I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
2
0
2
6
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
5
~
1
5
86
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
1
5
i
2
.
3
7
8
1
2
1575
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
So
cio
scientific
issue a
nd dig
ital
co
mic in p
ro
blem b
a
sed lea
rning
enha
nces stu
dent
ecol
iteracy
t
o
wa
r
d UNESC
O
G
lo
b
a
l G
eo
pa
rk
co
nserv
a
tion
E
rik
a
Ro
s
dia
na
1
,
Ret
no
Dwi
Su
y
a
nti
2
,
B
ina
ri
M
a
n
urun
g
3
1
P
o
st
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
o
f
B
a
si
c
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
o
g
r
a
m,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s Ne
g
e
r
i
M
e
d
a
n
,
M
e
d
a
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
C
h
e
m
i
st
r
y
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
n
d
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
N
e
g
e
r
i
M
e
d
a
n
,
M
e
d
a
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
B
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
M
a
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
n
d
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s Ne
g
e
r
i
M
e
d
a
n
,
M
e
d
a
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
22
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Mar
16
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Ap
r
1
,
2
0
2
6
Th
e
To
b
a
Ca
ld
e
r
a
re
g
io
n
,
d
e
sig
n
a
ted
a
s
a
UN
ES
CO
G
lo
b
a
l
G
e
o
p
a
rk
,
re
q
u
ires
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
e
ffo
r
ts
t
o
p
r
e
se
rv
e
it
s
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
stre
n
g
th
e
n
th
e
e
c
o
li
tera
c
y
o
f
it
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
Th
is
st
u
d
y
i
n
v
e
sti
g
a
ted
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
ts
in
stu
d
e
n
ts’
e
c
o
l
it
e
ra
c
y
,
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
,
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
c
a
rin
g
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s,
a
n
d
p
ro
-
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
rs,
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
se
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
b
a
se
d
lea
rn
i
n
g
(P
BL)
i
n
teg
ra
ted
wit
h
g
e
o
p
a
r
k
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s
(G
S
S
I)
p
r
e
se
n
ted
in
a
d
ig
i
tal
c
o
m
ic
(Co
m
d
ig
i
)
fo
rm
a
t
.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
5
6
ju
n
io
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts
in
t
h
e
T
o
b
a
Ca
ld
e
ra
a
re
a
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
ted
i
n
t
h
e
stu
d
y
.
A
t
o
tal
o
f
7
8
stu
d
e
n
ts
lea
rn
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
irec
t
i
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
(DI),
a
n
d
7
8
re
c
e
iv
e
d
P
BL
wit
h
G
S
S
I
in
Co
m
d
ig
i
.
Eco
l
it
e
ra
c
y
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
wa
s
m
e
a
su
re
d
u
sin
g
a
3
0
-
it
e
m
t
e
st,
wh
il
e
c
a
rin
g
a
tt
it
u
d
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
-
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
we
re
a
ss
e
ss
e
d
u
sin
g
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ires
wit
h
1
5
it
e
m
s
e
a
c
h
.
Th
e
re
su
l
ts
sh
o
we
d
th
a
t
P
BL
in
teg
ra
ted
with
G
S
S
I
in
C
o
m
d
i
g
i
sig
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
o
u
t
p
e
rfo
rm
e
d
DI
i
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
e
c
o
li
tera
c
y
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
3
9
.
8
0
%
,
c
a
r
in
g
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
4
9
.
8
%
a
n
d
in
p
ro
-
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
rs
1
2
.
5
0
%
with
N
-
g
a
in
sc
o
re
o
f
0
.
7
1
.
T
h
e
se
fin
d
i
n
g
s
c
o
n
firm
th
a
t
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
ra
ti
n
g
G
S
S
I
in
a
Co
m
d
i
g
i
b
a
se
d
P
BL
m
o
d
e
l
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ly
stre
n
g
th
e
n
s
stu
d
e
n
ts’
e
c
o
li
tera
c
y
re
late
d
t
o
t
h
e
T
o
b
a
Ca
ld
e
ra
UN
ES
CO
G
lo
b
a
l
G
e
o
p
a
rk
(TCUGG
p
).
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dig
ital c
o
m
ic
E
co
liter
ac
y
J
u
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
Pro
b
lem
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
So
cio
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
e
T
o
b
a
C
al
d
er
a
UNE
SC
O
G
lo
b
al
Geo
p
ar
k
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
B
in
ar
i M
an
u
r
u
n
g
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
B
io
lo
g
y
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
Ma
th
e
m
atic
an
d
Natu
r
al
Scien
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Neg
er
i M
ed
an
Me
d
an
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: b
in
ar
im
an
u
r
u
n
g
@
u
n
im
ed
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
As
o
f
Ap
r
il
2
0
2
5
,
UNE
SC
O
h
as
d
esig
n
ated
2
2
9
g
lo
b
al
g
e
o
p
ar
k
s
ac
r
o
s
s
5
0
co
u
n
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
1
2
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
On
e
o
f
th
ese
is
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
UNE
SC
O
Gl
o
b
al
Geo
p
ar
k
(
T
C
UGGp
)
,
an
ar
ea
in
ter
n
atio
n
all
y
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
its
g
eo
lo
g
ical,
b
io
lo
g
ical
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
u
n
i
q
u
en
ess
.
As
a
g
lo
b
al
g
eo
p
ar
k
,
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
awa
r
en
ess
to
en
s
u
r
e
its
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
T
h
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
eg
io
n
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
wh
ich
its
r
esid
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
,
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
to
as e
co
liter
ac
y
.
T
o
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
lo
ca
l
ec
o
lo
g
ic
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
th
e
UNE
SC
O
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
b
o
ar
d
h
as
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ities
with
in
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
ar
ea
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
co
r
n
e
r
s
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
aim
to
f
o
s
ter
ec
o
liter
ac
y
f
r
o
m
a
n
ea
r
ly
ag
e,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
cu
ltiv
ate
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
attitu
d
es
an
d
p
r
o
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ac
tio
n
s
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
in
itiativ
es,
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
Geo
p
ar
k
c
o
n
tin
u
es
to
f
ac
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
5
7
5
-
1
5
8
6
1576
s
ig
n
al
lim
ited
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ec
o
liter
ac
y
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
f
o
r
est
f
ir
es,
d
ef
o
r
estatio
n
,
f
lash
f
lo
o
d
s
,
lan
d
s
lid
es,
wate
r
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
f
lo
atin
g
n
et
ca
g
es
(
KJA)
an
d
illeg
al
m
in
in
g
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
u
n
d
er
lin
e
th
e
n
ee
d
to
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
awa
r
en
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
liv
in
g
in
th
e
g
eo
p
a
r
k
ar
ea
.
E
n
h
an
ce
d
ec
o
liter
ac
y
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
s
h
ap
e
co
m
m
u
n
iti
es
th
at
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
r
o
tectin
g
,
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ly
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
Geo
p
ar
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
E
co
liter
ac
y
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
th
r
e
e
in
ter
r
elate
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
ca
r
in
g
attitu
d
es
,
an
d
p
r
o
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
h
ese
co
g
n
itiv
e,
a
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
co
llectiv
ely
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
in
d
iv
id
u
als
[
5
]
–
[
7
]
.
L
o
w
ec
o
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
r
esu
lts
in
lim
ited
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
p
o
o
r
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
with
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
es
[
8
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
ef
f
o
r
ts
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
all
th
r
ee
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
h
o
lis
tically
ar
e
ess
en
tial.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
lear
n
in
g
r
o
o
ted
in
s
o
cio
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
es
(
S
SI)
an
d
esp
ec
ially
lo
ca
l
s
o
cio
s
c
ien
tific
is
s
u
es
(
L
SS
I
)
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
wh
e
n
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
with
p
r
o
b
lem
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
PB
L
)
[
9
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
ig
ital
co
m
ics
(
C
o
m
d
ig
i
)
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
as
p
o
wer
f
u
l
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ed
ia
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
an
d
ec
o
liter
ac
y
b
y
p
r
esen
tin
g
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
ce
p
ts
v
is
u
ally
th
r
o
u
g
h
en
g
ag
in
g
n
ar
r
ativ
es [
1
5
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
s
r
em
ain
.
First,
alth
o
u
g
h
L
SS
I
,
PB
L
,
an
d
C
o
m
d
ig
i
h
av
e
ea
ch
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
lear
n
in
g
,
v
e
r
y
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
in
teg
r
ated
th
ese
th
r
ee
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
el.
Seco
n
d
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
liter
ac
y
with
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
i
c
co
n
tex
t
o
f
UNE
SC
O
Glo
b
al
Geo
p
ar
k
s
—
esp
ec
ially
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
—
is
ex
tr
em
ely
lim
ited
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
r
eg
io
n
’
s
u
r
g
e
n
t
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
ir
d
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
ten
ass
ess
ed
o
n
ly
o
n
e
o
r
two
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
ec
o
liter
ac
y
,
w
h
er
ea
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
th
at
in
clu
d
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
attitu
d
es
a
n
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
to
g
et
h
er
ar
e
s
till
s
ca
r
ce
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
liv
e
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
ar
e
lac
k
in
g
,
e
v
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
s
u
ch
r
eg
io
n
s
r
ep
r
ese
n
t c
r
itical
co
n
tex
ts
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
liter
ac
y
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
s
en
s
itiv
e
ar
ea
s
an
d
alig
n
in
g
with
UNE
SC
O’
s
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
in
ter
ac
t
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
in
itiativ
es
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
t
h
r
ee
j
u
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
in
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
e
r
a
g
eo
p
ar
k
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
o
b
tain
em
p
i
r
ical
d
ata
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
liter
ac
y
,
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
lly
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
ca
r
in
g
attitu
d
es
an
d
p
r
o
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
r
elat
ed
to
th
e
T
C
UGGp
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
is
b
aselin
e
s
tu
d
y
will
s
er
v
e
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
m
ed
ia,
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
ts
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
o
r
b
o
o
k
m
o
d
el
aim
ed
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
lite
r
ac
y
in
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l scien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
15
]
–
[
18
].
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
p
u
b
lic
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
(
SMP)
lo
ca
ted
with
in
th
e
T
C
U
GGp
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
cl
u
d
ed
all
s
tate
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
1
5
6
s
ev
en
th
-
g
r
ad
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
:
SMP
Neg
er
i
1
Po
r
s
ea
,
SMP
N
eg
er
i
3
Mu
ar
a
,
an
d
SMP Ne
g
er
i 1
Har
ian
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ass
ig
n
ed
to
eith
er
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
d
ir
ec
t
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
(DI)
(
n
=
7
8
)
,
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
PB
L
in
teg
r
ated
with
g
eo
p
ar
k
s
o
cio
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
es
(
GSSI)
p
r
esen
ted
in
a
v
alid
ated
C
o
m
d
ig
i
(
n
=7
8
)
.
T
h
e
C
o
m
d
ig
i
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ated
h
o
t
g
eo
p
a
r
k
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
a
s
b
io
d
iv
er
s
ity
l
o
s
s
,
aq
u
ac
u
ltu
r
e
waste
f
r
o
m
KJA,
f
lash
f
lo
o
d
s
,
lan
d
s
lid
es,
an
d
L
ak
e
T
o
b
a
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
an
d
was
v
alid
ated
b
y
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
I
T
m
ed
ia
ex
p
e
r
ts
(
X
̅
=8
7
.
7
3
,
g
o
o
d
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
a
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
C
o
m
d
ig
i
th
at
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ma
p
o
f
t
h
e
T
C
UGGp
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
o
cio
s
cien
tifi
c
is
s
u
e
a
n
d
d
ig
it
a
l c
o
mic
in
p
r
o
b
lem
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
t
… (
E
r
i
ka
R
o
s
d
ia
n
a
)
1577
E
ac
h
to
p
ic
in
th
e
C
o
m
d
i
g
i
b
e
g
in
s
b
y
d
ep
ictin
g
an
d
p
r
esen
t
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
t
h
at
o
cc
u
r
ar
o
u
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
aily
liv
es,
a
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
(
a
)
an
d
2
(
b
)
.
T
h
ese
s
ce
n
es
in
tr
o
d
u
c
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
o
f
f
lash
f
lo
o
d
s
an
d
illeg
al
p
in
e
tap
p
in
g
in
p
r
o
tecte
d
f
o
r
ests
.
B
y
s
h
o
win
g
e
v
en
ts
th
at
ar
e
clo
s
e
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
l
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
,
th
e
C
o
m
d
i
g
i
h
el
p
s
th
em
r
e
co
g
n
ize
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
es
th
at
ex
is
t
in
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
.
Af
ter
p
r
esen
tin
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
e
s
to
r
y
t
h
en
d
ir
ec
t
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
war
d
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
ca
u
s
es
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
b
eh
in
d
th
ese
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
is
s
u
es,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
c
)
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
C
o
m
d
ig
i
c
o
n
clu
d
es
ea
ch
to
p
ic
b
y
p
r
esen
tin
g
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
r
ac
tio
n
s
t
h
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
tak
e
to
ad
d
r
ess
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
ese
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
as
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
d
)
.
T
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
s
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
s
im
p
le
b
u
t
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ac
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
ick
in
g
u
p
tr
ash
a
n
d
d
is
p
o
s
in
g
o
f
it
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
,
r
aisi
n
g
awa
r
en
ess
ab
o
u
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
attitu
d
es to
war
d
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sam
p
le
p
ag
es f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
o
m
d
ig
i illu
s
tr
atin
g
GSSI:
(
a)
f
lash
f
lo
o
d
,
(
b
)
illeg
al
p
i
n
e
tap
p
in
g
,
(
c)
f
lo
atin
g
n
et
ca
g
es (
KJA)
w
aste,
an
d
(
d
)
p
o
llu
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
5
7
5
-
1
5
8
6
1578
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
f
r
o
m
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
2
0
2
4
t
o
Fe
b
r
u
a
r
y
2
0
2
5
a
n
d
e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
a
q
u
as
i
-
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
al
p
r
et
est
–
p
o
s
t
test
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
esi
g
n
[
19
]
.
I
n
s
t
r
u
ct
io
n
a
l
ac
t
iv
ities
o
f
PB
L
-
GSS
I
-
C
o
m
d
ig
i
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
co
n
s
is
te
d
o
f
s
i
x
s
t
ep
s
a
n
d
w
er
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
te
d
wit
h
i
n
th
e
e
c
o
l
o
g
y
u
n
it
l
ea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
co
v
er
i
n
g
b
i
o
d
iv
e
r
s
i
ty
,
ec
o
l
o
g
ic
al
in
t
er
ac
t
io
n
s
,
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
an
g
e
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
ati
o
n
.
R
esea
r
c
h
d
a
ta
e
n
c
o
m
p
ass
e
d
th
r
e
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
o
f
ec
o
lit
er
ac
y
:
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
,
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
c
a
r
i
n
g
a
ttit
u
d
es
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
-
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
as
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
PB
L
,
GSSI
,
an
d
C
o
m
d
ig
i
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
th
r
ee
ec
o
liter
ac
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
to
war
d
s
g
eo
p
ar
k
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
2
.
1
.
K
no
wledg
e
ec
o
lite
ra
cy
Kn
o
wled
g
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
3
0
-
item
as
s
ess
m
en
t
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
2
8
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
two
ess
ay
item
s
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
in
d
icato
r
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
[
2
0
]
–
[2
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ass
ess
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
f
ac
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
es o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
i
n
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a,
th
e
ec
o
lo
g
ical
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
th
eir
ca
u
s
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
p
o
s
s
ib
le
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
e
n
d
em
ic
f
lo
r
a,
f
au
n
a,
an
d
lo
ca
l
g
e
o
s
ites
lo
ca
ted
n
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
m
es
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
u
al
is
s
u
es,
im
p
ac
ts
,
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
in
d
icato
r
s
co
n
tain
e
d
s
ix
item
s
ea
ch
;
ca
u
s
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
ed
s
ev
en
item
s
;
an
d
f
lo
r
a
–
f
au
n
a
–
g
e
o
s
ite
k
n
o
wled
g
e
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
5
ite
m
s
[
2
]
.
E
x
p
e
r
t
v
alid
atio
n
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
ten
t
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
(
r
x
y
=0
.
3
7
–
0
.
5
5
)
,
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
r
1
1
=
0
.
8
6
)
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
if
f
icu
lty
le
v
els
(
P=0
.
2
0
–
0
.
8
0
)
,
a
n
d
a
d
eq
u
ate
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
in
d
ices
(
DP=0
.
3
3
–
0
.
5
0
)
.
Sco
r
es
wer
e
c
o
n
v
er
ted
to
a
0
–
1
0
0
s
ca
le
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
ely
an
d
in
f
er
e
n
tially
u
s
in
g
t
-
test
s
an
d
N
-
g
ain
[
2
4
]
.
Ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
f
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
(
L
ev
en
e=
0
.
2
1
;
p
=
0
.
6
4
)
an
d
n
o
r
m
ality
(
KS=0
.
1
3
;
p
=0
.
2
0
)
wer
e
f
u
lf
illed
,
an
d
p
r
etest
r
es
u
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
t
h
e
in
itial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
le
v
els
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
e
q
u
iv
alen
t
(
t=0
.
4
1
; p
=0
.
6
8
)
.
2
.
2
.
E
nv
iro
nm
ent
a
l c
a
ring
a
t
t
it
ud
e
ec
o
lite
ra
cy
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ca
r
in
g
attitu
d
e
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
1
5
-
item
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
ew
ec
o
lo
g
ical
p
ar
ad
ig
m
(
NE
P)
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
lim
its
to
g
r
o
wth
,
b
alan
ce
o
f
n
atu
r
e
,
an
t
i
-
an
th
r
o
p
o
ce
n
tr
is
m
,
an
ti
-
ex
ce
p
tio
n
alis
m
,
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
cr
is
is
[
25
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
elief
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
ec
o
lo
g
ical
lim
its
,
h
u
m
an
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
s
with
n
atu
r
al
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
o
cio
s
cien
tifi
c
is
s
u
e
a
n
d
d
ig
it
a
l c
o
mic
in
p
r
o
b
lem
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
t
… (
E
r
i
ka
R
o
s
d
ia
n
a
)
1579
ec
o
lo
g
ical
th
r
ea
ts
in
th
e
T
C
UGGp
.
L
im
its
to
g
r
o
wth
is
th
e
b
elief
th
at
th
e
ea
r
t
h
’
s
lim
itatio
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
B
alan
ce
o
f
n
atu
r
e
i
s
th
e
b
elief
th
at
h
u
m
an
ac
tiv
it
y
af
f
ec
ts
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
An
ti
-
an
th
r
o
p
o
ce
n
tr
is
m
is
th
e
b
elief
th
at
h
u
m
an
s
m
a
y
co
u
ld
ch
an
g
e
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
An
ti
-
ex
ce
p
tio
n
alis
m
is
th
e
b
elief
t
h
at
h
u
m
an
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
to
p
r
ese
r
v
e
th
e
n
atu
r
e
a
n
d
ec
o
lo
g
y
cr
i
s
is
i
s
th
e
b
elief
th
at
h
u
m
an
ca
u
s
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
d
am
ag
e.
R
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
s
co
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
,
an
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ex
ce
llen
t
r
eliab
i
lity
(
r
=0
.
9
3
)
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
an
d
th
e
n
o
n
p
ar
am
et
r
ic
Ma
n
n
–
W
h
itn
ey
U
test
to
co
m
p
ar
e
attitu
d
es
b
e
twee
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
2
.
3
.
P
r
o
-
env
iro
nm
ent
a
l beha
v
io
r
ec
o
lite
r
a
cy
Pro
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
e
h
av
io
r
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
1
5
-
item
L
ik
er
t
-
s
ca
le
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
No
r
th
Am
er
ica
n
Ass
o
ciatio
n
f
o
r
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
NAAE
E
)
[
2
2
]
an
d
L
ian
g
et
a
l.
[2
0
]
,
ass
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
willin
g
n
ess
to
ac
t,
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ap
p
ly
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ac
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
s
k
ills
,
an
d
t
h
eir
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
eh
a
v
io
r
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
o
f
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
e
r
a.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t in
clu
d
e
d
5
item
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
in
d
icato
r
an
d
u
s
ed
a
1
–
4
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ca
le
(
4
=a
lway
s
,
1
=n
ev
er
)
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
test
in
g
in
d
icate
d
e
x
ce
llen
t
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
(
r
=0
.
9
3
)
.
T
o
tal
s
co
r
es
wer
e
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
u
s
in
g
estab
lis
h
ed
cr
iter
ia
[
2
6
]
,
an
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ev
alu
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ec
o
liter
ac
y
ac
r
o
s
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
K
no
wledg
e
ec
o
lite
ra
cy
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
ec
o
liter
ac
y
lev
els
o
f
7
8
s
ev
en
th
-
g
r
a
d
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
r
ee
p
u
b
lic
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
ar
ea
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
DI
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
in
teg
r
ated
with
GSSI
in
C
o
m
d
ig
i
f
o
r
m
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
test
in
d
icate
d
th
at
t
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
(
L
e
v
en
e’
s
test
:
F
=0
.
1
1
9
;
p
=0
.
7
3
)
,
an
d
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
test
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
e
d
ata
wer
e
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
(
Ko
lm
o
g
o
r
o
v
–
S
m
ir
n
o
v
=
0
.
1
0
4
an
d
0
.
0
6
5
;
p
=0
.
0
5
5
a
n
d
0
.
2
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
d
ata
i
n
T
a
b
le
1
in
d
icate
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ec
o
lit
er
ac
y
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
in
th
e
DI
class
r
em
ain
ed
with
in
th
e
lo
w
o
r
p
o
o
r
ca
te
g
o
r
y
(
X
̅
=
5
8
.
3
9
)
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
class
ta
u
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
in
teg
r
ated
with
GSSI
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
o
m
d
ig
i
ac
h
iev
e
d
ec
o
liter
ac
y
lev
els
in
th
e
h
ig
h
o
r
g
o
o
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
(
X
̅
=8
1
.
6
5
)
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
er
e
was
a
3
9
.
8
0
% im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t i
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Fo
r
th
e
f
i
v
e
in
d
icat
o
r
s
ass
ess
e
d
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
s
co
r
es
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
th
e
DI
class
,
th
r
ee
in
d
icato
r
s
f
ell
with
in
th
e
lo
w
o
r
p
o
o
r
c
ateg
o
r
y
(
im
p
ac
t,
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
b
io
d
iv
er
s
ity
)
,
wh
ile
two
in
d
icato
r
s
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
iz
ed
as
m
o
d
er
ate
o
r
s
u
f
f
icien
t
(
f
ac
tu
al
is
s
u
es
an
d
ef
f
o
r
ts
)
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
in
th
e
PB
L
class
in
teg
r
ated
with
GSSI
u
s
in
g
C
o
m
d
ig
i
–
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
all
f
iv
e
in
d
icato
r
s
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
h
ig
h
o
r
g
o
o
d
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
o
f
s
ev
en
t
h
-
g
r
a
d
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
e
r
a
a
r
ea
(
m
ea
n
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
ec
o
liter
ac
y
lev
els)
Te
st
M
o
d
e
l
N
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
Ec
o
l
e
v
e
l
P
o
s
t
t
e
s
t
DI
78
5
8
.
3
9
7
.
1
3
Lo
w
/
b
a
d
P
B
L
78
8
1
.
6
5
7
.
3
4
H
i
g
h
/
g
o
o
d
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
s
c
o
r
es o
n
f
i
v
e
in
d
icato
r
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
b
etwe
en
th
e
DI
an
d
th
e
PB
L
m
o
d
els in
teg
r
ated
with
GSSI
a
n
d
C
o
m
d
ig
i
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
DI
P
B
L
M
e
a
n
±
S
D
Ec
o
l
e
v
e
l
M
e
a
n
±
S
D
Ec
o
l
e
v
e
l
1
F
a
c
t
u
a
l
i
ssu
e
6
3
.
5
8
±
1
1
.
9
4
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
/
e
n
o
u
g
h
8
3
.
8
4
±
1
1
.
1
9
H
i
g
h
/
g
o
o
d
2
I
mp
a
c
t
5
8
.
6
8
±
1
1
.
1
4
Lo
w
/
b
a
d
8
7
.
1
6
±
1
1
.
9
7
H
i
g
h
/
g
o
o
d
3
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
5
6
.
2
2
±
1
1
.
4
7
Lo
w
/
b
a
d
7
5
.
4
2
±
1
0
.
1
3
H
i
g
h
/
g
o
o
d
4
Ef
f
o
r
t
s
5
9
.
2
3
±
1
3
.
8
4
Lo
w
/
b
a
d
8
4
.
3
5
±
1
1
.
9
0
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
/
v
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
5
B
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
5
4
.
1
0
±
1
9
.
8
9
Lo
w
/
b
a
d
7
6
.
4
1
±
1
6
.
9
7
H
i
g
h
/
g
o
o
d
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tati
s
tical
an
aly
s
is
,
th
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
al
d
er
a
,
as
s
ee
n
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
lea
r
n
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
ac
h
iev
ed
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
h
ig
h
e
r
ec
o
liter
ac
y
lev
els
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
o
s
e
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
DI
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
in
te
g
r
ated
with
GSSI
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
o
m
d
ig
i
m
e
d
ia
h
a
d
a
h
ig
h
l
y
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
(
t=1
9
.
7
7
;
p
=0
.
0
0
)
,
as
in
T
ab
le
3
.
A
s
im
ilar
p
atter
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
all
f
i
v
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
d
icato
r
s
ass
ess
ed
,
with
t
-
v
alu
es r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
7
.
5
3
to
1
5
.
3
7
(
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
5
7
5
-
1
5
8
6
1580
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
t
-
test
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
p
er
in
d
icato
r
b
etwe
en
DI
an
d
PB
L
with
GSSI
co
n
ten
t
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
t
-
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
c
a
l
c
.
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
1
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
e
c
o
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
1
9
.
7
7
0
.
0
0
2
F
a
c
t
u
a
l
i
ssu
e
1
0
.
9
2
0
.
0
0
3
I
mp
a
c
t
1
5
.
3
7
0
.
0
0
4
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
1
1
.
0
7
0
.
0
0
5
Ef
f
o
r
t
s
1
2
.
1
5
0
.
0
0
6
B
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
7
.
5
3
0
.
0
0
Fu
r
th
er
a
n
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
N
-
g
ain
(
g
)
s
co
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
7
1
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
is
v
alu
e
ex
ce
ed
s
0
.
7
0
[
24
]
,
it
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
in
teg
r
ated
with
G
SS
I
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
C
o
m
d
ig
i
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
was
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
T
C
U
GGp
.
Hig
h
er
N
-
g
ain
v
alu
es
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
cl
ass
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
c
lass
in
s
o
cio
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
e
–
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
Han
if
h
a
et
a
l.
[
26
].
T
h
e
h
ig
h
e
r
ec
o
liter
ac
y
s
co
r
es
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
th
e
PB
L
-
GSSI
C
o
m
d
ig
i
class
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
DI
class
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
t
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
PB
L
-
GSSI
m
o
d
el,
in
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
r
ec
all
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
u
t
also
to
en
g
a
g
e
i
n
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
er
a
n
d
c
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
y
n
tax
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
o
r
ien
tatio
n
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
o
r
g
an
izi
n
g
an
d
r
e
f
o
cu
s
in
g
d
ilem
m
a,
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
an
d
cl
ar
if
icatio
n
,
p
r
esen
tatio
n
,
r
o
le
p
lay
in
g
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
an
aly
zin
g
,
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
,
ac
tio
n
[
27
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
p
r
esen
ted
wer
e
GSSI
s
u
ch
as
f
o
r
est
f
ir
es,
f
lo
o
d
s
an
d
lan
d
s
lid
es,
d
ef
o
r
estatio
n
,
KJA,
s
o
lid
an
d
liq
u
id
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
a
n
d
illeg
al
m
in
i
n
g
[
2
]
.
I
n
co
n
t
r
ast,
th
e
DI
m
o
d
el
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
r
elativ
ely
p
ass
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
,
w
h
er
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
r
im
ar
ily
ac
t
as
lis
ten
er
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
is
d
o
m
i
n
ated
b
y
teac
h
er
lectu
r
es.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
[
28
]
,
[
29
]
,
wh
ile
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
cien
tific
s
k
ills
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
o
c
u
m
en
ted
b
y
Po
zu
el
o
-
Mu
ñ
o
z
et
a
l.
[3
0
]
an
d
Ulu
çin
ar
[
31
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
SS
I
,
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
PB
L
with
SS
I
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
th
ei
r
cr
i
tical
th
in
k
in
g
,
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
SS
I
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
e
x
am
in
es
f
ac
ts
a
n
d
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
r
elate
d
to
s
o
cial
is
s
u
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
s
cien
ce
in
r
ea
l
-
life
co
n
tex
ts
[
32
]
.
T
h
ese
is
s
u
es
ar
e
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
,
allo
win
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
t
h
in
k
cr
itically
wh
ile
en
g
ag
in
g
with
d
iv
er
s
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
ed
t
o
d
ev
el
o
p
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ate
en
th
u
s
ia
s
tically
in
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
aim
ed
at
s
o
lv
in
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
33
]
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
is
,
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
17
]
,
[
18
]
,
[
34
]
a
r
g
u
e
th
at
lear
n
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
L
SS
I
ca
n
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ec
o
liter
ac
y
o
r
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
o
m
d
ig
i
as
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
also
co
n
t
r
ib
u
t
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
t
o
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
.
C
o
m
d
ig
i
p
r
esen
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
tex
tu
al
s
to
r
y
lin
es
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
v
is
u
als,
h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
s
cien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
d
aily
life
wh
ile
s
tim
u
latin
g
th
eir
im
ag
in
atio
n
,
th
u
s
m
ak
in
g
a
b
s
tr
ac
t
ec
o
lo
g
ic
al
co
n
ce
p
ts
ea
s
ier
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
a
n
d
r
em
em
b
er
[1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
35
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
C
o
m
d
ig
i
c
o
n
tain
in
g
ec
o
l
o
g
ical
m
ess
ag
es
ca
n
in
c
r
ea
s
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
cr
ea
te
m
o
r
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
,
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ec
o
m
e
em
o
tio
n
ally
en
g
a
g
e
d
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
36
]
,
[
37
].
3
.
2
.
At
t
it
ud
e
ec
o
lite
ra
cy
T
h
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
es,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
ec
o
liter
ac
y
lev
el
s
o
f
th
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ca
r
e
at
titu
d
es
o
f
7
8
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
r
ee
p
u
b
lic
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
lo
ca
ted
in
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
a
r
ea
,
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
th
e
DI
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
with
GSS
I
co
n
ten
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
C
o
m
d
i
g
i
,
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
T
ab
le
4
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
to
war
d
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
e
r
a
in
class
es
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
DI
m
o
d
el
f
alls
in
to
th
e
lo
w
o
r
b
ad
ca
teg
o
r
y
(
X
̅
=4
3
.
3
8
)
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
s
tu
d
en
ts
tau
g
h
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
PB
L
with
G
SS
I
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
C
o
m
d
ig
i
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ec
o
liter
ac
y
in
th
e
h
ig
h
o
r
g
o
o
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
(
X
̅
=
6
4
.
9
9
)
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
t
h
er
e
was
a
4
9
.
8
0
%
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
attitu
d
es.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
5
,
two
in
d
icato
r
s
in
th
e
DI
m
o
d
e
l
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
v
er
y
lo
w
o
r
v
er
y
b
ad
(
a
n
t
i
-
an
th
r
o
p
o
ce
n
tr
is
m
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
y
cr
is
is
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
th
r
ee
in
d
icato
r
s
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
lo
w
o
r
b
ad
(
lim
it
to
g
r
o
wth
,
b
ala
n
ce
o
f
n
at
u
r
e,
an
d
an
ti
-
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
alis
m
)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
t
h
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
co
n
tain
in
g
GSSI
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
C
o
m
d
ig
i,
all
f
i
v
e
in
d
icato
r
s
f
ell
in
to
th
e
h
ig
h
o
r
g
o
o
d
c
ateg
o
r
y
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
’
attitu
d
e
cc
o
liter
ac
y
to
war
d
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
e
ra
M
o
d
e
l
N
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
Ec
o
l
e
v
el
P
o
st
t
e
s
t
DI
78
4
3
.
3
8
5
.
1
2
Lo
w
/
b
a
d
P
B
L
78
6
4
.
9
9
2
.
9
4
H
i
g
h
/
g
o
o
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
o
cio
s
cien
tifi
c
is
s
u
e
a
n
d
d
ig
it
a
l c
o
mic
in
p
r
o
b
lem
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
t
… (
E
r
i
ka
R
o
s
d
ia
n
a
)
1581
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
attitu
d
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
to
war
d
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
ac
r
o
s
s
f
iv
e
in
d
icato
r
s
b
etwe
en
DI
an
d
PB
L
m
o
d
els
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
DI
P
B
L
M
e
a
n
±
S
D
Ec
o
le
v
e
l
M
e
a
n
±
S
D
Ec
o
l
e
v
el
1
Li
mi
t
t
o
g
r
o
w
t
h
9
.
4
2
±
1
.
2
4
Lo
w
1
3
.
2
9
±
1
.
0
4
H
i
g
h
2
B
a
l
a
n
c
e
o
f
n
a
t
u
r
e
9
.
3
0
±
1
.
2
5
Lo
w
1
3
.
2
0
±
1
.
1
4
H
i
g
h
3
A
n
t
i
-
a
n
t
h
r
o
p
o
c
e
n
t
r
i
sm
7
.
5
7
±
1
.
7
3
V
e
r
y
l
o
w
1
2
.
4
7
±
0
.
6
9
H
i
g
h
4
A
n
t
i
-
e
x
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
sm
9
.
0
2
±
1
.
4
8
Lo
w
1
2
.
6
6
±
0
.
7
3
H
i
g
h
5
Ec
o
l
o
g
y
c
r
i
si
s
8
.
0
5
±
2
.
1
7
V
e
r
y
l
o
w
1
3
.
3
4
±
1
.
0
4
H
i
g
h
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tatis
tical
test
r
es
u
lts
,
th
er
e
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
e
e
co
liter
ac
y
b
etwe
en
th
o
s
e
tau
g
h
t
with
th
e
DI
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
o
s
e
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
PB
L
in
teg
r
ated
with
GSSI
an
d
C
o
m
d
ig
i
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
6
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
lear
n
e
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
ac
h
ie
v
ed
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
h
ig
h
e
r
ec
o
liter
ac
y
s
co
r
es.
T
h
e
Ma
n
n
–
W
h
itn
ey
U
,
W
ilco
x
o
n
W
,
an
d
Z
s
tatis
tic
s
s
h
o
wed
a
h
ig
h
l
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
PB
L
with
GSSI
an
d
C
o
m
d
ig
i
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
attitu
d
e
ec
o
lit
er
ac
y
(
U/W
/Z=
1
.
5
0
0
/3
0
8
2
.
5
0
0
/1
0
.
7
8
9
;
p
=0
.
0
0
)
.
Similar
ly
,
all
f
iv
e
attitu
d
e
in
d
icato
r
s
s
h
o
wed
v
e
r
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
f
av
o
r
in
g
th
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
(
U/W
/Z=
0
.
0
0
0
/3
2
5
.
0
0
0
/6
.
1
3
9
to
2
.
5
0
0
/3
2
7
.
5
0
0
/6
.
1
5
1
;
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
,
as in
T
ab
le
6
.
T
ab
le
6
.
Ma
n
n
–
W
h
itn
ey
U/W
ilco
x
o
n
W
/Z
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
attitu
d
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
p
er
in
d
icato
r
b
etwe
en
DI
an
d
PB
L
m
o
d
el
s
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
M
a
n
n
-
W
h
i
t
n
e
y
U
/
W
i
l
c
o
x
o
n
W
/
Z
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
1
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
e
c
o
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
1
.
5
0
0
/
3
0
8
2
.
5
0
0
/
1
0
.
7
8
9
0
.
0
0
2
Li
mi
t
t
o
g
r
o
w
t
h
3
6
.
0
0
0
/
3
1
1
7
.
0
0
0
/
1
0
.
7
4
7
0
.
0
0
3
B
a
l
a
n
c
e
o
f
n
a
t
u
r
e
6
2
.
5
0
0
/
3
1
4
3
.
5
0
0
/
1
0
.
6
6
9
0
.
0
0
4
A
n
t
i
-
a
n
t
h
r
o
p
o
c
e
n
t
r
i
sm
4
9
.
0
0
0
/
3
1
3
0
.
0
0
0
/
1
0
.
8
4
0
0
.
0
0
5
A
n
t
i
-
e
x
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
sm
7
4
.
0
0
0
/
3
1
5
5
.
0
0
0
/
1
0
.
6
9
0
0
.
0
0
6
Ec
o
l
o
g
y
c
r
i
si
s
6
0
.
0
0
0
/
3
1
4
1
.
0
0
0
/
1
0
.
6
4
3
0
.
0
0
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
e
c
o
l
i
t
e
r
ac
y
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
t
h
e
T
o
b
a
C
a
l
d
e
r
a
i
n
PB
L
c
l
as
s
e
s
c
o
n
t
a
in
i
n
g
G
S
SI
a
n
d
C
o
m
d
i
g
i
is
li
k
e
l
y
a
d
i
r
e
ct
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
t
h
ei
r
h
i
g
h
e
r
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
e
c
o
l
it
e
r
a
c
y
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
F
e
ti
a
n
a
et
a
l
.
[
4
]
,
s
t
r
o
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
a
r
e
a
t
t
itu
d
e
s
.
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
es
a
r
e
c
l
o
s
e
l
y
l
i
n
k
e
d
t
o
o
n
e
’
s
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
r
e
s
h
a
p
e
d
b
y
p
r
i
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
.
O
t
h
e
r
s
t
u
d
ie
s
[
38
]
,
[
3
9
]
also
n
o
ted
th
at
b
etter
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
k
n
o
wled
g
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
in
d
i
v
id
u
als’
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
attitu
d
es
.
R
esear
ch
also
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
C
o
m
d
ig
i
with
l
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
th
em
es
a
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ca
r
e
attitu
d
es.
T
h
ese
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
e
n
h
an
ce
awa
r
en
ess
,
co
n
ce
r
n
,
a
n
d
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
4
0
]
–
[
42
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
ar
r
ativ
es
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
l
-
life
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
m
ess
ag
es
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
er
ec
o
lo
g
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
v
is
u
al
an
d
n
ar
r
ativ
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
c
o
m
ic
m
ed
ia
r
e
d
u
ce
v
er
b
al
lo
a
d
,
allo
win
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
to
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
in
ter
n
alize
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
v
alu
es
with
in
ev
er
y
d
a
y
co
n
tex
ts
[1
1
]
,
[
4
0
].
B
ased
o
n
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
an
aly
s
is
,
q
u
alitativ
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ca
r
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
b
etwe
en
th
o
s
e
tau
g
h
t
wi
th
th
e
DI
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
with
GSSI
co
n
ten
t a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
7
.
C
lear
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
e
v
id
en
t.
3
.
3
.
P
r
o
-
env
iro
nm
ent
a
l beha
v
io
r
ec
o
lite
r
a
cy
Pro
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
eh
a
v
io
r
e
co
liter
ac
y
r
ef
lects
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
b
ilit
y
to
tr
a
n
s
late
th
eir
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
in
to
co
n
cr
ete
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
co
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
co
m
p
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
tau
g
h
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
DI
an
d
th
o
s
e
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
PB
L
with
lo
ca
l
o
r
g
eo
p
ar
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
is
s
u
es
p
r
esen
ted
in
C
o
m
d
ig
i
f
o
r
m
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
ab
le
8
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
in
T
ab
le
8
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
r
o
-
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
eh
av
io
r
ec
o
liter
ac
y
in
class
es
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
DI
f
alls
in
to
th
e
m
o
d
er
ate
ca
te
g
o
r
y
(
X
̅
=
4
1
.
3
8
)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
PB
L
class
es
with
GSSI
in
teg
r
ated
in
t
o
C
o
m
d
i
g
i
f
all
in
to
th
e
h
ig
h
o
r
g
o
o
d
c
ateg
o
r
y
(
X
̅
=4
6
.
5
5
)
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
e
h
av
io
r
ec
o
liter
ac
y
was
h
ig
h
er
(
ar
o
u
n
d
1
2
.
5
%)
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
lear
n
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
PB
L
with
g
eo
p
ar
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
es
th
an
th
o
s
e
in
th
e
DI
m
o
d
el.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
th
r
ee
in
d
icato
r
s
ass
ess
ed
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
9
.
Fo
r
b
o
t
h
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els,
th
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
lev
els
f
o
r
all
in
d
icato
r
s
f
ell
with
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
ate
ca
te
g
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
in
d
icato
r
“stra
teg
ies
an
d
ac
tio
n
s
k
ills
”
was
th
e
l
o
west
f
o
r
b
o
th
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
els.
T
h
i
s
r
ef
lects
a
g
ap
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
an
d
th
e
r
ea
l
ac
tio
n
s
ex
p
e
cted
to
em
er
g
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
L
iu
an
d
Gr
ee
n
[
4
3
]
,
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
es
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
liter
ac
y
an
d
a
war
en
ess
ar
e
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
ac
c
o
m
p
an
ied
b
y
c
h
an
g
es
i
n
ac
t
u
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
u
n
less
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
with
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
ac
t,
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
r
ea
l f
ield
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
5
7
5
-
1
5
8
6
1582
T
ab
le
7
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ca
r
e
attitu
d
es to
war
d
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
b
e
twee
n
th
e
DI
an
d
th
e
PB
L
m
o
d
els with
GSSI
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
D
I
mo
d
e
l
P
B
L
m
o
d
e
l
w
i
t
h
G
S
S
I
1
Li
mi
t
t
o
g
r
o
w
t
h
−
D
o
n
o
t
a
g
r
e
e
t
h
a
t
g
r
o
w
t
h
h
a
s
l
i
m
i
t
s
−
D
o
n
o
t
a
g
r
e
e
t
h
a
t
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
r
e
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
−
W
i
l
l
i
n
g
t
o
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
s w
i
t
h
o
u
t
r
e
st
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
−
A
g
r
e
e
t
h
a
t
g
r
o
w
t
h
h
a
s
l
i
mi
t
s
−
A
g
r
e
e
t
h
a
t
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
r
e
l
i
mi
t
e
d
a
n
d
mu
st
b
e
u
se
d
w
i
sel
y
−
W
i
l
l
o
n
l
y
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
r
e
sp
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s
2
B
a
l
a
n
c
e
o
f
n
a
t
u
r
e
−
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
h
u
m
a
n
s
ma
y
a
l
t
e
r
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
men
t
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
n
e
e
d
s
−
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
h
u
m
a
n
s
ma
y
u
se
p
l
a
n
t
s
a
n
d
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
f
r
e
e
l
y
−
A
l
t
e
r
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
w
i
t
h
c
a
u
t
i
o
n
−
U
se
p
l
a
n
t
s
a
n
d
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
p
r
o
p
e
r
p
u
r
p
o
ses
3
A
n
t
i
-
a
n
t
h
r
o
p
o
c
e
n
t
r
i
sm
−
D
o
n
o
t
a
g
r
e
e
t
h
a
t
a
n
i
ma
l
s
a
n
d
p
l
a
n
t
s
h
a
v
e
e
q
u
a
l
r
i
g
h
t
s
t
o
l
i
f
e
−
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
h
u
m
a
n
s
a
r
e
su
p
e
r
i
o
r
,
w
h
i
l
e
a
n
i
ma
l
s
a
n
d
p
l
a
n
t
s
a
r
e
i
n
f
e
r
i
o
r
−
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
h
u
m
a
n
s
,
a
n
i
ma
l
s,
a
n
d
p
l
a
n
t
s
h
a
v
e
e
q
u
a
l
r
i
g
h
t
s
t
o
l
i
f
e
a
s
G
o
d
’
s
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
s
−
D
o
n
o
t
a
g
r
e
e
t
h
a
t
h
u
ma
n
s
a
r
e
s
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
l
i
v
i
n
g
b
e
i
n
g
s
4
A
n
t
i
-
e
x
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
sm
−
S
h
o
w
l
i
t
t
l
e
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
men
t
a
l
c
o
n
ser
v
a
t
i
o
n
−
D
o
n
o
t
r
e
p
r
i
m
a
n
d
p
e
o
p
l
e
w
h
o
c
u
t
t
r
e
e
s
i
r
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
l
y
−
P
r
e
f
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
t
i
ss
u
e
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
r
e
u
s
a
b
l
e
h
a
n
d
k
e
r
c
h
i
e
f
s
−
D
o
n
o
t
u
se
r
e
u
s
a
b
l
e
b
a
g
s
w
h
e
n
sh
o
p
p
i
n
g
−
D
o
n
o
t
r
e
p
r
i
m
a
n
d
p
e
e
r
s w
h
o
l
i
t
t
e
r
−
P
e
r
mi
t
l
a
n
d
b
u
r
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
p
u
r
p
o
ses
−
S
h
o
w
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
ser
v
a
t
i
o
n
−
R
e
p
r
i
ma
n
d
o
r
r
e
m
i
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
c
u
t
t
r
e
e
s
i
r
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
l
y
−
A
v
o
i
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
i
ssu
e
a
n
d
a
r
e
w
i
l
l
i
n
g
t
o
sw
i
t
c
h
t
o
r
e
u
sa
b
l
e
h
a
n
d
k
e
r
c
h
i
e
f
s
−
B
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
u
s
e
c
l
o
t
h
b
a
g
s w
h
e
n
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
;
a
v
o
i
d
p
l
a
st
i
c
b
a
g
s
−
R
e
p
r
i
ma
n
d
p
e
e
r
s wh
o
l
i
t
t
e
r
−
D
o
n
o
t
a
l
l
o
w
l
a
n
d
t
o
b
e
b
u
r
n
e
d
f
o
r
a
n
y
r
e
a
so
n
5
Ec
o
l
o
g
y
c
r
i
si
s
−
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
To
b
a
C
a
l
d
e
r
a
i
s
su
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
so
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
d
i
sas
t
e
r
s wi
l
l
n
o
l
o
n
g
e
r
o
c
c
u
r
−
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
l
a
r
g
e
r
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
d
i
s
a
st
e
r
s ma
y
o
c
c
u
r
i
n
t
h
e
To
b
a
C
a
l
d
e
r
a
i
f
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
i
mp
r
o
v
e
T
ab
le
8
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
eh
av
i
o
r
ec
o
liter
ac
y
to
war
d
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
er
a
Te
st
M
o
d
e
l
N
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
Ec
o
l
e
v
el
P
o
st
t
e
s
t
DI
78
4
1
.
3
8
3
.
5
1
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
P
B
L
78
4
6
.
5
5
7
.
2
9
H
i
g
h
/
g
o
o
d
T
ab
le
9
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
r
o
-
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
ec
o
liter
ac
y
t
o
war
d
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
ald
e
r
a
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
in
d
icato
r
s
b
etwe
en
DI
an
d
PB
L
m
o
d
els
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
DI
P
B
L
M
e
a
n
±
S
D
Ec
o
l
e
v
e
l
M
e
a
n
±
S
D
Ec
o
le
v
e
l
1
D
e
si
r
e
t
o
a
c
t
1
4
.
0
1
±
1
.
4
9
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
1
6
.
8
3
±
3
.
8
0
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
2
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
sk
i
l
l
s
1
3
.
2
2
±
1
.
6
4
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
1
3
.
9
2
±
2
.
0
3
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
3
A
c
t
i
v
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
1
4
.
1
5
±
2
.
1
9
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
1
5
.
7
9
±
2
.
4
7
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
PB
L
an
d
g
e
o
p
ar
k
s
o
cio
-
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
es
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
to
b
e
an
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
-
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
eh
av
io
r
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
an
a
u
th
en
tic
an
d
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
o
n
o
t
m
e
r
ely
s
o
lv
e
ab
s
t
r
ac
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
b
u
t
en
g
a
g
e
d
ir
ec
tly
with
g
eo
p
ar
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
es,
s
u
ch
a
s
d
ef
o
r
estatio
n
,
KJA
,
wate
r
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
an
d
g
eo
s
ite
d
e
g
r
a
d
atio
n
in
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
al
d
er
a.
Su
ch
co
n
tex
tu
al
le
ar
n
in
g
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
s
em
o
tio
n
a
l
an
d
s
o
cial
r
elev
an
ce
,
m
o
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
[
44
]
,
[
45
].
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
PB
L
p
o
s
itio
n
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
ac
tiv
e
ag
en
ts
wh
o
u
n
d
er
g
o
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
c
y
cle
o
f
ec
o
lo
g
ical
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
ac
tin
g
,
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
,
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
u
l
atio
n
,
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
r
ef
lectio
n
[
27
]
.
T
h
is
cy
cle
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
l
v
in
g
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
r
o
-
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Gö
k
an
d
B
o
n
cu
k
çu
[
46
]
f
u
r
th
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
ed
in
PB
L
s
h
o
wed
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ies an
d
g
r
ea
ter
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ac
tiv
ities
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
tau
g
h
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
DI
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
GSSI
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
er
v
es
as
a
ca
taly
s
t
f
o
r
s
o
cial
an
d
m
o
r
al
awa
r
en
e
s
s
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
t
o
co
n
s
id
er
m
u
ltip
le
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
th
e
s
o
cial
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
es.
Stu
d
y
b
y
Vieh
m
an
n
et
a
l.
[
45
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
SS
I
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
f
o
s
ter
s
ec
o
lo
g
ical
e
m
p
ath
y
,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
s
u
s
ta
in
ab
ilit
y
-
o
r
ien
ted
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
Similar
ly
,
San
ch
ez
et
a
l.
[
47
]
in
a
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
o
f
5
2
s
tu
d
ies,
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
SS
I
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
ec
o
lo
g
ical
liter
ac
y
an
d
attitu
d
es,
alth
o
u
g
h
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
b
eh
av
i
o
r
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
n
ly
wh
en
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
ac
tio
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t o
f
s
o
cial
n
o
r
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
o
cio
s
cien
tifi
c
is
s
u
e
a
n
d
d
ig
it
a
l c
o
mic
in
p
r
o
b
lem
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
t
… (
E
r
i
ka
R
o
s
d
ia
n
a
)
1583
Statis
t
ical
test
s
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
e
h
av
io
r
ec
o
liter
ac
y
b
etwe
en
th
o
s
e
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
D
I
an
d
th
o
s
e
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
PB
L
with
GSSI
,
as
in
T
ab
le
1
0
.
Acr
o
s
s
all
in
d
icato
r
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
tau
g
h
t
with
PB
L
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
t
h
an
t
h
o
s
e
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
DI
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
PB
L
in
teg
r
ated
with
GSSI
h
as
a
v
er
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
e
n
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
eh
av
i
o
r
ec
o
liter
ac
y
(
Ma
n
n
–
W
h
itn
ey
U
/W
ilco
x
o
n
W
/Z=
1
3
1
9
.
5
0
0
/
4
4
0
0
.
5
0
0
/6
.
1
1
5
; p
=
0
.
0
0
)
.
T
ab
le
1
0
.
Ma
n
n
–
W
h
itn
ey
U/W
ilco
x
o
n
W
/Z
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
b
eh
av
io
r
ec
o
liter
ac
y
p
er
in
d
icato
r
b
etwe
en
DI
a
n
d
PB
L
m
o
d
els
with
GSSI
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
M
a
n
n
-
W
h
i
t
n
e
y
U
/
W
i
l
c
o
x
o
n
W
/
Z
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
1
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
e
c
o
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
1
3
1
9
.
5
0
0
/
4
4
0
0
.
5
0
0
/
6
.
1
1
5
0
.
0
0
2
D
e
si
r
e
t
o
a
c
t
1
1
2
1
.
0
0
0
/
4
2
0
2
.
0
0
0
/
6
.
8
4
9
0
.
0
0
3
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
sk
i
l
l
s
2
4
3
2
.
0
0
0
/
5
5
1
3
.
0
0
0
/
2
.
1
9
3
0
.
0
2
4
A
c
t
i
v
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
1
7
8
1
.
0
0
0
/
4
8
6
2
.
0
0
0
/
4
.
5
0
6
0
.
0
0
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
b
eh
av
io
r
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
ta
u
g
h
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
PB
L
-
GSSI
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
DI
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
was
n
o
t
o
p
tim
al.
I
d
en
tifie
d
b
ar
r
ier
s
in
clu
d
e
lim
ited
s
ch
o
o
l
f
ac
ilit
ies,
lack
o
f
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
a
ctio
n
p
r
o
jects,
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
p
ee
r
n
o
r
m
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
e
m
b
ar
r
ass
m
en
t
o
r
f
ea
r
o
f
r
id
ic
u
le
wh
en
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ac
tio
n
s
)
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
L
iu
an
d
Gr
ee
n
[
43
]
,
wh
o
em
p
h
asize
d
th
at
s
o
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
p
lay
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
o
le
th
an
k
n
o
wled
g
e
alo
n
e
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ec
o
lo
g
ical
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
u
th
en
tic
f
ield
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
teac
h
e
r
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
a
ctio
n
,
s
ch
o
o
l
–
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
co
ll
ab
o
r
atio
n
with
t
h
e
g
e
o
p
ar
k
au
th
o
r
ity
,
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
n
te
x
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia
s
u
ch
as
C
o
m
d
ig
i
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
l
o
ca
l
o
r
g
e
o
p
ar
k
is
s
u
es.
B
o
n
cu
k
çu
an
d
Gö
k
[
48
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
PB
L
ac
tiv
ities
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
m
icr
o
-
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
jects
(
e.
g
.
,
r
ec
y
clin
g
in
iti
ativ
es,
clea
n
wate
r
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
,
o
r
b
io
c
o
m
p
o
s
t p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
)
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
a
n
d
ac
t
io
n
s
k
ills
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lea
r
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
b
eh
av
io
r
.
As
a
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
m
e
d
iu
m
,
C
o
m
d
ig
i
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
e
h
av
io
r
e
co
liter
ac
y
.
C
o
m
d
ig
i
p
r
esen
t
p
r
ac
tical
ec
o
lo
g
ical
ac
tio
n
s
clo
s
e
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
aily
liv
es,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
p
er
waste
d
is
p
o
s
al,
waste
s
o
r
tin
g
,
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
,
a
n
d
ca
r
in
g
f
o
r
p
la
n
ts
an
d
an
im
als
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
v
is
u
al
–
n
ar
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
h
elp
s
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
n
o
t
o
n
ly
wh
y
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t b
u
t a
ls
o
h
o
w
to
p
r
ac
tice
it in
d
aily
life
.
T
h
e
r
ep
ea
ted
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t o
f
ec
o
lo
g
ical
b
eh
av
io
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
en
g
ag
in
g
s
to
r
ies also
f
o
s
ter
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
h
ab
its
an
d
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
es p
o
s
itiv
e
p
ee
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t [
1
1
].
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
PB
L
in
teg
r
ate
d
with
GSSI
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
C
o
m
d
ig
i
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
is
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ten
d
en
cies
to
war
d
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
s
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
to
attitu
d
es
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
in
to
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
b
u
t
also
f
o
s
ter
s
th
e
in
ter
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
ec
o
lo
g
ical
v
alu
es
an
d
s
k
ills
,
m
an
if
ested
in
r
ea
l
ac
ti
o
n
s
with
in
th
e
T
o
b
a
C
al
d
er
a
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
n
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
eh
av
io
r
ec
o
liter
ac
y
d
e
v
elo
p
s
o
p
tim
all
y
wh
en
lear
n
in
g
g
o
es
b
ey
o
n
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
to
i
n
clu
d
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
t e
co
lo
g
ical
ac
tio
n
[
45
]
,
[
47
].
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
tu
d
y
ev
alu
ated
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
SS
I
an
d
C
o
m
d
ig
i
in
PB
L
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
ec
o
liter
ac
y
to
war
d
T
C
UGGp
am
o
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
R
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
GSSI
an
d
C
o
m
d
ig
i
in
p
r
o
b
lem
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ca
r
e
attitu
d
es
an
d
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
b
eh
av
io
r
ec
o
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
ese
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
ex
ce
ed
in
g
ty
p
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ed
u
c
atio
n
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
ef
f
ec
ts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
g
eo
p
a
r
k
s
o
cio
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
e
an
d
C
o
m
d
ig
i
in
PB
L
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
h
i
g
h
ly
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
g
eo
p
ar
k
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
au
th
en
tic
GS
SI
a
n
d
C
o
m
d
ig
i
in
p
r
o
b
lem
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ca
n
b
e
lev
er
ag
ed
f
o
r
UNE
SC
O
Glo
b
al
Geo
p
ar
k
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
r
ep
licab
le
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
2
2
9
g
lo
b
al
g
e
o
p
ar
k
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e
f
ac
in
g
s
im
ilar
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
also
em
p
lo
y
s
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ec
o
liter
ac
y
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
co
g
n
itiv
e,
af
f
ec
tiv
e
,
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
alid
ated
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
ad
v
an
cin
g
ec
o
liter
ac
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
m
p
ellin
g
ev
id
en
ce
th
a
t
SS
I
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
C
o
m
d
ig
i
in
PB
L
i
s
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
y
o
u
th
ec
o
liter
ac
y
to
war
d
UNE
SC
O
Glo
b
al
Geo
p
ar
k
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
.
As
th
e
g
lo
b
al
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
g
eo
p
a
r
k
s
co
n
tin
u
es
to
ex
p
an
d
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
allen
g
es
in
ten
s
if
y
,
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
d
ev
el
o
p
th
e
n
e
x
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
s
tewa
r
d
s
.
S
o
cio
s
cien
tific
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
an
d
C
o
m
d
ig
i
in
PB
L
m
o
d
el
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
cr
itical
n
ee
d
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
h
o
p
e
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
g
eo
p
a
r
k
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
a
n
d
b
io
d
iv
er
s
ity
p
r
o
tectio
n
wo
r
ld
wid
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
5
7
5
-
1
5
8
6
1584
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
W
e
g
r
atef
u
lly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
h
e
Lemb
a
g
a
P
en
d
id
ika
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
–
Je
r
ma
n
(
L
PIJ)
f
o
r
th
e
f
in
an
cial
ass
is
tan
ce
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
(
L
PIJ G
r
a
n
t N
o
.
1
/VI
I
I
-
L
PIJ/2
0
2
4
)
,
wh
i
ch
m
ad
e
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
E
r
ik
a
R
o
s
d
ian
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
etn
o
Dwi
Su
y
an
ti
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
B
in
ar
i M
an
u
r
u
n
g
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
W
e
h
av
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t f
r
o
m
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als in
c
lu
d
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
h
u
m
a
n
u
s
e
h
as
b
ee
n
co
m
p
lie
d
with
all
th
e
r
elev
an
t
n
atio
n
al
r
eg
u
l
atio
n
s
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
ten
ets
o
f
th
e
He
ls
in
k
i
d
ec
lar
atio
n
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
'
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ev
iew
b
o
ar
d
o
r
eq
u
i
v
alen
t c
o
m
m
ittee.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
t
h
o
r
,
[
B
M]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
P
.
R
e
mu
s
,
H
.
B
.
T
a
r
mi
z
i
,
P
.
D
a
u
l
a
y
,
a
n
d
R
u
j
i
m
a
n
,
“
T
o
u
r
i
sm
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
a
r
e
a
o
f
l
a
k
e
t
o
b
a
a
g
a
i
n
st
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
i
mp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
”
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
-
Ac
c
e
ss
t
o
S
u
c
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
9
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
–
1
3
4
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
7
7
5
0
/
Q
A
S
/
2
4
.
1
9
4
.
1
5
.
[
2
]
E.
R
o
s
d
i
a
n
a
,
R
.
D
.
S
u
y
a
n
t
i
,
a
n
d
B
.
M
a
n
u
r
u
n
g
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
e
c
o
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
o
f
j
u
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
T
o
b
a
C
a
l
d
e
r
a
U
N
ESCO
g
l
o
b
a
l
g
e
o
p
a
r
k
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
B
i
o
l
o
k
u
s:
J
u
r
n
a
l
P
e
n
e
l
i
t
i
a
n
Pe
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
Bi
o
l
o
g
i
d
a
n
Bi
o
l
o
g
i
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
1
–
6
2
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
0
8
2
1
/
b
i
o
l
o
k
u
s
.
v
8
i
1
.
4
4
6
9
.
[
3
]
N
.
D.
N
a
p
i
t
u
p
u
l
u
,
I
.
N
o
v
i
a
n
t
i
,
a
n
d
K
.
S.
E
mb
a
t
a
u
,
“
En
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
n
m
i
d
d
l
e
sc
h
o
o
l
:
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
sk
i
l
l
s
,
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
a
f
f
e
c
t
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
-
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
”
J
u
r
n
a
l
E
d
u
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
(
J
E
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
1
–
2
9
6
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
6
9
8
7
/
j
e
s.
v
1
2
i
2
.
6
6
9
1
.
[
4
]
N
.
F
e
t
i
a
n
a
,
A
.
P
e
r
ma
n
a
sari
,
a
n
d
I
.
P
e
r
man
a
,
“
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
o
f
j
u
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
B
o
g
o
r
:
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
t
o
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
,”
J
u
rn
a
l
Pe
n
e
l
i
t
i
a
n
Pe
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
I
PA
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
4
2
3
–
2
4
2
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
3
0
3
/
j
p
p
i
p
a
.
v
8
i
5
.
1
7
9
4
.
[
5
]
S
.
P
a
r
y
a
n
t
i
,
I
.
D
.
P
u
r
s
i
t
a
sa
r
i
,
a
n
d
B
.
R
u
b
i
n
i
,
“
Ec
o
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
o
f
j
u
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
l
e
s
s
o
n
o
n
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
me
,
”
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
a
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
a
:
J
u
rn
a
l
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
S
a
i
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
–
19
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
4
2
3
5
/
s
c
.
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
a
.
v
1
0
i
1
.
8
0
7
3
.
[
6
]
B
.
R
u
b
i
n
i
,
D
.
A
r
d
i
a
n
t
o
,
S
.
S
e
t
y
a
n
i
n
g
s
i
h
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
r
i
n
i
n
g
r
u
m
,
“
U
si
n
g
s
o
c
i
o
-
sci
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
i
ss
u
e
s
i
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
b
a
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
sci
e
n
c
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
s
i
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
3
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
2
3
3
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
7
3
.
[
7
]
H
.
H
e
s
t
i
a
n
a
a
n
d
D
.
R
o
sa
n
a
,
“
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
b
a
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
b
a
se
d
so
si
o
-
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
i
ssu
e
s
o
n
sci
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
so
l
v
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
o
f
j
u
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
–
2
1
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
8
3
1
/
j
ser.
v
4
i
1
.
3
4
2
3
4
.
[
8
]
L.
K
e
,
T
.
D
.
S
a
d
l
e
r
,
L
.
Z
a
n
g
o
r
i
,
a
n
d
P
.
J
.
F
r
i
e
d
r
i
c
h
s
e
n
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
s
o
c
i
o
-
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
i
ss
u
e
s
,
”
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
8
9
–
6
0
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
1
9
1
-
021
-
00206
-
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.