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).
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CC B
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C
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am
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Ali N
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[
4
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T
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s
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[
1
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,
[
4
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,
[
5
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.
W
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m
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ate
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taly
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u
n
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[
1
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,
[
6
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,
[
7
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As
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I
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(
B
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s
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A
.
Ma
kra
m
)
1027
Un
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s
ity
s
tu
d
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em
er
g
e
as
a
p
ar
ticu
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[
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8
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[
9
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E
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[
1
2
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.
T
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Ph
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3
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Facto
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f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
ac
ce
s
s
to
clim
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
g
r
ea
ter
an
x
iety
[
5
]
,
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
At
th
is
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
s
tag
e,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
id
en
tit
y
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
-
o
r
ien
t
ed
p
lan
n
in
g
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
clim
ate
an
x
iety
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
e
f
lect
b
r
o
a
d
er
s
o
cieta
l
tr
en
d
s
b
u
t
also
n
ec
ess
itate
tar
g
eted
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
to
m
itig
ate
p
o
ten
tial lo
n
g
-
ter
m
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
n
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
an
d
a
ca
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
escalatio
n
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
a
n
x
iety
as
a
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
co
n
ce
r
n
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
s
ev
er
ity
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
cr
is
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
is
in
g
s
ea
lev
els,
ex
tr
em
e
w
ea
th
er
ev
en
ts
,
an
d
b
io
d
iv
er
s
ity
lo
s
s
,
wh
ich
am
p
l
if
y
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
g
lo
b
al
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
d
is
tr
ess
is
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
ex
is
ten
tial
f
ea
r
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
an
d
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
in
s
ti
tu
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
lead
in
g
to
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
s
u
ch
as
r
u
m
in
atio
n
,
h
elp
less
n
ess
,
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
e
n
ad
a
p
tiv
e
wo
r
r
y
an
d
p
ath
o
lo
g
ical
an
x
iety
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
R
eliab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ar
e
th
er
ef
o
r
e
ess
en
tial
to
q
u
an
tif
y
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
,
id
e
n
tif
y
at
-
r
is
k
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
an
d
g
u
id
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
2
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
W
ith
o
u
t
s
u
ch
to
o
ls
,
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
ad
d
r
ess
clim
ate
-
r
elate
d
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
es
r
em
ain
f
r
a
g
m
en
t
ed
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
ca
les
th
at
ar
e
b
o
th
p
s
y
ch
o
m
e
tr
ically
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
s
en
s
itiv
e.
Am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
c
lim
ate
ch
an
g
e
an
x
iety
p
r
esen
t
s
as
a
clu
s
ter
o
f
in
ter
r
elate
d
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
em
o
tio
n
al,
c
o
g
n
itiv
e,
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
d
o
m
ai
n
s
.
E
m
o
tio
n
ally
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
o
f
ten
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
ten
s
e
wo
r
r
y
,
f
ea
r
,
s
ad
n
ess
,
g
u
ilt,
an
d
h
elp
less
n
ess
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
th
r
ea
ts
[
2
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
C
o
g
n
itiv
ely
,
th
is
m
an
if
ests
as
r
u
m
in
atio
n
,
d
if
f
icu
lty
co
n
ce
n
tr
atin
g
,
an
d
p
r
eo
cc
u
p
atio
n
with
clim
at
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
h
in
d
er
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
an
d
g
o
al
attain
m
en
t
[
2
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
ally
,
th
ese
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
d
is
r
u
p
t
s
leep
,
ac
ad
em
ic
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
lead
in
g
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
r
o
d
u
cti
v
ity
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
life
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
a
n
x
iety
s
ca
le
(
C
C
AS
)
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
to
ass
ess
th
ese
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
m
ay
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
s
u
p
p
o
r
t [
2
]
.
I
n
r
eg
io
n
s
lik
e
E
g
y
p
t,
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
co
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
o
l
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
an
x
iety
h
as
g
r
o
wn
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
ac
u
te
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
to
clim
ate
im
p
ac
ts
s
u
c
h
as
d
eser
tific
atio
n
,
r
is
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
an
d
wate
r
s
ca
r
city
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
n
ee
d
b
ec
am
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ev
id
e
n
t
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
2
0
2
0
s
,
as
clim
ate
-
r
elate
d
d
is
tr
ess
s
u
r
g
ed
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
t
s
an
d
o
th
er
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
am
i
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
u
b
lic
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
m
ed
ia
co
v
e
r
ag
e
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
in
te
r
n
a
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
o
n
clim
ate
a
n
x
iety
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
b
eg
an
a
r
o
u
n
d
2
0
2
0
,
with
to
o
l
s
lik
e
th
o
s
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
y
C
lay
to
n
a
n
d
Kar
az
s
ia
[
2
]
an
d
W
u
llen
k
o
r
d
et
a
l
.
[
5
]
,
Ar
ab
ic
-
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
ca
les
tailo
r
e
d
to
E
g
y
p
tian
co
n
tex
ts
o
n
l
y
e
m
er
g
ed
in
2
0
2
4
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
g
ap
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
ally
a
d
ap
ted
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
n
u
an
ce
s
in
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
.
Desp
ite
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
an
x
iety
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
co
n
ce
r
n
g
lo
b
ally
,
A
r
ab
ic
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
v
alid
ated
with
in
Mid
d
le
E
aster
n
co
n
te
x
ts
r
em
a
in
cr
itically
s
ca
r
ce
.
W
h
ile
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
W
ester
n
co
n
tex
ts
[
2
]
,
[
5
]
,
th
eir
d
i
r
ec
t
ap
p
licatio
n
to
E
g
y
p
tian
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
m
ay
o
v
e
r
lo
o
k
c
u
ltu
r
al
n
u
a
n
ce
s
in
an
x
i
ety
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
,
r
elig
i
o
u
s
co
p
i
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
an
d
co
llectiv
is
t
v
alu
es
th
at
s
h
a
p
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
th
r
ea
ts
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
e
lty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e,
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ical
ly
v
alid
ated
Ar
ab
ic
-
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
ca
le
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
E
g
y
p
tian
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
b
o
th
t
h
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
g
ap
an
d
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
clim
ate
an
x
iety
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
t
en
d
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ical
a
d
ap
tatio
n
to
en
c
o
m
p
ass
th
r
ee
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
First,
it
em
p
ir
ically
test
s
wh
eth
er
W
e
s
ter
n
-
d
er
iv
ed
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
—
p
r
im
a
r
ily
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
-
em
o
tio
n
al
a
n
d
f
u
n
c
tio
n
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
[
2
]
,
[
5
]
—
r
em
ain
v
alid
with
in
I
s
lam
ic
c
u
ltu
r
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
em
p
h
asizin
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
s
tewa
r
d
s
h
ip
(
is
tikh
la
f
)
an
d
co
llectiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
p
o
t
en
tially
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
d
is
tin
ct
b
eh
av
io
r
al
en
g
a
g
em
e
n
t
p
atter
n
s
ab
s
en
t
in
s
ec
u
lar
co
n
tex
ts
.
Seco
n
d
,
it
a
d
d
r
ess
es
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
Ar
a
b
i
c
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
th
at
r
elied
o
n
d
i
r
ec
t
tr
an
s
latio
n
with
o
u
t
cu
lt
u
r
ally
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
item
g
en
er
ati
o
n
,
r
is
k
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
n
d
er
r
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
.
T
h
ir
d
,
v
alid
atio
n
with
in
E
g
y
p
t
’
s
ce
n
tr
alize
d
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
e
n
ab
les
p
o
licy
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
—
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
,
f
aith
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
—
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
with
W
e
s
ter
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
ts
with
s
ec
u
lar
co
u
n
s
elin
g
p
a
r
a
d
ig
m
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
W
h
at
is
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
an
x
iety
am
o
n
g
E
g
y
p
tian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
d
o
es it a
lig
n
with
th
eo
r
eti
ca
l m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
m
o
d
els p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
liter
atu
r
e?
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
0
2
6
-
1
0
3
6
1028
ii)
Do
es
th
e
C
C
AS
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
d
eq
u
ate
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
te
n
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
test
-
r
etest r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
?
iii)
Ho
w
d
o
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
cl
im
ate
ch
an
g
e
an
x
iety
i
n
ter
r
el
ate,
an
d
wh
at
a
r
e
t
h
e
p
atter
n
s
o
f
ass
o
ciatio
n
am
o
n
g
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
-
e
m
o
tio
n
al
i
m
p
air
m
en
t,
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
im
p
air
m
en
t,
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t?
iv
)
Do
es
a
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
f
it
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
a
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
al
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
o
f
clim
ate
an
x
iety
?
B
y
an
s
wer
in
g
th
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
to
o
l
f
o
r
id
e
n
tify
in
g
at
-
r
is
k
in
d
iv
id
u
als
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
tar
g
ete
d
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
,
u
ltima
tely
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
escalatin
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en
v
ir
o
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m
en
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allen
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in
E
g
y
p
tian
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
tex
ts
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
Data
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
tw
o
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
les
o
f
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
Al
-
Azh
ar
Un
iv
er
s
ity
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
em
ester
o
f
th
e
2
0
2
5
/2
0
2
6
ac
a
d
em
ic
y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
5
4
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
B
o
y
s
in
Dak
ah
lia
an
d
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
Gir
ls
in
C
air
o
,
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
at
o
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
a
ly
s
is
(
E
FA
)
.
T
h
eir
ag
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
1
8
to
2
2
y
ea
r
s
(
M
=
1
9
.
2
1
,
SD
=
1
.
2
1
)
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
9
7
7
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
f
ac
u
lties
wh
o
co
m
p
leted
th
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA
)
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
le
’
s
ag
es
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
1
7
to
2
2
y
ea
r
s
(
M
=
1
9
.
2
5
,
SD
=
1
.
1
7
)
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
1
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
test
-
r
etest
r
eliab
ilit
y
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
es
tab
lis
h
th
e
s
ca
le
’
s
tem
p
o
r
al
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Deta
iled
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
b
o
th
s
am
p
les ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sam
p
le
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
t
atis
tics
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
EF
A
sa
mp
l
e
(
N
=
5
4
0
)
C
F
A
s
a
m
p
l
e
(
N
=
9
7
7
)
N
%
N
%
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
l
e
v
e
l
F
i
r
st
y
e
a
r
2
4
3
4
5
.
0
3
5
4
3
6
.
2
S
e
c
o
n
d
y
e
a
r
99
1
8
.
3
1
8
6
1
9
.
0
Th
i
r
d
y
e
a
r
1
2
0
2
2
.
2
2
9
6
3
0
.
3
F
o
u
r
t
h
y
e
a
r
78
1
4
.
5
1
4
1
1
4
.
5
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
1
7
9
3
3
.
1
2
7
7
2
8
.
4
F
e
mal
e
3
6
1
6
6
.
9
7
0
0
7
1
.
6
R
e
si
d
e
n
c
e
U
r
b
a
n
1
4
1
2
6
.
1
2
6
2
2
6
.
8
R
u
r
a
l
3
9
9
7
3
.
9
7
1
5
7
3
.
2
F
o
l
l
o
w
c
l
i
ma
t
e
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
Y
e
s
1
6
9
3
1
.
3
5
7
3
5
8
.
6
No
3
7
1
6
8
.
7
4
0
4
4
1
.
4
F
e
e
l
p
a
r
t
o
f
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
a
r
e
a
b
o
u
t
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
Y
e
s
3
6
1
6
6
.
9
6
2
2
6
3
.
7
No
1
7
9
3
3
.
1
3
5
5
3
6
.
3
2
.
2
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
dev
elo
pm
en
t
T
h
e
C
C
AS
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
ass
es
s
clim
ate
-
r
elate
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
in
itial
v
er
s
io
n
c
o
n
tain
ed
2
0
item
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
a
n
x
iety
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
was
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
th
r
ee
th
eo
r
etica
l
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
:
co
g
n
itiv
e
-
em
o
tio
n
al
im
p
air
m
en
t
(
r
ef
lectin
g
p
er
s
is
ten
t
wo
r
r
y
,
s
ad
n
ess
,
an
d
in
tr
u
s
iv
e
th
o
u
g
h
ts
ab
o
u
t
clim
ate
c
h
an
g
e)
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
im
p
air
m
en
t
(
ass
ess
in
g
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
to
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
s
o
cial
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
d
aily
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
)
,
a
n
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
(
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
g
u
ilt,
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
a
ctio
n
s
)
.
I
tem
s
wer
e
r
ated
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
e
r
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
,
with
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
es
in
d
icatin
g
g
r
ea
ter
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
an
x
iety
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
item
s
wer
e
tr
an
s
lated
f
r
o
m
Ar
ab
ic
to
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
lated
b
y
t
h
r
ee
s
p
ec
ialized
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
.
T
h
is
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
elp
ed
m
ain
tain
s
em
an
tic
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
lan
g
u
a
g
e
v
er
s
io
n
s
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
t
h
e
in
ten
d
e
d
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
ea
ch
item
with
in
t
h
e
E
g
y
p
tian
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
n
tex
t.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
,
th
e
in
itial
2
0
-
item
s
ca
le
was
s
u
b
m
itted
to
a
p
a
n
el
o
f
n
in
e
ex
p
er
t
ju
d
g
es
wh
o
ev
alu
ated
m
u
ltip
le
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
J
u
d
g
es
a
s
s
es
s
ed
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
ea
ch
d
im
en
s
io
n
t
o
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
item
s
to
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
p
tio
n
s
,
cla
r
ity
o
f
wo
r
d
in
g
,
th
e
s
co
r
in
g
k
ey
,
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
.
E
ac
h
asp
ec
t
was
r
ate
d
o
n
a
3
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le.
C
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
ices
(
C
VI
)
wer
e
ca
lcu
l
ated
f
o
r
ea
ch
item
an
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ca
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
v
er
all.
B
ased
o
n
e
x
p
er
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
two
item
s
wer
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ca
le
d
u
e
to
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
j
u
d
g
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
f
i
n
al
1
8
-
item
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t f
o
r
em
p
ir
ical
v
alid
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
lima
te
ch
a
n
g
e
a
n
xiety
s
ca
le:
p
s
yc
h
o
metric v
a
lid
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n
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n
ivers
ity
…
(
B
a
s
s
a
m
M.
A
.
Ma
kra
m
)
1029
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
Data
wer
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
an
d
d
ata
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Par
ticip
a
n
ts
ac
ce
s
s
ed
th
e
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
an
d
co
m
p
leted
th
e
C
C
AS
alo
n
g
with
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
ac
ad
em
i
c
lev
el,
g
en
d
e
r
,
r
esid
en
ce
,
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t
with
clim
ate
c
o
n
f
er
en
ce
s
,
an
d
s
en
s
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
All
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
co
llected
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
ly
to
e
n
co
u
r
ag
e
h
o
n
est s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Statis
t
ical
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
2
9
an
d
AM
OS
2
7
,
f
o
llo
win
g
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
E
FA
t
o
id
en
tify
th
e
s
ca
le
’
s
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
C
FA
to
ev
alu
ate
m
o
d
el
f
it
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
in
d
ices
(
e.
g
.
,
χ²,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
ex
(
C
FI
)
,
T
u
ck
er
-
L
ewis
in
d
ex
(
TLI
)
,
n
o
r
m
ed
f
it
in
d
ex
(
NFI
)
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
e
r
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A
)
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
R
MR
)
,
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it
in
d
ex
(
GFI
)
,
an
d
ad
ju
s
ted
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it
in
d
ex
(
AGFI
)
)
.
Sam
p
lin
g
ad
eq
u
ac
y
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
v
ia
Kaiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O
)
an
d
B
ar
tlett’s
te
s
t,
wh
ile
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
,
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
A
VE
)
,
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
Ma
x
R
[
H]
)
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
te
n
cy
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
(
α
)
,
Mc
Do
n
ald
’
s
o
m
eg
a
(
ω
)
,
an
d
Gu
ttm
an
’
s
lam
b
d
a
-
2
(
λ
₂)
,
with
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
ass
es
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
an
d
t
o
tal
s
ca
le
s
co
r
es.
T
est
-
r
etest
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ep
ea
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
a
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
1
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
tem
p
o
r
al
s
tab
ilit
y
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
ass
ess
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
er
t
r
ev
iew
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tr
o
n
g
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
all
ev
alu
ated
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
C
C
AS.
Nin
e
ex
p
er
t
ju
d
g
es
e
v
alu
at
ed
th
e
in
itial
2
0
-
item
s
ca
le
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
cr
iter
ia,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct,
th
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
item
s
to
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
alter
n
ativ
es,
clar
ity
o
f
item
wo
r
d
in
g
,
th
e
s
co
r
in
g
k
ey
,
an
d
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
.
T
h
e
C
VI
f
o
r
th
e
s
ca
le
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
.
7
8
to
1
.
0
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
ex
ce
llen
t
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
C
VI
f
o
r
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
was 1
.
0
0
,
item
r
ele
v
an
ce
to
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
was .
7
8
,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
alter
n
ativ
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
was
.
7
8
,
item
clar
ity
was
1
.
0
0
0
,
s
co
r
in
g
k
e
y
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
n
ess
was
1
.
0
0
,
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
was
1
.
0
0
0
.
At
th
e
item
lev
el,
C
VI
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
.
5
6
t
o
1
.
0
0
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
al
item
s
,
with
m
o
s
t
item
s
ac
h
iev
in
g
C
VI
s
ab
o
v
e
.
7
8
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
ev
alu
atio
n
,
two
item
s
(
I
tem
s
3
an
d
1
4
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
r
ig
in
a
l
20
-
item
p
o
o
l)
wer
e
r
em
o
v
e
d
d
u
e
to
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ex
p
er
t
ag
r
ee
m
en
t,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
1
8
-
item
s
ca
le
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
an
al
y
s
es.
T
h
e
E
FA
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
am
p
le
(
N
=
5
4
0
)
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
1
8
-
item
C
C
AS.
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
an
al
y
s
es
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
n
ess
o
f
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
,
with
th
e
KM
O
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
am
p
lin
g
ad
eq
u
a
c
y
y
ield
in
g
an
ex
ce
llen
t
v
alu
e
o
f
.
9
3
2
,
an
d
B
ar
tlett
’
s
test
o
f
s
p
h
er
icity
r
ea
ch
in
g
s
tatis
t
ical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
(
χ²
=
5
1
7
9
.
1
4
5
,
d
f
=
1
5
3
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
item
s
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
wo
m
o
d
els
wer
e
test
ed
:
a
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
an
d
a
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
e
x
tr
ac
ted
o
n
e
f
ac
to
r
with
a
n
eig
e
n
v
alu
e
o
f
7
.
5
6
2
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
4
2
.
0
1
2
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
b
ef
o
r
e
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
3
9
.
0
3
1
%
af
ter
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
u
s
in
g
p
r
in
cip
al
ax
i
s
f
ac
to
r
in
g
.
Facto
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
is
u
n
id
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
m
o
d
el
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
.
5
2
7
t
o
.
7
8
2
f
o
r
1
1
item
s
,
wh
ile
s
e
v
en
item
s
f
ailed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
lo
ad
in
g
cr
iter
io
n
o
f
.
5
0
.
I
tem
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
-
em
o
tio
n
al
im
p
air
m
en
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
h
o
wed
lo
ad
in
g
s
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
6
6
8
to
.
7
7
7
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
im
p
air
m
en
t
item
s
lo
ad
ed
b
etwe
e
n
.
6
8
6
a
n
d
.
7
8
2
,
a
n
d
o
n
ly
two
item
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
(
I
tem
s
1
5
an
d
1
7
)
ac
h
iev
e
d
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lo
ad
in
g
s
o
f
.
5
5
2
a
n
d
.
5
2
7
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
item
s
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
t
h
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
co
g
n
itiv
e
-
em
o
tio
n
al
im
p
ai
r
m
en
t
(
I
tem
s
1
an
d
2
)
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
en
g
a
g
em
e
n
t
(
I
tem
s
1
3
,
1
4
,
1
6
,
a
n
d
1
8
)
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t lo
ad
in
g
s
o
n
th
e
s
in
g
le
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
t
o
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
’
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Prin
cip
al
ax
is
f
ac
to
r
in
g
with
Pro
m
ax
r
o
tatio
n
ex
tr
ac
te
d
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
,
co
llectiv
ely
ex
p
lain
in
g
6
1
.
6
4
4
%
o
f
th
e
t
o
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
b
ef
o
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
5
3
.
9
8
1
%
af
ter
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ac
to
r
h
a
d
an
eig
en
v
alu
e
o
f
7
.
5
6
2
an
d
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
4
2
.
0
1
2
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
b
ef
o
r
e
ex
tr
ac
t
io
n
(
3
9
.
7
2
1
%
af
ter
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
)
;
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
ac
to
r
h
ad
an
eig
en
v
alu
e
o
f
2
.
3
7
1
b
ef
o
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
1
3
.
1
7
2
%
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
1
.
8
7
3
af
ter
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
1
0
.
4
0
5
%);
a
n
d
th
e
th
i
r
d
f
ac
to
r
h
a
d
a
n
eig
e
n
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
1
6
3
b
e
f
o
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
6
.
4
6
1
%
o
f
v
a
r
ian
ce
(
.
6
9
4
af
ter
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
3
.
8
5
5
%).
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
th
ir
d
f
ac
to
r
’
s
ex
tr
ac
ted
eig
en
v
alu
e
f
ell
b
elo
w
th
e
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
Kaiser
c
r
iter
io
n
o
f
1
.
0
,
it
was
r
etain
e
d
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
ln
ess
,
s
tr
o
n
g
f
ac
t
o
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
(
.
5
8
9
-
.
7
0
9
)
,
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ad
d
itio
n
al
v
ar
ian
ce
(
3
.
8
5
5
%),
an
d
alig
n
m
en
t
with
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
al
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
as
a
d
is
tin
ct
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
clim
ate
an
x
iety
.
Af
ter
r
o
tatio
n
,
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
Facto
r
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n
x
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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1031
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th
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e
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esh
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7
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in
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eliab
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h
e
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tal
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ate
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(
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with
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ter
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8
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ess
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d
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ter
n
al
co
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s
is
ten
cy
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
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J
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Vo
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15
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2
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1032
C
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ess
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en
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d
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e
all
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ically
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ig
n
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ately
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n
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im
p
air
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0
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eh
av
i
o
r
al
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g
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em
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n
t
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=.
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,
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ile
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n
d
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eh
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o
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m
o
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er
ate
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o
ciatio
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(
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=.
4
7
1
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.
E
ac
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d
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m
en
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n
also
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em
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s
tr
ated
s
tr
o
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g
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r
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s
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h
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g
f
r
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m
.
7
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to
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8
7
7
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,
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r
m
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ib
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tio
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to
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ied
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ct.
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em
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al
s
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ilit
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s
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es
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
test
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with
a
s
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b
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
1
1
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
r
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g
h
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h
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is
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r
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s
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ad
m
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s
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n
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air
m
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n
t
(
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=.
8
8
6
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,
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
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air
m
en
t
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r
=.
7
1
4
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,
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eh
a
v
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r
al
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g
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t
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7
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4
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,
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d
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tal
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co
r
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(
r
=
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8
4
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.
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r
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s
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f
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h
e
s
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s
s
tab
ilit
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,
af
f
ir
m
in
g
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
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ch
a
n
d
r
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d
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ts
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u
r
e
2
.
T
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-
f
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m
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d
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4.
DIS
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m
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ac
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J
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C
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li
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te
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ca
n
d
ev
el
o
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d
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u
p
p
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ts
b
ase
d
o
n
s
u
b
s
c
ale
p
r
o
f
iles
:
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g
n
iti
v
e
-
b
e
h
av
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r
a
l
th
e
r
a
p
y
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ti
v
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m
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p
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m
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t
,
s
tr
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en
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m
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l
ac
ti
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m
f
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v
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t
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d
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ca
d
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m
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a
cc
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m
m
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s
f
o
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f
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n
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al
im
p
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e
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t
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I
n
s
ti
tu
ti
o
n
al
p
o
lic
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s
h
o
u
l
d
esta
b
l
is
h
cl
im
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m
e
n
t
a
l
h
ea
l
th
tas
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f
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o
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d
in
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s
t
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t
s
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v
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e
n
v
ir
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m
en
t
al
p
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d
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lt
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a
ll
y
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p
o
n
s
i
v
e
f
r
a
m
ew
o
r
k
s
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ac
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lt
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d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
p
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g
r
a
m
s
s
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o
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l
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tr
a
in
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n
s
t
r
u
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r
s
t
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e
c
o
g
n
i
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lim
ate
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x
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y
m
a
n
i
f
es
tat
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s
an
d
b
ala
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ce
c
r
is
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c
ati
o
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w
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s
o
l
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ti
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-
f
o
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u
s
e
d
p
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d
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g
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y
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e
m
p
h
as
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ll
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t
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e
f
f
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t
o
m
it
ig
ate
d
is
t
r
es
s
w
h
ile
m
ai
n
t
ai
n
i
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g
en
g
a
g
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t
.
Desp
ite
r
ig
o
r
o
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s
v
alid
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,
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
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war
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an
t
co
n
s
id
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am
p
le
co
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s
is
ted
ex
clu
s
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o
f
Al
-
Azh
ar
U
n
iv
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s
ity
s
tu
d
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,
p
o
ten
tially
lim
itin
g
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
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t
o
o
th
er
E
g
y
p
tian
in
s
titu
tio
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s
with
d
if
f
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r
elig
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u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
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s
,
s
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m
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p
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s
itio
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s
,
o
r
g
e
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ap
h
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lo
ca
tio
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s
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T
h
e
co
n
v
en
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s
am
p
lin
g
ap
p
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ac
h
an
d
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elian
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o
n
s
elf
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r
e
p
o
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t
m
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r
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tr
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cr
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ce
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a
b
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m
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s
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an
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Ad
d
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ter
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with
2
1
1
s
tu
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s
tab
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s
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o
m
ically
d
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tag
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Fin
ally
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th
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ca
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s
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tian
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ev
elo
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m
en
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s
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Fu
tu
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r
esear
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x
ten
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v
alid
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ac
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E
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ca
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m
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L
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f
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5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
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C
C
AS
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e
p
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a
p
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Ar
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T
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s
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W
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