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all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
o
u
tco
m
es
at
a
“p
o
o
r
”
lev
el.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
is
a
clea
r
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
“
q
u
ality
with
in
d
iv
er
s
ity
”
,
d
ec
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
em
ai
n
s
r
estricte
d
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
en
co
u
n
ter
ex
ten
s
iv
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
wo
r
k
lo
ad
s
,
lim
itin
g
teac
h
er
s
’
ti
m
e
f
o
r
class
r
o
o
m
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
ch
allen
g
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
a
f
f
ec
ts
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
o
r
eq
u
i
r
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
d
ev
elo
p
t
h
eir
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial,
lear
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
ir
liv
es,
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
s
o
ciety
,
an
d
liv
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
o
u
s
ly
with
o
t
h
er
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Po
r
n
wian
g
et
a
l.
[
3
]
,
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
ch
ild
r
e
n
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
10
d
is
tin
ct
g
r
o
u
p
s
;
i
)
u
ltra
-
p
o
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
;
ii
)
ch
ild
r
en
with
d
r
u
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
;
iii
)
ab
an
d
o
n
e
d
c
h
ild
r
en
;
iv
)
ch
ild
r
e
n
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
a
b
u
s
e
an
d
v
i
o
len
ce
;
v
)
ch
ild
r
en
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
AI
DS
o
r
s
er
io
u
s
c
o
n
tag
io
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
s
tig
m
atize
d
b
y
s
o
ciety
;
vi
)
c
h
ild
r
en
f
r
o
m
eth
n
ic,
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al,
o
r
s
tateless
g
r
o
u
p
s
;
v
ii
)
ch
ild
r
en
o
f
lab
o
r
er
s
;
v
iii
)
ch
ild
r
en
f
o
r
ce
d
in
to
la
b
o
r
o
r
tr
af
f
ick
in
g
;
ix
)
ch
ild
r
en
in
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
th
e
s
ex
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
c
h
ild
p
r
o
s
titu
tio
n
,
o
r
at
r
is
k
o
f
s
u
ch
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
;
an
d
x
)
c
h
ild
r
en
with
s
p
ec
ial
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
also
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
a
t
th
ese
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
u
r
g
e
n
t
ca
r
e
an
d
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
s
ch
o
o
l a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
with
in
s
p
ec
ial
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
n
tex
ts
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
.
Data
f
r
o
m
th
e
Pa
Dae
t
Su
b
d
is
tr
ict
Mu
n
icip
ality
,
Mu
ea
n
g
Dis
tr
ict,
C
h
ian
g
Ma
i
Pro
v
in
ce
[
7
]
,
th
e
u
r
b
an
co
m
m
u
n
ity
f
ac
es
a
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
o
cially
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
e
d
in
d
i
v
id
u
als,
s
p
ec
if
ically
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
c
h
ild
r
en
in
t
wo
s
ch
o
o
ls
f
o
r
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
2
0
2
3
with
a
to
tal
o
f
5
3
7
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
:
i
)
W
at
W
an
g
Sin
g
Kh
am
Sch
o
o
l,
with
a
t
o
tal
o
f
2
9
3
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
:
1
5
0
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
1
4
3
r
eg
u
lar
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
an
d
ii
)
W
at
Pa
Dae
t
Sch
o
o
l,
with
a
t
o
tal
o
f
2
4
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
1
7
4
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
7
0
r
e
g
u
lar
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
es
e
f
ig
u
r
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
u
r
g
e
n
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
alig
n
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
iv
er
s
e
s
o
cial,
cu
ltu
r
al,
an
d
leg
al
co
n
te
x
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
elatio
n
to
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
As
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
co
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
s
ig
n
ed
o
n
J
u
l
y
1
7
,
2
0
2
3
,
b
etwe
en
B
an
Pa
Dae
t Sch
o
o
l,
W
at
W
a
n
g
Sin
g
Kh
am
Sch
o
o
l,
an
d
t
h
e
C
en
ter
f
o
r
R
esear
ch
o
n
I
n
eq
u
ality
R
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
So
cial
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
Ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
i
d
en
tifie
d
k
ey
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
n
ee
d
s
with
in
th
e
Pa
Dae
t
Su
b
d
is
tr
ict
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
p
r
iv
ileg
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
y
s
tem
atic,
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
tn
er
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
P
o
r
n
w
ia
n
g
et
a
l.
[
3
]
d
e
v
e
lo
p
ed
an
i
n
n
o
v
ati
v
e
g
u
i
d
el
in
e
f
o
r
tea
c
h
e
r
s
th
at
i
n
c
lu
d
es
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
k
ey
p
r
in
ci
p
l
es
:
i
)
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
at
io
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
v
o
lu
n
t
ar
y
;
ii
)
t
h
e
c
o
n
te
n
t
m
u
s
t a
li
g
n
wit
h
j
o
b
r
es
p
o
n
s
ib
ili
ties
;
ii
i
)
ac
t
iv
iti
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
e
le
ct
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
r
e
ad
in
ess
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
p
ass
i
o
n
;
iv
)
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
g
o
als
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
et
i
n
m
u
lti
p
l
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
w
h
i
ch
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
als
ca
n
le
ar
n
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
tl
y
a
n
d
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ly
;
v
)
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
g
o
als
s
h
o
u
l
d
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
k
e
y
co
m
p
et
en
cies
,
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
d
i
g
it
al
s
k
ills
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
a
n
ts
w
h
a
t
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
b
le
t
o
d
o
;
vi
)
t
r
a
n
s
d
is
c
ip
lin
ar
y
i
n
t
eg
r
a
ti
o
n
co
n
t
en
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
em
p
h
as
ize
d
;
v
ii
)
h
o
l
is
ti
c
ev
al
u
at
io
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
af
t
e
r
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
;
an
d
v
ii
i
)
s
t
ak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
m
u
s
t
a
cti
v
e
ly
i
n
v
o
lv
e
i
n
t
h
e
e
v
a
lu
ati
o
n
an
d
r
e
f
le
cti
o
n
p
r
o
c
ess
es
f
o
l
lo
win
g
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
d
i
f
f
er
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
a
d
iti
o
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
cu
r
r
i
cu
l
u
m
,
c
o
n
t
en
t,
a
n
d
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
n
e
ed
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
ag
en
c
y
,
r
at
h
e
r
th
a
n
t
h
e
tea
c
h
e
r
s
’
n
e
e
d
s
o
r
is
s
u
es t
ea
ch
er
s
e
n
c
o
u
n
te
r
.
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
lear
n
in
g
a
t
r
ad
e
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
ch
ild
r
en
,
b
u
t
th
ey
ar
e
also
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
,
h
o
p
e,
an
d
a
p
ath
t
o
a
b
etter
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
ese
in
itiativ
es
ass
is
t
th
em
i
n
escap
in
g
p
o
v
er
ty
,
g
iv
in
g
b
a
ck
to
th
ei
r
co
m
m
u
n
i
ties
,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
elf
-
r
elia
n
ce
,
liv
in
g
with
d
ig
n
ity
.
Giv
e
n
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
u
r
b
an
p
o
v
er
ty
an
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
i
c
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
e
d
b
y
c
h
ild
r
e
n
o
f
eth
n
ic/s
tateless
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
i
t
s
h
o
ws
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
th
at
b
r
id
g
es
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
ch
ild
r
e
n
in
u
r
b
an
T
h
ai
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
’
s
c
o
m
p
eten
cy
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
n
o
v
e
l
tr
an
s
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
r
esear
c
h
co
n
ce
p
t,
k
n
o
w
n
as
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
(
PAR
)
,
wh
ich
in
teg
r
ates
ex
p
er
tis
e
f
r
o
m
f
iv
e
d
is
tin
ct
f
ield
s
(
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
h
ea
lth
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
a
n
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
)
b
y
ex
p
e
r
ts
an
d
s
p
ec
ialis
t
s
f
r
o
m
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
i
n
C
h
ian
g
Ma
i
with
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
p
u
b
lic
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
f
r
o
m
teac
h
er
t
r
ain
i
n
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
ex
p
e
r
ts
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
f
ac
u
lties
,
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
teac
h
er
s
,
p
ar
en
ts
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
tili
ze
s
a
wo
r
k
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
r
e
lated
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
with
a
n
em
p
h
asis
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
co
m
p
eten
cies in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t t
o
ad
d
r
ess
is
s
u
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
u
n
d
er
p
r
i
v
ileg
ed
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
i
s
p
u
b
lic
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
lea
d
s
to
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
d
m
u
ltid
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
co
m
p
lex
is
s
u
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
esig
n
a
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
u
s
in
g
a
tr
an
s
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
PAR
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
ex
p
e
r
tis
e
f
r
o
m
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
h
ea
l
th
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
,
an
d
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I
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2252
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8
8
2
2
Tea
ch
er c
o
mp
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
men
t in
th
e
d
ig
ita
l
a
g
e:
p
r
o
mo
tin
g
u
n
d
erp
r
ivileg
ed
…
(
S
u
b
a
n
P
o
r
n
w
ia
n
g
)
1589
m
ar
k
etin
g
,
wh
ile
em
p
h
asizin
g
p
u
b
lic
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
th
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
llab
o
r
at
io
n
with
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
an
d
p
ar
tn
e
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
we
ex
p
ec
t
to
g
e
n
er
ate
n
ew
k
n
o
wled
g
e
v
ia
s
o
cial
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
in
itiativ
e
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
em
p
o
wer
in
g
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
ea
r
n
in
co
m
e
wh
i
le
s
tu
d
y
in
g
,
liv
in
g
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
ag
e
an
d
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
lo
wer
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
e
q
u
ality
i
n
u
r
b
a
n
co
m
m
u
n
ities
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
as p
o
s
s
ib
le.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
G
uid
eline
s
f
o
r
hu
m
a
n r
eso
urce
dev
elo
pm
ent
in educa
t
io
n f
o
r
t
he
2
1
s
t
ce
ntury
H
u
m
a
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
2
1
st
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
r
ef
lects
a
g
r
ad
u
al
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
els
to
war
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
e
m
p
h
asize
c
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
,
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
h
if
t
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
is
co
u
r
s
e;
h
o
wev
er
,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
e
x
am
in
a
tio
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
te
x
tu
al
r
ele
v
an
ce
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
.
W
h
ile
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
b
y
Du
r
o
n
g
k
a
v
er
o
j
[
1
]
,
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
t
r
an
s
itio
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
to
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
em
p
h
asizes
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
i
s
b
in
ar
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
v
er
s
im
p
lifie
s
th
e
in
tr
icate
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
m
ay
u
n
in
ten
tio
n
ally
o
v
e
r
lo
o
k
v
alu
a
b
le
ele
m
en
ts
o
f
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
teac
h
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
em
p
h
asis
o
n
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
-
s
u
ch
as
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
h
as
r
aised
im
p
o
r
tan
t
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
ese
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
p
r
o
m
o
ted
in
p
o
licy
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
liter
atu
r
e,
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
g
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
in
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
r
em
ai
n
s
lim
ited
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
ten
f
ail
t
o
ad
eq
u
ately
ad
d
r
ess
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
ch
allen
g
es,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
t
h
o
s
e
r
elate
d
to
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
a
r
e
d
n
ess
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ca
p
ac
ity
,
a
n
d
u
n
e
q
u
al
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
Of
f
ice
o
f
th
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
C
o
u
n
cil
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
[
1
0
]
s
im
ilar
ly
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
ted
th
at
with
o
u
t
s
y
s
tem
atic
ca
p
ac
ity
b
u
ild
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
s
t
ain
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
,
h
u
m
a
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
p
o
licies
r
is
k
r
em
ain
in
g
asp
ir
ati
o
n
al
r
at
h
er
th
an
lea
d
in
g
t
o
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
2
.
2
.
T
ea
cher
co
m
pet
encies
T
h
e
O
f
f
i
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
C
o
u
n
cil
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
is
cla
s
s
if
ied
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
to
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies
:
i
)
th
r
esh
o
ld
co
m
p
eten
cies
,
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
c
o
m
p
lex
task
s
(
s
p
ea
k
in
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
co
m
p
eten
cies)
;
an
d
ii
)
d
if
f
e
r
en
tia
tin
g
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
,
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
s
k
ills
th
at
en
ab
le
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
ac
h
iev
e
an
d
ex
ce
ed
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
lead
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lev
els
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
T
h
ai
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
in
d
icate
s
th
at
cu
r
r
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
clea
r
ly
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
b
etwe
en
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
s
k
ills
(
th
r
esh
o
ld
co
m
p
eten
cies)
an
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
th
a
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
izes
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
(
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiatin
g
co
m
p
e
ten
cies)
.
T
h
is
lack
o
f
d
is
tin
ctio
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
o
v
er
ly
g
en
er
alize
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
t
h
at
f
ail
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
f
u
ll sp
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
teac
h
er
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
.
2
.
3
.
Appro
a
ches f
o
r
co
m
pet
ency
dev
elo
pm
ent
Po
r
n
wian
g
et
a
l.
[
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
th
at
e
m
p
h
asizes
co
n
tex
tu
al
r
elev
a
n
ce
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
a
n
d
p
ar
ticip
at
o
r
y
en
g
ag
em
en
t
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
o
u
tlin
es
eig
h
t
k
ey
p
r
in
cip
les
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
teac
h
e
r
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
First,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
c
o
n
te
n
t
m
u
s
t
alig
n
with
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
ir
d
,
p
a
r
ticip
an
t
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
s
elec
t
ac
ti
v
ities
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
p
ass
io
n
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
th
er
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
g
o
als
b
ased
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
b
ei
n
g
d
ee
p
ly
k
n
o
wled
g
ea
b
le
in
th
e
c
o
r
e
ex
p
er
tis
e,
b
ein
g
awa
r
e
o
f
tr
an
s
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
asp
ec
ts
,
b
ein
g
ab
le
to
lear
n
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
,
a
n
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
s
ee
k
in
g
.
Fifth
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
g
o
als
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
k
e
y
co
m
p
eten
cies,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
th
ey
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
.
Six
th
,
em
p
h
asis
o
f
co
n
ten
t
s
h
o
u
ld
in
teg
r
ate
tr
a
n
s
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
n
ten
t.
Sev
en
t
h
,
a
h
o
lis
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
(
b
e
f
o
r
e,
d
u
r
in
g
,
an
d
af
ter
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
lied
with
v
ar
io
u
s
ass
es
s
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
.
L
astl
y
,
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
ar
ticip
at
e
in
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
r
ef
lecti
v
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
af
ter
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
2
.
4
.
Dev
elo
pm
ent
o
f
un
derpriv
ileg
ed
s
t
ud
ent
s
’
v
o
ca
t
io
na
l sk
ills
T
h
e
g
u
id
elin
es
m
u
s
t
p
ay
atten
tio
n
to
lo
g
ical
th
in
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
r
elate
d
to
ca
r
ee
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ag
ed
9
–
1
5
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
t
th
is
s
tag
e
em
p
h
asizes
p
r
ac
tic
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
o
th
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
id
en
tifie
d
f
o
u
r
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
:
i
)
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
–
en
g
ag
in
g
ex
ter
n
al
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
s
k
ills
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
,
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
r
e
lated
to
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
;
ii
)
r
ec
e
p
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
–
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
e
v
elo
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
5
8
7
-
1
5
9
7
1590
p
r
o
d
u
cts
r
ef
lectin
g
lo
ca
l
i
d
e
n
tity
;
iii
)
ad
a
p
tiv
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
–
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el
t
o
ac
q
u
ir
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
b
u
d
g
et
allo
ca
tio
n
in
b
u
s
in
ess
,
b
o
th
o
n
lin
e
an
d
o
f
f
lin
e
;
an
d
iv
)
with
d
r
awa
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
–
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lo
ca
l id
e
n
tity
an
d
d
iv
er
s
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
ein
g
as k
e
y
s
ellin
g
p
o
in
ts
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
2
.
5
.
T
ea
cher
co
m
pet
ency
dev
el
o
pm
ent
g
uid
elines
in
t
he
dig
it
a
l
a
g
e
pro
m
o
t
ing
un
derpriv
ileg
ed
s
t
ud
ent
s
’
v
o
ca
t
io
na
l sk
ills
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
id
en
tifie
s
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
co
m
p
eten
cies:
i)
co
r
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
-
s
u
ch
as
g
o
al
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
q
u
ality
s
er
v
ice,
s
elf
-
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
team
wo
r
k
;
an
d
ii)
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
-
s
u
ch
as
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
lear
n
in
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
s
tu
d
en
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t
r
el
ates
to
v
ar
io
u
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ea
lth
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
o
ciety
,
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
a
r
ts
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
eq
u
ip
u
n
d
er
p
r
i
v
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
n
ec
ess
ar
y
v
o
ca
t
io
n
al
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
t
h
em
to
b
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
,
g
en
er
ates
in
c
o
m
e,
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
s
elf
-
r
elian
t.
T
h
u
s
,
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
will
lead
th
em
to
a
b
etter
q
u
ality
o
f
life
,
an
d
th
e
s
o
cial
in
eq
u
ality
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ain
e
d
f
r
o
m
tr
an
s
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
r
esear
ch
.
2
.
6
.
C
o
n
c
ep
t
u
a
l
f
ra
m
ewo
rk
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
er
a
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
ch
ild
r
en
i
n
Pa
Dae
t
Su
b
d
is
tr
ict,
Mu
ea
n
g
Dis
tr
ict,
C
h
ian
g
Ma
i
is
b
ased
o
n
in
co
n
ce
p
ts
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
titu
tio
n
,
n
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lan
s
,
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
p
o
licies,
all
o
f
wh
ich
aim
to
ex
p
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
q
u
ality
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
ch
ild
r
e
n
f
ac
in
g
co
m
p
lex
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
is
o
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
eten
cies
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
h
o
ld
d
ir
ec
t
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
is
s
u
es
co
n
f
r
o
n
ted
b
y
th
ese
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
b
ased
o
n
a
tr
an
s
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
ce
p
t,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
ea
c
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t g
u
id
elin
es in
th
e
d
ig
ital a
g
e:
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Tea
ch
er c
o
mp
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
men
t in
th
e
d
ig
ita
l
a
g
e:
p
r
o
mo
tin
g
u
n
d
erp
r
ivileg
ed
…
(
S
u
b
a
n
P
o
r
n
w
ia
n
g
)
1591
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
P
ha
s
e
1
:
building
unde
r
st
a
nding
a
nd
c
o
lla
bo
r
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
h
ar
ed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
c
o
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
am
o
n
g
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
in
clu
d
ed
5
5
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
li
n
g
.
T
h
e
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
3
5
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
W
at
W
an
g
Si
n
g
Kh
am
Sch
o
o
l
an
d
W
at
P
a
Dae
t
Sch
o
o
l,
an
d
1
0
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
e
r
ts
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
two
p
r
im
ar
y
m
et
h
o
d
s
:
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
u
r
v
ey
s
,
w
h
ich
g
ath
er
ed
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
teac
h
e
r
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
-
d
ep
th
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
c
o
llab
o
r
a
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
am
o
n
g
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
clo
s
ed
-
e
n
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
an
d
L
ik
er
t
-
s
ca
le
item
s
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
attitu
d
es,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
f
o
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
e
m
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
g
u
id
es
with
s
et
to
p
ics
an
d
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
m
e
an
in
g
f
u
l
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
co
n
ten
t a
n
aly
s
is
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
co
d
in
g
t
o
id
e
n
tify
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
p
a
tter
n
s
,
th
em
es,
an
d
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
r
e
lated
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
c
o
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
.
3
.
2
.
P
ha
s
e
2
:
esta
bli
s
hin
g
a
da
t
a
ba
s
e
o
n t
he
qu
a
lity
o
f
lif
e
a
nd
un
derpr
iv
ileg
ed
s
t
ud
e
nts in scho
o
ls
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
atab
ase
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
life
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
I
t
in
v
o
lv
e
d
3
0
6
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
:
3
5
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
t
ea
ch
er
s
,
2
6
1
p
ar
en
ts
o
f
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
tar
g
et
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
a
n
d
1
0
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
ex
p
er
ts
f
r
o
m
C
h
ian
g
Ma
i.
Data
co
llectio
n
u
tili
ze
d
two
p
r
im
ar
y
m
et
h
o
d
s
:
s
ite
v
is
its
alo
n
g
with
d
ir
ec
t
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
at
s
ch
o
o
l
lo
ca
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
q
u
ality
o
f
life
,
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
to
co
llect
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
a
n
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ata.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
clu
d
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es
co
v
e
r
in
g
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
,
an
d
q
u
ality
-
of
-
life
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
alo
n
g
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
d
ata
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
f
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
d
o
cu
m
en
tin
g
s
ite
v
is
it
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
ch
as
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
r
eso
u
r
ce
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
o
th
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
tech
n
iq
u
es:
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
(
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ea
n
s
,
ce
n
tr
al
ten
d
en
cie
s
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
)
to
an
aly
ze
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata,
an
d
co
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
to
ex
am
in
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
r
ec
o
r
d
s
an
d
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
id
en
tify
in
g
th
em
es
r
elate
d
to
ch
allen
g
es a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
3
.
3
.
P
ha
s
e
3
:
esta
bli
s
hin
g
a
da
t
a
ba
s
e
f
o
r
t
he
dev
elo
pm
ent
o
f
t
ea
cher
c
o
m
pet
encies in t
he
dig
it
a
l a
g
e
T
h
e
t
h
i
r
d
p
h
ase
co
n
c
e
n
t
r
at
ed
o
n
est
ab
lis
h
i
n
g
a
d
a
ta
b
as
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
te
ac
h
e
r
c
o
m
p
ete
n
cies
in
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
a
g
e
p
a
r
t
ic
u
la
r
l
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
v
o
ca
t
io
n
al
s
k
i
lls
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
p
r
i
v
il
eg
ed
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
3
5
p
ar
tic
ip
a
n
ts
p
u
r
p
o
s
i
v
el
y
s
el
ec
t
ed
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
t
a
r
g
et
s
c
h
o
o
ls
:
2
1
a
d
m
i
n
is
t
r
at
o
r
s
an
d
tea
c
h
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
W
at
W
a
n
g
Si
n
g
K
h
a
m
Sc
h
o
o
l
a
n
d
1
4
f
r
o
m
W
at
Pa
D
ae
t
S
c
h
o
o
l.
Da
ta
c
o
ll
ec
ti
o
n
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
ct
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
tw
o
m
ai
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
:
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
an
d
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
d
d
i
g
i
tal
s
k
i
lls
,
h
o
w
tea
ch
er
s
ap
p
l
y
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
tea
ch
in
g
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
ab
ilit
y
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
o
ca
t
io
n
a
l
s
k
i
ll
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
we
r
e
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
t
ea
ch
e
r
s
’
r
e
al
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
ce
s
,
c
h
al
le
n
g
es
,
a
n
d
n
ee
d
s
i
n
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
d
i
g
it
al
-
a
g
e
co
m
p
et
en
cies
.
T
h
e
r
esea
r
c
h
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
ts
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
d
i
g
ita
l
co
m
p
et
en
c
y
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es
,
al
lo
w
in
g
tea
c
h
e
r
s
t
o
ev
al
u
at
e
t
h
eir
p
r
o
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
in
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
g
it
al
t
o
o
ls
,
o
n
li
n
e
te
a
ch
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
ati
n
g
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
t
o
v
o
ca
ti
o
n
al
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
.
S
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
d
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
g
u
i
d
es
f
ac
ilit
at
ed
d
is
cu
s
s
i
o
n
s
o
n
d
ig
ita
l
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
ch
all
en
g
es
,
t
r
a
in
in
g
n
e
ed
s
,
a
n
d
s
k
il
l
g
a
p
s
.
D
at
a
a
n
al
y
s
is
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
co
n
t
e
n
t
a
n
a
ly
s
is
.
T
h
is
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
o
r
g
a
n
iz
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
d
i
n
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
o
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
t
h
e
m
es
,
s
u
c
h
as
w
h
a
t
d
i
g
i
tal
s
k
ill
s
a
r
e
n
ee
d
ed
,
w
h
at
o
b
s
ta
cles
e
x
is
t,
a
n
d
w
h
at
p
r
a
ct
ices
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
t
ea
ch
er
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
d
ig
ita
l
ag
e.
3
.
4
.
P
ha
s
e
4
:
s
t
ud
y
ing
t
ea
ch
er
co
m
pet
ency
dev
elo
p
m
ent
g
uid
eline
s
in t
he
dig
it
a
l a
g
e
T
h
e
f
in
al
p
h
ase
aim
ed
at
s
tu
d
y
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
c
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
g
u
id
elin
es
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
.
I
t
co
m
p
r
is
ed
5
5
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wh
o
wer
e
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
:
2
1
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
f
r
o
m
W
at
W
an
g
Sin
g
Kh
am
Sch
o
o
l
,
1
4
f
r
o
m
W
at
Pa
Dae
t
Sch
o
o
l,
an
d
2
0
e
x
p
er
ts
a
n
d
s
p
ec
ialis
t
s
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
d
iv
e
r
s
e
f
ield
s
i
n
clu
d
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
o
cial
wo
r
k
,
h
ea
lth
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
.
Data
co
llectio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
o
r
g
an
izin
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
d
esig
n
e
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
d
ev
el
o
p
i
n
g
,
v
alid
atin
g
,
an
d
r
ef
in
in
g
teac
h
er
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
g
u
id
elin
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
in
p
u
t.
T
h
ese
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
en
ab
led
ex
ten
s
iv
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
d
is
cip
lin
es
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
clu
d
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
ex
p
er
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
,
th
em
atic
p
o
in
ts
,
an
d
ac
tio
n
p
lan
s
.
Da
ta
an
aly
s
is
u
tili
ze
d
co
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
th
em
atic
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
p
r
o
ce
e
d
in
g
s
to
s
y
n
th
esize
ex
p
er
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
id
e
n
tif
y
ar
ea
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
an
d
d
iv
er
g
en
ce
am
o
n
g
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
ev
id
en
c
e
-
b
ased
t
ea
ch
er
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
g
u
id
elin
es
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
in
u
r
b
an
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
n
tex
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
5
8
7
-
1
5
9
7
1592
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Sch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
tr
o
n
g
willin
g
n
ess
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
i
n
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
th
eir
co
m
p
eten
cies
f
o
r
th
e
d
ig
ital
a
g
e,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
th
at
teac
h
er
s
lack
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
leg
al
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
co
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o
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Kin
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n
d
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icate
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m
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n
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d
s
tu
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h
e
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tifie
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m
m
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ty
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o
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eth
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q
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t
id
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lack
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T
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ai
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atio
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ality
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ar
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ir
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asic
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n
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m
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es
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.
2
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h
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4
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1
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e
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s
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m
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x
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3
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h
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5
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e
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m
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n
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m
m
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e
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s
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m
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s
ch
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l p
o
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ted
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t th
at
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e
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all
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m
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n
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at
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h
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h
lev
el
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x
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.
3
2
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.
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h
e
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s
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ig
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o
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tili
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x
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.
1
1
)
.
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h
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r
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as
d
if
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er
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s
f
r
o
m
th
e
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l d
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m
e
n
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
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as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
u
n
d
e
r
p
r
iv
ileg
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
C
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
x
̅
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.
D
.
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
1
)
Li
f
e
sk
i
l
l
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d
safet
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2
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1
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1
8
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i
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h
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i
n
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n
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i
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M
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3
.
C
o
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p
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h
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d
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ality
o
f
life
,
co
m
p
et
en
cies,
an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
p
r
i
v
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
g
u
id
elin
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
PAR
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
en
g
ag
ed
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
all
s
ec
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
i
tio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
els,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
its
em
p
h
asis
o
n
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
in
itiativ
e
also
in
clu
d
es
ex
p
er
ts
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
at
C
h
ian
g
Ma
i
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
wh
o
s
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
ar
e
ad
ap
te
d
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
teac
h
er
s
in
ea
c
h
ar
ea
.
I
t
s
er
v
es
as
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
b
y
o
th
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
r
ag
en
cies
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
teac
h
e
r
s
wh
o
wo
r
k
with
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
t p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
s
.
4
.
1
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
n
b
u
ild
in
g
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
h
av
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
d
ee
p
e
r
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
u
n
d
e
r
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
ty
p
es
an
d
ar
e
wil
lin
g
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
t
h
eir
co
m
p
eten
c
ies
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
teac
h
er
s
lack
s
u
f
f
icien
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
leg
al
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
r
ig
h
ts
an
d
f
r
ee
d
o
m
s
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
co
n
s
titu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
k
i
n
g
d
o
m
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
r
ig
h
ts
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
welf
ar
e.
T
h
is
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
an
d
u
n
iq
u
e
g
a
p
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
t
ea
ch
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
te
x
t,
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
m
o
s
t
teac
h
er
s
h
o
l
d
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
e
e
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
m
ain
ly
teac
h
with
in
th
eir
s
p
e
cif
ic
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
ea
lth
an
d
s
o
cial
welf
ar
e
m
ay
n
o
t
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
au
th
en
tic
c
h
a
llen
g
es
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
b
y
u
n
d
e
r
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
b
asic
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
alo
n
e
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
is
tar
g
et
g
r
o
u
p
,
d
em
an
d
in
g
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
s
p
ec
ialized
s
o
cio
-
leg
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
cu
r
r
icu
la.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
6
]
,
wh
ich
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
th
at
teac
h
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
ar
e
ess
en
tial,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
wo
r
k
in
g
with
s
p
ec
ial
n
ee
d
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
ata
b
ase
estab
lis
h
ed
o
n
th
e
ty
p
es,
q
u
ality
o
f
life
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
p
r
iv
ileg
e
d
s
tu
d
en
t
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
r
ee
cr
itical
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
:
lack
o
f
T
h
ai
n
atio
n
alit
y
o
r
id
en
tific
atio
n
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
,
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
o
r
co
n
tr
ac
t
-
b
ased
f
am
ily
in
co
m
e,
an
d
r
esid
en
ce
i
n
r
en
ted
h
o
u
s
in
g
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
h
elp
ex
p
lain
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
ca
u
s
es
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
th
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Mo
s
t
u
n
d
e
r
p
r
iv
ileg
e
d
ch
ild
r
en
i
n
u
r
b
an
co
m
m
u
n
ities
liv
e
with
p
ar
en
t
s
wh
o
ar
e
m
ig
r
an
t
lab
o
r
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
wo
r
k
in
g
in
v
ar
io
u
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
5
8
7
-
1
5
9
7
1594
lo
ca
tio
n
s
eith
er
leg
ally
o
r
ille
g
ally
.
Desp
ite
th
is
,
T
h
ailan
d
m
an
d
ates
co
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
f
o
r
all
ch
ild
r
en
r
esid
in
g
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
ese
ch
ild
r
en
ar
e
ab
l
e
to
atten
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
lo
ca
ted
n
e
ar
wo
r
k
er
ca
m
p
s
o
r
r
en
tal
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
b
asic
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
p
eten
c
y
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
m
p
eten
cy
lev
el
is
lo
w,
an
d
th
e
lo
west
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
is
T
h
ai
lan
g
u
ag
e
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
r
e
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
p
ete
n
cies,
it
was
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
m
p
eten
c
y
lev
el
is
lo
w,
an
d
th
e
lo
wes
t
a
v
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
is
m
ed
ia,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
i
s
cr
itically
in
ter
p
r
eted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
len
s
:
m
o
s
t
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
c
h
ild
r
en
in
u
r
b
an
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
ar
e
th
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
o
f
m
ig
r
an
t
la
b
o
r
er
s
w
h
o
b
elo
n
g
to
eth
n
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
m
ig
r
an
t
w
o
r
k
er
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
in
lo
ca
l
d
ialec
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
eir
f
am
ilies
wo
r
k
as
lab
o
r
er
s
an
d
liv
e
-
in
p
o
v
er
t
y
,
wh
ich
lim
it
th
eir
ac
ce
s
s
to
m
ed
ia
a
n
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
eir
a
b
ilit
y
t
o
co
m
m
u
n
icate
i
n
T
h
ai
an
d
t
h
eir
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
b
ec
o
m
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
lea
r
n
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
lo
w
s
co
r
es
r
e
f
lect
n
o
t
ju
s
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
ef
icits
b
u
t
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
b
ar
r
i
er
s
in
h
er
en
t
to
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
r
b
an
m
i
g
r
an
t
c
o
n
tex
t,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
tex
t
-
b
ased
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
s
ev
er
al
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ile
g
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
s
o
cial
an
d
e
m
o
tio
n
al
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
p
ar
e
n
ts
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
h
elp
th
ese
ch
ild
r
en
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
d
atab
ase
to
d
ev
elo
p
teac
h
er
s
'
co
m
p
eten
cies
p
r
esen
ted
th
at
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
co
m
p
eten
cy
is
at
a
h
ig
h
lev
el,
an
d
th
e
lo
west
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
is
th
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
ally
,
t
h
is
tr
en
d
is
lik
ely
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
wo
r
k
lo
ad
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
f
ac
e,
lim
itin
g
th
eir
tim
e
f
o
r
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
m
aster
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
a
p
id
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t o
f
d
ig
ital
m
ed
ia,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
al
o
n
g
with
th
e
h
ea
v
y
wo
r
k
lo
ad
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
alr
ea
d
y
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
,
t
h
ey
h
av
e
lim
ited
a
v
ailab
le
tim
e
f
o
r
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
r
lear
n
i
n
g
n
ew
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ap
t to
r
ap
id
l
y
ch
an
g
in
g
m
e
d
ia,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
s
is
t o
f
a
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
itu
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
th
e
q
u
a
lity
o
f
life
an
d
t
h
e
co
m
p
ete
n
ci
es d
esire
d
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
g
u
id
elin
e
s
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
p
ar
t
s
.
Par
t
1
:
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
estab
lis
h
es
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
itiativ
e.
Par
t
2
:
teac
h
er
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
r
ee
s
u
b
-
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
i
)
co
n
ten
t,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
cy
b
er
im
m
u
n
ity
,
life
s
k
ills
an
d
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
th
er
ap
y
a
n
d
h
ea
lth
,
m
o
d
er
n
u
r
b
an
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
e
f
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
o
n
lin
e
s
ellin
g
t
o
g
en
er
ate
in
c
o
m
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
ies,
ca
r
ee
r
a
n
d
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
i
p
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
u
s
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
b
y
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
,
f
o
r
eig
n
an
d
lo
ca
l
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
s
p
ec
i
al
n
ee
d
s
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
;
ii
)
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
u
tili
zin
g
o
n
lin
e
an
d
o
n
s
ite
m
o
d
alities
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
ec
ialized
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
esig
n
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
,
p
r
a
ctica
l
tr
ain
in
g
,
a
n
d
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
ess
;
an
d
iii
)
c
o
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
.
Par
t
3
:
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
u
tco
m
e
s
co
m
p
r
is
es
:
i
)
o
u
t
p
u
ts
(
co
m
p
eten
cies
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
i
n
th
e
teac
h
er
)
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
eig
h
t
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
an
d
eig
h
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
cies,
an
d
ii
)
o
u
tc
o
m
es
(
q
u
ality
o
f
life
,
co
m
p
eten
cies,
an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
q
u
a
lity
o
f
life
in
two
asp
ec
ts
,
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
th
r
ee
asp
ec
ts
,
an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
in
two
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
ese
will
em
p
o
wer
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
ev
elo
p
t
o
r
ea
ch
th
eir
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
4
]
,
w
h
ich
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
t
h
at
teac
h
e
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
p
r
i
v
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
h
o
u
l
d
em
p
h
asize
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
,
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
,
a
s
tr
en
g
th
s
-
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
ch
ild
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
ese
elem
en
ts
en
ab
le
teac
h
er
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
to
f
o
s
ter
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
n
ew
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
,
r
eg
a
r
d
ed
as
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
wh
ich
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
an
ar
ea
-
b
ased
an
d
lo
ca
l
ec
o
n
o
m
y
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ities
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
3
]
.
4
.
2
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l
a
nd
pra
ct
ica
l im
pli
ca
t
io
ns
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
m
u
ltip
le
in
ter
r
elate
d
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
aim
ed
at
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
d
ch
il
d
r
en
in
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
.
I
t
also
r
elies
o
n
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
2
1
st
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
a
d
ap
tab
le,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
in
f
u
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
eq
u
ip
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
r
n
ch
allen
g
es.
C
en
tr
al
to
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
ch
ild
r
en
,
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
in
g
th
at
p
r
ac
tical,
ca
r
ee
r
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
er
v
es
as
a
cr
itical
p
ath
way
f
o
r
b
r
ea
k
in
g
cy
cles
o
f
p
o
v
er
ty
a
n
d
s
o
cial
ex
clu
s
io
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
in
clu
d
es
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
g
u
i
d
elin
es
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
d
ig
i
tal
er
a,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
h
o
w
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
asis
is
ad
v
an
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
d
ea
o
f
tr
an
s
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
r
esear
ch
,
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
th
e
m
e
r
g
in
g
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
h
ea
lth
,
a
g
r
icu
lt
u
r
e,
a
n
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
f
ield
s
to
cr
ea
te
h
o
lis
tic
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
co
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
u
b
lic
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
to
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8
8
2
2
Tea
ch
er c
o
mp
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
men
t in
th
e
d
ig
ita
l
a
g
e:
p
r
o
mo
tin
g
u
n
d
erp
r
ivileg
ed
…
(
S
u
b
a
n
P
o
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n
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)
1595
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
all
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
-
in
clu
d
in
g
teac
h
er
s
,
ad
m
in
is
tr
a
to
r
s
,
p
ar
e
n
ts
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
ac
tiv
ely
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
also
e
m
p
lo
y
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
cu
ltu
r
al
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
i
n
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
te
n
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
ed
ch
ild
r
en
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
alig
n
s
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
i
n
cip
les
th
at
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
e
SDGs
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
in
r
elatio
n
to
p
o
v
er
ty
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
eq
u
itab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
o
cial
in
clu
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
p
ea
ce
f
u
l,
r
esil
ien
t
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
it
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
b
r
o
ad
e
r
s
o
cia
l
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
ew
co
n
ce
p
t
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
teac
h
e
r
s
’
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
in
tar
g
et
ar
e
as
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
au
th
e
n
tic
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
u
r
b
an
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
eo
r
etica
l
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
e
f
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
PAR
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
s
o
lv
in
g
c
o
m
p
lex
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
t
h
at
s
in
g
le
-
d
is
cip
lin
e
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
n
o
t
a
d
d
r
ess
.
T
h
is
n
o
v
el
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
h
ea
lth
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
,
ac
h
ie
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tiv
e
p
u
b
lic
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
is
cr
u
cia
l
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
SDGs
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
g
u
i
d
elin
es
a
r
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
th
r
ee
p
ar
ts
:
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
,
teac
h
er
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
,
an
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
ei
g
h
t
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
an
d
eig
h
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
teac
h
er
co
m
p
ete
n
cies.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
q
u
ality
o
f
life
(
two
asp
e
cts),
co
m
p
eten
cies
(
th
r
ee
asp
e
cts),
an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
(
two
asp
ec
ts
)
.
T
h
ese
wil
l e
n
ab
le
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
f
u
lly
d
e
v
elo
p
t
h
eir
p
o
te
n
tial.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
d
is
tin
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
th
is
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cy
g
u
id
elin
e
is
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
co
n
ce
p
t,
wh
ich
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
p
t
ap
p
lies
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
cien
ce
s
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
b
lem
s
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
ed
c
h
ild
r
en
f
ac
e.
T
h
ese
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
te
n
r
ely
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
wh
ic
h
m
a
y
n
o
t
ac
h
iev
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
k
ey
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
is
th
e
co
-
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
n
tex
t
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
u
les,
(
co
m
m
u
n
ity
to
u
r
is
m
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
r
u
r
b
a
n
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
)
wh
er
e
teac
h
er
s
ac
t
as
co
-
teac
h
er
s
,
co
llab
o
r
atin
g
with
ex
p
er
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
p
r
iv
ate
a
n
d
s
o
cial
s
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
g
u
id
elin
es
ar
e
alig
n
e
d
with
r
ea
lity
an
d
lead
s
to
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
a
m
o
n
g
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
g
u
id
elin
es
alig
n
ed
with
r
ea
lity
a
n
d
th
is
le
ad
s
to
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
g
u
id
elin
e
lead
in
g
to
th
e
au
th
en
ti
c
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
ts
is
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ab
s
tr
ac
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
to
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
ly
tan
g
ib
le
o
u
tco
m
es.
Po
li
cy
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
r
esear
ch
in
clu
d
e
:
i
)
m
an
d
atin
g
s
p
ec
ial
ized
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
in
s
o
cio
-
leg
al
asp
ec
ts
(
r
ig
h
ts
,
welf
ar
e,
an
d
s
tateless
n
e
s
s
is
s
u
es)
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
wo
r
k
in
g
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
tar
g
et
g
r
o
u
p
s
;
an
d
ii
)
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
PAR
m
o
d
el
as
a
b
lu
ep
r
in
t
f
o
r
ar
ea
-
b
ased
teac
h
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
to
elim
in
ate
p
o
v
er
ty
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fo
r
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ea
r
n
in
c
o
m
e
w
h
ile
s
tu
d
y
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
o
r
d
e
v
e
lo
p
p
r
o
d
u
ct/s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
f
o
r
co
m
m
e
r
cial
p
o
t
en
tial
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
with
lo
ca
l
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
en
tire
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
b
ased
o
n
an
in
ten
s
iv
e
tr
an
s
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
I
t
is
im
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
tex
t
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
(
e.
g
.
,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
t
o
u
r
is
m
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
r
u
r
b
an
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
)
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
ac
ted
a
s
co
-
teac
h
er
s
,
co
llab
o
r
atin
g
wit
h
ex
p
er
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
p
r
iv
ate
a
n
d
s
o
cial
s
ec
to
r
s
,
ap
p
ly
in
g
r
e
al
-
life
p
r
o
b
lem
s
as
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
Sig
n
if
ica
n
tly
,
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
is
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
teac
h
er
’
s
m
an
u
al
an
d
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
teac
h
er
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
to
lead
to
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
Fo
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
th
is
co
llab
o
r
a
tiv
e
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
in
to
a
lear
n
in
g
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies
to
tr
ac
k
s
tu
d
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es
u
s
in
g
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
s
u
ch
as
Hap
p
y
T
h
ais
an
d
Sm
ar
t
T
h
ais
o
v
er
a
3
-
5
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
.
I
t
ca
n
in
te
g
r
ate
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
an
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
,
an
d
th
ese
ca
n
p
r
o
m
o
te
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
n
d
er
p
r
iv
ileg
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
‘
C
MU
Hig
h
I
m
p
ac
t
SE
Netwo
r
k
’
p
r
o
ject
u
n
d
er
th
e
Of
f
ice
o
f
R
esear
ch
Ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
C
h
ian
g
Ma
i U
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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RE
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[
1
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W
.
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u
r
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g
k
a
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o
j
,
“
R
e
c
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p
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t
s
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[
2
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Th
e
N
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t
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a
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P
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,
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