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Dig
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Dig
it
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ti
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is
re
sh
a
p
in
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h
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g
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e
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d
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c
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ti
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n
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in
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lu
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h
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m
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s
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d
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m
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e
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t
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m
p
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tra
d
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l
p
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p
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p
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m
s
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a
n
d
EA
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t
h
m
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p
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a
n
d
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fo
rm
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in
g
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t
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fo
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ts
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Switzer
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Dig
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is
p
r
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f
o
u
n
d
ly
tr
an
s
f
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m
in
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iv
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ly
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teac
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in
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b
u
t
in
cr
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ly
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m
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tr
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[
1
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–
[
4
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I
n
t
h
e
a
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o
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d
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n
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m
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th
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d
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ats
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m
u
ltime
d
ia
task
s
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p
tiv
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f
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d
b
ac
k
[
5
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–
[
7
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.
Ho
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T
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W
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tain
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o
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Pre
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k
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R
ed
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k
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J
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h
a
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[
1
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as
s
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th
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e
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t
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ats
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ased
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s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
a
n
d
c
en
tr
ally
a
d
m
in
is
ter
,
wh
ich
is
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
W
h
ile
b
en
e
f
its
s
u
ch
as
f
aster
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
b
etter
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
l
o
g
is
tical
ad
v
an
tag
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
well
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
,
less
atten
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
p
aid
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
s
ts
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
q
u
es
tio
n
f
o
r
m
ats.
I
n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
(
MC)
an
d
o
p
e
n
-
q
u
esti
o
n
(
OQ)
f
o
r
m
ats in
b
o
th
p
a
p
er
-
p
en
ex
a
m
s
(
PP
E
)
an
d
EA
m
o
d
es r
em
a
in
u
n
d
e
r
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
Desp
ite
th
is
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
EA
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
PP
E
r
em
ain
s
an
u
n
d
er
-
r
esear
ch
ed
t
o
p
ic.
W
h
ile
th
er
e
ar
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
is
s
u
es
o
f
v
alid
ity
,
u
s
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
es
th
at
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
en
tire
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
its
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
im
en
s
io
n
ar
e
lack
in
g
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
is
b
y
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
n
d
ev
alu
atin
g
th
r
ee
f
iel
d
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
with
o
v
er
7
0
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
Z
u
r
ich
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
o
f
Ap
p
lied
Scien
ce
s
(
Z
HAW)
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
t
o
co
n
d
u
ct
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
—
co
v
er
in
g
c
o
n
ce
p
tio
n
,
im
p
lem
e
n
t
atio
n
,
g
r
a
d
in
g
,
an
d
ar
ch
iv
in
g
—
an
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
E
A
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
ap
er
-
b
ase
d
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
tim
e
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e,
co
s
ts
,
an
d
ac
ce
p
t
an
ce
am
o
n
g
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
b
ate
ab
o
u
t
EA
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
p
ap
er
ex
am
s
is
a
ce
n
tr
al
to
p
ic
in
c
u
r
r
en
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
Qu
esti
o
n
s
o
f
v
alid
i
ty
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
f
air
n
ess
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
Dig
italizatio
n
h
as
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
ab
o
u
t
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
ch
an
g
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
b
u
s
in
ess
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
b
u
t
also
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
EA
ar
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
is
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
m
is
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ic
ien
t,
f
lex
ib
le,
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
as
s
ess
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ad
v
a
n
tag
es,
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
ass
ess
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
ats
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
tr
ateg
ic
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
b
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
EA
h
as
ev
o
lv
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
r
ec
en
t
d
ec
a
d
es,
ev
o
lv
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
im
p
le
o
n
lin
e
test
s
to
co
m
p
lex
s
y
s
tem
s
c
ap
ab
le
o
f
a
d
m
in
is
ter
in
g
an
d
s
co
r
in
g
m
u
ltime
d
ia
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
[
7
].
T
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
s
o
f
EA
d
ate
b
ac
k
to
th
e
ea
r
ly
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
ased
test
in
g
in
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
ized
ex
am
s
[
29
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
W
ith
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
s
,
u
n
iv
er
s
itie
s
b
eg
an
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
EA
as
a
way
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
o
c
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
r
eg
ar
d
to
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
[
3
1
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
a
l
ex
am
s
ar
e
s
till
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
th
eir
estab
lis
h
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
f
am
iliar
ity
with
th
e
f
o
r
m
at
[
3
2
]
–
[3
5
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
p
ap
er
e
x
am
s
ar
e
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
m
o
r
e
o
b
jectiv
e
th
an
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
ats.
Hattie
an
d
T
im
p
er
le
y
[3
1
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
EA
with
in
d
iv
id
u
alize
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lead
to
b
etter
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
th
an
s
u
m
m
ativ
e
p
ap
e
r
e
x
am
s
.
Ar
c
h
er
et
a
l.
[3
2
]
p
o
i
n
t
o
u
t
th
at
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
ats
s
im
p
lify
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
wh
ile
Gk
r
im
p
izi
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
e
m
p
h
asiz
e
th
at
d
ig
italizatio
n
alo
n
e
d
o
es n
o
t so
lv
e
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
As
alr
ea
d
y
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
ef
f
icien
cy
g
ain
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
EA
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
wr
itten
ex
am
s
[3
6
]
–
[3
8
]
.
T
h
ese
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
tak
in
g
e
x
am
s
.
Statem
en
ts
p
r
im
ar
ily
r
elat
e
to
q
u
ality
g
ai
n
s
(
m
u
ltime
d
ia
ad
d
ed
v
alu
e,
ty
p
in
g
i
n
s
tead
o
f
wr
itin
g
)
[
39
]
.
EA
o
f
f
er
s
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
v
er
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ex
am
s
.
Fro
m
an
ef
f
icien
cy
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
tim
e
an
d
c
o
s
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
p
r
i
n
tin
g
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
,
a
n
d
g
r
a
d
in
g
ex
am
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
EA
e
n
ab
l
es
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltim
ed
ia
co
n
te
n
t,
th
u
s
en
ab
lin
g
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
h
ig
h
er
-
lev
el
co
m
p
eten
cies.
Stu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
ty
p
in
g
is
ea
s
ier
th
an
wr
itin
g
b
y
h
a
n
d
a
n
d
ap
p
r
ec
iate
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ea
s
ily
ed
it
th
eir
an
s
wer
s
with
o
u
t
h
av
in
g
to
c
r
o
s
s
o
u
t
m
is
tak
es
[
4
0
]
–
[4
3
]
.
EA
o
f
f
er
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ex
am
q
u
ality
.
J
o
r
d
an
[4
0
]
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
ad
ap
tiv
e
test
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
au
to
m
ated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
en
ab
le
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ass
es
s
m
en
t.
C
r
is
p
[
4
1
]
f
u
r
th
er
ar
g
u
es
t
h
at
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
elem
e
n
ts
in
EA
ca
n
a
d
d
r
ess
h
ig
h
er
co
g
n
itiv
e
a
b
ilit
ies,
wh
ich
is
o
f
ten
n
o
t
th
e
ca
s
e
with
MC
test
s
.
S
tu
d
y
b
y
Z
h
o
u
et
a
l.
[4
2
]
s
h
o
w
th
at
EA
ca
n
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
d
iv
id
u
alize
d
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
Ma
jch
r
za
k
an
d
Usen
er
[4
3
]
n
o
te
th
at
wh
ile
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
en
er
ally
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
EA
,
th
e
y
ar
e
s
k
ep
tica
l
ab
o
u
t
m
an
d
ato
r
y
d
ig
ital
e
x
a
m
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
ar
t
if
icial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
an
al
y
tics
in
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
f
er
s
n
ew
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
i
n
d
iv
id
u
alizin
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
4
4
]
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
er
e
is
s
till
a
n
ee
d
to
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
d
ig
ital
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
ats
with
r
eg
ar
d
t
o
th
eir
f
air
n
ess
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
q
u
ality
[
1
6
]
,
[4
5
]
–
[4
7
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l a
s
s
ess
men
t fo
r
ma
ts
in
h
ig
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
:
a
n
emp
ir
ica
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
… (
F
la
vio
Di
Giu
s
to
)
1153
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
EA
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
v
alu
ab
le
co
m
p
lem
en
t
o
r
e
v
en
an
alter
n
ativ
e
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
p
ap
er
-
b
ased
ex
am
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
tec
h
n
ica
l
an
d
d
id
ac
tic
ch
allen
g
es
ar
e
ad
eq
u
ately
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ar
e
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
[
4
8
]
,
ad
ap
tatio
n
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
elem
en
ts
[
49
]
,
[
5
0
].
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
,
ef
f
icien
cy
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
th
e
r
atio
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
t
o
in
p
u
t
.
I
n
r
elatio
n
to
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
,
th
is
m
ea
n
s
th
e
m
o
r
e
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titat
iv
e
r
esu
lts
ac
h
iev
ed
with
a
g
iv
en
r
eso
u
r
ce
in
p
u
t,
th
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
r
e
f
er
to
b
o
th
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
tim
e
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e,
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
an
d
c
o
s
ts
)
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
f
ac
to
r
s
(
e.
g
.
,
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
f
air
n
ess
,
an
d
p
r
ac
ticality
)
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
c
o
s
tin
g
m
o
d
el
,
wh
ich
h
as
r
ar
ely
b
ee
n
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ap
p
l
ied
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
m
o
d
el
was
u
s
ed
to
co
llect
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
s
ts
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
tiates
b
et
wee
n
th
e
p
h
ases
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
ev
alu
atio
n
,
an
d
ar
ch
i
v
in
g
a
n
d
r
ec
o
r
d
s
th
e
tim
e,
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
co
s
ts
s
p
en
t
in
ea
ch
p
h
ase.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
all
au
d
it
s
tep
s
wer
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
,
tim
e
lo
g
s
wer
e
m
ain
tain
ed
,
a
n
d
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
ef
f
o
r
t
f
o
r
m
s
wer
e
co
m
p
leted
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
cr
ea
te
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
et
wee
n
E
A
an
d
PP
E
b
y
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
all
r
elev
an
t e
f
f
o
r
t th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
au
d
it p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
d
esig
n
[
5
0
]
.
I
n
th
r
ee
m
o
d
u
les
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
izes
(
Mo
d
u
le
A,
n
=3
3
;
Mo
d
u
le
B
,
n
=4
8
9
;
Mo
d
u
le
C
,
n
=1
9
4
)
,
id
e
n
tical
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
w
er
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
in
two
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
ats:
tr
ad
itio
n
al
PP
E
an
d
d
ig
ital
EA
.
T
h
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
co
n
ten
t,
g
r
a
d
in
g
s
ch
em
e,
an
d
d
u
r
atio
n
wer
e
id
e
n
tical.
T
h
e
E
A
g
r
o
u
p
u
s
ed
th
e
Saf
e
E
x
a
m
B
r
o
wser
(
SEB)
in
co
m
b
in
atio
n
with
Mo
o
d
le.
T
h
e
PP
E
g
r
o
u
p
wr
o
te
o
n
p
ap
er
in
p
r
o
cto
r
in
g
r
o
o
m
s
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ef
er
s
to
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
d
eg
r
ee
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tin
u
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
ju
s
tifie
d
:
p
ar
t
-
ti
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t,
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
e
x
am
in
atio
n
f
o
r
m
ats.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
a
cr
o
s
s
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
d
ig
italizatio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
en
co
m
p
ass
es a
ll st
u
d
y
f
o
r
m
ats.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
es
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
b
u
s
in
ess
-
r
elate
d
d
eg
r
ee
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
at
th
e
Z
HAW,
Swit
ze
r
lan
d
.
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
w
er
e
co
llected
with
in
th
r
ee
r
eg
u
lar
co
u
r
s
e
m
o
d
u
les
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
th
e
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
Ma
n
ag
em
en
t
an
d
L
aw,
co
v
er
i
n
g
b
u
s
in
ess
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
was
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
,
b
ased
o
n
m
o
d
u
les
in
wh
ich
b
o
th
tr
ad
itio
n
al
PP
E
an
d
E
A
co
u
ld
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
n
d
er
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e:
i
)
id
en
tical
ex
am
in
atio
n
c
o
n
te
n
t
an
d
g
r
a
d
in
g
s
ch
em
es
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
r
m
ats
;
ii
)
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
d
u
r
atio
n
;
an
d
iii
)
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ad
m
in
is
ter
in
g
b
o
th
MC
an
d
OQ
f
o
r
m
a
ts
d
ig
itally
an
d
o
n
p
ap
er
.
I
n
to
tal,
d
ata
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
7
0
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
a
cr
o
s
s
th
r
ee
m
o
d
u
les
(
Mo
d
u
le
A:
n
=3
3
;
Mo
d
u
le
B
:
n
=4
8
9
;
Mo
d
u
le
C
:
n
=1
9
4
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
to
s
tu
d
en
t
d
ata,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
also
in
clu
d
ed
lectu
r
er
s
an
d
ex
am
in
atio
n
ad
m
in
i
s
tr
ato
r
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
g
r
ad
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
a
r
ch
iv
in
g
o
f
th
e
ex
am
s
.
T
h
is
allo
wed
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
r
elate
d
tim
e
an
d
co
s
t
d
ata
ac
r
o
s
s
all
p
h
ase
s
o
f
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
life
cy
cle.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
th
er
ef
o
r
e
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ie
ld
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
p
ec
i
f
ically
f
r
o
m
b
u
s
in
ess
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
in
a
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
ap
p
lied
s
cien
ce
s
co
n
tex
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
s
t
s
u
r
v
ey
,
a
g
u
id
ed
ex
p
er
t
in
ter
v
iew
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
T
o
b
ias
Halb
h
er
r
(
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
3
)
,
Swis
s
Fed
er
al
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
–
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
E
T
H
-
L
E
T
)
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
q
u
alitati
v
e
co
n
ten
t
an
al
y
s
is
m
eth
o
d
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
o
v
e
r
7
0
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
s
wer
ed
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
wit
h
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
les
an
d
o
p
en
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
f
o
r
m
at,
f
air
n
ess
,
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
lin
ess
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
r
ac
ticab
ilit
y
.
All
co
s
t
f
ig
u
r
es
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
cy
S
wis
s
Fra
n
cs
(
C
HF)
,
as
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
with
in
th
e
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
al
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
Switzer
lan
d
.
Fo
r
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
r
ea
d
ab
ilit
y
,
C
HF
v
alu
es
m
ay
b
e
in
ter
p
r
e
ted
as
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
eq
u
iv
al
en
t
to
US
d
o
llar
s
(
USD)
o
n
a
1
:1
b
asis
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
is
u
s
ed
s
o
lely
f
o
r
in
ter
p
r
etativ
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
r
elativ
e
co
s
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
r
ef
f
icien
cy
r
atio
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
.
S
in
ce
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
r
at
h
er
th
a
n
ab
s
o
lu
te
m
o
n
etar
y
v
alu
es,
th
e
a
n
aly
tical
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
em
a
in
s
u
n
ch
an
g
ed
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
f
o
llo
ws
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
o
r
ien
ted
co
s
t
m
o
d
el,
d
if
f
er
en
tiatin
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
h
ases
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
,
ev
alu
atio
n
,
a
n
d
a
r
ch
iv
in
g
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e.
T
h
e
in
itial
p
h
ase
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t p
er
s
o
n
n
el
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
a
ca
d
em
ic
s
taf
f
.
T
h
e
f
is
ca
l
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
e
x
p
en
d
itu
r
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
is
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
th
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
p
h
ases
:
item
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
c
e,
an
d
tech
n
ical
in
te
g
r
atio
n
.
I
tem
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
ev
e
n
ass
ess
m
en
t
ta
s
k
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
p
e
r
task
at
a
r
ate
o
f
C
HF
1
0
0
/h
,
to
talin
g
C
HF
7
0
0
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
r
ig
o
r
,
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
v
ia
p
ee
r
-
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
s
en
io
r
lectu
r
er
r
ev
iew
(
C
HF
1
0
0
/h
)
a
d
d
ed
0
.
5
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
task
,
am
o
u
n
tin
g
to
C
HF
3
5
0
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
tech
n
ical
s
etu
p
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
—
in
clu
d
in
g
i
n
s
tallatio
n
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
1
5
1
-
1
1
6
2
1154
less
o
n
s
—
d
em
an
d
ed
0
.
7
5
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
ef
f
o
r
t
b
et
wee
n
m
o
d
u
le
lead
s
(
C
HF
1
0
0
/h
)
a
n
d
tech
n
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t (
C
HF 8
0
/h
)
p
er
class
.
T
h
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
f
o
llo
ws
a
lo
g
ic
o
f
am
o
r
tizatio
n
an
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
allo
ca
tio
n
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
ex
am
,
co
s
ts
ar
e
d
r
iv
en
b
y
lo
g
is
tical
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el.
Op
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
f
o
r
h
ar
d
war
e
an
d
b
asic
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
r
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
life
s
p
a
n
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
u
s
e,
with
em
er
g
en
cy
r
e
p
lace
m
en
t
d
ev
ices
an
d
b
ac
k
u
p
u
n
its
to
tal
in
g
an
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
C
HF
3
0
p
er
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
a
m
ar
g
in
al
co
s
t
o
f
C
HF
0
.
3
6
f
o
r
ess
en
tial
p
er
ip
h
er
als
lik
e
p
o
wer
s
tr
i
p
s
.
So
f
twar
e
licen
s
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
SEB
is
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
in
s
titu
tio
n
-
wid
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
p
er
-
p
ar
ticip
an
t
co
s
t
o
f
C
HF
1
.
7
3
b
ased
o
n
a
co
h
o
r
t
o
f
1
4
,
4
6
2
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
L
o
g
is
tical
an
d
o
n
-
s
ite
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
clu
d
es
s
tu
d
en
t
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
f
o
r
p
ap
er
-
b
ased
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
ts
—
ca
lcu
lated
at
C
HF
0
.
0
5
p
er
p
ag
e
p
lu
s
a
C
HF
5
0
/h
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
f
ee
—
as
well
as
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
tech
n
ical
as
s
is
tan
ce
(
C
H
F
8
0
/h
)
an
d
m
o
d
u
le
lead
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t
(
C
HF 1
0
0
/h
)
to
en
s
u
r
e
e
x
am
in
ati
o
n
s
tab
ilit
y
.
I
n
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
ex
am
in
atio
n
p
h
ase
,
g
r
ad
in
g
an
d
ar
ch
iv
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
d
ep
en
d
s
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
t
h
e
ch
o
s
en
ex
am
f
o
r
m
at
(
MC
v
s
.
OQ
)
.
G
r
ad
in
g
an
d
ar
c
h
iv
in
g
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
f
in
al
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
es,
with
th
e
m
an
u
al
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
o
f
OQ
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
s
t
d
r
iv
er
.
T
h
is
task
r
eq
u
ir
es
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
5
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
ex
am
,
to
talin
g
1
7
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
lab
o
r
o
r
C
HF
1
,
7
0
0
f
o
r
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
h
o
r
t
o
f
3
3
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
ar
ch
iv
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
d
if
f
e
r
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
b
y
f
o
r
m
at;
p
h
y
s
ical
ar
ch
iv
in
g
(
i
n
clu
d
in
g
s
ca
n
n
in
g
a
n
d
l
o
g
g
in
g
)
n
ec
ess
itates
5
m
in
u
tes
o
f
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
t
p
er
ex
am
,
a
m
o
u
n
tin
g
to
C
HF
1
3
8
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
ats
f
ac
ilit
ate
au
to
m
ated
ar
c
h
iv
in
g
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
elim
in
atin
g
t
h
ese
m
an
u
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
c
o
s
ts
an
d
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
s
ca
lab
le
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
lar
g
er
s
tu
d
en
t c
o
h
o
r
ts
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
ed
th
r
ee
f
ie
ld
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
u
les
at
th
e
Z
HAW,
ea
ch
with
v
ar
y
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
izes:
Mo
d
u
le
A
(
n
=
3
3
)
,
Mo
d
u
le
B
(
n
=4
8
9
)
,
an
d
Mo
d
u
le
C
(
n
=1
9
4
)
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
m
o
d
u
les
d
if
f
er
p
r
im
ar
ily
in
co
h
o
r
t
s
ize
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
co
n
tex
t,
r
ath
er
t
h
an
in
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
.
All
m
o
d
u
les
b
elo
n
g
to
th
e
s
am
e
ac
ad
em
ic
f
ield
,
n
am
ely
b
u
s
in
ess
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
–
r
elate
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
at
th
e
Z
HAW
.
T
h
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es,
ass
es
s
m
en
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ex
am
in
atio
n
r
e
g
u
lati
o
n
s
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
a
b
le
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
lies
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
n
)
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
in
g
s
am
p
le
s
izes
th
er
ef
o
r
e
r
ef
lect
n
atu
r
ally
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
co
h
o
r
t
s
izes,
n
o
t
s
elec
tiv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
c
es
in
d
is
cip
lin
e.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
les
wer
e
in
ten
tio
n
ally
in
clu
d
ed
to
ex
a
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ef
f
icien
cy
ef
f
ec
ts
s
ca
le
with
p
ar
ticip
an
t n
u
m
b
e
r
s
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
allo
ws f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
in
g
ex
am
in
atio
n
f
o
r
m
ats
ac
r
o
s
s
s
m
all,
m
ed
iu
m
,
an
d
lar
g
e
co
h
o
r
ts
with
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
f
ield
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
th
er
eb
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
I
n
ea
ch
ca
s
e,
th
e
ex
am
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
two
p
ar
allel
f
o
r
m
ats:
as
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
ap
er
-
p
e
n
ex
am
an
d
as
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
EA
.
T
h
e
en
tir
e
ex
am
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
an
aly
ze
d
f
r
o
m
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
p
h
ases
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
an
d
a
r
ch
iv
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
s
t
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
w
clea
r
ef
f
icien
cy
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
f
o
r
th
e
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
at.
W
h
ile
th
e
e
f
f
o
r
t
f
o
r
b
o
th
f
o
r
m
a
ts
was
co
m
p
ar
ab
l
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
h
ase,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
ec
o
m
e
ap
p
ar
e
n
t
s
tar
tin
g
in
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
h
ase:
th
e
PP
E
f
o
r
m
at
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
r
o
o
m
b
o
o
k
in
g
,
m
ater
ial
lo
g
is
tics
,
an
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
o
r
y
s
taf
f
,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
th
in
g
s
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
p
ar
tially
o
r
co
m
p
letely
e
lim
in
ated
in
th
e
EA
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
is
m
o
s
t
ev
i
d
en
t
in
t
h
e
m
ar
k
in
g
p
h
ase:
au
to
m
ated
e
v
alu
atio
n
s
m
ad
e
i
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
av
e
u
p
to
9
0
%
o
f
th
e
ef
f
o
r
t
f
o
r
EA
,
as
s
ee
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Fo
r
MC
ex
am
s
,
EA
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
m
ajo
r
ef
f
icien
cy
b
e
n
ef
its
.
As
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
2
,
in
M
o
d
u
le
B
(
n
=4
8
9
)
,
co
s
ts
d
r
o
p
p
ed
f
r
o
m
C
HF
2
9
,
2
9
5
(
PP
E
)
to
C
HF
4
,
4
2
2
(
E
A)
,
an
8
5
%
r
e
d
u
c
tio
n
.
Similar
p
atter
n
s
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
M
o
d
u
le
A
an
d
Mo
d
u
le
C
,
co
m
p
ar
e
T
a
b
le
s
1
an
d
3
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
f
o
r
OQ
f
o
r
m
ats,
th
e
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
W
h
ile
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tep
s
r
em
ain
ed
ef
f
icien
t
(
e.
g
.
,
d
ig
ital
ar
c
h
iv
in
g
,
lo
g
is
tical
s
etu
p
)
,
th
e
m
a
n
u
al
g
r
ad
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
EA
o
f
f
s
et
m
o
s
t
ad
v
a
n
tag
es.
I
n
Mo
d
u
le
B
,
th
e
to
tal
co
s
t
f
o
r
OQ
EA
was
C
HF
2
8
,
9
2
2
,
n
ea
r
ly
id
en
tical
to
C
HF 2
9
,
2
9
5
f
o
r
PP
E
,
as
T
ab
l
e
2
in
d
icate
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
p
h
ase
,
th
e
ef
f
o
r
t
was
s
im
ilar
f
o
r
b
o
th
f
o
r
m
ats
–
alth
o
u
g
h
a
d
d
itio
n
al
I
T
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
was
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
EA
.
Du
r
in
g
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
,
th
e
lo
g
is
tical
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I
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atio
n
s
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e
ef
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o
r
t
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ed
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ce
d
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y
u
p
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9
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h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
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ten
t
with
ex
is
tin
g
s
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d
ies,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asize
au
to
m
atio
n
as
a
k
e
y
p
o
ten
tial o
f
d
ig
ital e
x
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in
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n
f
o
r
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ats [
5
1
]
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co
m
p
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r
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to
T
a
b
le
4
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T
ab
le
3
.
E
x
am
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co
s
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aly
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is
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ep
t.
W
Z
HAW (
MC
-
f
o
r
m
at
an
d
OQ
-
f
o
r
m
at;
n
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9
4
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Ex
a
m
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e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
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d
p
l
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n
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n
g
P
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P
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E
(
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C
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(
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O
Q
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n
t
e
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l
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t
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l
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5
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r
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f
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a
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u
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t
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l
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8
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9
8
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5
0
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Ex
a
m
a
r
c
h
i
v
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c
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u
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l
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t
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l
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2
9
5
2
5
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1
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5
1
2
2
9
5
1
2
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0
1
.
5
T
ab
le
4
.
T
o
tal
ex
am
co
s
ts
b
y
f
o
r
m
at
an
d
m
o
d
u
le
(
in
C
HF)
M
o
d
u
l
e
P
P
E
M
C
EA
M
C
%∆
P
P
E
O
Q
EA
O
Q
%∆
A
(
n
=
3
3
)
3
,
1
5
5
1
,
3
8
8
.
5
0
-
56
3
,
1
5
5
3
,
0
8
8
.
5
0
-
2
.
1
B
(
n
=
4
8
9
)
2
9
,
2
9
5
4
,
4
2
2
.
1
5
-
8
4
.
9
2
9
,
2
9
5
2
8
,
9
2
2
.
1
5
-
1
.
3
C
(
n
=
1
9
4
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1
2
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2
9
5
2
,
5
0
1
.
5
0
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7
9
.
7
1
2
,
2
9
5
1
2
,
0
0
1
.
5
0
-
2
.
4
As
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
les
5
-
7
,
t
h
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
h
ase
s
h
o
wed
o
n
ly
m
in
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
PP
E
an
d
E
A
ac
r
o
s
s
all
th
r
ee
m
o
d
u
les.
I
n
Mo
d
u
le
B
,
d
ig
ital
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
(
e.
g
.
,
e
x
am
s
ettin
g
s
in
Mo
o
d
le,
im
p
o
r
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
n
u
m
b
er
s
)
r
esu
lted
in
a
tim
e
s
a
v
in
g
o
f
2
0
–
2
5
%.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
g
r
ea
test
im
p
ac
t
was
s
ee
n
in
t
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
:
wh
i
le
PP
E
r
eq
u
ir
es
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
an
alo
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
(
p
r
in
to
u
ts
,
m
ater
ials
,
s
ca
n
n
in
g
,
an
d
ar
c
h
i
v
in
g
)
,
E
A
was
a
b
le
to
lar
g
ely
r
ep
lace
th
ese
with
s
o
f
twar
e
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
was
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
tr
o
n
g
in
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
h
ase.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
PP
E
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
in
Mo
d
u
le
B
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
v
er
1
2
0
h
o
u
r
s
(
esti
m
ated
co
s
t:
C
HF
1
0
,
8
0
0
)
,
wh
er
ea
s
E
A
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
wer
e
co
m
p
leted
in
u
n
d
e
r
1
0
h
o
u
r
s
(
C
HF
9
5
0
)
.
A
s
im
ilar
p
atter
n
em
er
g
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
all
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
e
a
r
ch
iv
in
g
p
h
ase
f
o
r
PP
E
was
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
s
ca
n
n
in
g
,
l
o
g
g
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
.
E
A
d
ata,
o
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
was
s
to
r
ed
au
to
m
atica
lly
o
n
a
s
er
v
er
—
with
clea
r
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
ata
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
ac
c
ess
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
a
n
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
ws
th
e
lar
g
er
th
e
ex
am
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
at,
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
EA
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
s
5
-
7
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
s
t
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
b
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
h
ase
(
in
C
HF)
–
Mo
d
u
le
A
(
n
=3
3
)
P
h
a
se
P
P
E
M
C
EA
M
C
%∆
P
P
E
O
Q
EA
O
Q
%∆
P
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
1
,
1
1
7
1
,
1
8
5
+
6
.
1
1
,
1
1
7
1
,
1
8
5
+
6
.
1
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
1
0
0
2
0
3
.
5
0
+
1
0
3
.
5
1
0
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2
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3
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5
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+
1
0
3
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5
G
r
a
d
i
n
g
1
,
8
0
0
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0
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,
8
0
0
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,
7
0
0
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5
.
6
A
r
c
h
i
v
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g
1
3
8
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0
0
To
t
a
l
3
,
1
5
5
1
,
3
8
8
.
5
0
-
56
3
,
1
5
5
3
,
0
8
8
.
5
0
-
2
.
1
T
ab
le
6
.
C
o
s
t
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
b
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
h
ase
(
in
C
HF)
–
Mo
d
u
le
B
(
n
=4
8
9
)
P
h
a
se
P
P
E
M
C
EA
M
C
%∆
P
P
E
O
Q
EA
O
Q
%∆
P
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
1
,
5
4
5
2
,
4
0
0
+
5
5
.
3
1
,
5
4
5
2
,
4
0
0
+
5
5
.
3
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
1
,
0
0
0
2
,
0
2
2
.
1
5
+
1
0
2
.
2
1
,
0
0
0
2
,
0
2
2
.
1
5
+
1
0
2
.
2
G
r
a
d
i
n
g
2
4
,
7
0
0
0
-
1
0
0
2
4
,
7
0
0
2
4
,
5
0
0
-
0
.
8
A
r
c
h
i
v
i
n
g
2
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0
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0
0
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0
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1
0
0
To
t
a
l
2
9
,
2
9
5
4
,
4
2
2
.
1
5
-
8
4
.
9
2
9
,
2
9
5
2
8
,
9
2
2
.
1
5
-
1
.
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
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I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l a
s
s
ess
men
t fo
r
ma
ts
in
h
ig
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
:
a
n
emp
ir
ica
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
… (
F
la
vio
Di
Giu
s
to
)
1157
T
ab
le
7
.
C
o
s
t
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
b
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
h
ase
(
in
C
HF)
–
Mo
d
u
le
C
(
n
=1
9
4
)
P
h
a
se
P
P
E
M
C
EA
M
C
%∆
P
P
E
O
Q
EA
O
Q
%∆
P
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
1
,
2
9
5
1
,
7
2
5
+
3
3
.
2
1
,
2
9
5
1
,
7
2
5
+
3
3
.
2
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
4
0
0
7
7
6
.
5
0
+
9
4
.
1
4
0
0
7
7
6
.
5
0
+
9
4
.
1
G
r
a
d
i
n
g
9
,
8
0
0
0
-
1
0
0
9
,
8
0
0
9
,
5
0
0
-
3
.
1
A
r
c
h
i
v
i
n
g
8
0
0
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1
0
0
8
0
0
0
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1
0
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To
t
a
l
1
2
,
2
9
5
2
,
5
0
1
.
5
0
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7
9
.
7
1
2
,
2
9
5
1
2
,
0
0
1
.
5
0
-
2
.
4
T
ab
les
5
-
7
s
h
o
w
th
at
wh
ile
E
A
MC
f
o
r
m
ats
g
en
er
ate
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
,
E
A
O
Q
f
o
r
m
ats
r
em
ain
alm
o
s
t
as
co
s
tly
as
th
eir
PP
E
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
m
an
u
al
g
r
a
d
in
g
b
u
r
d
e
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
is
o
lates
th
e
to
tal
co
s
ts
o
f
MC
ex
am
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
th
r
ee
m
o
d
u
les,
co
m
p
ar
in
g
p
ap
er
-
b
ased
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
ats.
T
h
e
co
s
t
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
EA
is
im
m
ed
iately
ev
id
en
t.
I
n
Mo
d
u
le
A,
c
o
s
ts
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
f
r
o
m
C
HF
3
,
1
5
5
to
C
HF
1
,
3
8
8
.
5
0
(
−
5
6
%),
wh
il
e
Mo
d
u
le
B
,
with
its
lar
g
er
co
h
o
r
t,
s
aw
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
C
HF
2
9
,
2
9
5
to
C
HF
4
,
4
2
2
.
1
5
(
−
8
4
.
9
%).
Similar
ly
,
Mo
d
u
le
C
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
o
f
n
ea
r
l
y
8
0
%.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ea
f
f
ir
m
th
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
d
ig
ital
MC
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
ettin
g
s
with
h
ig
h
p
ar
ticip
an
t n
u
m
b
er
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
test
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
elativ
e
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
o
d
u
l
e
an
d
ex
am
f
o
r
m
at.
T
h
e
ef
f
ici
en
cy
g
ain
s
o
f
MC
E
A
ar
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
with
s
av
in
g
s
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
7
5
%
in
all
ca
s
es.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
OQ
E
A
s
h
o
w
o
n
ly
m
in
im
al
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
o
f
au
to
m
atio
n
i
n
r
e
alizin
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
q
u
esti
o
n
f
o
r
m
at
a
n
d
c
o
s
t im
p
ac
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
o
tal
ex
am
c
o
s
ts
-
MC
f
o
r
m
at
o
n
ly
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Per
ce
n
ta
g
e
s
av
in
g
s
b
y
f
o
r
m
at
an
d
m
o
d
u
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
1
5
1
-
1
1
6
2
1158
Fig
u
r
e
3
c
o
m
p
ar
es
t
h
e
to
tal
e
x
am
in
atio
n
c
o
s
ts
f
o
r
b
o
th
MC
an
d
OQ
f
o
r
m
ats
ac
r
o
s
s
Mo
d
u
les
A,
B
,
an
d
C
.
T
h
e
d
ata
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
s
av
in
g
s
f
o
r
EA
in
MC
s
et
tin
g
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
ex
am
s
s
u
ch
as
Mo
d
u
le
B
.
W
h
ile
tr
ad
itio
n
al
MC
an
d
OQ
e
x
am
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
in
cu
r
r
ed
id
en
tical
co
s
ts
,
d
ig
ital
MC
f
o
r
m
ats
ac
h
ie
v
ed
co
s
t
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
s
b
etwe
en
5
6
%
an
d
8
5
%.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
d
ig
ital
OQ
f
o
r
m
ats
y
ield
e
d
o
n
ly
m
ar
g
in
al
s
av
in
g
s
(
1
–
3
%),
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
t
h
at
m
an
u
al
g
r
ad
in
g
co
n
tin
u
es
to
d
r
iv
e
co
s
t
p
ar
it
y
with
p
ap
er
-
b
ased
ex
am
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
o
tal
ex
am
c
o
s
ts
b
y
f
o
r
m
at
an
d
m
o
d
u
le
Fig
u
r
e
4
b
r
ea
k
s
d
o
wn
th
e
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
b
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
h
ase
(
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
g
r
ad
in
g
,
an
d
ar
ch
iv
in
g
)
f
o
r
MC
e
x
am
s
in
all
th
r
ee
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
g
r
ad
i
n
g
a
n
d
ar
ch
iv
in
g
p
h
ases
,
ea
ch
r
ea
ch
in
g
1
0
0
%
d
u
e
to
f
u
ll
au
to
m
ati
o
n
.
I
n
co
n
t
r
ast,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
h
ase
s
h
o
ws
n
o
tab
le
co
s
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
—
ex
ce
ed
in
g
9
0
%
in
all
m
o
d
u
les
—
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
d
i
g
ital
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
SEB co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Pre
p
ar
atio
n
p
h
ase
co
s
ts
also
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
lig
h
tly
,
esp
ec
ially
in
lar
g
er
m
o
d
u
les.
Fig
u
r
e
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
h
ase
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
s
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
OQ
ex
am
s
.
W
h
ile
ar
ch
iv
in
g
s
av
in
g
s
r
em
ain
co
n
s
is
ten
t
at
1
0
0
%,
g
r
ad
in
g
i
s
o
n
ly
s
lig
h
tly
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
d
u
e
to
c
o
n
tin
u
e
d
r
elian
ce
o
n
m
an
u
al
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
a
n
d
p
r
ep
ar
ati
o
n
p
h
ases
ex
h
ib
it
co
s
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
o
f
3
0
–
1
0
0
%,
s
im
ilar
to
th
o
s
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
MC
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
ica
te
th
at
with
o
u
t
au
to
m
atio
n
in
g
r
ad
in
g
,
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
d
ig
ital
OQ
f
o
r
m
ats r
em
ain
s
lar
g
el
y
u
n
ta
p
p
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ph
ase
-
wis
e
E
A
s
av
in
g
s
o
v
er
PP
E
(
MC
-
f
o
r
m
at)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l a
s
s
ess
men
t fo
r
ma
ts
in
h
ig
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
:
a
n
emp
ir
ica
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
… (
F
la
vio
Di
Giu
s
to
)
1159
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ph
ase
-
wis
e
E
A
s
av
in
g
s
o
v
er
PP
E
(
OQ
-
f
o
r
m
a
t)
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
in
ter
v
iews
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
s
u
r
v
ey
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
h
i
g
h
lev
el
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
a
n
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
d
ig
ital
e
x
am
f
o
r
m
ats.
T
o
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
f
o
r
m
ats,
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
m
i
n
is
ter
ed
af
te
r
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
k
ey
v
ar
iab
les
r
elate
d
to
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
,
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
f
air
n
ess
,
p
r
a
ctica
lity
,
an
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
lin
ess
o
f
th
e
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
f
o
r
m
at,
as
well
as
attitu
d
es
t
o
war
d
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
E
ac
h
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
was
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
d
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
item
s
r
ated
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
to
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
.
Per
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
f
o
r
m
at
ca
p
tu
r
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
o
v
er
all
ev
alu
ati
o
n
an
d
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
v
er
s
u
s
p
ap
er
-
b
ased
ex
am
s
.
Fair
n
ess
item
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
eq
u
ality
o
f
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
o
f
g
r
ad
in
g
,
an
d
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
ex
a
m
f
o
r
m
at.
User
-
f
r
ien
d
lin
ess
an
d
p
r
ac
ticality
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
item
s
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
clar
it
y
o
f
n
a
v
ig
atio
n
,
tim
e
h
an
d
lin
g
,
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
wo
r
k
lo
ad
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
-
r
elate
d
item
s
ass
es
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
tech
n
ical
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
h
an
d
lin
g
th
e
d
ig
ital
ex
am
in
atio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
o
p
e
n
-
en
d
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
allo
wed
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
q
u
alitativ
e
co
m
m
en
ts
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
t a
d
v
an
tag
es o
r
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
e
x
am
in
atio
n
f
o
r
m
at.
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esu
lts
also
p
ain
t
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
ictu
r
e
.
Stu
d
en
ts
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
r
ate
E
A
p
o
s
itiv
ely
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ter
m
s
o
f
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
lin
ess
(
8
4
%)
an
d
f
air
n
ess
(
7
7
%).
T
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
e
v
ea
ls
a
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e:
7
6
%
p
r
e
f
er
d
ig
ital
ex
a
m
s
,
8
3
%
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
b
e
f
air
,
an
d
9
2
%
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
EA
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
o
d
u
les.
Dea
lin
g
with
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
wa
s
cited
as
a
cr
it
ical
is
s
u
e
–
alb
eit
o
n
ly
b
y
a
s
m
all
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
(
9
%).
T
h
e
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
.
I
t sh
o
ws th
at
d
ig
it
al
ass
e
s
s
m
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t o
n
ly
f
ea
s
ib
le
b
u
t a
ls
o
d
esira
b
le
–
p
r
o
v
id
ed
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
tech
n
ical
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
ar
e
g
u
ar
a
n
teed
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
with
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
f
air
n
ess
,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
in
d
ica
tes
th
at
EA
f
o
r
m
ats
d
o
n
o
t
cr
ea
te
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
,
b
u
t
ar
e,
o
n
th
e
co
n
tr
a
r
y
,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
as
eq
u
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
W
h
ile
m
an
y
em
p
h
asize
ad
v
an
tag
es
s
u
ch
as
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
a
n
d
f
air
n
ess
,
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t te
ch
n
ical
g
litch
es r
em
ain
.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
b
ac
k
u
p
c
o
n
ce
p
t,
e
.
g
.
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
o
r
alter
n
ativ
e
ac
ce
s
s
,
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
.
Ov
er
all,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
willin
g
n
ess
to
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
ass
ess
m
en
ts
i
s
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
clea
r
ly
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
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ly
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22
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,
[
5
2
].
4.
CO
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I
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F
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C
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RE
F
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
K
u
n
d
u
a
n
d
T.
B
e
j
,
“
Ex
p
e
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e
n
c
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e
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t
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9
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1
0
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/
h
e
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-
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2
0
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1
-
0
0
3
2
.
[
2
]
J.
H
e
i
l
a
n
d
D
.
I
f
e
n
t
h
a
l
e
r
,
“
O
n
l
i
n
e
a
s
sessme
n
t
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
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o
n
:
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s
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st
e
mat
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v
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w
,
”
O
n
l
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n
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L
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,
v
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.
2
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.
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o
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:
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5
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j
.
v
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1
.
3
3
9
8
.
[
3
]
S
.
S
.
M
.
H
u
d
a
,
M
d
.
K
a
b
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r
,
a
n
d
T.
S
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d
d
i
q
,
“
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-
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ss
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ssm
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n
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h
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g
h
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d
u
c
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t
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:
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s’
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,
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n
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r
n
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o
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,
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p
p
.
2
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0
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0
.
[
4
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M
.
I
sk
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,
I
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,
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,
1
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.
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o
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c
h
t
:
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p
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g
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s,
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:
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7
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4.
[
5
]
R
.
B
a
b
o
,
L
.
V
.
B
a
b
o
,
J.
T
.
S
u
h
o
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e
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
T
u
k
i
a
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n
,
“
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ss
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n
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w
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m
u
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t
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p
l
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-
c
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q
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st
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o
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s
:
a
5
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r
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t
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f
st
u
d
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t
s’
o
p
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o
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f
o
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a
t
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o
n
T
e
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h
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o
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y
Ed
u
c
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t
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n
:
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n
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d
o
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:
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1
.
[
6
]
S
.
B
.
S
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n
g
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e
,
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.
N
.
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n
d
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,
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d
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.
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.
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,
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En
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