I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
20
26
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
8
~
1
4
9
5
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
15
i
2
.
3
8
6
0
5
1
4
8
8
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Enha
ncing
stude
nts’
in
terc
ultural
co
mm
unica
tion c
o
mpetence
:
ev
idence
from a
n
Indo
nesia
–
M
a
la
y
sia
partnership
p
ro
g
ra
m
At
ho
k
F
u’a
di
1
,
Af
if
Sy
a
if
ul M
a
hm
ud
in
2
,
E
s
t
i Y
u
li Wida
y
a
nti
3
,
B
et
a
P
uja
ng
g
a
M
uk
t
i
4
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
I
sl
a
mi
c
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s I
sl
a
m N
e
g
e
r
i
K
i
a
i
A
g
e
n
g
M
u
h
a
mm
a
d
B
e
s
a
r
i
P
o
n
o
r
o
g
o
,
P
o
n
o
r
o
g
o
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
I
sl
a
mi
c
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
I
sl
a
m N
e
g
e
r
i
K
i
a
i
A
g
e
n
g
M
u
h
a
mm
a
d
B
e
sar
i
P
o
n
o
r
o
g
o
,
P
o
n
o
r
o
g
o
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
me
n
t
a
r
y
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
I
sl
a
m N
e
g
e
r
i
K
i
a
i
A
g
e
n
g
M
u
h
a
mm
a
d
B
e
sar
i
P
o
n
o
r
o
g
o
,
P
o
n
o
r
o
g
o
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
4
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
C
e
n
t
r
e
f
o
r
I
sl
a
mi
c
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
t
u
d
i
e
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
S
a
i
n
s
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
G
e
o
r
g
e
T
o
w
n
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
8
,
2
0
2
6
R
ev
is
ed
Ap
r
1
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Ap
r
8
,
2
0
2
6
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
se
rv
ice
(ICS
)
is
i
n
c
re
a
sin
g
l
y
re
c
o
g
n
iz
e
d
a
s
a
n
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
fo
r
stre
n
g
t
h
e
n
in
g
st
u
d
e
n
ts’
g
l
o
b
a
l
a
n
d
in
t
e
rc
u
lt
u
ra
l
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
.
Th
is
st
u
d
y
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
t
h
e
imp
a
c
t
o
f
a
n
ICS
p
r
o
g
ra
m
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
b
e
twe
e
n
S
tate
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Kia
i
Ag
e
n
g
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
Be
sa
ri
P
o
n
o
r
o
g
o
a
n
d
M
a
d
ra
sa
h
Utsm
a
n
i
y
a
h
ABIM
P
e
n
a
n
g
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
o
n
stu
d
e
n
ts’
in
terc
u
lt
u
ra
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
(ICC)
a
n
d
so
ft
sk
il
ls.
Emp
lo
y
in
g
a
m
ix
e
d
-
m
e
th
o
d
s
c
o
n
v
e
rg
e
n
t
d
e
sig
n
,
t
h
e
stu
d
y
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
1
2
p
a
r
ti
c
ip
a
ti
n
g
stu
d
e
n
ts,
fa
c
u
lt
y
su
p
e
rv
is
o
rs,
A
BIM
c
o
o
rd
i
n
a
to
rs,
a
n
d
lo
c
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
lea
d
e
rs.
Qu
a
n
ti
tativ
e
d
a
ta
we
re
o
b
tain
e
d
t
h
ro
u
g
h
p
re
–
p
o
st
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
ts
u
sin
g
v
a
li
d
a
ted
ICC
a
n
d
so
ft
-
sk
il
l
sc
a
les
,
wh
il
e
q
u
a
li
tativ
e
d
a
ta
we
re
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
th
ro
u
g
h
i
n
terv
iew
s,
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
n
t
o
b
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
re
flec
ti
v
e
jo
u
rn
a
ls.
Th
e
fi
n
d
i
n
g
s
in
d
ica
te
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
c
ro
ss
a
ll
ICC
d
i
m
e
n
sio
n
s,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
a
wa
re
n
e
ss
,
se
n
siti
v
it
y
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sk
il
ls,
a
n
d
re
flec
ti
v
e
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
.
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts
a
lso
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
n
o
ta
b
le
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
so
ft
s
k
il
ls
su
c
h
a
s
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
,
tea
m
wo
rk
,
a
d
a
p
tab
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
e
m
p
a
th
y
,
su
p
p
o
rted
b
y
q
u
a
li
tati
v
e
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
o
f
i
n
c
re
a
se
d
c
o
n
fid
e
n
c
e
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
v
e
flex
i
b
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
e
th
ica
l
a
wa
re
n
e
ss
d
u
ri
n
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
fro
m
su
p
e
rv
is
o
rs
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
sta
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
rs
fu
rth
e
r
c
o
rro
b
o
ra
ted
th
e
p
ro
g
ra
m
’s
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
.
Ov
e
ra
ll
,
th
e
stu
d
y
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
c
u
lt
u
ra
ll
y
p
ro
x
ima
te
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
se
rv
ice
-
lea
rn
in
g
i
n
f
o
ste
rin
g
g
lo
b
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
e
with
i
n
Isla
m
ic
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
ffe
rs
imp
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
su
sta
i
n
a
b
le
c
ro
ss
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
se
rv
ice
i
n
it
iati
v
e
s in
t
h
e
ASE
AN
c
o
n
tex
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
I
n
d
o
n
esia
–
Ma
lay
s
ia
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
I
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
m
p
eten
ce
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
er
v
ice
lear
n
in
g
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
Stu
d
en
t g
lo
b
al
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ath
o
k
Fu
’
ad
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
I
s
lam
ic
E
d
u
ca
t
io
n
Ma
n
ag
em
e
n
t
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
T
ea
ch
e
r
T
r
ain
i
n
g
Un
iv
er
s
itas
I
s
lam
Neg
er
i K
iai
Ag
en
g
Mu
h
am
m
ad
B
esar
i Po
n
o
r
o
g
o
Kr
ajan
,
Pin
tu
,
J
en
an
g
an
,
Po
n
o
r
o
g
o
,
E
ast
Ja
v
a
6
3
4
9
2
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
E
m
ail: a
th
o
k
@
u
in
p
o
n
o
r
o
g
o
.
a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Glo
b
aliza
tio
n
h
as
r
esh
ap
e
d
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
d
em
a
n
d
in
g
g
r
ad
u
ates
wh
o
ar
e
a
b
le
to
n
av
ig
at
e
cu
ltu
r
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
co
m
m
u
n
icate
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
r
d
e
r
s
,
an
d
p
ar
ti
cip
ate
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
g
lo
b
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ca
p
ac
ity
,
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
ce
n
tr
al
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
e
in
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
wo
r
ld
wid
e
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Sch
o
lar
s
ar
g
u
e
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
M
u
s
lim
-
m
ajo
r
ity
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
also
n
ee
d
th
ese
c
o
m
p
eten
cies,
g
iv
en
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
I
s
lam
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
in
tercu
ltu
r
a
l c
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
co
mp
eten
ce
:
ev
id
en
ce
fr
o
m
a
n
… (
A
th
o
k
F
u
’
a
d
i
)
1489
s
ch
o
lar
s
,
tr
an
s
n
atio
n
al
d
a
‘
w
a
(
I
s
lam
ic
r
elig
io
u
s
o
u
tr
ea
ch
an
d
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
)
n
etw
o
r
k
s
,
an
d
r
eg
io
n
al
ac
ad
em
ic
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a.
I
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
I
C
C
)
[
3
]
is
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
a
co
r
e
attr
ib
u
te
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
a
g
in
g
in
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
ile
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
em
p
ath
y
,
an
d
team
wo
r
k
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
n
av
ig
atin
g
cu
ltu
r
ally
d
iv
er
s
e
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
Ser
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
(
I
C
S)
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
cu
ltiv
atin
g
th
ese
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
b
y
im
m
er
s
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
cu
ltu
r
al
a
n
d
s
o
cial
c
o
n
tex
ts
wh
er
e
th
e
y
m
u
s
t
in
ter
p
r
et
n
o
r
m
s
,
n
eg
o
tiate
m
ea
n
in
g
,
an
d
b
u
il
d
in
ter
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
i
n
g
s
er
v
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
as
ex
p
er
ien
t
ial
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
b
u
t
also
as
a
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
s
h
ap
in
g
g
lo
b
ally
en
g
ag
ed
g
r
ad
u
ates c
ap
ab
le
o
f
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
.
W
ith
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
,
ac
ad
em
ic
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
itiativ
es
h
av
e
ex
p
an
d
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
as
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
s
ee
k
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
r
e
g
io
n
al
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
,
c
u
ltu
r
al
liter
ac
y
,
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ag
en
d
as
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
an
d
Ma
lay
s
ia
s
h
ar
e
d
ee
p
h
is
to
r
ical,
lin
g
u
is
tic,
r
elig
i
o
u
s
,
an
d
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
ties
,
y
et
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
a
l
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
s
till
em
er
g
e
d
esp
i
te
a
s
h
ar
ed
I
s
lam
ic
id
e
n
tity
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ty
le,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ad
itio
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
etiq
u
ette
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
s
u
b
tle
d
is
tin
ctio
n
s
m
ak
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
–
Ma
lay
s
ia
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
u
n
iq
u
e
ar
e
n
a
f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
in
g
in
te
r
cu
ltu
r
al
lear
n
in
g
:
p
r
o
x
im
ate
e
n
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
r
a
p
p
o
r
t
-
b
u
ild
i
n
g
,
y
e
t
d
is
tin
ct
en
o
u
g
h
to
g
en
er
ate
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
a
d
ap
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
I
C
S
p
r
o
g
r
am
b
etwe
en
UI
N
Kiai
Ag
en
g
Mu
h
am
m
ad
B
esar
i
Po
n
o
r
o
g
o
a
n
d
Ma
d
r
asah
Uts
m
an
iy
ah
AB
I
M
Pen
an
g
r
ep
r
esen
ts
o
n
e
s
u
ch
i
n
itiativ
e,
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al,
y
o
u
th
,
an
d
f
am
i
ly
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
ac
tiv
ities
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
ew
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
h
o
w
cu
ltu
r
ally
p
r
o
x
im
ate,
f
aith
-
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
I
C
C
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
r
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
f
o
r
m
atio
n
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
E
x
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
o
n
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
i
n
g
lar
g
ely
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
W
ester
n
co
n
tex
ts
[
3
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
leav
in
g
a
g
a
p
i
n
ASEA
N
-
b
ased
,
Mu
s
lim
-
m
aj
o
r
ity
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
th
er
ef
o
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
tim
ely
ca
s
e
f
o
r
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
h
o
w
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ca
n
lev
er
ag
e
r
eg
io
n
a
l
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
g
lo
b
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
w
h
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
r
elig
io
u
s
alig
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
I
C
C
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
d
r
awin
g
o
n
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
s
p
ea
k
er
m
o
d
el
[
1
2
]
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
(
DM
I
S)
[
1
3
]
,
wh
ich
ex
p
l
ain
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
f
r
o
m
et
h
n
o
ce
n
tr
ic
to
et
h
n
o
r
elativ
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
ar
e
co
m
p
lem
en
t
ed
b
y
ex
p
er
ie
n
tial
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
[
1
4
]
an
d
s
er
v
ice
-
le
ar
n
in
g
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
r
ef
lectio
n
,
au
th
en
tic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
e
m
p
ath
y
,
team
wo
r
k
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
a
n
d
ad
ap
tab
i
lity
.
Desp
ite
th
eir
r
elev
an
ce
,
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
th
ese
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
with
in
ASEA
N
-
b
ased
,
Mu
s
li
m
-
m
ajo
r
ity
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
lti
-
s
t
ak
eh
o
ld
er
a
n
aly
s
is
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
g
ap
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
e
v
alu
ates
th
e
I
C
S
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
et
wee
n
UI
N
Po
n
o
r
o
g
o
an
d
AB
I
M
Pen
an
g
,
ex
a
m
in
in
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
en
h
an
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
I
C
C
an
d
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
wh
ile
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
an
d
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
to
g
en
er
ate
th
eo
r
etica
lly
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
an
d
r
eg
io
n
ally
c
o
n
tex
tu
alize
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
I
C
S
m
o
d
els in
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
d
esig
n
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
an
I
C
S
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
I
C
C
an
d
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
ch
an
g
e
with
q
u
alitativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
in
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
b
etwe
en
UI
N
Po
n
o
r
o
g
o
(
I
n
d
o
n
esia
)
an
d
Ma
d
r
asa
h
Uts
m
an
iy
ah
AB
I
M
Pen
an
g
(
Ma
lay
s
ia
)
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al
Mu
s
li
m
s
ettin
g
f
o
r
au
th
en
tic
in
ter
cu
l
tu
r
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al,
y
o
u
th
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
ities
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
ely
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
k
ey
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
1
2
s
tu
d
en
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
two
f
ac
u
l
ty
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
,
two
AB
I
M
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
s
,
a
n
d
th
r
ee
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
lead
er
s
(
N=
1
9
f
o
r
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata)
,
with
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
am
p
lin
g
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
was
lim
ited
(
n
=
1
2
)
,
it
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
f
u
ll
co
h
o
r
t
co
v
e
r
ag
e.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
m
ay
lim
it
b
r
o
a
d
er
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
in
clu
d
e
m
u
ltip
le
co
h
o
r
ts
o
r
cr
o
s
s
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
am
p
les
to
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
ex
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
I
C
C
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
co
m
p
r
is
ed
f
o
u
r
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
:
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
cu
ltu
r
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
an
d
r
ef
l
ec
tiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
a
d
ap
t
ed
f
r
o
m
estab
lis
h
ed
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
lear
n
in
g
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
v
alid
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
er
t
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t,
with
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
tim
e
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
I
tem
s
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
in
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
p
ilo
ted
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
clar
ity
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
r
elev
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ass
ess
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
f
iv
e
co
r
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
r
elev
an
t
to
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
i
n
g
: le
ad
er
s
h
ip
,
tea
m
wo
r
k
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
em
p
ath
y
.
T
h
e
item
s
wer
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
r
u
b
r
ic
an
d
ali
g
n
ed
with
in
d
icato
r
s
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
r
esear
c
h
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
I
tem
s
wer
e
ad
ap
te
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
r
u
b
r
ic
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
an
d
alig
n
ed
with
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
o
f
in
ter
c
u
l
tu
r
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
ac
tiv
ities
co
n
d
u
cte
d
at
AB
I
M
Pen
an
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
4
8
8
-
1
4
9
5
1490
Qu
alitativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llecte
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
v
iews,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
r
ef
lectiv
e
jo
u
r
n
als,
f
ield
n
o
tes,
an
d
a
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
r
u
b
r
ic
t
o
c
ap
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
au
th
e
n
tic
in
te
r
cu
ltu
r
al
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Qu
an
titativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
t
iv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
an
d
p
r
etest
–
p
o
s
ttes
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
(
p
air
ed
t
-
t
ests
o
r
W
ilco
x
o
n
)
.
B
ey
o
n
d
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
was
ca
lcu
lated
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
I
C
C
an
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
k
ill
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
.
Qu
alit
ativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
it
er
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ata
r
e
d
u
cti
o
n
,
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
,
an
d
th
e
m
atic
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
tr
ian
g
u
lated
a
n
d
cr
e
d
ib
le
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
in
te
r
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
I
C
C
g
ain
s
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
im
m
e
d
iately
af
ter
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
r
eten
tio
n
was n
o
t a
s
s
ess
ed
.
Fu
tu
r
e
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
I
m
pro
v
em
ent
in
inte
rc
u
lt
ura
l c
o
mm
un
ica
t
io
n c
o
m
pe
t
ence
T
o
ev
alu
ate
h
o
w
th
e
I
C
S
p
r
o
g
r
am
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
I
C
C
,
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
c
u
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
cu
ltu
r
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
i
lls
,
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
co
r
es
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
ar
e
tak
en
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
th
e
f
ield
r
ep
o
r
t.
Fo
r
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
al
d
ata,
th
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
s
ig
n
ed
-
r
a
n
k
test
(
Z
)
was
ap
p
lied
.
All
f
o
u
r
I
C
C
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
s
h
o
wed
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
th
at
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
t
h
e
I
C
S
p
r
o
g
r
am
h
a
d
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
.
Qu
alitativ
e
ev
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
r
e
f
le
ctiv
e
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
r
e
v
ea
lin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
to
l
in
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
iatio
n
,
in
ter
ac
tio
n
al
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
Ov
er
a
ll,
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
i
r
m
th
at
im
m
er
s
iv
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
o
m
o
tes h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Pre
–
p
o
s
t I
C
C
s
co
r
es a
n
d
Δ
-
s
co
r
e
I
C
C
d
i
m
e
n
si
o
n
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
P
r
e
t
e
s
t
(
mea
n
)
P
o
st
t
e
s
t
(
mea
n
)
Δ sc
o
r
e
(
p
o
s
t
–
p
r
e
)
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
A
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
o
f
l
o
c
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s,
n
o
r
ms,
a
n
d
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
3
.
6
4
.
6
+
1
.
0
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
se
n
si
t
i
v
i
t
y
R
e
s
p
e
c
t
f
o
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
;
a
v
o
i
d
a
n
c
e
o
f
s
t
e
r
e
o
t
y
p
e
s
3
.
4
4
.
4
+
1
.
0
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
sk
i
l
l
s
V
e
r
b
a
l
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
v
e
r
b
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
3
.
3
4
.
2
+
0
.
9
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
Et
h
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
3
.
2
4
.
1
+
0
.
9
3
.
2
.
Dev
el
o
pm
ent
o
f
s
o
f
t
s
k
il
ls
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
n
o
n
-
ac
ad
em
ic
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
f
iv
e
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
:
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
team
wo
r
k
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
em
p
ath
y
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
p
r
et
est
–
p
o
s
ttes
t
L
ik
er
t
-
s
ca
le
as
s
es
s
m
en
ts
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
q
u
alitativ
e
ev
id
en
ce
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
im
p
r
o
v
ed
,
with
th
e
lar
g
est g
ain
s
in
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
an
d
em
p
at
h
y
(
Δ
=+
1
.
2
)
,
r
ef
lectin
g
g
r
ea
ter
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
u
n
f
a
m
iliar
cu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
d
ee
p
er
em
o
tio
n
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
war
d
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
Mu
s
lim
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
ese
g
ain
s
a
r
e
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
in
ter
v
iews,
jo
u
r
n
als,
an
d
f
ield
n
o
tes
in
d
icatin
g
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
i
n
teac
h
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
team
wo
r
k
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
As
o
n
e
s
tu
d
en
t
r
ef
lecte
d
,
“
a
t
fir
s
t
w
e
w
ere
u
n
s
u
r
e
a
b
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
d
ivid
e
ta
s
ks,
b
u
t
b
y
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
w
ee
k,
w
e
n
a
tu
r
a
lly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
ea
ch
o
th
er
a
n
d
w
o
r
ke
d
like
a
s
o
lid
tea
m.
”
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
co
n
f
i
r
m
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
eh
av
io
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
g
r
o
wth
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pre
–
p
o
s
t so
f
t sk
ills
s
co
r
es a
n
d
Δ
-
s
co
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
in
tercu
ltu
r
a
l c
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
co
mp
eten
ce
:
ev
id
en
ce
fr
o
m
a
n
… (
A
th
o
k
F
u
’
a
d
i
)
1491
3
.
3
.
Q
ua
lit
a
t
iv
e
ins
ig
hts o
n inte
rc
ultura
l le
a
rning
ex
peri
ence
s
Qu
alitativ
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ex
p
lain
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
I
C
S
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
id
en
tif
y
in
g
f
o
u
r
k
e
y
th
em
es:
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
r
elig
io
u
s
–
cu
ltu
r
al
alig
n
m
en
t,
an
d
in
ter
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
at
AB
I
M
Pen
a
n
g
.
T
h
es
e
th
em
es
clar
if
y
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
b
eh
in
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
g
ain
s
in
I
C
C
an
d
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
,
s
h
o
win
g
h
o
w
im
m
er
s
iv
e
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
en
h
an
ce
d
awa
r
en
ess
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
,
e
m
p
at
h
y
,
a
n
d
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
a
p
a
ci
t
y
.
A
s
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
z
e
d
in
T
ab
le
2
,
tr
ian
g
u
lated
e
v
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
i
n
ter
v
iews,
jo
u
r
n
als,
an
d
o
b
s
e
r
v
atio
n
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
au
th
en
tic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t f
o
s
ter
ed
d
ee
p
er
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Ma
tr
ix
o
f
th
e
m
es a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
q
u
alitativ
e
e
v
id
en
ce
Th
e
m
e
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m ref
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m fi
e
l
d
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
d
j
u
s
t
me
n
t
“
A
t
f
i
r
s
t
w
e
w
e
r
e
u
n
s
u
r
e
a
b
o
u
t
l
o
c
a
l
n
o
r
ms
,
b
u
t
b
y
t
h
e
se
c
o
n
d
w
e
e
k
w
e
f
e
l
t
mo
r
e
c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
.
”
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
r
i
t
e
a
b
o
u
t
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
n
f
u
s
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
d
i
a
l
e
c
t
,
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
,
a
n
d
e
t
i
q
u
e
t
t
e
,
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
b
y
g
r
a
d
u
a
l
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
O
b
serv
e
r
s
n
o
t
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
mo
d
i
f
y
i
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
p
a
c
e
a
n
d
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
t
o
a
l
i
g
n
w
i
t
h
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
e
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
“
P
e
n
a
n
g
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
v
e
r
y
o
p
e
n
,
b
u
t
w
e
h
a
v
e
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
l
o
c
a
l
n
o
r
ms
a
n
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
st
y
l
e
s.
”
(
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
)
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
d
e
scr
i
b
e
u
si
n
g
s
i
m
p
l
e
r
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
mo
r
e
v
i
su
a
l
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
st
y
l
e
s.
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
a
d
j
u
s
t
i
n
g
t
o
n
e
,
g
e
s
t
u
r
e
s,
a
n
d
t
u
r
n
-
t
a
k
i
n
g
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
i
n
r
e
sp
o
n
se
t
o
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
m
e
mb
e
r
s.
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s
–
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
“
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
i
s
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
f
i
t
st
a
r
t
s
w
i
t
h
a
d
i
a
l
o
g
u
e
w
i
t
h
r
e
si
d
e
n
t
s,
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
f
r
o
m t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
mo
d
u
l
e
.
”
(
A
B
I
M
C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
o
r
A
1
)
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
s
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
m
o
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
a
l
i
g
n
i
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
I
sl
a
mi
c
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
w
i
t
h
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s.
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
so
r
s
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
e
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
l
o
c
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
t
o
c
o
-
d
e
s
i
g
n
r
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
e
ssi
o
n
s
.
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
C
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
a
p
p
r
e
c
i
a
t
e
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
e
mp
a
t
h
y
a
n
d
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
f
a
mi
l
y
v
i
s
i
t
s
a
n
d
y
o
u
t
h
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s.
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
e
x
p
r
e
ss
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
l
o
c
a
l
f
a
m
i
l
i
e
s
a
n
d
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
n
o
t
i
n
g
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
e
mp
a
t
h
y
.
O
b
serv
e
r
s
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
e
d
c
o
n
si
s
t
e
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s:
h
o
u
s
e
v
i
s
i
t
s,
a
f
t
e
r
-
c
l
a
ss
c
o
n
v
e
r
sa
t
i
o
n
s,
a
ss
i
st
i
n
g
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
.
3
.
4
.
P
er
ce
i
v
ed
im
pa
ct
o
f
t
he
pro
g
ra
m
by
s
t
a
k
eho
lders
Fin
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
s
tr
o
n
g
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
’
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
in
te
r
cu
ltu
r
a
l
lear
n
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
a
n
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
wh
i
le
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
e
m
p
h
asis
em
er
g
ed
.
Su
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
g
r
o
wth
,
AB
I
M
p
ar
tn
er
s
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
d
cu
ltu
r
al
alig
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lead
er
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
ed
r
elatio
n
al
a
n
d
s
o
cial
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
v
alu
e
b
ey
o
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t o
u
tco
m
es,
as su
m
m
ar
ized
co
m
p
ar
at
iv
ely
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Acr
o
s
s
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
wid
ely
r
eg
a
r
d
ed
as
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
it
f
o
s
ter
ed
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
m
a
r
k
ed
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
wh
il
e
f
ac
u
lty
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
n
d
u
ct
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
im
m
er
s
iv
e
d
esig
n
.
AB
I
M
p
ar
tn
er
s
v
iewe
d
th
e
c
o
llab
o
r
a
tio
n
as
m
u
tu
ally
b
e
n
ef
icial
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
y
o
u
th
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
wh
ile
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
d
ialo
g
ic,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
d
r
iv
en
p
l
an
n
in
g
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lead
er
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
o
cial
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
ch
ild
r
en
a
n
d
f
am
il
ies.
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
p
er
s
p
ec
t
iv
es o
f
k
ey
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
S
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
g
r
o
u
p
P
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
i
m
p
a
c
t
I
l
l
u
st
r
a
t
i
v
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
C
C
a
n
d
so
f
t
sk
i
l
l
s;
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
;
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
mp
a
t
h
y
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
b
e
c
o
m
i
n
g
“
mo
r
e
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s”
a
n
d
b
e
t
t
e
r
a
b
l
e
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
l
n
o
r
ms
a
f
t
e
r
t
w
o
w
e
e
k
s
.
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
n
o
t
e
d
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
t
e
a
mw
o
r
k
a
n
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
su
p
e
r
v
i
so
r
s
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
p
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
i
sm,
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
a
n
d
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
;
i
mp
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
i
n
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
so
r
s
o
b
serv
e
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
d
j
u
st
i
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
s,
u
si
n
g
v
i
s
u
a
l
a
i
d
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
T
h
e
y
n
o
t
e
d
“
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
l
e
a
r
n
e
d
t
o
n
e
g
o
t
i
a
t
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
d
e
si
g
n
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
-
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s.
”
A
B
I
M
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
o
r
s
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
d
c
r
o
ss
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
;
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
y
o
u
t
h
,
a
n
d
f
a
m
i
l
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
;
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
s
t
r
o
n
g
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
l
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
o
r
s
a
p
p
r
e
c
i
a
t
e
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
e
b
u
t
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
z
e
d
t
h
a
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
“
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
g
i
n
f
r
o
m
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
d
i
a
l
o
g
u
e
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
t
e
d
mo
d
u
l
e
s.”
Th
e
y
v
a
l
u
e
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
f
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
w
i
l
l
i
n
g
n
e
ss
t
o
a
d
a
p
t
.
C
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
so
c
i
a
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
;
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
;
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
–
c
a
m
p
u
s
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
e
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
e
mp
a
t
h
y
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
w
a
r
mt
h
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
o
me
v
i
si
t
s
a
n
d
y
o
u
t
h
men
t
o
r
i
n
g
.
S
o
me
s
t
a
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
p
r
e
s
e
n
c
e
“
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
st
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
t
i
e
s.
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
4
8
8
-
1
4
9
5
1492
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
I
C
C
,
ac
r
o
s
s
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
ali
g
n
s
with
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
t
h
eo
r
ie
s
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
d
el
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
[
1
2
]
em
p
h
asizes
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
r
ef
le
ctio
n
,
an
d
ad
ap
tatio
n
as
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
g
r
o
wth
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
wer
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
’
s
im
m
er
s
iv
e
d
esig
n
,
h
elp
in
g
ex
p
lain
th
e
n
o
tab
le
g
ain
s
in
r
ef
lectiv
e
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
o
f
ten
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
ch
allen
g
in
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
to
d
e
v
elo
p
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Similar
ly
,
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
cu
ltu
r
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
r
eso
n
ate
with
th
e
DM
I
S
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
wh
ich
d
escr
ib
e
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
f
r
o
m
eth
n
o
ce
n
tr
ic
to
eth
n
o
r
elativ
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
u
i
d
ed
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
d
ialo
g
u
e.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
o
th
co
n
f
ir
m
a
n
d
ex
ten
d
e
x
is
tin
g
ev
id
en
ce
.
W
h
ile
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
to
en
h
an
ce
in
te
r
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
e
s
s
[
2
7
]
,
th
ey
o
f
ten
r
ep
o
r
t
lim
ited
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
g
ain
s
;
in
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
co
m
m
u
n
ity
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
h
av
e
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
claim
s
th
at
cu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
x
im
ity
m
ay
r
ed
u
ce
in
te
r
cu
ltu
r
al
ch
allen
g
e
[
2
8
]
,
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
–
Ma
lay
s
ia
co
n
tex
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
I
C
C
g
r
o
wth
ca
n
e
m
er
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
r
ef
lectio
n
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
at
d
ep
th
o
f
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t,
n
o
t
cu
ltu
r
al
d
is
tan
ce
alo
n
e
d
r
iv
es
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
a
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
team
wo
r
k
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
em
p
ath
y
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
with
ex
p
er
ie
n
tial
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
an
d
s
er
v
ice
-
lea
r
n
in
g
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
cy
cl
e
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
lear
n
in
g
is
m
ax
im
ized
wh
en
in
d
iv
id
u
als
en
g
ag
e
in
co
n
c
r
ete
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
r
ef
lectiv
e
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
,
ab
s
tr
ac
t
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
ac
tiv
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tatio
n
[
1
4
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
in
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
all
f
o
u
r
s
tag
es:
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
jo
u
r
n
als,
ad
ju
s
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
b
ased
o
n
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
an
d
r
ea
p
p
l
y
in
g
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es in
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t ses
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
m
ar
k
ed
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
a
d
ap
t
ab
ilit
y
an
d
em
p
ath
y
,
w
h
ich
a
r
e
ty
p
ically
s
h
a
p
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
class
r
o
o
m
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
i
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Vale
n
cia
-
Fo
r
r
ester
an
d
B
ac
k
h
au
s
[
3
1
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
s
er
v
ice
-
lea
r
n
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
em
p
ath
y
an
d
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
p
r
es
en
t
s
tu
d
y
’
s
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
ttes
t
g
ain
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Do
n
ah
u
e
an
d
W
is
e
[
3
2
]
ar
g
u
e
th
at
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
ac
ce
ler
ates
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
b
y
p
lacin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
u
n
f
am
iliar
c
o
n
tex
ts
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
in
itiativ
e
a
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
in
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
a
n
d
team
wo
r
k
in
th
is
p
r
o
ject.
Ho
we
v
er
,
s
ev
er
a
l
s
tu
d
ies
ca
u
tio
n
th
at
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
in
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
is
o
f
ten
u
n
ev
e
n
o
r
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
ar
tially
d
i
v
er
g
e
f
r
o
m
th
is
co
n
ce
r
n
,
as
b
o
th
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
s
h
o
w
co
n
s
is
ten
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
all
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
.
A
lik
ely
ex
p
lan
atio
n
is
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
’
s
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
ac
tiv
ities
(
teac
h
in
g
,
f
am
ily
v
is
its
,
an
d
y
o
u
th
m
e
n
to
r
in
g
)
an
d
its
clo
s
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
AB
I
M,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
ed
d
ee
p
er
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
th
a
n
is
ty
p
ical
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
C
o
n
te
x
t
u
al
f
a
ct
o
r
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
an
tly
s
h
a
p
e
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
o
u
tc
o
m
es
.
S
h
ar
ed
r
el
i
g
i
o
u
s
a
n
d
cu
lt
u
r
al
f
o
u
n
d
at
io
n
s
b
e
twe
e
n
I
n
d
o
n
esi
an
a
n
d
Ma
la
y
s
ia
n
co
m
m
u
n
i
ti
es
f
ac
i
lit
ate
d
r
a
p
i
d
r
a
p
p
o
r
t
-
b
u
ild
in
g
an
d
em
p
at
h
y
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
,
w
h
il
e
s
u
b
tle
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
n
o
r
m
s
a
n
d
s
o
ci
al
p
r
ac
tic
es
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
a
cti
v
e
a
d
a
p
t
ati
o
n
,
co
n
t
r
i
b
u
ti
n
g
t
o
n
o
t
ab
le
g
ai
n
s
i
n
ad
a
p
ta
b
il
it
y
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
o
f
q
u
an
tit
ati
v
e
a
n
d
q
u
al
itat
iv
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
s
t
h
e
v
a
li
d
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
,
as
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n
I
C
C
(
awa
r
e
n
ess
,
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
it
y
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
o
n
,
an
d
r
e
f
le
cti
o
n
)
ali
g
n
w
it
h
th
em
es
o
f
c
u
l
tu
r
al
a
d
j
u
s
tm
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
n
t
er
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
.
Sim
il
ar
l
y
,
en
h
an
ce
d
s
o
f
t
s
k
il
ls
,
p
a
r
ti
c
u
la
r
l
y
a
d
ap
ta
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
e
m
p
at
h
y
a
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
b
y
o
b
s
er
v
ati
o
n
s
o
f
m
o
d
i
f
i
ed
te
a
ch
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
te
g
ies
a
n
d
r
es
p
o
n
s
iv
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
in
te
r
a
c
tio
n
.
T
o
g
et
h
e
r
,
t
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
d
ic
at
e
th
at
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ati
v
e
le
ar
n
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
co
g
n
it
iv
el
y
b
u
t
als
o
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
all
y
a
n
d
r
e
lat
io
n
a
ll
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
m
m
e
r
s
i
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
er
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
i
n
g
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
in
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a.
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
–
Ma
lay
s
ia
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
cu
ltu
r
ally
p
r
o
x
im
ate
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
ca
n
g
en
e
r
ate
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al,
eth
ical,
an
d
r
elatio
n
al
g
r
o
wth
w
h
en
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
g
u
id
ed
r
ef
lectio
n
.
Sh
a
r
ed
r
elig
io
u
s
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
en
a
b
led
r
ap
p
o
r
t
-
b
u
ild
in
g
,
wh
ile
s
u
b
tle
cu
ltu
r
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
f
o
s
ter
ed
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
e
m
p
at
h
y
,
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Fo
r
UI
N
Po
n
o
r
o
g
o
an
d
AB
I
M
Pen
an
g
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
I
C
S
in
itiativ
es
to
en
h
an
ce
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
v
is
ib
ilit
y
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
e
g
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
ASEA
N
ac
ad
em
ic
m
o
b
il
ity
an
d
g
lo
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
ag
en
d
as.
Stak
eh
o
l
d
er
r
e
f
lectio
n
s
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
f
i
r
m
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
im
p
ac
t:
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
an
d
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
;
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
f
lex
ib
ili
ty
;
AB
I
M
co
o
r
d
i
n
ato
r
s
v
al
u
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
itiativ
e
wh
ile
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
clo
s
er
co
m
m
u
n
ity
alig
n
m
e
n
t;
an
d
lo
ca
l
lead
er
s
ap
p
r
ec
iated
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
em
p
ath
y
an
d
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
T
h
is
m
u
lti
-
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
ce
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
s
it
as
a
v
iab
le
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
f
aith
-
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
ter
n
at
io
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
in
tercu
ltu
r
a
l c
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
co
mp
eten
ce
:
ev
id
en
ce
fr
o
m
a
n
… (
A
th
o
k
F
u
’
a
d
i
)
1493
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
cu
ltu
r
ally
p
r
o
x
im
ate
I
C
S
ca
n
g
en
er
ate
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
I
C
C
an
d
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
wh
en
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
im
m
er
s
iv
e
e
n
g
ag
e
m
e
n
t,
g
u
id
ed
r
ef
lectio
n
,
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
co
m
m
u
n
ity
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
R
ath
er
th
an
cu
ltu
r
al
d
is
tan
ce
alo
n
e,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
a
l
r
o
le
o
f
d
ep
t
h
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
d
ialo
g
ic
ex
c
h
an
g
e,
an
d
r
o
le
-
b
ased
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
d
r
iv
in
g
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
a
l
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
–
Ma
lay
s
ia
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
s
h
ar
ed
r
eli
g
io
u
s
an
d
cu
lt
u
r
al
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
d
im
in
is
h
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
lear
n
in
g
;
in
s
tead
,
wh
en
co
u
p
led
w
ith
s
u
b
tle
co
n
tex
tu
al
d
i
f
f
er
en
c
es,
th
ey
ca
n
cr
ea
te
a
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
ad
a
p
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
eth
ical
r
ef
lect
io
n
,
an
d
r
elatio
n
al
g
r
o
wth
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
th
eo
r
et
ically
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
I
C
C
m
o
d
els,
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
,
an
d
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
with
in
an
ASEA
N
Mu
s
li
m
-
m
ajo
r
ity
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
te
x
t
,
an
ar
ea
u
n
d
er
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
B
y
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
m
u
l
ti
-
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
w
ith
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
ev
id
en
ce
,
it
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
aith
-
in
f
o
r
m
ed
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
as
ed
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Desp
ite
co
n
tex
tu
al
an
d
s
am
p
le
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
c
r
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
r
eg
io
n
al
ac
ad
em
i
c
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
cu
ltiv
ate
g
lo
b
ally
en
g
a
g
ed
g
r
a
d
u
ates.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
o
p
t
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
d
esig
n
s
to
f
u
r
th
er
ex
am
in
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
i
lity
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
t
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
ex
p
r
ess
es
s
in
ce
r
e
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
all
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
ar
tn
er
s
an
d
co
n
t
r
ib
u
t
o
r
s
wh
o
s
e
in
tellectu
al
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
a
d
e
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
Sp
ec
ial
th
an
k
s
ar
e
also
ex
ten
d
ed
to
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
wh
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
in
te
r
n
atio
n
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
g
r
am
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
a
l e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t a
ctiv
ities
th
at
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
b
asis
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
U
I
N
Kiai
Ag
en
g
Mu
h
am
m
a
d
B
esar
i
Po
n
o
r
o
g
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
2
0
2
5
Ou
tp
u
t
-
B
ased
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
Fu
n
d
in
g
Pro
g
r
am
(
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
B
ia
ya
K
elu
a
r
a
n
–
SB
K)
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
R
esear
ch
C
lu
s
te
r
,
as
s
tip
u
lated
in
R
ec
to
r
’
s
De
cr
ee
No
.
1
7
0
9
o
f
2
0
2
5
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
an
d
its
r
elate
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ac
ti
v
ities
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ath
o
k
Fu
’
ad
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Af
if
Sy
aif
u
l M
ah
m
u
d
in
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
E
s
ti Yu
li W
id
ay
an
ti
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
B
eta
Pu
jan
g
g
a
Mu
k
ti
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
o
n
r
eq
u
est
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
,
[
AF]
.
T
h
e
d
ata,
wh
ich
co
n
tain
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
h
at
co
u
l
d
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
ar
e
n
o
t
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
d
u
e
to
ce
r
ta
in
r
estric
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
4
8
8
-
1
4
9
5
1494
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
P
.
C
h
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
c
o
mp
a
r
i
s
o
n
i
n
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
:
a
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
f
o
r
Re
se
a
r
c
h
i
n
V
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
T
ra
i
n
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
6
–
4
3
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
1
5
2
/
I
JR
V
ET.
8
.
4
.
2
.
[
2
]
K
.
W
i
l
b
u
r
,
E.
W
.
D
r
i
e
sse
n
,
F
.
S
c
h
e
e
l
e
,
a
n
d
P
.
W
.
T
e
u
n
i
s
se
n
,
“
W
o
r
k
p
l
a
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
a
ssessm
e
n
t
i
n
c
r
o
ss
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
p
r
o
f
e
s
si
o
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
Me
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
1
–
1
0
3
,
Jan
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
0
4
0
1
3
3
4
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
6
3
7
7
4
2
.
[
3
]
N
.
T.
V
u
a
n
d
H
.
D
i
n
h
,
“
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
:
a
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
2
0
8
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
7
4
7
5
7
5
9
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
8
9
3
2
0
7
.
[
4
]
P
.
B
i
n
g
z
h
u
a
n
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
s
se
ss
m
e
n
t
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
m
o
d
e
r
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Em
e
r
g
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
i
n
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
(
i
J
ET)
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
.
1
7
5
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
9
9
1
/
i
j
e
t
.
v
1
6
i
0
7
.
2
1
3
6
9
.
[
5
]
M
.
U
.
N
a
d
e
e
m,
R
.
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
,
a
n
d
S
.
D
a
l
i
b
,
“
R
e
t
e
st
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
(
I
M
I
C
C
)
o
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
A
s
i
a
n
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
rc
u
l
t
u
ra
l
Re
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
–
2
9
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
i
n
t
r
e
l
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
0
.
0
0
5
.
[
6
]
H.
-
T.
T.
N
g
u
y
e
n
,
“
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
-
b
a
se
d
a
sse
ssm
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
9
7
3
/
e
u
-
j
e
r
.
1
0
.
2
.
9
3
3
.
[
7
]
U
.
P
.
D
e
w
i
a
n
d
M
.
R
.
A
r
i
f
u
d
d
i
n
,
“
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
‘
u
n
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
d
’
:
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
n
o
r
ms
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
2
1
6
5
9
7
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
9
4
2
9
5
0
.
[
8
]
D
.
S
u
n
e
n
d
a
r
,
D
.
D
a
r
maw
a
n
g
sa
,
a
n
d
V
.
S
u
k
m
a
y
a
d
i
,
“
T
h
r
i
v
i
n
g
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
a
:
F
r
e
n
c
h
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
i
n
st
u
d
y
i
n
g
a
b
r
o
a
d
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
rc
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
0
–
9
1
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
6
9
2
3
/
j
i
c
c
.
v
2
1
i
1
.
7
.
[
9
]
M
.
H
a
r
u
n
,
S
.
D
a
l
i
b
,
a
n
d
N
.
Y
u
s
o
f
,
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
s
e
n
s
e
m
a
k
i
n
g
o
f
s
e
l
f
-
o
t
h
e
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
J
u
r
n
a
l
K
o
m
u
n
i
k
a
s
i
:
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
2
–
1
6
6
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
7
5
7
6
/
J
K
M
J
C
-
2
0
2
1
-
3
7
0
3
-
0
9
.
[
1
0
]
M
.
U
.
N
a
d
e
e
m,
R
.
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
,
S
.
D
a
l
i
b
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
u
m
t
a
z
,
“
A
n
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
f
r
o
m
a
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
H
i
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
3
3
–
9
4
5
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
JA
R
H
E
-
03
-
2
0
2
1
-
0
1
1
1
.
[
1
1
]
M
.
P
.
T
h
i
n
h
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
sh
o
r
t
-
t
e
r
m
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
i
n
S
o
u
t
h
e
a
s
t
A
si
a
:
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
s
f
r
o
m
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
e
se
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
rc
u
l
t
u
ra
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
,
n
o
.
3
–
4
,
p
p
.
1
6
0
–
1
8
0
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
7
4
7
5
7
5
9
.
2
0
2
4
.
2
4
3
1
8
1
1
.
[
1
2
]
J.
A
.
Á
.
V
a
l
e
n
c
i
a
a
n
d
K
.
M
i
c
h
e
l
so
n
,
“
A
d
e
si
g
n
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
o
n
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
se
c
o
n
d
/
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
rc
u
l
t
u
ra
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
3
9
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
7
5
1
3
0
5
7
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
0
6
6
1
5
2
.
[
1
3
]
E.
H
a
sk
o
l
l
a
r
a
n
d
T
.
K.
B
a
g
w
e
,
“
D
o
d
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
s
m
a
t
t
e
r
?
T
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
rc
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
2
5
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
7
4
7
5
7
5
9
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
1
0
2
0
5
9
.
[
1
4
]
M
.
S
.
P
r
a
d
n
y
a
,
M
.
C
l
a
r
a
mi
t
a
,
a
n
d
O
.
Em
i
l
i
a
,
“
F
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
n
g
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
y
c
l
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
-
b
a
se
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m,”
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
9
5
–
7
0
4
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
9
7
3
/
e
u
-
j
e
r
.
1
2
.
2
.
6
9
5
.
[
1
5
]
F
.
B
i
w
e
r
,
M
.
G
.
A
.
O.
Eg
b
r
i
n
k
,
P
.
A
a
l
t
e
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
B
.
H
.
d
e
B
r
u
i
n
,
“
F
o
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
—
A
mi
x
e
d
-
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
R
e
se
a
rc
h
i
n
M
e
m
o
r
y
a
n
d
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
6
–
2
0
3
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
a
r
m
a
c
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
3
.
0
0
4
.
[
1
6
]
R
.
Th
o
r
n
b
e
r
g
,
C
.
F
o
r
sb
e
r
g
,
E
.
H.
C
h
i
r
i
a
c
,
a
n
d
Y
.
B
j
e
r
e
l
d
,
“
Te
a
c
h
e
r
–
st
u
d
e
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
:
a
se
q
u
e
n
t
i
a
l
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
o
r
y
m
i
x
e
d
-
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
st
u
d
y
,
”
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
P
a
p
e
rs
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
4
0
–
8
5
9
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
2
6
7
1
5
2
2
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
8
6
4
7
7
2
.
[
1
7
]
T.
T.
A
k
b
a
r
i
,
B
.
M
u
l
j
a
d
i
,
D
.
M
a
u
l
a
n
a
,
a
n
d
R
.
R
.
P
r
a
t
o
mo
,
“
T
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
h
u
ma
n
c
a
p
i
t
a
l
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
o
f
j
o
b
s
i
n
A
S
EA
N
:
a
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
’
s
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
e
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
i
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
l
i
c
y
a
n
d
L
e
a
d
e
rs
h
i
p
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
6
–
5
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
6
1
1
8
6
/
j
o
h
e
p
a
l
.
5
.
2
.
3
6
.
[
1
8
]
S
.
C
h
a
n
sa
e
n
g
se
e
,
“
E
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
se
l
f
-
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
f
o
r
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
ma
k
i
n
g
o
n
a
r
i
g
h
t
m
a
j
o
r
o
f
sec
o
n
d
a
r
y
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
v
i
a
t
h
e
so
c
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
-
sp
o
r
t
p
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
s,
”
C
u
rre
n
t
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
n
o
.
1
9
,
p
.
1
6
4
9
5
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
2
1
4
4
-
0
2
2
-
0
2
8
0
0
-
0.
[
1
9
]
E.
B
a
r
r
o
g
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
sea
r
c
h
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
K
o
r
e
a
n
Me
d
i
c
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
n
o
.
3
7
,
p
p
.
1
–
16
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
4
6
/
j
k
ms.
2
0
2
3
.
3
8
.
e
2
9
1
.
[
2
0
]
J.
W
.
C
r
e
sw
e
l
l
a
n
d
J
.
D.
C
r
e
sw
e
l
l
,
R
e
se
a
rc
h
d
e
s
i
g
n
:
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
,
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
,
a
n
d
m
i
x
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
,
5
t
h
e
d
.
T
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
O
a
k
s,
CA
:
S
A
G
E
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
I
n
c
.
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
1
]
S
.
Esm
e
n
e
a
n
d
N
.
K
i
r
s
o
p
-
T
a
y
l
o
r
,
“
Ex
t
e
r
n
a
l
d
i
sr
u
p
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
:
a
d
d
r
e
ss
i
n
g
r
i
s
k
s
r
e
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
o
B
r
e
x
i
t
a
n
d
r
e
sea
r
c
h
e
r
-
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
r
a
p
p
o
r
t
,
”
T
h
e
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
Re
p
o
rt
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
9
5
–
8
0
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
6
7
4
3
/
2
1
6
0
-
3
7
1
5
/
2
0
2
1
.
4
4
3
4
.
[
2
2
]
J.
A
.
M
a
x
w
e
l
l
,
“
T
h
e
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
o
r
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
c
a
u
sa
t
i
o
n
,
”
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
7
8
–
3
8
8
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
7
/
q
u
p
0
0
0
0
2
1
9
.
[
2
3
]
F
.
K
u
r
a
l
,
“
Lo
n
g
t
e
r
m
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
y
-
a
b
r
o
a
d
a
d
j
u
s
t
men
t
a
n
d
g
l
o
b
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
L
i
n
g
u
i
st
i
c
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
4
8
–
9
5
8
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
7
2
6
3
/
j
l
l
s.
7
5
9
3
4
8
.
[
2
4
]
Y
.
S
.
D
.
Z
h
a
n
g
a
n
d
K
.
A
.
N
o
e
l
s,
“
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
e
mp
a
t
h
y
,
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
sy
c
h
o
s
o
c
i
a
l
a
d
j
u
st
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
C
a
n
a
d
a
:
a
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
e
x
a
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
rc
u
l
t
u
ra
l
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
2
,
p
.
1
0
2
0
2
3
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
i
n
t
r
e
l
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
2
0
2
3
.
[
2
5
]
N
.
G
a
g
n
é
a
n
d
A
.
M
a
r
t
e
l
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
se
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
p
u
b
l
i
c
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s:
d
i
s
t
i
n
g
u
i
sh
i
n
g
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
ss
u
e
s,”
T
h
e
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
O
rg
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
D
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
8
4
8
/
2
3
2
8
-
6
2
6
1
/
C
G
P
/
v
2
5
i
0
2
/
1
-
2
3
.
[
2
6
]
W
.
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
W
.
W
a
n
g
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
n
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
:
f
r
o
m
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
u
l
t
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
i
s
m
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
7
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
4
7
9
0
7
1
8
.
2
0
2
5
.
2
5
9
0
5
5
4
.
[
2
7
]
W
.
K
.
T
a
n
n
o
u
s
,
A
.
G
a
f
f
n
e
y
,
a
n
d
K
.
P
r
a
sa
d
,
“
S
h
o
r
t
-
t
e
r
m
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
u
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
ma
t
u
r
i
t
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
:
d
o
e
s
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
a
p
p
r
e
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
t
o
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
w
h
e
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
r
e
t
u
r
n
h
o
m
e
?
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
–
1
6
5
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
7
4
7
5
7
5
9
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
1
3
4
1
7
9
.
[
2
8
]
J.
-
L.
K
l
e
i
n
,
D
.
-
G
.
Tr
e
mb
l
a
y
,
L.
D
a
m
b
r
e
-
S
a
u
v
a
g
e
,
L.
G
h
a
f
f
a
r
i
,
a
n
d
W
.
A
n
g
u
l
o
,
“
A
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
o
f
p
r
o
x
i
m
i
t
y
a
n
d
u
r
b
a
n
g
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
:
t
o
w
a
r
d
t
h
e
c
o
mm
o
n
i
n
g
o
f
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
s,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
G
e
o
g
ra
p
h
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
5
–
7
3
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
8
8
7
3
6
3
1
.
2
0
2
5
.
2
4
6
0
2
5
8
.
[
2
9
]
M
.
Zh
a
o
a
n
d
Y
.
Ji
n
,
“
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
c
r
o
ss
-
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
o
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s:
a
st
u
d
y
o
f
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
H
o
n
g
K
o
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
5
1
–
5
7
3
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
0
5
3
8
2
5
9
2
4
1
3
0
4
3
9
2
.
[
3
0
]
S
.
C
.
F
.
C
h
a
n
,
G
.
N
g
a
i
,
J
.
H.
-
Y.
Y
a
u
,
a
n
d
K
.
P.
K
w
a
n
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
serv
i
c
e
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
g
l
o
b
a
l
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
o
n
S
e
rv
i
c
e
-
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
E
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
2
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
7
3
3
3
/
0
0
1
c
.
3
1
3
0
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
in
tercu
ltu
r
a
l c
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
co
mp
eten
ce
:
ev
id
en
ce
fr
o
m
a
n
… (
A
th
o
k
F
u
’
a
d
i
)
1495
[
3
1
]
F
.
V
a
l
e
n
c
i
a
-
F
o
r
r
e
s
t
e
r
a
n
d
B
.
B
a
c
k
h
a
u
s,
“
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
s
su
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
,
s
o
c
i
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s:
a
n
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
n
c
a
s
e
st
u
d
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
0
3
–
4
1
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
6
0
3
1
1
6
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
8
6
4
7
8
9
.
[
3
2
]
D
.
D
o
n
a
h
u
e
a
n
d
A
.
W
i
se
,
“
Q
u
e
e
r
st
u
d
e
n
t
s,
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
ser
v
i
c
e
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
v
i
t
y
:
i
n
si
g
h
t
s
i
n
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
,
a
c
t
i
v
i
sm
,
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
o
m
o
s
e
x
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
8
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
7
–
1
4
4
3
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
0
9
1
8
3
6
9
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
6
9
8
9
1
3
.
[
3
3
]
P
.
B
.
Y
.
L
e
e
,
“
A
m
i
x
e
d
-
m
e
t
h
o
d
st
u
d
y
t
o
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
e
t
h
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
o
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
n
e
t
h
n
i
c
d
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
se
a
rc
h
O
p
e
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
p
.
1
0
0
3
7
1
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
e
d
r
o
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
0
3
7
1
.
[
3
4
]
S
.
S
u
g
i
t
o
,
“
E
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
ma
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
d
u
l
t
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
7
7
–
3
8
9
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
4
8
8
/
6
1
.
v
1
1
i
3
.
3
3
8
2
.
[
3
5
]
E.
P
e
t
l
á
k
a
n
d
J.
B
i
r
o
v
a
,
“
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
so
f
t
s
k
i
l
l
s
a
n
d
su
b
-
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
p
l
u
r
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
b
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
sel
f
-
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
u
l
t
u
re
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
7
–
2
6
7
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
5
0
3
/
j
e
c
s
2
0
2
3
.
2
.
2
5
7
.
2
6
7
.
[
3
6
]
X
.
Z
h
a
n
g
a
n
d
M
.
Z
h
o
u
,
“
C
h
i
n
e
se
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
:
r
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
s
sess
men
t
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
9
–
1
9
4
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
6
7
4
/
j
i
s.
v
1
4
i
3
.
5
5
9
3
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Atho
k
Fu
’
a
d
i
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
S
tate
Isla
m
ic
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Kia
i
Ag
e
n
g
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
Be
sa
ri
P
o
n
o
r
o
g
o
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
e
a
rn
e
d
h
is
d
o
c
t
o
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
U
n
iv
e
rs
it
a
s
Ne
g
e
ri
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
in
2
0
2
2
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
Isla
m
ic
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
lea
d
e
rsh
i
p
,
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
v
ia em
a
il
:
a
th
o
k
@u
in
p
o
n
o
ro
g
o
.
a
c
.
i
d
.
Afif
S
y
a
ifu
l
M
a
h
m
u
d
i
n
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
S
tate
Isla
m
ic
U
n
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Kia
i
Ag
e
n
g
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
Be
sa
ri
P
o
n
o
ro
g
o
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
e
a
rn
e
d
h
i
s
d
o
c
to
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Isla
m
ic
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
Isla
m
Ne
g
e
ri
M
a
u
lan
a
M
a
li
k
Ib
ra
h
im,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
in
2
0
2
0
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
s
ts
a
re
Isla
m
ic
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
in
terd
isc
i
p
li
n
a
r
y
stu
d
ies
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
v
ia em
a
il
:
m
a
h
m
u
d
i
n
@u
i
n
p
o
n
o
ro
g
o
.
a
c
.
i
d
.
Esti
Yul
i
Wid
a
y
a
n
ti
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
i
n
th
e
P
rima
ry
S
c
h
o
o
l
Tea
c
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(P
G
M
I)
P
ro
g
ra
m
a
t
UIN
P
o
n
o
r
o
g
o
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
,
a
n
d
h
o
l
d
s
a
d
o
c
to
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
P
r
ima
ry
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
c
o
n
c
e
n
trate
s
o
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
stu
d
ies
wi
th
a
p
a
rti
c
u
lar
fo
c
u
s
o
n
p
re
-
se
rv
ice
tea
c
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
lea
rn
in
g
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t.
S
h
e
h
a
s
e
x
ten
siv
e
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
re
se
a
rc
h
a
t
b
o
t
h
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
le
v
e
ls
a
n
d
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
sc
h
o
larl
y
a
rti
c
les
a
s
we
ll
a
s
se
v
e
ra
l
b
o
o
k
s
i
n
th
e
f
iel
d
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
v
ia em
a
il
:
e
stiy
w@
u
in
p
o
n
o
ro
g
o
.
a
c
.
id
.
Be
ta
Pu
j
a
n
g
g
a
M
u
k
ti
is
a
d
o
c
to
ra
l
(P
h
.
D
.
)
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
te
a
t
t
h
e
Ce
n
tre
f
o
r
Isla
m
ic
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
tu
d
i
e
s
(IS
DEV),
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
i
n
s
M
a
lay
sia
(USM
),
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
His
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
th
e
p
h
il
o
so
p
h
ica
l
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Isla
m
ic
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
h
u
m
a
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
te
d
v
ia em
a
il
:
b
e
tap
u
ja
n
g
g
a
@s
tu
d
e
n
t.
u
sm
.
m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.