti
m
e
[
3
3
]
.
E
t
h
ic
al
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
r
ese
ar
c
h
f
u
r
th
e
r
cla
r
i
f
i
es t
h
at
le
g
i
tim
ac
y
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
i
n
m
o
r
a
l c
o
n
d
u
ct
a
n
d
v
al
u
e
c
o
n
s
is
te
n
cy
r
at
h
er
th
an
f
i
x
ed
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
[
3
4
]
.
A
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
e
d
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
p
er
s
p
ec
t
iv
e
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
s
t
h
is
b
ase
b
y
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
em
p
o
we
r
m
e
n
t
,
r
o
le
id
en
tit
y
,
an
d
s
h
ar
e
d
r
es
p
o
n
s
i
b
il
it
y
as
d
r
i
v
e
r
s
o
f
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
ce
[
3
5
]
.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
th
is
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
th
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
r
e
latio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
m
a
k
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
v
is
ib
le,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ef
f
ec
tin
g
ch
an
g
e
(
E
)
,
ar
ticu
latio
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
A)
,
an
d
d
eleg
atio
n
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
tr
u
s
t
(
D)
.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
u
n
d
er
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
eleg
atio
n
,
d
ir
ec
tio
n
-
s
e
ttin
g
,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
r
ac
tices
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
leg
itima
cy
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
3
6
]
.
E
v
i
d
e
n
ce
also
s
h
o
ws
th
at
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
ed
lead
er
s
h
ip
tr
aits
ev
o
lv
e
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
tex
ts
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
v
iew
th
at
em
e
r
g
e
n
ce
is
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
b
o
th
p
er
s
o
n
al
q
u
alities
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
al
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
lo
we
r
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
,
w
is
d
o
m
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
ab
ilit
y
(
W
)
,
i
n
t
eg
r
it
y
a
n
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
(
I
)
,
s
o
ci
al
a
n
d
r
el
ati
o
n
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
(
S
)
,
an
d
et
h
i
ca
l
an
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
al
a
wa
r
e
n
ess
(
E
)
,
r
e
f
l
ec
t
t
h
e
m
o
r
al
a
n
d
co
n
t
ex
tu
al
d
e
p
t
h
o
f
lea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
.
C
o
n
te
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
r
esea
r
c
h
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
s
ad
ap
ta
b
il
it
y
,
e
m
o
ti
o
n
al
awa
r
e
n
ess
,
a
n
d
r
e
lat
io
n
al
s
en
s
i
ti
v
it
y
i
n
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
3
8
]
.
St
u
d
i
es
o
n
le
a
d
e
r
em
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
c
o
r
e
th
e
n
e
e
d
to
ex
p
l
ai
n
h
o
w
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
is
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
ze
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
te
r
a
cti
o
n
a
n
d
co
n
t
e
x
t
u
al
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t
r
a
th
e
r
t
h
a
n
p
o
s
iti
o
n
al
o
n
e
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
T
o
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
th
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
ay
alig
n
L
E
ADWISE
d
o
m
ain
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wi
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lead
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h
ip
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ev
elo
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m
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p
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an
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r
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y
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Fig
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5
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I
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ip
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T
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ize
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alities
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m
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ld
th
er
ef
o
r
e
d
esig
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
ev
alu
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
m
en
t
o
r
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
ef
lectiv
e
ju
d
g
m
e
n
t,
eth
ical
awa
r
en
ess
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
ch
a
n
g
e
-
o
r
ien
ted
ac
tio
n
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
llec
tiv
e
v
alid
atio
n
r
at
h
er
th
an
f
o
r
m
al
d
esig
n
atio
n
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
em
er
g
en
t
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
is
a
m
u
l
tid
im
en
s
io
n
al
an
d
s
o
cially
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
r
elatio
n
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
an
d
co
n
te
x
tu
al
d
em
an
d
s
.
B
o
th
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
ass
o
ciate
em
er
g
en
t
lead
er
s
with
s
tr
o
n
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
tr
aits
,
eth
ical
awa
r
en
ess
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
ec
t
c
h
an
g
e
,
alth
o
u
g
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
p
er
cip
ien
ce
r
ef
lect
r
o
le
-
b
ase
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
at
io
n
o
f
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
id
en
tific
atio
n
ex
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
al
au
th
o
r
ity
an
d
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
s
u
s
tain
e
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
th
at
b
u
ild
tr
u
s
t a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
L
E
ADWISE
in
teg
r
ated
lead
er
s
h
ip
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
em
p
ir
ically
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
m
o
d
el
ex
p
lain
in
g
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
t
r
aits
,
wis
d
o
m
,
in
teg
r
ity
,
s
o
cial
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
a
n
d
eth
ical
awa
r
en
ess
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
atic
lead
er
id
en
tific
ati
o
n
in
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
B
y
f
r
am
in
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
er
g
en
c
e
as
an
ev
alu
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
a
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
lead
er
s
h
i
p
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ass
es
s
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tices.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
m
ay
v
alid
ate
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ettin
g
s
,
em
p
lo
y
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
o
r
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
d
esig
n
s
to
ex
am
i
n
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
r
ef
in
e
ev
al
u
ativ
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
lead
er
s
h
i
p
ass
ess
m
en
t.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
in
ce
r
ely
th
an
k
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
wh
o
s
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
m
ad
e
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
Ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
is
also
ex
ten
d
e
d
t
o
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ad
v
is
er
s
,
p
an
el
m
em
b
e
r
s
,
an
d
m
en
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
th
eir
g
u
id
a
n
ce
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
ercip
ien
ce
o
f le
a
d
ers
h
ip
ch
a
r
a
cteris
t
ics in
id
en
tifyin
g
eme
r
g
en
t le
a
d
er
(
R
ey
n
a
ld
o
V
.
R
u
g
a
)
1559
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
d
ed
icat
ed
f
u
n
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
lic,
co
m
m
er
cial,
o
r
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
f
it a
g
en
cies.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
R
ey
n
ald
o
V.
R
u
g
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
E
m
ely
n
R
.
Villan
u
ev
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
E
m
elia
B
.
R
am
o
s
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
n
o
c
o
n
f
l
ict
o
f
in
ter
est
r
elate
d
to
th
is
p
u
b
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
,
a
n
d
n
o
f
in
a
n
cial
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
r
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
Par
ticip
atio
n
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
all
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
T
h
e
y
wer
e
b
r
ief
ed
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
a
n
d
as
s
u
r
ed
o
f
co
n
f
i
d
en
tiality
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ad
h
er
e
d
to
estab
lis
h
ed
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
ies in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
h
u
m
an
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
E
T
H
I
CAL
AP
P
RO
V
AL
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
g
a
v
e
th
eir
co
n
s
en
t
p
r
io
r
to
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
,
a
n
d
th
ei
r
id
e
n
titi
es
wer
e
k
e
p
t
c
o
n
f
id
en
tial.
T
h
ey
wer
e
also
ad
v
is
ed
th
at
th
ey
co
u
ld
with
d
r
aw
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
at
a
n
y
p
o
in
t w
ith
o
u
t a
n
y
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Data
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ay
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
u
p
o
n
ju
s
tifie
d
r
eq
u
est.
Acc
ess
to
d
etailed
q
u
alitativ
e
m
ater
ials
is
lim
ited
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
ain
tain
p
ar
ticip
a
n
t p
r
iv
ac
y
a
n
d
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
[
1
]
I
.
H
.
G
l
e
i
b
s,
“
A
so
c
i
a
l
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
c
r
i
s
i
s
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
,
”
Br
i
t
i
s
h
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
e
1
2
8
0
5
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
b
j
s
o
.
1
2
8
0
5
.
[
2
]
A
.
B
a
y
a
n
b
a
y
e
v
a
,
“
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
r
g
a
mi
n
g
t
h
e
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
s?
U
n
r
a
v
e
l
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
b
e
h
i
n
d
g
l
o
b
a
l
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
s
man
i
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
K
a
z
a
k
h
st
a
n
,”
H
i
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
9
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
7
3
4
-
0
2
5
-
0
1
5
1
2
-
1.
[
3
]
Q
.
Ty
m
i
n
sk
i
a
n
d
G
.
B
.
O
w
e
n
s,
“
A
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s:
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
s
k
i
l
l
s
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
0
–
2
0
0
1
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
I
JEM
-
02
-
2
0
2
4
-
0
1
2
6
.
[
4
]
S
.
A
.
B
l
a
c
k
,
“
Q
u
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
O
p
e
n
J
o
u
rn
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