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2
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20
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6
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Feb
23
,
2
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2
6
Emo
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
tag
i
o
n
(EC)
sig
n
i
fica
n
tl
y
i
n
fl
u
e
n
c
e
s
stu
d
e
n
t
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s
in
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
se
tt
in
g
s,
y
e
t
it
s
re
latio
n
sh
ip
wit
h
d
i
g
it
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
e
—
a
k
e
y
re
q
u
irem
e
n
t
fo
r
c
o
n
tem
p
o
ra
ry
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
su
c
c
e
ss
—
re
m
a
in
s
u
n
c
lea
r.
Th
is
stu
d
y
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
t
h
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
ro
le
o
f
se
n
se
o
f
b
e
l
o
n
g
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g
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n
t
h
e
re
latio
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sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
EC
a
n
d
d
i
g
it
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l
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m
p
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c
e
a
m
o
n
g
Eg
y
p
ti
a
n
u
n
i
v
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rsity
stu
d
e
n
ts.
Two
sa
m
p
les
fro
m
Al
-
Az
h
a
r
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
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re
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ru
it
e
d
:
a
p
sy
c
h
o
m
e
tri
c
v
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li
d
a
ti
o
n
sa
m
p
le
(N=
4
8
6
)
a
n
d
a
m
a
in
st
u
d
y
sa
m
p
le
(N=
7
3
7
)
.
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a
rti
c
ip
a
n
t
s
c
o
m
p
lete
d
v
a
li
d
a
ted
Ara
b
ic v
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n
s
o
f
th
e
se
n
se
o
f
b
e
l
o
n
g
in
g
i
n
v
e
n
to
ry
,
th
e
su
sc
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p
ti
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it
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to
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
tag
i
o
n
(S
EC)
sc
a
le,
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
i
g
it
a
l
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o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
sc
a
le
fo
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iv
e
rsit
y
stu
d
e
n
ts.
Da
ta
we
re
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
u
sin
g
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o
rre
latio
n
a
n
a
ly
se
s
a
n
d
str
u
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
(
S
EM
)
with
b
o
o
tstrap
tes
ti
n
g
.
Re
su
lt
s
sh
o
we
d
t
h
a
t
se
n
se
o
f
b
e
lo
n
g
i
n
g
p
a
rti
a
ll
y
m
e
d
iate
d
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
s
b
e
twe
e
n
b
o
t
h
ty
p
e
s
o
f
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a
n
d
d
i
g
it
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
.
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o
siti
v
e
EC
h
a
d
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
d
i
re
c
t
e
ffe
c
ts
o
n
b
e
lo
n
g
i
n
g
(β=
.
3
5
4
)
a
n
d
d
i
g
it
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
(β=
.
1
9
5
)
,
wit
h
3
9
.
4
%
o
f
it
s
t
o
tal
e
ffe
c
t
m
e
d
ia
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
e
lo
n
g
i
n
g
.
Ne
g
a
ti
v
e
EC
a
lso
h
a
d
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
d
irec
t
e
ffe
c
ts
o
n
b
e
l
o
n
g
in
g
(β=
-
.
1
1
9
)
a
n
d
d
ig
it
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
(β=
-
.
1
4
1
),
with
2
3
.
4
%
m
e
d
iate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
e
lo
n
g
i
n
g
.
Th
e
se
fin
d
i
n
g
s
su
g
g
e
st
th
a
t
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
sh
o
u
ld
i
m
p
lem
e
n
t
b
e
lo
n
g
i
n
g
-
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
in
it
iati
v
e
s
to
stre
n
g
th
e
n
d
ig
i
tal
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
a
n
d
m
a
x
imiz
e
th
e
b
e
n
e
fit
s
o
f
p
o
siti
v
e
EC
wh
il
e
m
it
i
g
a
ti
n
g
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
flu
e
n
c
e
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
ce
E
m
o
tio
n
al
co
n
tag
io
n
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
Me
d
iatio
n
an
aly
s
is
Sen
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
h
am
ed
Ali N
em
t
-
allah
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
an
d
Statis
tics
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Al
-
Azh
ar
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
T
af
h
n
a
Al
-
Ash
r
af
,
Dak
ah
lia,
E
g
y
p
t
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m
ail:
m
o
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n
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2
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2
6
@
az
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.
ed
u
.
eg
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
m
o
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tag
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n
(
E
C
)
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
a
u
to
m
atic
a
n
d
o
f
ten
u
n
co
n
s
cio
u
s
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
em
o
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
a
n
n
els
in
clu
d
in
g
f
a
cial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
,
b
o
d
y
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
v
o
ca
l
to
n
e
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
f
s
o
cial
co
h
esio
n
o
p
e
r
ates
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
ettin
g
s
,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
e
in
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t,
clo
s
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
em
o
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
m
an
i
f
ests
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
v
ir
t
u
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
with
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
r
ap
i
d
ly
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
i
n
g
s
p
ac
es
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
W
ith
in
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tex
ts
,
EC
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
t
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
b
y
s
h
ap
i
n
g
g
r
o
u
p
d
y
n
am
ics,
af
f
ec
tin
g
r
ap
p
o
r
t
with
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
,
an
d
im
p
ac
tin
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Un
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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Vo
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15
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Ap
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20
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6
:
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1104
th
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s
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I
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h
as
em
er
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as
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f
u
n
d
am
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tal
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
u
n
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er
s
ity
s
t
u
d
en
ts
,
d
e
f
in
ed
as
th
e
ab
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y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
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u
s
e
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
ac
ce
s
s
,
ev
al
u
ate,
cr
ea
te,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ic
ate
in
f
o
r
m
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wh
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s
o
lv
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g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
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g
o
n
lin
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[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
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m
u
ltifa
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ted
s
k
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et
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co
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ass
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tech
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ical
p
r
o
f
ic
ien
cy
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
liter
ac
y
,
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
i
g
ital
b
eh
av
io
r
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D‑
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
s
p
ed
u
p
th
e
s
h
if
t
to
o
n
lin
e
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
lear
n
in
g
,
m
ak
in
g
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
r
at
h
er
th
a
n
an
o
p
tio
n
al
s
k
ill
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
ig
h
e
r
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
e
x
h
ib
it
s
u
p
er
io
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
en
h
an
ce
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
in
m
an
ag
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
9
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
em
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
,
as
m
o
d
er
n
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
em
an
d
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
d
ig
it
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
co
n
ten
t
cr
ea
tio
n
[
9
]
,
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
ettin
g
s
,
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
a
s
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
f
ac
to
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
a
cc
ep
tan
ce
,
v
al
u
e,
an
d
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
with
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
R
o
o
ted
in
s
o
cial
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
th
is
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
alig
n
s
with
B
au
m
eist
er
an
d
L
ea
r
y
[
2
0
]
b
elo
n
g
in
g
n
ess
h
y
p
o
th
esis
an
d
s
elf
-
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
th
eo
r
y
,
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
b
elo
n
g
in
g
as
ess
e
n
tial
f
o
r
well
-
b
ein
g
a
n
d
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
en
co
m
p
ass
es
s
o
cial
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
ess
with
p
ee
r
s
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
,
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
in
clu
s
io
n
,
an
d
i
d
en
tity
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
cu
ltu
r
e
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
b
o
th
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
well
-
b
e
in
g
,
with
s
tr
o
n
g
er
b
elo
n
g
in
g
ass
o
ciate
d
with
e
n
h
an
ce
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
en
g
ag
e
m
e
n
t,
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
r
o
p
o
u
t
in
ten
tio
n
s
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
f
o
s
ter
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
,
r
esil
ien
ce
,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
m
ar
g
in
aliz
ed
s
tu
d
en
t p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
h
as
r
ev
ea
l
ed
a
co
m
p
lex
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
EC
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
R
esear
ch
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ca
n
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
s
tr
ess
,
with
h
ig
h
er
d
i
g
ital
s
k
ills
en
ab
lin
g
b
etter
u
s
e
o
f
o
n
lin
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
s
tr
ess
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
Stu
d
i
es
f
u
r
th
er
in
d
icate
th
at
en
h
a
n
c
ed
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
ig
ital
an
x
iety
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
em
o
tio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
in
o
n
li
n
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
i
g
ital
s
k
ills
an
d
m
o
b
ile
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
to
m
ed
iate
s
tr
ess
an
d
en
g
ag
em
en
t in
v
ir
tu
a
l le
ar
n
in
g
co
n
te
x
ts
[
3
3
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
in
co
n
s
is
ten
ci
es
ex
is
t,
as
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
est
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
r
em
ain
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
t
h
a
n
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
alo
n
e
[
1
9
]
,
wh
ile
o
th
er
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
h
o
w
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
d
ig
ital
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
ca
n
n
e
g
ativ
ely
i
m
p
ac
t
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
[
3
4
]
,
in
d
icatin
g
co
n
te
x
t
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
s
elf
-
d
eter
m
in
a
tio
n
th
eo
r
y
,
b
elo
n
g
in
g
f
u
lf
i
lls
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ic
al
n
ee
d
s
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
em
o
tio
n
al
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
to
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
s
tates
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ed
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
in
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
o
cial
-
em
o
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
s
ter
s
co
n
f
id
en
ce
a
n
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
tr
an
s
latin
g
em
o
tio
n
al
r
eso
n
an
ce
in
to
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
3
5
]
–
[
3
8
]
.
Me
d
iatio
n
m
o
d
els
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
b
elo
n
g
in
g
lin
k
s
em
o
tio
n
al
ca
p
ac
ities
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tco
m
es,
s
u
ch
as
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
Giv
e
n
th
ese
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
,
a
n
em
p
ir
ical
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
is
war
r
an
ted
t
o
clar
if
y
wh
eth
e
r
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
n
ess
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
EC
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
b
o
th
s
o
cial
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
d
ig
ital sk
ill d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t a
m
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Desp
ite
g
r
o
win
g
in
ter
est
in
EC
,
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
p
er
s
is
t
th
at
lim
it
o
u
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
EC
r
esear
ch
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
r
elies
o
n
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
,
co
lleg
e
-
a
g
ed
s
a
m
p
les
f
r
o
m
W
ester
n
p
o
p
u
la
tio
n
s
,
with
m
in
im
al
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
its
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
its
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Similar
ly
,
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
n
d
er
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
wh
ile
r
a
r
ely
e
x
am
in
in
g
m
e
d
iatin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
lin
k
in
g
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
to
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tco
m
es
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
Dig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
r
esear
ch
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
r
at
h
er
th
a
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
with
li
m
ited
atten
tio
n
to
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
v
ar
iatio
n
s
a
n
d
m
ed
iatio
n
p
ath
wa
y
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
in
n
o
n
-
W
ester
n
co
n
tex
ts
,
wh
er
e
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
em
o
ti
o
n
al
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
,
s
o
cial
b
o
n
d
in
g
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
tly
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tu
d
ies in
d
i
v
er
s
e
s
ettin
g
s
to
en
h
an
ce
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
co
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
ese
g
ap
s
b
y
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
wh
eth
er
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
m
ed
iate
s
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
EC
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
am
o
n
g
Al
-
Azh
ar
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
E
g
y
p
t.
Dr
awin
g
o
n
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
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,
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2
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7
Th
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2
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T
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t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
1
0
3
-
1
1
1
3
1106
(
GFI
)
=.
9
1
5
,
ad
ju
s
ted
g
o
o
d
n
es
s
o
f
f
it
in
d
ex
(
AGFI
)
=.
8
9
7
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
i
n
d
ex
(
C
FI)
=.
9
2
6
,
n
o
r
m
ed
f
it
in
d
e
x
(
NFI
)
=.
8
6
6
,
in
cr
em
e
n
tal
f
it
in
d
ex
(
I
FI
)
=.
9
2
7
,
a
n
d
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
e
r
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ati
o
n
(
R
MSE
A)
=.
0
4
7
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
:
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
p
ee
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
ω
=.
7
4
5
,
α
=.
7
5
8
)
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
f
ac
u
lty
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
ω
=
.
8
5
3
,
α
=.
8
5
2
)
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
class
r
o
o
m
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
(
ω
=.
8
5
8
,
α
=
.
8
4
7
)
,
an
d
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
is
o
latio
n
(
ω
=.
7
1
2
,
α
=.
7
0
2
)
.
T
h
e
s
u
s
c
e
p
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
a
g
i
o
n
(
S
E
C
)
s
c
a
l
e
w
as
u
til
i
z
e
d
t
o
m
e
as
u
r
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
S
E
C
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
is
8
-
i
t
e
m
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
es
t
w
o
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
d
im
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
:
s
u
s
c
e
p
t
i
b
i
l
it
y
t
o
p
o
s
i
ti
v
e
EC
(
p
o
s
i
ti
v
e
S
E
C
;
4
i
t
e
m
s
)
a
n
d
s
u
s
c
e
p
ti
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
EC
(
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
S
E
C
;
4
i
t
e
m
s
)
.
T
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
s
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
i
k
e
r
t
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
t
o
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
,
w
it
h
p
o
s
it
iv
e
i
t
e
m
s
c
o
d
e
d
s
u
ch
t
h
a
t
5
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
es
s
t
r
o
n
g
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
it
e
m
s
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
-
c
o
d
e
d
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
1
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
es
s
t
r
o
n
g
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
y
i
e
l
d
a
t
o
t
a
l
s
co
r
e
,
a
s
t
h
e
tw
o
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
al
l
y
a
n
d
e
m
p
i
r
i
ca
l
l
y
d
i
s
t
i
n
ct
.
F
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
l
at
i
o
n
a
n
d
b
a
c
k
-
t
r
a
n
s
l
at
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
,
C
F
A
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
t
h
e
t
w
o
-
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
w
i
t
h
g
o
o
d
f
i
t
i
n
d
i
c
e
s
:
χ
²
/
d
f
=
2
.
7
9
2
,
G
F
I
=
.
9
7
3
,
A
GF
I
=
.
9
4
9
,
C
F
I
=
.
9
6
5
,
NF
I
=
.
9
4
7
,
I
F
I
=
.
9
6
5
,
a
n
d
R
MS
E
A
=
.
0
6
1
.
B
o
t
h
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
r
el
i
a
b
il
it
y
:
p
o
s
i
ti
v
e
S
E
C
(
ω
=
.
7
6
3
,
α
=
.
7
6
3
)
a
n
d
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
S
E
C
(
ω
=
.
7
6
4
,
α
=
.
7
6
3
)
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
s
ca
l
e
f
o
r
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
was
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
d
ig
itally
en
h
an
ce
d
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
0
item
s
(
r
ef
in
e
d
f
r
o
m
an
o
r
ig
in
al
2
3
-
item
v
er
s
io
n
)
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
two
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
tech
n
ical
liter
ac
y
(
4
item
s
)
an
d
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
(
6
item
s
)
.
R
esp
o
n
s
es
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
(
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
t
o
4
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
,
with
to
tal
s
co
r
es
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
s
u
m
m
in
g
all
item
s
(
r
an
g
e:
0
-
4
0
)
,
wh
er
e
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
es
in
d
icate
g
r
ea
ter
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Af
ter
t
r
a
n
s
latio
n
an
d
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
C
FA
y
ield
ed
ac
c
ep
tab
le
f
it
in
d
ices:
χ²/d
f
=4
.
3
3
9
,
GFI
=.
9
4
7
,
AG
FI=
.
9
0
8
,
C
FI=
.
9
4
7
,
NFI
=.
9
3
3
,
I
FI=
.
9
4
7
,
a
n
d
R
MSE
A=
.
0
8
3
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
o
o
d
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
f
o
r
b
o
th
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
tech
n
ical
liter
ac
y
(
ω
=.
7
9
2
,
α
=.
7
9
1
)
an
d
d
ig
ital
sk
ills
(
ω
=.
8
3
0
,
α
=
.
8
2
9
)
.
2
.
4
.
P
ro
ce
du
re
Fo
llo
win
g
eth
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
m
p
leted
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
m
ea
s
u
r
es
elec
tr
o
n
ically
th
r
o
u
g
h
G
o
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
in
clu
d
ed
b
r
ief
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
c
o
v
er
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
v
o
lu
n
ta
r
in
ess
,
co
n
f
i
d
en
tiality
,
an
d
with
d
r
awa
l
r
ig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
in
cl
u
d
ed
th
e
th
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
in
a
r
an
d
o
m
ize
d
o
r
d
e
r
to
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
o
r
d
e
r
ef
f
ec
ts
.
All
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Ar
a
b
ic
f
o
llo
win
g
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
an
d
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
f
o
u
r
lin
g
u
is
tic
ex
p
er
ts
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
a
n
d
s
em
a
n
tic
eq
u
i
v
alen
ce
with
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
E
n
g
lis
h
v
er
s
io
n
s
.
N
o
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
was p
r
o
v
id
e
d
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
Su
r
v
ey
co
m
p
le
tio
n
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
5
-
2
0
m
in
u
tes.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
-
2
9
a
n
d
AM
OS
-
2
7
.
Har
m
a
n
’
s
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
test
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
a
cto
r
e
x
p
lain
ed
1
9
.
4
8
6
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
—
well
b
elo
w
th
e
5
0
%
b
e
n
ch
m
a
r
k
—
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
b
ias
was
n
o
t
a
m
ajo
r
is
s
u
e.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
b
iv
ar
iate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
les,
with
f
ac
to
r
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
.
SEM
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
test
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
m
ed
iati
o
n
m
o
d
el,
with
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ied
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
b
o
th
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
EC
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
et
en
ce
.
I
n
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
wer
e
test
ed
u
s
in
g
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
with
5
,
0
0
0
r
esam
p
les
an
d
b
ias
-
co
r
r
ec
ted
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
als
(
C
I
)
to
ass
ess
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
m
ed
iatio
n
p
ath
way
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
P
re
lim
ina
ry
a
na
ly
s
es
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
es
r
ev
ea
led
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
all
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
le
s
,
as
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Po
s
itiv
e
EC
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
m
o
d
er
ate
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
b
o
th
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
(
r
=.
4
0
4
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
(
r
=.
3
9
8
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
n
eg
ativ
e
EC
ex
h
i
b
ited
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
el
o
n
g
in
g
(
r
=
-
.
2
6
6
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
r
=
-
.
3
1
7
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
.
Sen
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
s
h
o
wed
a
m
o
d
er
a
te
p
o
s
itiv
e
lin
k
to
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
(
r
=.
4
7
5
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
ese
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
o
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ex
a
m
in
in
g
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y
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esized
m
e
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iatio
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d
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3
.
2
.
M
edia
t
io
n m
o
del t
esting
T
h
e
m
ed
iatio
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y
p
o
t
h
esis
was
ex
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
SEM
,
with
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
m
o
d
el
ed
as
th
e
m
ed
iato
r
lin
k
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
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C
to
d
i
g
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co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
h
e
m
o
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el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ac
ce
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tab
le
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it
to
th
e
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ata
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
in
d
ic
es
(
χ²/d
f
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6
,
GFI
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1
5
,
A
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8
9
7
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C
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.
9
2
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,
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6
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,
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9
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r
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ex
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,
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MSE
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.
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7
,
r
o
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t m
ea
n
r
esid
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al
(
R
MR)=
.
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)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
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p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
v
a
r
iab
les.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
p
at
h
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
th
e
m
e
d
iatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
elo
n
g
in
g
med
ia
tes th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
emo
tio
n
a
l c
o
n
ta
g
io
n
a
n
d
d
ig
ita
l …
(
Mo
h
a
m
ed
A
li N
emt
-
a
lla
h
)
1107
m
o
d
el,
illu
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
way
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
ty
p
es
o
f
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C
to
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
as we
ll a
s
th
e
p
ath
way
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
d
i
g
ital c
o
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
ia
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les
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
1
2
3
4
M
SD
1
.
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
EC
1
1
6
.
7
4
6
2
.
6
6
9
2
.
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
EC
-
.
4
1
4
*
*
1
1
0
.
1
6
8
3
.
8
7
5
3
.
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e
n
s
e
o
f
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e
l
o
n
g
i
n
g
.
4
0
4
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*
-
.
2
6
6
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*
1
9
0
.
5
5
9
1
4
.
9
0
0
4
.
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i
g
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t
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l
c
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mp
e
t
e
n
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e
.
3
9
8
*
*
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.
3
1
7
*
*
.
4
7
5
*
*
1
2
8
.
3
3
1
8
.
3
3
0
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o
t
e
.
N
=
7
3
7
.
*
*
p
<
.
0
0
1
(
t
w
o
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
,
M
=
m
e
a
n
,
S
D
=
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stan
d
a
r
d
ized
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
3
.
3
.
Dire
ct
,
ind
irec
t
,
a
nd
t
o
t
a
l e
f
f
ec
t
s
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
d
ir
ec
t,
in
d
ir
ec
t,
an
d
to
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
el.
Po
s
itiv
e
EC
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
b
o
th
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
(
β
=.
3
5
4
,
p
=.
0
0
3
)
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
β=.1
9
5
,
p
=.
0
0
1
)
,
as
well
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
in
d
ir
ec
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
(
β=.1
2
7
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
0
8
5
,
.
1
7
3
]
,
p
=.
0
0
2
)
.
T
h
e
to
tal
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
EC
o
n
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
was
β=.3
2
2
(
p
=.
0
0
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
3
9
.
4
%
o
f
th
is
ef
f
ec
t
w
as
m
ed
iated
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
.
Similar
ly
,
n
eg
ativ
e
EC
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
(
β=
-
.
1
1
9
,
p
=.
0
0
7
)
an
d
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
(
β=
-
.
1
4
1
,
p
=
.
0
0
2
)
,
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
d
ir
ec
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
(
β=
-
.
0
4
3
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
-
.
0
7
6
,
-
.
0
1
6
]
,
p
=.
0
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
n
e
g
ativ
e
EC
o
n
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
was
β=
-
.
1
8
4
(
p
=.
0
0
2
)
,
with
ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
ely
2
3
.
4
%
o
f
t
h
is
ef
f
ec
t
m
ed
ia
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
β=.3
5
9
,
p
=.
0
0
2
)
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
cr
u
ci
al
r
o
le
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
d
i
g
ital c
o
m
p
eten
ce
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
at
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
p
ar
tia
lly
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
b
o
th
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
E
C
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
m
e
d
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
b
o
th
ty
p
es
o
f
E
C
,
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
e
d
iatio
n
p
ath
way
was
s
tr
o
n
g
er
f
o
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
E
C
th
an
f
o
r
n
eg
ativ
e
E
C
.
Ov
er
all,
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esized
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
as
a
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
E
C
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
ete
n
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
c
atio
n
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Stan
d
a
r
d
ized
d
ir
ec
t,
i
n
d
ir
ec
t,
an
d
to
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
in
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
P
a
t
h
D
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
To
t
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
EC
→
b
e
l
o
n
g
i
n
g
.
3
5
4
*
**
---
.
3
5
4
*
**
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
EC
→
b
e
l
o
n
g
i
n
g
-
.
1
1
9
**
---
-
.
1
1
9
**
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
EC
→
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
.
1
9
5
*
**
.
1
2
7
*
**
.
3
2
2
*
**
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
EC
→
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
-
.
1
4
1
**
*
-
.
0
4
3
**
-
.
1
8
4
**
*
B
e
l
o
n
g
i
n
g
→
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
.
3
5
9
*
**
---
.
3
5
9
*
**
N
o
t
e
.
E
C
=
e
mo
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
a
g
i
o
n
;
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
=
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
;
**
p
<
.
0
1
.
***
p
<
.
0
0
1
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
r
e
v
e
a
l
t
h
at
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
b
e
l
o
n
g
i
n
g
is
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
p
a
r
ti
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
t
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
la
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
EC
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
a
m
o
n
g
E
g
y
p
t
i
a
n
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
at
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
o
s
it
i
v
e
EC
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
e
(
r
=
.
3
9
8
)
a
l
i
g
n
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
o
r
et
i
c
al
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
f
a
ci
l
it
at
e
s
s
o
c
i
a
l
c
o
h
e
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
l
la
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
[
3
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
e
l
y
,
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
1
0
3
-
1
1
1
3
1108
EC
’
s
i
n
v
e
r
s
e
r
e
l
a
ti
o
n
s
h
i
p
w
it
h
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
(
r
=
-
.
3
1
7
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
d
i
c
a
ti
n
g
t
h
a
t
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
a
te
s
c
a
n
i
m
p
e
d
e
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
ed
iatio
n
an
al
y
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
p
ar
tial
r
ath
er
th
an
f
u
ll
m
ed
iatio
n
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
a
th
way
s
,
as
b
o
th
ty
p
es
o
f
EC
r
etain
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
ts
o
n
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
e
ten
ce
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
eir
in
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
el
o
n
g
in
g
[
5
2
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
Fo
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
EC
,
3
9
.
4
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
o
p
er
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
,
wh
i
le
6
0
.
6
%
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
way
to
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
h
is
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
f
ac
ilit
ate
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltip
le
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
T
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
p
at
h
way
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
elo
n
g
in
g
(
β=.1
2
7
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
en
h
an
ce
s
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
c
e
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
in
th
e
a
ca
d
em
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
wh
ich
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
m
o
tiv
ates
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
with
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
3
5
]
–
[
3
8
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
β=.1
9
5
)
in
d
icat
es
th
at
p
o
s
itiv
e
EC
also
p
r
o
m
o
tes
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
e
ten
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
,
p
o
ten
tially
in
clu
d
in
g
en
h
an
ce
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
co
g
n
itiv
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
g
r
ea
te
r
willin
g
n
ess
to
ex
p
er
im
en
t
with
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies [
7
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Fo
r
n
e
g
ativ
e
EC
,
o
n
ly
2
3
.
4
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
was
m
ed
iated
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
,
wh
ile
7
6
.
6
%
o
p
er
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
way
s
.
T
h
is
wea
k
er
m
ed
iatio
n
—
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
EC
—
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
n
eg
ativ
e
e
m
o
tio
n
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
p
r
im
ar
ily
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
e
ch
an
is
m
s
o
th
er
t
h
an
b
elo
n
g
in
g
er
o
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
in
d
ir
e
ct
p
ath
way
(
β=
-
.
0
4
3
)
in
d
icat
es
th
at
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
n
eg
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
s
m
o
d
estl
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
,
wh
ich
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
d
im
in
is
h
es
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
with
d
ig
ital
ac
tiv
ities
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
β=
-
.
1
4
1
)
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
n
eg
ativ
e
EC
m
o
r
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
air
s
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
c
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
s
u
ch
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
,
att
en
tio
n
al
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
,
av
o
id
a
n
ce
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
elf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
ese
asy
m
m
etr
ic
m
ed
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
b
el
o
n
g
in
g
’
s
d
if
f
er
en
tial
r
o
le
ac
r
o
s
s
em
o
tio
n
al
v
alen
ce
s
,
with
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
m
o
r
e
s
t
r
o
n
g
ly
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
b
elo
n
g
in
g
an
d
d
ig
ital
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
th
an
n
e
g
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
s
u
n
d
er
m
in
e
th
em
.
T
h
is
a
s
y
m
m
etr
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
b
elo
n
g
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
th
at
am
p
lifie
s
b
en
ef
its
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
o
cial
-
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
wh
ile
p
ar
tially
b
u
f
f
er
in
g
ag
ain
s
t
n
eg
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
al
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ex
ten
d
ex
is
tin
g
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
b
y
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
b
el
o
n
g
in
g
as
a
cr
itical
s
o
cial
-
em
o
tio
n
al
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
em
o
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
wh
ile
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
in
g
th
at
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
ir
ec
t
p
at
h
way
s
also
o
p
er
ate
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
es
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
r
ec
o
n
ciles p
r
ev
io
u
s
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cies
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
em
o
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
ter
ac
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
t
h
s
o
cial
-
r
elatio
n
al
an
d
d
ir
ec
t c
o
g
n
itiv
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
5.
SUG
G
E
S
T
I
O
N
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
r
r
y
s
u
b
s
tan
ti
al
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
an
d
p
r
ac
tice,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
cu
ltu
r
ally
co
n
s
er
v
ativ
e
y
et
d
ig
itally
ev
o
lv
in
g
co
n
te
x
ts
lik
e
E
g
y
p
tian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
th
at
f
o
s
ter
b
elo
n
g
in
g
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
welln
ess
alo
n
g
s
id
e
d
ig
ital
s
k
ill
tr
ain
in
g
,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
at
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
iv
o
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
s
o
cial
-
e
m
o
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Or
ien
ta
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
p
ee
r
m
en
to
r
s
h
ip
in
itiativ
es,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
ter
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
m
ay
am
p
lify
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
t
h
an
s
k
il
ls
tr
ain
in
g
alo
n
e.
Facu
lty
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
h
asize
cr
ea
tin
g
e
m
o
tio
n
ally
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
class
r
o
o
m
clim
ates
th
at
en
h
an
ce
b
el
o
n
g
in
g
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
f
o
r
m
ar
g
i
n
alize
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
m
ay
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
b
elo
n
g
in
g
d
ef
icits
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
s
er
v
ices
s
h
o
u
ld
i
n
teg
r
ate
b
elo
n
g
in
g
-
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
with
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
at
EC
with
in
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
b
o
th
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ad
ap
tatio
n
i
n
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ac
a
d
em
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
r
r
y
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
i
n
d
ig
itally
ev
o
lv
in
g
co
n
tex
ts
.
Giv
en
th
at
3
9
.
4
%
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
EC
o
p
er
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
elo
n
g
in
g
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
im
p
lem
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
ee
r
m
en
to
r
s
h
i
p
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
p
ai
r
in
g
u
p
p
er
-
y
e
ar
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
o
r
ien
tatio
n
p
er
io
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t o
f
b
e
lo
n
g
in
g
o
n
d
i
g
ital c
o
m
p
eten
ce
(
β=.3
5
9
)
in
d
icate
s
th
at
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
—
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
jec
ts
u
s
in
g
s
h
ar
ed
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
p
ee
r
-
led
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
u
m
s
—
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
in
teg
r
ate
d
in
to
cu
r
r
icu
la.
Facu
lty
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
s
h
o
u
ld
tr
ai
n
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
in
cr
ea
tin
g
e
m
o
tio
n
ally
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
d
ig
ital
class
r
o
o
m
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
r
eg
u
la
r
ch
ec
k
-
in
s
,
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
p
r
ac
tices.
Sin
ce
n
eg
ativ
e
EC
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tly
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
er
o
s
io
n
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
s
er
v
ices
s
h
o
u
ld
estab
lis
h
d
ig
ital
welln
ess
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
co
m
b
i
n
e
p
ee
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
with
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
.
Fo
r
m
ar
g
in
alize
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ex
p
e
r
ien
cin
g
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elo
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d
ef
icits
,
ta
r
g
eted
in
ter
v
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tio
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s
u
c
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as
id
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tity
-
af
f
ir
m
in
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m
en
to
r
s
h
ip
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
iv
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
in
d
ig
ital
co
n
tex
ts
m
ay
p
r
e
v
en
t
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
em
o
tio
n
al
is
o
latio
n
o
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ad
ap
tatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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al
&
R
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d
u
c
I
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
elo
n
g
in
g
med
ia
tes th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
emo
tio
n
a
l c
o
n
ta
g
io
n
a
n
d
d
ig
ita
l …
(
Mo
h
a
m
ed
A
li N
emt
-
a
lla
h
)
1109
Fu
tu
r
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
e
x
ten
s
io
n
s
.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
d
esig
n
s
tr
ac
k
in
g
EC
,
b
elo
n
g
in
g
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
ac
a
d
em
ic
y
ea
r
s
wo
u
ld
clar
if
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
an
d
en
ab
le
s
tr
o
n
g
er
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
en
ce
s
.
C
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
ex
am
in
in
g
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ty
p
es,
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
n
atio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
wo
u
ld
e
n
h
an
ce
g
en
e
r
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
illu
m
in
ate
c
u
ltu
r
al
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Mi
x
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
q
u
alitativ
e
in
ter
v
iews
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
d
ata
co
u
ld
r
ev
ea
l
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
elo
n
g
in
g
-
b
u
ild
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
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s
es
th
at
q
u
an
titativ
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m
eth
o
d
s
alo
n
e
ca
n
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o
t
ca
p
tu
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e.
Fu
tu
r
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esear
ch
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ld
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ex
am
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m
o
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er
atin
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f
ac
to
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u
ch
as
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s
o
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ality
tr
ai
ts
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cu
ltu
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v
alu
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an
d
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
m
ay
am
p
lify
o
r
atten
u
ate
m
ed
iatio
n
p
ath
way
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
tu
d
ies
test
in
g
b
elo
n
g
in
g
-
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
p
r
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g
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s
’
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ts
o
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b
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tan
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o
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ter
c
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ted
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
p
ar
tially
m
ed
iates
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
EC
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
am
o
n
g
E
g
y
p
tian
u
n
iv
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s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
with
3
9
.
4
%
an
d
2
3
.
4
%
o
f
p
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s
itiv
e
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d
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ativ
e
EC
ef
f
ec
ts
o
p
er
atin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
e
lo
n
g
in
g
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ex
ten
d
s
elf
-
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
th
eo
r
y
b
y
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
b
elo
n
g
in
g
as
a
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
m
ec
h
an
is
m
co
n
v
er
tin
g
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
t
h
e
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
lim
its
c
au
s
al
in
f
er
en
ce
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
le
r
elig
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s
ly
o
r
ien
ted
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
s
g
en
e
r
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
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tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
o
p
t
lo
n
g
itu
d
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cr
o
s
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ltu
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ix
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et
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s
d
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am
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u
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m
ec
h
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n
is
m
s
.
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ter
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ies
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g
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in
g
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en
h
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ce
m
en
t
p
r
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g
r
am
s
wo
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ld
p
r
o
v
id
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p
r
ac
tical
ev
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n
ce
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
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al
p
r
ac
tice.
Fo
r
in
s
titu
tio
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s
n
av
ig
atin
g
d
i
g
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
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m
atio
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,
th
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f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
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est
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ig
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liter
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m
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tech
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f
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r
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ates f
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d
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d
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wh
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F
UNDING
I
NF
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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2
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I
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1110
CO
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ittee
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-
Azh
ar
Un
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s
ity
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t (
R
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R
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-
2025
-
1
5
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)
.
DATA AV
AI
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AB
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h
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ata
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MA
N]
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p
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RE
F
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R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
C
.
H
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r
r
a
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d
o
a
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d
E.
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
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Emo
t
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t
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g
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o
n
:
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b
r
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t
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o
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s
,
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Fr
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n
t
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n
Ps
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h
o
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o
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y
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v
o
l
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1
2
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p
.
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6
.
[
2
]
H
.
L
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u
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D
.
Z
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a
n
g
,
Y
.
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u
,
H
.
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a
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n
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.
X
i
a
o
,
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Em
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o
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o
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s
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e
s,
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Fro
n
t
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i
n
Ps
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h
o
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o
g
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v
o
l
.
1
6
,
p
.
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5
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r
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c
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n
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o
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tac
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t
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m
a
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m
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e
lfes
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wy
.
8
@a
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.
e
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.